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L e a r n i n g E x p r e s s®
GEDTESTFLASH REVIEW
600 of the most-testedterms on the GED® test
Features clear and concise explanations
The perfect companion to any GED® test study plan
Score Higher on Test Day!
®
TEST PREP $13.95
Score Higher and Achieve GED® Test Success!
This portable guide features the essential terms you must master to feel confi dent on all GED® test sections. A robust vocabulary and strong knowledge of commonly tested mate-rial is key to success on the GED® test.
The perfect companion to any GED® test study plan, this book includes thorough yet easy-to-understand explanations for 600 of the most commonly covered terms on the exam. Test yourself on the way to a higher score!
GE
D T
ES
TFLA
SH
RE
VIE
W®
Prepare for a Brighter Future®
GED® is a registered trademark of the American Council on Education (ACE) and may not be used without permission. The GED® and GED Testing Service® brands are administered by GED Testing Service LLC under license. ACE and GED Testing Service LLC have not ap-proved, authorized, endorsed, been involved in the development of, or licensed the substantive content of this product.
In GED ® Test Flash Review You’ll Find 600 essential GED® test terms
Study words alphabetized for quick access
Effective GED® test prep to help you achieve your target score!
Any reference to “GED” in the title or body of this work is in no way intended to imply an affi liation with, or sponsorship by, ACE, GED Testing Service LLC, or
any other entity authorized to provided GED® branded goods or services.
GED® TEST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Flash review
GEDTEST_00_ffirs_i-iv.indd 1 3/15/13 12:17 PM
GED® TESTFlash review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Copyright © 2013 LearningExpress, LLC.All rights reserved under International and Pan American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by LearningExpress, LLC, New York.Printed in the United States of America
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
First Edition
ISBN 978-1-57685-9254
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The contents in this book has been reviewed and updated by the
LearningExpress Team in 2020.
[ v ]
Contents
IntRoDUCtIon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...9
B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...39
C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...51
D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....115
e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....143
F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....167
G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....187
H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....197
I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....209
J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....229
K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....233
L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....235
M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....249
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n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....281
o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....295
P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....309
Q. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....363
R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....369
s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....403
t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....451
U. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....473
V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....477
W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....489
X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....491
Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....495
Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....499
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[ vii ]
GED® TESTFLAsH.ReVIeW
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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To access interactive online GED Test review flashcards:
• Navigate to your LearningExpressplatform and make sure you’relogged in.
• Search for any of the followingflashcard decks, select one, andthen click “Open Flashcards.”
oooooo
GED Test Flashcards: Deck 1GED Test Flashcards: Deck 2GED Test Flashcards: Deck 3GED Test Flashcards: Deck 4GED Test Flashcards: Deck 5GED Test Flashcards: Deck 6
IntroductIon
About the GEd® test
The GED® test is a series of five examina-
tions, created by the GED® Testing Service,
that are designed to measure your proficiency
in high school-level curriculum. The tests in-
clude Language Arts, Writing; Language Arts,
Reading; Social Studies; Science; and Math-
ematics. Students are expected to have a solid
grasp of these core subject areas and be able
to analyze information provided, problem
solve, and communicate their thoughts and
ideas appropriately.
The GED® tests, which include a direct
writing assessment, take more than seven
hours to complete. Students who pass the
GED® tests receive certification that is equiv-
alent to a high school diploma.
[ 1 ]
GEDTEST_01_INTRO_1-8.indd 1 3/15/13 12:17 PM
[ 2 ]
The GED® tests are available to students
who meet the necessary state requirements—
please contact the official GED® Testing Ser-
vice (www.gedtestingservice.com/ged-testing
-service) for requirements, application and
registration information, and locations of
GED® test centers near you.
How the GEd® tests are Scored
Each GED® test is scored within a range of
200 to 800, and students earning a minimum
score of 410 on each test and a minimum
average test score of 450 are awarded with a
GED® test credential.
GEd® test overview
The following is a breakdown of the major
topic areas covered on each GED® test subtest:
Language Arts, reading
40 multiple-choice questions that cover the
following:
■■■ Fictional literature (75% of test), in-
cluding at least one selection from each
of the following:
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[ 3 ]
■■■ Poetry
■■■ Drama
■■■ Prose fiction before 1920
■■■ Prose fiction between 1920 and
1960
■■■ Prose fiction after 1960
■■■ Nonfiction (25% of test), including
two selections of nonfiction prose from
any two of the following areas:
■■■ Nonfiction prose
■■■ Visual and performing arts reviews
■■■ Workplace and community
documents
Language Arts, Writing
The Language Arts, Writing content area is
divided into two parts (scores are combined
and reported as one score).
Part I
50 multiple-choice questions covering the
following content areas:
■■■ Organization (15%)
■■■ Sentence structure (30%)
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[ 4 ]
■■■ Usage (30%)
■■■ Mechanics (25%)
Part II
This part of the test requires you to write
an essay on a familiar subject. You’ll have
45 minutes to plan, write, and edit your es-
say. You’ll be required to present your opin-
ion or explain your views on a provided
topic, and your essay will be scored on the
following:
■■■ Focused main points
■■■ Clear organization
■■■ Specific development of ideas
■■■ Sentence structure control, punctua-
tion, grammar, word choice, and
spelling
Each essay reader will score your work on a
four-point scale, and your scores will be aver-
aged to make up your final score. If you earn
a final score of less than two, you must retake
the Language Arts, Writing exam.
GEDTEST_01_INTRO_1-8.indd 4 3/15/13 12:17 PM
[ 5 ]
Mathematics
50 questions (80% multiple-choice ques-
tions; 20% constructed answers) divided into
two parts, focusing on the following:
■■■ Number operations and number sense
(20–30%)
■■■ Measurement and geometry (20–30%)
■■■ Data analysis, statistics, and probability
(20–30%)
■■■ Algebra, functions, and patterns
(20–30%)
In addition to multiple-choice questions,
constructed answer questions will require
you to write answers on either standard or
coordinate plane grids.
Social Studies
50 multiple-choice questions from the fol-
lowing content areas:
■■■ History (U.S. or Canada, 25%; World,
15%)
■■■ Geography (15%)
GEDTEST_01_INTRO_1-8.indd 5 3/15/13 12:17 PM
[ 6 ]
■■■ Civics and government (25%)
■■■ Economics (20%)
Science
50 multiple-choice questions from the fol-
lowing content areas:
■■■ Physical science (physics and chemis-
try, 35%)
■■■ Life science (45%)
■■■ Earth and space science (20%)
Information on each GED® test subtest is avail-
able on the official GED® test website: www
.gedtestingservice.com/ged-testing-service.
How to use this Book
GED® Test Flash Review is designed to help
you prepare for and succeed on each of the
subtests that make up the GED® test. It con-
tains 600 of the most commonly covered terms
on the exam, along with their definitions, for
quick and effective study and review. On one
side of the page are three essential GED® test
terms; on the reverse side are their definitions
GEDTEST_01_INTRO_1-8.indd 6 3/15/13 12:17 PM
[ 7 ]
and/or explanations. The terms are alphabet-
ized for easy access.
Please note that this book is not designed to
give an exhaustive review of the entire scope of
the concepts covered inside; it is meant to give
you a concise, general overview of concepts
that you will likely need to know in order to
succeed on the GED® test. Being fully aware of
the essential terms covered in this book will put
you in a great position for GED® test success.
using this Book to Prepare for the GEd® test
The following are some suggestions for mak-
ing the most of GED® Test Flash Review as
you structure your study plan:
■■■ Do not try to learn or memorize all of
the 600 terms covered in this book all
at once. Cramming is not the most ef-
fective approach to test prep. The best
approach is to build a realistic study
schedule that lets you review around
10–15 terms each day. Review a set of
terms and then quiz yourself to see
how well you’ve learned them.
GEDTEST_01_INTRO_1-8.indd 7 3/15/13 12:17 PM
[ 8 ]
■■■ Mark the terms that you have trouble
with, so that they will be easy to return
to later for further study.
■■■ As you prepare for the GED® test, you
may come across terms that are unfa-
miliar or difficult for you. We recom-
mend that you consult this book for a
quick review of the terms and concepts
that often appear on the GED® test.
■■■ Make the most of this book’s port-
ability—take it with you wherever and
whenever you have some free study
time.
GEDTEST_01_INTRO_1-8.indd 8 3/15/13 12:17 PM
[ 9 ]
A
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ABSOLUTE VALUE
ABSTRACT LAnGUAGE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ABOLITIOnISm
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
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A reform movement during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that advocated the end of African slavery in Europe and the Americas.
For a number, this is the distance, or number of units, from the origin on a number line. Absolute value is the size of the number and is always positive. For example, |−5l = 5
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Greater Than
Less Than
Words or phrases that refer to intangible ideas or to classes of people and objects rather than the people or things themselves. Abstractions are built on concrete ideas.
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ACCURACY
ACCELERATIOn DUE TO GRAVITY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ACCELERATIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
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The rate that velocity changes per unit of time and the direction it changes in, computed from the change in velocity divided by the change in time.
a = DV___Dt =
Vf – Vi_______tf – ti
Common units are meters per second squared (m/s2).
The acceleration of an object that is only acted on by the force of Earth’s gravity. This value is given the symbol g, and near the surface of Earth, it has a value of approximately 9.8 m/s2. The direction of acceleration due to gravity is downward.
The closeness of an experimental measure-ment to the accepted or theoretical value.
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ACUTE AnGLE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ACTIVE VOICE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ACID
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A substance that is a proton donor. The pH of an acid is less than 7.
Increasingly Acidic Increasingly BasicNeutral
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Bat
tery
acid
Sto
mac
hac
id
Vin
egar
Bee
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offe
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Sal
iva
Blo
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Ble
ach
Am
mon
ia
Ove
ncl
eane
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e
In an active sentence, the subject performs the action of the verb. The person or thing that performs the action is named before the verb, or the action word(s).
Examples:
James filed the papers yesterday.
Jin Lee sang the song beautifully.
An angle that measures less than 90°.
AcuteAngle
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ADjACEnT AnGLE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ADDEnD
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A number that is to be part of an addition process. In 3 + 2 = 5, the three and the two are the addends.
Adjacent angles have the same vertex, share a side, and do not overlap.
1
2
∠1 and ∠2 are adjacent.
Adjacent Angles
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ADVERB
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ADjECTIVE
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A word that describes a noun or pronoun in a sentence. Adjectives answer one of three questions about another word in a sentence: Which one? What kind? How many?
Which one? What kind? How many?
that book romance novel
several chapters
the other class
steep expense
multiple choices
the last song jazzy melody six awards
A word that describes verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Adverbs answer one of these questions about another word in the sentence: Where? When? How? To what extent?
Where? When? How?To What Extent?
The plane flew south.
Jude arrived early.
She sang beautifully.
Anthony is very talented.
Put the chair here.
She registered late.
The system is behaving erratically.
Eleanor is still extremely ill.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ALLITERATIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ALLIED POWERS
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A military coalition formed between nations in opposition to another alliance of countries. In World War I, the Allied Powers included 28 nations that opposed the Central Powers. In World War II, the Allied Powers fought the Axis Powers.
World War I European Powers
GreatBritain
Allied PowersCentral PowersNeutral Nations
TheNetherlands
Denmark
NorwaySweden
Finland
France
Spain
Port
ugal
MoroccoAlgeria
ItalyAlbania
Monte-negro
Hungary
Austria
Germany
Switzer-land
Russia
Belgium
Luxembourg
Romania
Bulgaria
Turkey
Cyprus
Bal
tic S
ea
Mediterranean Sea
Black Sea
Serbia
Greece
The repetition of sounds, especially at the beginning of words. For example, “She sells seashells down by the seashore” and “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers” are both alliterative phrases.
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AnTAGOnIST
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
AnALYSIS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
AmEnDmEnT
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A change or addition to a motion, bill, written basic law, or constitution. The U.S. Constitu-tion has 27 amendments. The first ten are collectively known as the Bill of Rights.
A stage in the scientific method where pat-terns of the observations are made.
The person, force, or idea working against the protagonist.
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AnTIHERO
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
AnTIBIOTIC
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
AnTECEDEnT
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The word or words to which a specific pronoun refers. In the sentence, “Denise lost an earring and she can’t find it,” Denise is the antecedent of the pronoun she and earring is the anteced-ent of the pronoun it.
A compound or substance that kills bacteria without harming our own cells.
A character who is pathetic rather than tragic, and who does not take responsibility for his or her destructive actions.
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AqUEOUS SOLUTIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
APPOSITIVE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
APOSTROPHE
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A symbol (’) used to show possession; it shows to whom or what a noun belongs.
A word or group of words that immediately fol-lows a noun or pronoun. The appositive makes the pronoun more defined by explaining or identifying it.
A solution in which the solvent is water.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
AREA
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ARCTIC zOnE
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The climatic zone near the North and South Poles characterized by long, cold winters and short, cool summers.
The inside shape or space of a two-dimensional figure, measured in square units. Formulas for finding the area of a:
Square: A = side2
Rectangle: A = length × widthParallelogram: A = base × heightTriangle: A = 1__
2 (base × height)Trapezoid: A = 1__
2 (base1 + base2) × heightCircle: A = π × radius2; π is approximately
equal to 3.14.
= Area
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ASIDE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ARTICLES OF COnFEDERATIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ARTERIES
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The vascular tissues that carry blood away from the heart.
The first compact (agreement) uniting the American colonies; it was formally ratified by all 13 states in 1781. It was replaced by the U.S. Constitution in 1789.
In drama, when a character speaks directly to the audience or another character concerning the action on stage, but only the audience or character addressed in the aside is meant to hear.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ASTROnOmY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY
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GR
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This property is used when grouping symbols are present. The associative property states that when you perform a string of addition operations or all multiplication operations you can change the grouping. In other words, (a × b) × c = a × (b × c).
Example:15 × (8 × 20) × 5 =
Change grouping to multiply 20 and 5 first, because 20 × 5 = 100: 15 × 8 × (20 × 5). Evaluate parentheses first: 20 × 5 = 100. The problem becomes 15 × 8 × 100. Finish, working left to right: 15 × 8 = 120, then 120 × 100 = 12,000.
The scientific study of celestial objects (stars, planets, comets, galaxies, etc.) and phenom-ena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth. Astronomy is concerned with the positions, dimensions, distribution, composi-tion, energy, evolution, and motion of celestial objects, as well as the formation and develop-ment of the universe.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ATOm
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The smallest structure that has the proper-ties of an element. Atoms contain positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons in the nucleus. Negatively charged electrons orbit around the nucleus.
3 p 4 n
e
e
e
Nucleus
Electron shells
The figure above is a representation of a lithium atom (Li). It has 3 protons (p) and 4 neutrons (n) in the nucleus, and 3 electrons (e) in the two electron shells. Its atomic number is 3 (p). Its atomic mass is 7 amu (p + n). The atom has no net charge because the number of positively charged protons equals the num-ber of negatively charged electrons.
Charges and Masses of Atomic Particles
Proton Neutron Electron
Charge +1 0 −1
Mass 1 amu 1 amu 1_____1,800 amu
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AUTOBIOGRAPHY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ATRIA
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ATP
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a chemical that is considered to be the “fuel” or energy source for an organism.
The chambers of the heart that receive blood.
The true account of a person’s life written by that person.
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AxIS POWERS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
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An alliance created between Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II. The Axis Pow-ers fought the Allied Powers.
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BASE (CHEmISTRY)
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
BARTERInG
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
BALLAD
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A poem that tells a story, usually rhyming. Typically, only the second and fourth lines of a quatrain are rhymed. It follows the rhyme scheme: abcb defe ghih, etc.
As communities grew, a system of bartering—trading goods or services—developed.
A substance that is a proton acceptor. The pH of a base is greater than 7.
Increasingly Acidic Increasingly BasicNeutral
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Bat
tery
acid
Sto
mac
hac
id
Vin
egar
Bee
rC
offe
e
Sal
iva
Blo
od
Ble
ach
Am
mon
ia
Ove
ncl
eane
rLy
e
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B
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
BIG BAnG THEORY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
BASE (mATHEmATICS)
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A number used as a repeated factor in an exponential expression. In 85, 8 is the base number.
25←exponent = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 32↑base
Nobody knows for sure how the universe originated. According to the Big Bang theory, the universe started off in a hot dense state under high pressure between 10 and 20 billion years ago. The Big Bang theory also postulates that the universe has been expanding since its origination.
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B
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
BInARY SYSTEm
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
BILL OF RIGHTS
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The first ten amendments to the U.S. Con-stitution. Ratified in 1791, the Bill of Rights safeguards the liberties of individuals. These liberties include: • therighttopracticeone’sreligionfreely• therighttofreespeech• therighttoafreepress• therighttobearfirearms• therighttomeetandtopetitionthe
government• therighttoafairandspeedytrial• therighttorepresentationbyalawyer• therighttoknowthecrimewithwhich
one is being charged• protectionfrombeingtriedtwiceforthe
same crime• protectionfromexcessivebailand/or
cruel and unusual punishment
One of the simplest numbering systems. The base of the binary system is 2, which means that only the digits 0 and 1 can appear in a binary representation of any number.
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BOLSHEVIk
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
BLAnk VERSE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
BISECT
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Cut in two equal parts.
Line segment AB is bisected at point C.
Poetry in which the structure is controlled only by a metrical scheme. Also called metered verse.
A member of the radical faction of the Russian socialist party that took power in Russia and formed the Communist Party in 1918.
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B
BUBOnIC PLAGUE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
BRACkETS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
BOSTOn TEA PARTY
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A 1773 incident staged by American colonists protesting the British tax on tea. The colo-nists threw three shipments of tea into Boston Harbor.
Symbols ( [ ] ) used to close parenthetical material within parentheses, enclose words inserted into a quotation, and enclose the word sic to show that an error in quotation was made by the original writer or speaker.
An infectious disease that killed up to one-third of all Europeans in the fourteenth century. Also called “the Black Death.”
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
BUSInESS CYCLE
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Periods of high and low productivity in a capi-talist economy.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CAPILLARIES
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CALIBRATIOn
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The examination of the performance of an instrument in an experiment whose outcomes are known, for the purpose of accounting for the inaccuracies inherent in the instrument in future experiments whose outcomes are not known.
Vascular tissues that receive blood from the ar-terioles and release the blood to the venuoles.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CAPITALISm
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An economic system in which individuals and private organizations produce and distribute goods and services in a free market.
Characteristics Examples
•Individualsandprivateorganizations own and operate businesses.•Freemarketdetermines
production and distribution of goods and services.•Pricessetbysupplyand
demand.
•UnitedStates
•Sweden
•Australia
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CELESTIAL EqUATOR
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CATALYST
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An agent that changes the rate of a reaction, without itself being altered by the reaction.
reactants
products
Ea with a�catalyst
Ea without�a catalyst
A catalyst acts by lowering the activation energy barrier (Ea) to product formation. In the diagram, the top hill represents a high activa-tion energy. The catalyst acts to make the hill smaller, so that the bottom hill represents the activation energy in the presence of a catalyst.
The extension of Earth’s equator out onto the celestial sphere.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CELESTIAL SPHERE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CELESTIAL POLES
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The extension of Earth’s North and South Poles onto the celestial sphere.
The imaginary sphere which all the stars are viewed as being on for the purposes of locat-ing them.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CELL WALL
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CELL mEmBRAnE
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An organelle found in all cells that acts as the passageway through which materials can pass in and out. The cell membrane is highly selec-tively permeable, only allowing materials to pass through that it “chooses” chemically. Also called the plasma membrane.
22
2
22
2
2
2
2
2
2
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmicreticulum
Plasmamembrane
NucleolusNucleus
Vacuole
Cell wall
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Centriole
Chloroplast
Lysosome
Animal CellPlant Cell
Golgicomplex
An organelle found primarily in plant cells and fungi cells, and also some bacteria. The cell wall is a strong structure that provides protection and support, and allows materials to pass in and out without being selectively permeable.
22
2
22
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmicreticulum
Plasmamembrane
NucleolusNucleus
Vacuole
Cell wall
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Plant Cell
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CEnTRIPETAL FORCE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CEnTRAL POWERS
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CA military coalition of nations that fought against the Allied Powers in World War I. The Central Powers included Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and Turkey.
World War I European Powers
GreatBritain
Allied PowersCentral PowersNeutral Nations
TheNetherlands
Denmark
NorwaySweden
Finland
France
Spain
Port
ugal
MoroccoAlgeria
ItalyAlbania
Monte-negro
Hungary
Austria
Germany
Switzer-land
Russia
Belgium
Luxembourg
Romania
Bulgaria
Turkey
Cyprus
Bal
tic S
ea
Mediterranean Sea
Black Sea
Serbia
Greece
The net force that acts to result in centripetal acceleration. Centripetal force is not an indi-vidual force, but the sum of the forces in the radial direction. It is directed toward the center of the circular motion.
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CHECkS AnD BALAnCES
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CHARTER
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CHARACTERS
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People created by an author to carry the ac-tion, language, and ideas of a story or play.
To approve or grant power to something, such as a town or city government.
A system outlined by the U.S. Constitution that divides authority between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the federal government so that no branch of government dominates the others.
Legislative
Executive
Judicial
Three Branches of Government
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CHORD
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CHEmICAL CHAnGE
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A process that involves the formation or break-ing of chemical bonds.
A line segment that goes through a circle with its endpoints on the circle.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CIRCLE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CHROmOSOmE
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An organized structure of DNA and protein found in cells.
The set of all points equidistant from one given point, called the center. The center point defines the circle, but it is not on the circle.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CIVILIzATIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CIRCUmFEREnCE
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CThe distance around the outside of a circle. C = π × diameter; π is approximately equal to 3.14.
Circumference
Example:Find the circumference of a circle with a diameter of 5 inches.Because you know the diameter, use the formula that includes the diameter: C = πdC = π(5)C = (3.14)(5)C = 15.7The final answer is 15.7 inches.
An advanced state of intellectual, cultural, and technological development in human society.
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CLImACTIC zOnE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CLICHé
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CLAUSE
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A group of words that contains both a subject and a verb.
A tired, overused word or phrase.
Any of several broad areas that lie along latitu-dinal lines between the equator and the North and South Poles.
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CLOSET DRAmA
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CLImAx
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CLImATE
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The atmospheric characteristics near the earth’s surface over a period of time. Climate includes average temperature, rainfall, humid-ity, wind, and barometric pressure.
The turning point or high point of action and tension in the plot.
A play that is meant only to be read, not performed.
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COLLOqUIALISm
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COLD WAR
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COEFFICIEnT
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The number placed in front of a variable(s), such as 2 in the expression 2x.
Term for the post-World War II rivalry between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) that ended in 1989.
Informal word or phrase such as a lot, in a bind, pulled it off, and so on. These words are regularly used in conversations between friends, rather than in official written communication.
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COmmA
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COmEDY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COLOn
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Symbol (:) used to introduce a list of items, as long as the part before the colon is already a complete sentence.
Humorous writing or ideas.
Symbol (,) used to separate items in lists of similar words, phrases, or clauses to make the material easier for a reader to understand. Commas are often used before the final con-junction in a sentence.
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COmmEnTARY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COmmEnSALISm
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COmmA SPLICE
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A type of run-on sentence in which a comma is used in place of a semicolon to join two independent clauses without a conjunction. Comma splices can be corrected by putting a semicolon in place of the comma or by adding a conjunction after the comma.
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor rewarded. For example, barna-cles are crustaceans that attach themselves to a hard surface, such as rocks, shells, whales, etc. When they attach to the shell of a scallop, for instance, barnacles benefit by having a place to stay, leaving the scallop unaffected.
Literature written to explain or illuminate other works of literature or art.
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COmmUnIST mAnIFESTO
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COmmUnISm
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COmmISSIOn
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A form of local government in which voters elect commissioners to head a city or county department, such as the fire, police, or public works department.
An economic and political system in which the means of production are owned collectively and controlled by the state.
Characteristics Examples
•State,orthecommunity,owns all businesses.•Statecontrolsdistribution
of goods and services.•Stateprovidessocial
services.
•People’sRepublicofChina•Cuba•FormerSovietUnion
A document of communist principles written by Karl Marx in 1848.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COmPLEmEnTARY AnGLES
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COmmUTATIVE PROPERTY
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This property states that when performing a string of addition operations or a string of multiplication operations, the order does not matter. In other words, a + b = b + a.Example:
17 + 64 + 35 + 43 + 96 = Change the order: 17 + 43 + 64 + 96 + 35.Add 17 and 43 first, because 7 + 3 = 10: 17 + 43 = 60.The problem becomes 60 + 64 + 96 + 35.Add 64 and 96 next, because 4 + 6 = 10: 64 + 96 = 160.The problem becomes 60 + 160 + 35.Work left to right: 60 + 160 + 35 = 220 + 35 = 255.
Two angles are complementary if the sum of their measures is equal to 90°.
12
ComplementaryAngles
m∠1 + m∠2 = 90
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COmPOnEnT
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COmPLICATIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COmPLETE SEnTEnCE
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CA group of words that expresses a complete thought and has a verb and a subject. Also called an independent clause.
Independent clause: She was excited.
Dependent clause: Because she was excited.
Notice that the dependent clause is incom-plete; it needs an additional thought to make a complete sentence, such as:
She spoke very quickly because she was excited.
The independent clause, however, can stand alone. It is a complete thought.
The series of events that “complicate” the plot and build up to the climax.
The part of a vector that lies in the horizontal or vertical direction.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COmPOUnD
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COmPOSITE nUmBER
COnCEnTRATIOn
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Any integer that can be divided evenly by a number other than itself and 1. All numbers are either prime or composite.
A substance composed of more than one element that has a definite composition and distinct physical and chemical properties. Examples include carbon dioxide, sucrose (table sugar), and serotonin (a human brain chemical).
A measure of the amount of solute that is present in a solution. A solution that contains very little solute is called dilute. A solution that contains a relatively large amount of solute is said to be concentrated.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COnFEDERATE STATES OF AmERICA
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COnCLUSIOn
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CThe last stage of the scientific method, where explanations are made about why the patterns identified in the analysis stage occurred.
A republic formed in 1861 by 11 Southern states that withdrew from the United States. After its 1865 defeat in the American Civil War, the republic dissolved.
Free StatesCalifornia New HampshireConnecticut New JerseyIllinois New YorkIndiana OhioIowa OregonKansas PennsylvaniaMaine Rhode IslandMassachusetts VermontMichigan WisconsinMinnesota
Slave StatesAlabama* Mississippi*Arkansas* MissouriDelaware North Carolina*Florida* South Carolina*Georgia* Tennessee*Kentucky Texas*Louisiana* Virginia*Maryland
TerritoriesColorado NevadaDakota New MexicoIndian UtahNebraska Washington
*Confederate States
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COnjUnCTIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COnGRUEnT AnGLES
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COnFLICT
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A struggle or clash between two people, forces, or ideas.
Two angles that are identical in shape and size.
A joining word such as and, but, or, for, nor, so, or yet.
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COnSTELLATIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COnnOTATIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COnjUnCTIVE ADVERB
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An adverb that joins independent clauses. Conjunctive adverbs are punctuated differently from regu lar conjunctions.
also indeed now
anyway instead otherwise
besides likewise similarly
certainly meanwhile still
finally moreover then
furthermore namely therefore
however nevertheless thus
incidentally next undoubtedly
Implied or suggested meaning. For example, the word slim has a different connotation than the word thin; slim suggests more grace and class than thin.
An apparent grouping of stars in the sky that is used for identification purposes. These stars are not necessarily near each other in space, since they are not necessarily the same dis-tance from Earth.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COnSTITUTIOn OF THE UnITED STATES
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COnSTITUTIOn
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The fundamental principles of a nation’s government embodied in one document or several documents.
The fundamental laws of the United States, written in 1787 and ratified in 1788.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COnTExT
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COnSUmER PRICE InDEx (CPI)
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A measure of change in the cost of common goods and services, such as food, clothing, rent, fuel, and others.
Consumer Price Index—All Urban Consumers 1990–2007
180
170
160
150
140
130
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Ind
ex: 1
982–
1984
= $
100
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
190
200
210
The graph shows the CPI in all U.S. cities between 1990 and 2007. To make comparisons between years, the graph uses the years 1982–1984 as a base period (1982–1984 = $100). For instance, if the average urban consumer spent $100 on living expenses in 1982–1984, he or she spent more than $150 on the same expenses in 1995.
The words and sentences surrounding a word or phrase that help determine the meaning of that word or phrase.
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COnVERGEnT BOUnDARY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COnTInEnTAL DRIFT
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COnTInEnTAL COnGRESS
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An assembly of delegates from the American colonies who served as a governmental body that directed the war for independence.
The region on a continent where new crust is being created and the plates on either side of the rift are moving apart.
A boundary between two of Earth’s plates that are moving toward each other.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COORDInATE PLAnE
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A graph formed by two lines that intersect to create right angles.
y
1
4
3
2
–5
–1
–2
–3
–4
1 5432–5 –1–2–3–4x
5
origin (0,0)
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COPLAnAR
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COORDInATE POInT
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CA specific point on the coordinate plane with the first number, or coordinate, represent-ing the horizontal placement and the second number, or coordinate, representing the verti-cal. Coordinate points are given in the form of (x,y). Also called an ordered pair.
II I
III IV
(−2,3) (2,3)
(−3,−2) (3,−2)
1
4
3
2
–1
–2
–3
–4
1 432–1–2–3–4
y
x
Points that lie together on a common plane or grid.
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COUnCIL-mAnAGER
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COST OF LIVInG
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COSmOLOGY
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The study of the formation of the universe.
The price of common goods and services that are considered living expenses, such as food, clothing, rent, fuel, and others.
A form of local government in which voters elect council members, who, in turn, hire a manager to run the day-to-day operations of the locality.
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CRUSADES
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COUPLET
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COUnTInG nUmBERS
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All whole numbers, with the exception of 0.
A pair of rhyming lines in poetry.
Any of the military campaigns led by European Christians during the Middle Ages to recover the Holy Land from Muslims.
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CULTURE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CRYSTAL
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A solid in which atoms or molecules have a regular repeated arrangement.
The study of the relationship between humans and their physical environment.
A shared way of living among a group of peo-ple that develops over time.
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CYTOPLASm
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CUTICLE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CURREnT
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CThe flow of charge past a point per unit time; current is measured in amperes (A).
The top layer on a leaf. The cuticle is a non-living layer consisting primarily of wax that is produced by the epithelium, a cell layer directly underneath.
A jelly-like substance located in the cell where all of the internal organelles can be found. The cytoplasm consists primarily of water and sup-ports the cell and its organelles.
22
2
22
2
2
2
2
2
2
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmicreticulum
Plasmamembrane
NucleolusNucleus
Vacuole
Cell wall
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Centriole
Chloroplast
Lysosome
Animal CellPlant Cell
Golgicomplex
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CYTOSkELETOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
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Organelles that are the internal “bones” of the cell. The cytoskeleton consists of thick and thin tubules.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DECIBEL
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DAnGLInG mODIFIERS
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Words, phrases, or clauses that begin a sen-tence and are set off by commas, but mistak-enly modify the wrong noun or pronoun.
Examples:Incorrect: Worn and tattered, Uncle Joe took
down the flag.Correct: Uncle Joe took down the flag,
which was worn and tattered. OR Uncle Joe took down the worn,
tattered flag.
Incorrect: While making breakfast, the smoke alarm went off and woke the baby.
Correct: While I was making breakfast, the smoke alarm went off and woke the baby. OR
The smoke alarm went off and woke the baby while I was making breakfast.
A unit of measure for the relative intensity of sounds.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DECLARATIOn OF InDEPEnDEnCE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DECImAL
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A number in the base-10 number system. Each place value in a decimal number is worth ten times the place value of the digit to its right.
1
T
H
O
U
S
A
N
D
S
2
H
U
N
D
R
E
D
S
6
T
E
N
S
8
O
N
E
S
•
D
E
C
I
M
A
L
3
T
E
N
T
H
S
4
H
U
N
D
R
E
D
T
H
S
5
T
H
O
U
S
A
N
D
T
H
S
7
T
E
N
T
H
O
U
S
A
N
D
T
H
S
POINT
In expanded form, this number can also be expressed as:
1,268.3457 = (1 × 1,000) + (2 × 100) + (6 × 10) + (8 × 1) + (3 × .1) + (4 × .01) + (5 × .001) + (7 × .0001)
A document adopted on July 4, 1776, in which the American colonies proclaimed their inde-pendence from Great Britain.
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DELTA
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DEFLATIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DECLInATIOn
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The celestial coordinate similar to that of latitude on Earth. Declination measures how many degrees, minutes, and seconds north or south of the celestial equator an object is.
A decrease in prices due to decreased money supply and an increased quantity of consumer goods.
A fan-shaped deposit of material at the mouth of a river.
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DEmOGRAPHY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DEmOCRACY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DEmAnD
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The quantity of goods or services that consum-ers want to buy at any given price. According to the principle of demand, demand decreases as price increases, and vice versa.
A form of government in which decisions are made by the people, either directly or through elected representatives.
Characteristics Examples
•Inrepresentative democ-racy, people elect officials to represent their views.•Indirect democracy,
decisions are made by the people.
Representative:•UnitedStates•Canada•MostEuropeannationsDirect:•Switzerland
The study of changes in population through birth rate, death rate, migration, and other factors.
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DEnOTATIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DEnOmInATOR
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DEnITRIFICATIOn
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A process in which bacteria convert nitrites or nitrates back into nitrogen gas, which is then released into the atmosphere.
The bottom number in a fraction. The denomi-nator of 1__
2 is 2.
Exact or dictionary meaning. For example, the words slim and thin have a similar denotation.
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DEPRESSIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DEnSITY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DEnOUEmEnT
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The resolution or conclusion of the action.
The mass of a substance for a given unit vol-ume. A common unit of density is grams per milliliter (g/ml).
A prolonged and severe period of low eco-nomic productivity and incomes.
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DIALOGUE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DIALECT
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DIAGOnAL
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Symbol ( / ) used to join words or numbers. The most frequent use of the diagonal is with the phrase and/or, which shows that the sen-tence refers to one or both of the words being joined. Diagonals are also used to separate numbers in a fraction, to show line division in poetry, or to indicate per or divided by. Also known as a backslash.
Language that differs from the standard lan-guage in grammar, pronunciation, and idioms (natural speech versus standard English); language used by a specific group within a culture.
The verbal exchange between two or more people; a conversation.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DICTATORSHIP
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DIAmETER
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A line segment that goes directly through the center of a circle and has endpoints on the curve of the circle. A diameter is the longest line you can draw in a circle.
diameter
A form of government in which one ruler has absolute power over many aspects of society, including social, economic, and political life.
Characteristics Examples
•Itisruledbyoneleaderwho has absolute power over many aspects of life, including social, eco-nomic, and political.•Leaderisnotelectedby
the people.
•Nazi(NationalSocialist)government of Adolf Hitler•GeneralAugusto
Pinochet in Chile from 1973–1990•NorthKorea
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DIRECT ELECTIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DIFFEREnCE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DICTIOn
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The particular choice and use of appropriate words, combining them in the right way to communicate your message accurately.
The result of subtracting one number from another. For example, the difference between $800 and $500 is $300. $800 − $500 = $300
These words . . . . . . often translate into these math symbolssubtracted from –difference decreased by minus take away less
A type of electoral process in which the citizens of a state or country elect the govern-ment officials and representatives.
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DISTAnCE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DISPLACEmEnT
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DISCOUnT RATE
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The interest rate that the U.S. Federal Reserve Board charges banks to borrow money.
The change in position of an object, computed by calculating the final position minus the initial position. Common units of measure are meters (m).
Distance = rate × time
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DISTAnCE BETWEEn POInTS On A COORDInATE PLAnE
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(x1,y1) and (x2,y2) are two points on the line. The distance between two points is the length of the path connecting them. In the plane, the distance between points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is given by the distance formula:
d x x y y( ) ( )2 12
2 12= − + −
Example:What is the distance between the points (–2,8) and (4,–2)?
Substitute these values into the formula:
D [4 ( 2)] [( 2) 8]
(4 2) ( 2 8)
(6) ( 10)
36 100
136
2 2
2 2
2 2
= − − + − −
= + + − −
= + −
= +
=
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DIVIDEnD
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DIVERGEnT BOUnDARY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY
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This property states that multiplication dis-tributes over addition or subtraction. In other words, a × (b + c) = (a × b) + (a × c).Example:
17 × 5 =You know that 7 + 10 = 17: 17 × 5
= 5(10 + 7).Use the distributive property: 5 × 10 +
5 × 7.Follow the order of operations: 50 + 35
= 85.
A boundary between two of Earth’s plates that are moving away from each other.
The number in a division problem that is being divided. In 32 ÷ 4 = 8, 32 is the dividend.
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DOUBLE nEGATIVE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DnA
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DIVISIBLE BY
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Capable of being evenly divided by a given number, without a remainder.
Abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid. Con-tains all genetic material for an organism. The smallest units of DNA are called nucleotides.
A negative word added to a statement that is already negative. For example, I don’t want nothing.Examples:Incorrect: He doesn’t have no idea what
she’s talking about.Correct: He doesn’t have any idea what
she’s talking about. OR He has no idea what she’s talking
about.
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DRAmA
DRAmATIC IROnY
DRED SCOTT DECISIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
D
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Literature that is meant to be performed.
When a character’s speech or actions have an unintended meaning that is known to the audi-ence but not to the character.
An 1857 U.S. Supreme Court decision that ruled that the Court could not ban citizens from bringing slaves into free territories.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ELECTORAL COLLEGE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ECLIPTIC
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EThe apparent path of the sun across the sky over the course of a year.
The system by which the President of the United States is elected, wherein the elec-tors of each state cast their electoral votes for the winner of the popular vote in their state. Currently, a presidential candidate needs 270 electoral votes to win the election.
DC 3
WA 11
MT 3
ID 4
NV 4UT 5
AZ 8
CO 9
WY 3
ND 3
SD 3
NE 5
KS 6
OK 7
TX 34 LA9
AR 6
MO 11
IN12
OH20
OR 7
CA 55
HI 4
NM 5
MN 10
IA 7
WI 10
IL21
MI 17
PA 21
NY 31
VT3
ME 4
MA 12
RI 4CT 7
NH4
NJ 15
DE 3
MD 10
WV5
KY 8VA 13
NC 15TN 11
MS6
AL9 GA 15
SC8
FL27
Presidential Electoral Vote—November 2004Total electoral votes: Bush 286, Kerry 252.
George W. Bush and Richard B. Cheney
John Kerry andJohn Edwards
AK 3
The electoral college is a group of electors who choose the president and vice president. Each state is allowed the same number of electors as its total number of U.S. senators and representatives—so each state has at least three electors. In most states, the candidate who wins the most popular votes earns that state’s electoral votes.Source: National Archives and Records Administration.
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ELECTROSTATIC FORCE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ELECTROmAGnETIC WAVE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ELECTRICAL POTEnTIAL EnERGY
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The energy due to an object’s position within an electric field.
A light wave that has an electric field com-ponent and a magnetic field component. An electromagnetic wave does not require a medium through which to travel.
The force that exists between particles due to their charges. Particles of like charge repel, particles of unlike charge attract.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ELEGY
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A poem that laments the loss of someone or something.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ELEmEnT
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A pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom. It cannot be decomposed by ordinary chemical reactions.
Examples:H—Hydrogen: involved in the nuclear process that produces energy in the sun, found in many organic molecules within our bodies (like fats and carbohy-drates) and in gases (like methane)He—Helium: used to make balloons flyC—Carbon: found in all living organisms; pure carbon exists as graphite and diamondsN—Nitrogen: used as a coolant to rapidly freeze food, found in many biologically important mol-ecules, such as proteinsO—Oxygen: essential for respiration (breathing) and combustion (burning)Si—Silicon: used in making transistors and solar cellsCl—Chlorine: used as a disinfectant in pools and as a cleaning agent in bleach, and is also important physiologically as well, as in the nervous systemCa—Calcium: necessary for bone formation and muscle contractionFe—Iron: used as a building material; carries oxygen in the bloodCu—Copper: a U.S. penny is made of copper; good conductor of electricityI—Iodine: lack in the diet results in an enlarged thyroid gland, or goiterHg—Mercury: used in thermometers; ingestion can cause brain damage and poisoningPb—Lead: used for X-ray shielding in a dentist officeNa—Sodium: Found in table salt (NaCl), also impor-tant biologically within the nervous system and is a key player in the active transport process that occurs across cell membranes
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ELLIPSIS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ELLIPSE
Em-DASH
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A geometric shape that is formed when a plane intersects with a cone at an angle, so that a shape similar to a circle but stretched in one direction is formed. The orbits of the planets around the sun represent ellipses.
Symbol (…) used to show that quoted material has been omitted, or to indicate a pause or hesitation.
A specialized punctuation mark (—) that can be used to mark a sudden break in thought or to insert a comment, emphasize explanatory material, indicate omitted letters or words, or connect a begin ning phrase to the rest of the sentence.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
EnERGY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
EnDOPLASmIC RETICULUm
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EAn organelle that is used to transport proteins throughout the cell.
22
2
22
2
2
2
2
2
2
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmicreticulum
Plasmamembrane
NucleolusNucleus
Vacuole
Cell wall
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Centriole
Chloroplast
Lysosome
Animal CellPlant Cell
Golgicomplex
The ability to do work or undergo change. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, while potential energy is stored energy.
Maximum Potential Energy
Maximum Potential Energy
Maximum Kinetic Energy
The change of potential energy into kinetic energy, and kinetic energy into potential energy,
in a pendulum.
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EqUATIOn
EnLIGHTEnmEnT
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
EPICYCLE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
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A philosophical movement of the eighteenth century in Europe and North America that emphasized rational thought.
Smaller circles on which the planets traveled around Earth in the geocentric model of the solar system. Epicycles were used to explain the retrograde motion of planets and help make the predicted positions of the planets match the observed positions.
Two equal expressions. Examples:
2 + 2 = 1 + 32x = 4
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
EqUATOR
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The imaginary line drawn around the earth that runs east and west at 0° latitude.
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EqUILIBRIUm (CHEmISTRY)
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
EqUILATERAL TRIAnGLE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
EqUIDISTAnT
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A point between two objects where the dis-tance between the point and each object is the same.
A type of triangle where all sides are equal and all angles are equal.
60°
60°60°
5 5
5
A state at which the forward and reverse reac-tions proceed at the same rate.
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ExACT RHYmE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
EVEn nUmBER
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
EqUILIBRIUm (ECOnOmICS)
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When supply of a good or service equals that which customers are willing to buy (demand).
A counting number that is divisible by 2. Here are some helpful rules for how even and odd numbers behave when added or multiplied:
even + even = even and even × even = even
odd + odd = even and odd × odd = odd
odd + even = odd and even × odd = even
The repetition of identically stressed sounds at the ends of words. (e.g., cat and hat; laugh and staff; refine and divine)
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ExPAnDED nOTATIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ExECUTIVE BRAnCH
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The arm of government that carries out laws.
Members Characteristics
• President•VicePresident•Agencies•Departments
•Apresidentiselectedbythevot-ers for four-year term.•Apresidentcannotservemore
than two terms.•Vicepresidentbecomesheadof
state if the president becomes disabled or dies in office.•Agenciescarryoutapresident’s
policies and provide special services.•Departmentheadsadviseapresi-
dent and carry out policies.
A method of writing numbers as the sum of their units (hundreds, tens, ones, etc.). The expanded notation for 378 is 300 + 70 + 8.
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ExPOnEnT
ExPOSITIOn
EYE RHYmE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
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A number that indicates an operation of repeated multipli-cation. For instance, 32 indicates that the number 3 should be multiplied by itself once; 35 indicates it should be multi-plied by itself four times.
25←exponent = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 32↑base
Exponent Exponential Form Standard Form
1 31 3
2 32 9
3 33 27
4 34 81
5 35 243
In a plot, the conveyance of background infor-mation necessary to understand the complica-tion of the plot.
Words that look like they should rhyme be-cause of spelling, but because of pronuncia-tion, they do not. (e.g., slaughter and laughter; enough and though; bough and through)
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FASCISm
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
FALLInG ACTIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
FACTOR
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The events that take place immediately after the climax, in which “loose ends” of the plot are tied up.
One of two or more numbers or variables that are being multiplied together.
An Italian term for a military-based totalitarian government.
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FEDERALIST PAPERS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
FEDERALISm
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEm (THE FED)
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U.S. banking system established in 1913. Includes 12 Federal Reserve banks under an eight-member controlling board.
A government structure that divides power between a central government and regional governments. The United States is a federal republic, a democracy that divides power be-tween federal, state, and local governments.
A series of 85 essays written in 1787–1788 by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in which they argued that federal-ism would offer a government structure that would preserve the rights of states and secure individual freedoms.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 170 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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FICTIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
FEUDALISm
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
FEET
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 171 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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In poetry, a group of stressed and unstressed syllables.
A political and economic system that existed in Europe between the ninth and fifteenth centu-ries in which a lord granted land and employ-ment to a tenant in exchange for political and military services.
Prose literature about people, places, and events invented by the author.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 172 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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FOCAL LEnGTH
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
FLASHBACk
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
FIGURATIVE LAnGUAGE
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 173 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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Comparisons not meant to be taken literally but used for artistic effect, including similes, metaphors, and personification.
When an earlier event or scene is inserted into the chronology of the plot.
The distance from a focal point to a mirror or lens.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 174 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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F
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
FRACTAL
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
FORCE
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 175 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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That which acts on an object to change its mo-tion; a push or pull exerted on one object by another. The unit of force is the Newton (N).
A geometric figure that is self-similar; that is, any smaller piece of the figure will have roughly the same shape as the whole.
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F
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
FRACTIOn
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 177 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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The result of dividing two numbers. When you divide 3 by 5, you get 3__
5 , which equals 0.6. A fraction is a way of expressing a number that involves dividing a top number (the numerator) by a bottom number (the denominator).
Decimal and Fraction Equivalents to Know
FRACTION DECIMAL
1____100
0.01
1___10
0.1
1__5
0.2
1__4
0.25
1__3
0.33 (rounded)
1__2
0.5
2__3
0.67 (rounded)
3__4
0.75
4__5
0.8
9___10
0.9
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 178 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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FREEFALL
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
FREE VERSE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
FREE EnTERPRISE
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 179 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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Freedom of private business to organize and operate for profit with no or little government intervention.
Poetry that is free from any restrictions of me-ter and rhyme.
An object in one-dimensional motion that is only acted on by the force of Earth’s gravity. In this case, its acceleration will be –g or g downward.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 180 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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FRICTIOnAL FORCE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
FREqUEnCY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
FREnCH AnD InDIAn WAR
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 181 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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The last of four North American wars fought between Great Britain and France in which each country fought for control of the conti-nent (1754–1763).
The number of cycles or repetitions per second. Frequency is often measured as the number of revolutions per second. The com-mon units of frequency are hertz (Hz), where one hertz equals 1 cycle/second.
The force that acts parallel to surfaces in contact opposite the direction of motion or tendency of motion.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 182 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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FUTURE PERFECT TEnSE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
FUnCTIOnAL TExTS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
FUnCTIOnAL GROUP
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 183 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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A group of atoms that give a molecule a cer-tain characteristic or property.
Literature that is valued mainly for the infor-mation it conveys, not for its beauty of form, emotional impact, or message about human experience.
Verb form that shows continuing actions that will be completed at a certain time in the future. For example, “By 2020, I will have lived in New York for 20 years.” and “By 2020, I will have been living in New York for 20 years.”
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FUTURE PROGRESSIVE TEnSE
FUTURE TEnSE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 185 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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Verb form that shows continuing actions in the future. For example, “I will be running in next year’s Boston Marathon.”
Verb form that shows action that has yet to happen.
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GEnRE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
GEnERAL ELECTIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 187 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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A process used in laboratories to determine the genetic makeup of DNA strands. This pro-cess involves the movement of chromosomes through a gel from one pole to the other. Magnetism is used to pull the chromosomes through the gel.
An election in which the citizens of a nation or region vote to elect the ultimate winner of a political contest.
Category or kind; in literature, the different kinds or categories of texts.
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G
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
GEOCHEmICAL CYCLE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
GEOCEnTRIC mODEL
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 189 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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The model of the solar system that places Earth at the center with the planets and the sun orbiting around it.
The circulation of elements in the biosphere. For example, water, carbon, and nitrogen are recycled in the biosphere. A water molecule in the cell of your eye could have been at some point in the ocean, in the atmosphere, in a leaf of a tree, or in the cell of a bear’s foot.
CO2 in atmosphere
Photosynthesis (land)
Photosynthesis (water)
Burning fossil fuels Burning
forests
Respiration (organisms on
land and in water)
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 190 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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GOLGI APPARATUS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
GLACIER
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
GEOLOGY
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 191 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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GThe study of rocks and minerals.
A large mass of snow-covered ice.
An organelle that packages proteins so that they can be sent out of the cell. Also called Golgi complex.
2
2
2
2
2
2
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmicreticulum
Plasmamembrane
NucleolusNucleus
Vacuole
Cell wall
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Centriole
Lysosome
Animal Cell
Golgicomplex
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 192 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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GREAT DEPRESSIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
GRAVITATIOnAL FORCE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
GOVERnmEnT
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 193 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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The act or process of governing; the control of public policy within a political organization.
The attractive force that exists between all particles with mass.
A severe economic recession characterized by bank closings, failed businesses, high unemployment, and homelessness that lasted through the 1930s in the United States.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 194 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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G
GROSS nATIOnAL PRODUCT (GnP)
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
GROSS DOmESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
GREEnHOUSE EFFECT
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 195 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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A process whereby carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can trap solar energy. The trapped heat causes a rise in global temperature.
A measure of the total value of goods and ser-vices produced within a nation over the course of a year.
A measure of the value of goods and services produced within a nation as well as its foreign investments over the course of a year.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 196 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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HELIOCEnTRIC mODEL
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
HALF-RHYmE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
HAIkU
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 197 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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A short, imagistic poem of three unrhymed lines of five, seven, and five syllables, respectively.
The repetition of the final consonant at the end of words (e.g., cat and hot; adamant and government; soul and all).
The model of the solar system that places the sun at the center with the planets orbiting around it.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 198 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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HExAGOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
HETEROGEnEOUS mIxTURE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
HEmISPHERE
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 199 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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HHalf of Earth; either the northern or southern half of the globe as divided by the equator or the eastern and western half as divided by the prime meridian.
A mixture that is not uniform in composition. An example is a mixture of salt and pepper.
A polygon with six sides.
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HOmOGEnEOUS mIxTURE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
HOLOCAUST
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
HIROSHImA
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 201 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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A city in southwestern Japan that was the target of the first atomic bomb ever dropped on a populated area in August 1945.
Persecution and murder of millions of Jew-ish people and other Europeans under Adolf Hitler’s Nazi regime.
A mixture in which the components are uni-formly distributed. An example is a mixture of a small amount of salt in water.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 202 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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HYDRATEA
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
HUmAnISm
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
HOmOnYm
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 203 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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A set of distinct words with different meanings and spellings that are pronounced alike. For example, sea and see.
A cultural and intellectual movement of the Renaissance that emphasized classical ideals as a result of a rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman literature and art.
Crystal of a molecule that also contains water in the crystal structure. If the water evaporates, the crystal becomes anhydrous.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 204 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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HYPHEn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
HYPERBOLE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
HYDROLOGY
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 205 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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The study of Earth’s water and water systems.
Extreme exaggeration not meant to be taken literally, but done for effect. For example, “I am so hungry I could eat a horse.”
Symbol (-) used to join words in creating compound nouns or adjectives. Hyphens can be used to: join two coequal nouns working together as one (e.g., teacher-poet); join multi-word compound nouns (e.g., up-to-date); join two or more words that function as a single ad-jective preceding the noun (e.g., a soft-spoken person); and join prefixes and suffixes to words (e.g., ex-husband, secretary-elect).
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
HYPOTHESIS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
HYPOTEnUSE
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 207 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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The longest leg of a right triangle that is always opposite the right angle.
Hypotenuse
The step in the scientific method where a prediction is made about the end result of an experiment. A hypothesis is generally based on research of related data.
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ImAGE DISTAnCE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
IGnEOUS ROCk
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
IAmBIC PEnTAmETER
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 209 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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A metrical pattern in poetry in which each line has 10 syllables (five feet) and the stress falls on every second syllable. The da-dum of a hu-man heartbeat is the most common example of this rhythm: da-dum, da-dum, da-dum.
A rock formed through the cooling of magma.
The distance from an image to a mirror or lens.
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ImPERIALISm
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ImmIGRATIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ImAGERY
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 211 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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The representation of sensory experiences through language. For example, “Her face blossomed when she caught a glance of him.”
The process of moving and settling in a coun-try or region to which one is not native.
The practice of extending a nation’s power by territorial acquisition or by economic and political influence over other nations.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ImPROPER FRACTIOn
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 213 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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A fraction whose numerator is the same size as or larger than its denominator. Improper fractions are equal to or greater than 1. (e.g., 10__
3 , 25__5 , etc.)
Example:
Convert 62__8 to a mixed number.
Find how many times 8 divides into 62:
78)6—2
–
56 6R
Find the whole number part: 7.
Find the remainder: 6.
The mixed number is 7 6__8 or 7 3__
4 .
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
InDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
InDEPEnDEnT CLAUSE
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 215 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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A group of words within a sentence that by itself could form a complete sentence.
Independent clause: She was excited.
Dependent clause: Because she was excited.
Notice that the dependent clause is incom-plete; it needs an additional thought to make a complete sentence, such as:
She spoke very quickly because she was excited.
The independent clause, however, can stand alone. It is a complete thought.
The extensive social and economic changes brought about by the shift from the manufac-turing of goods by hand to large-scale factory production that began in England in the late eighteenth century.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 216 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
InEqUALITY
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 217 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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Two expressions that are not equal and are described by an inequality symbol such as <, >, ≤ , ≥, or ≠.
A conclusion based upon reason, fact, or evidence.
Example:
If 7 – 2x > 21, find x.
Isolate the variable:
7 – 2x > 21
7 – 2x – 7 > 21 – 7
–2x > 14
Then divide both sides by –2. Because you are dividing by a negative number, the inequality symbol changes direction: –2x___–2 > 14__
–2 becomes x < –7, so the answer consists of all real numbers less than –7.
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InFInITIVE PHRASE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
InFEREnCE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
InERTIA
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The tendency of an object to remain at rest or in motion with constant velocity unless acted on by a force.
A conclusion based upon reason, fact, or evidence.
A phrase that begins with the infinitive form of a verb (one which follows the word to) that functions as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb in a sentence. For example, “He helped to build the roof.”
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InTEGER
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
InORGAnIC
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
InFLATIOn
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An increase in prices due to an increase in the amount of money in circulation and a de-creased supply of consumer goods.
A material that is neither plant nor animal in origin.
All of the whole numbers, including negatives. Exam-ples are –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, and 3. Note that integers do not include fractions or decimals. Here are some rules for working with integers:
(+) × (+) = + (+) ÷ (+) = + (+) + (+) = +(+) × (–) = – (+) ÷ (–) = – (–) + (–) = –(–) × (–) = + (–) ÷ (–) = + (+) – (–) = + (–) – (+) = –
Example:
8 + –11 =Subtract the absolute values of the numbers: 11 – 8 = 3The sign of the larger number (11) was originally negative, so the answer is –3.
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InTOLERABLE ACTS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
InTEREST
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
InTEnSITY
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The power per unit area of a wave; measured in Watts/m2.
The price paid for the use of borrowed money.
A series of laws passed by the British Parlia-ment in 1774 to punish the colony of Massa-chusetts for the Boston Tea Party.
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ISOLATIOnISm
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
IROnY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
IOn
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An atom that has either lost electrons to become a positively charged cation, or has gained electrons to become a negatively charged anion. For example, calcium (Ca) can lose two electrons to become an ion with a positive charge of +2 (Ca2+)
The use of words to express something other than and especially the opposite of the literal meaning.
A national policy of avoiding political alliances with other nations.
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ISOTOPES
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ISOSCELES TRIAnGLE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ISOmERS
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Substances that have the same molecular formula (same number of elements) in different arrangements.
A type of triangle that has two sides the same length, where equal angles are opposite equal sides.
A B b a
C
m∠a = m∠b
Atoms of the same element, with different numbers of neutrons, and hence different atomic masses.
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j
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
jOVIAn PLAnETS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
jARGOn
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Technical, wordy language used by those as-sociated with a trade or profession.
The outer planets of the solar system that have characteristics similar to those of Jupiter. The Jovian planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. They are large, have many moons, and may have rings. They have thick atmos-pheres, are gaseous, and have high mass and low density. Jovian planets are located far from the sun and from each other. They have a composition similar to that of the sun, have short rotation rates, and have long revolution periods around the sun. Jovian planets are also called gas planets.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
jUDICIAL REVIEW
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
jUDICIAL BRAnCH
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The arm of government that interprets laws.
Members Characteristics
•U.S.SupremeCourt•CircuitCourtsofAp-
peals•FederalDistrictCourts
•U.S.SupremeCourtisthehighest court in the nation.•Thepresidentappoints
the nine justices of the Supreme Court.•Termisforlife.
A doctrine that allows the U.S. Supreme Court to invalidate laws and executive actions if the Court decides they conflict with the Constitu-tion. This power was not established until the 1803 case of Marbury v. Madison.
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k
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
kInETIC EnERGY
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The energy due to an object’s motion or velocity.
Maximum Potential Energy
Maximum Potential Energy
Maximum Kinetic Energy
The change of potential energy into kinetic energy, and kinetic energy into potential energy,
in a pendulum.
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LAISSEz-FAIRE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
LABOR UnIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
LABOR mARkET
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The market in which workers compete for jobs and employers compete for workers. As in other markets, the labor market is driven by supply and demand.
An organization of wage earners that uses group action to seek better economic and working conditions.
A doctrine that believes economic systems work better without intervention by government.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
LATITUDE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
LAnD BREEzE
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LThe breeze that develops on the shoreline due to unequal heating of the air above the land and ocean. Land breeze occurs at night when the air above the land is cooler and the air above the ocean is warmer. The breeze blows from the land to the sea.
The coordinate used to measure positions on Earth north or south of the equator, ranging from 0° at the equator to 90° at the poles. Latitude is measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds.
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LIkE TERmS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
LEGISLATIVE BRAnCH
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
LEGEnD
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A table or list that explains the symbols used on a map or chart.
The law-making arm of a government.
Members Characteristics
• U.S. Congress: •Houseof
Representatives•Senate
•Numberofrepresentativesfor each state is based on the population of that state.•Representativesservetwo-year
terms.•Eachstatehastwosenators.•Senatorsservesix-yearterms.
Terms that have the same variable(s) with the same exponent(s), such as 3x2y and 5x2y.
Like Terms What Both Terms Contain
5x and 9x x
3x2 and 8x2 x2
xy and –5xy xy
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
LInEAR EqUATIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
LInE
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An infinite collection of points in a straight path.
An equation for a straight line. The variable in a linear equa-tion cannot contain an exponent greater than 1. This type of equation cannot have a variable in the denominator, and the variables cannot be multiplied.
Example:
Solve the following linear equation:
x + 5 = 10.
What operation is used in the equation? Addition. In or-der to get the x alone, you will need to get rid of the 5. So, you should use the inverse operation and subtract. Remember, you have to perform the operation to both sides of the equation:
x + 5 = 10 – 5 – 5 → Subtract 5 from both sides of the equation.
Combine like terms on both sides of the equal sign:
x + 5 = 10 – 5 – 5 x + 0 = 5 → All like terms have been combined.
Therefore, x = 5.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
LITERATURE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
LITERARY TExTS
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LLiterature valued for its beauty of form, emotional impact, and message(s) about the human experience.
Any written or published text.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
LOnGITUDE
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The coordinate used to measure positions on Earth east or west of the prime meridian, rang-ing from 0° at the prime meridian to 180° east or 180° west longitude. The prime meridian goes through Greenwich, England. Longitude is measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds.
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LOnGITUDInAL WAVE
LOUISIAnA PURCHASE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
L
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
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A wave that has the same direction of vibration as its direction of travel. The motion of the par-ticles in the medium is parallel to the direction of wave propagation. Sound is an example of a longitudinal wave.
The vast land area in North America bought by the United States from France in 1803.
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mASS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mARkET
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mAIn IDEA
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The overall fact, feeling, or thought a writer wants to convey about his or her subject.
Main Idea(general claim about the subject)
Supporting Idea(specific fact or detail)
Supporting Idea(specific fact or detail)
Supporting Idea(specific fact or detail)
Any forum in which an exchange between buy-ers and sellers takes place.
The amount of matter in an object; also a measure of the amount of inertia of an object. The unit of mass is the kilogram (kg).
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mEAn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mAYOR-COUnCIL
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mAYFLOWER COmPACT
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An agreement which stated that the settlers of the Plymouth Colony would make decisions by the will of the majority. It is the first instance of self-government in America.
A form of local government in which voters elect a mayor as city or town executive and elect a council member from each ward.
(x1 + x2 + . . . + xn – x1) ÷ n, where xs are values for which a mean is desired and n is the total number of values for x.
mean = sum of the numbers_____________________
the number of numbers
Example:
Find the mean of the following set of numbers: 5, 7, 19, 12, 4, 11, 15.
Add all the numbers in the list: 5 + 7 + 19 + 12 + 4 + 11 + 15 = 73.
Count how many numbers are in the list: There are seven numbers in the list: 7
Divide the sum by the number of numbers: 73 ÷ 7 = 10.4.
So, the mean is 10.4.
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mEDIAn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mEASURES OF CEnTRAL TEnDEnCY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mEAnDER
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A broad curve in a river.
A single value that attempts to describe a set of data by specifying the central position within that set of data.
The middle value of an odd number of or-dered scores, and halfway between the two middle values of an even number of ordered scores.Example:
Find the median of the following set of numbers: 5, 7, 19, 12, 4, 11, 15.
Put the numbers in sequential order: 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 15, 19.
The middle number is the median: 11.
The median is 11.
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mEmOIR
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mELODRAmA
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mEIOSIS
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A process of cellular reproduction where the daughter cells have half the amount of chro-mosomes. This is used for purposes of sexual reproduction to produce sex cells that will be able to form an offspring with a complete set of chromosomes with different DNA than the parents.
A play propelled by exaggerated emotion and action, with a happy ending.
An autobiographical text that focuses on a limited number of events and explores their impact on the author.
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mETAPHOR
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mETAmORPHIC ROCk
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mEnISCUS
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The curved surface of a liquid in a container, caused by surface tension.
A rock whose crystal structure has been changed through heat and/or pressure.
A type of figurative language that compares two things by saying they are equal. Take, for example, the expression,“He is the apple of my eye.” There is, of course, no real apple in a person’s eye. The “apple” is someone beloved and held dear.
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mIDDLE AGES
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mETER
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mETEOROLOGY
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The study of Earth’s atmosphere and weather.
The number and stress of syllables in a line of poetry.
A period in Europe beginning with the decline of the Roman Empire in the fifth century and ending with the Renaissance in 1453.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mID-OCEAnIC RIDGE
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A region under the ocean where new crust is being created and the plates on either side of the ridge are moving apart.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mIDPOInT
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The middle point of a line segment.
Example:
Find the midpoint of line segment AB.
(5,10)
Midpoint
(1,2)
B
A
Midpoint x = (1 + 5)______2 = 6__
2 = 3
Midpoint y = (2 + 10)_______2 = 12__
2 = 6
Therefore, the midpoint of AB—
is (3,6).
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mInERAL
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
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A naturally occurring element or compound found in Earth’s crust.
Mineral Function Food Sources
Calcium builds healthy bones and teeth; helps nerves and muscles
milk; cheese; green, leafy vegetables; fish; eggs
Iodine helps body use energy
iodized salt; fish; seafood
Iron keeps red blood cells healthy
liver; meat; green, leafy vegetables; eggs
Magnesium helps mus-cles and nerves
vegetables; cereals; meat; nuts; milk
Sodium controls wa-ter balance; helps nerves
salt, most pro-cessed foods
m
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mITOSIS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mITOCHOnDRIA
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mISPLACED mODIFIERS
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Words, phrases, or clauses that describe nouns and pronouns, but are placed too far away (in a sentence) from the words they describe. For example, the words only, almost, and just should be placed as closely as possible to the words they describe.
An organelle that produces ATP.2
2
2
22
2
2
2
2
2
2
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmicreticulum
Plasmamembrane
NucleolusNucleus
Vacuole
Cell wall
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Centriole
Chloroplast
Lysosome
Animal CellPlant Cell
Golgicomplex
A process in which cells produce genetically identical offspring.
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mODE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mIxTURE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mIxED nUmBER
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A number with an integer part and a fractional part. Mixed numbers can be converted into improper fractions. For example, the mixed number 5 1__
2 can be converted into the improper fraction 11__
2 .
A physical combination of different substances.
The value that appears most often in a data set.Example:
Find the mode of the following set of num-bers: 5, 7, 19, 12, 4, 11, 15.
None of the numbers occurs more than once, so there is no mode.
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mOLECULAR mASS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mOLE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mODIFIERS
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Words and phrases that describe other words. For example, an adjective is a modi-fier because it describes nouns and pronouns. Adverbs are modifiers because they describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
The amount of a substance that contains as many particles (e.g., atoms, molecules, ions, electrons) as there are atoms in 12 grams of the carbon-12 isotope. This corresponds to a value of 6.022 × 1023 particles of the sub-stance.
The sum of the atomic masses in a molecule.
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mOnOLOGUE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mOnARCHY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mOLECULE
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A substance formed by a chemical bond be-tween two or more atoms.
A form of government headed by one ruler who claims power through hereditary or divine right.
Characteristics Examples
•Onepersonfromaroyalfamily is ruler.•Powerisinheritedfrom
generation to generation.•Absolutemonarchshave
complete authority.•Constitutional monarchs
have limited authority; a representative democracy governs.
Absolute monarchy: •Swaziland•SaudiArabiaConstitutional monarchy:•GreatBritain•Japan•Sweden•Morocco
In drama, a play or part of a play performed by one character speaking directly to the audience.
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mOnOmIAL
mOnOPOLY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
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An expression with one term (e.g., 3x2).
A situation in which a specific person or enter-prise owns all or nearly all of the market for a particular commodity. A monopoly is charac-terized by a lack of viable economic competi-tion to produce a good or service. Because losing customers to competitors is not an issue, the specific person or enterprise can set a price that is significantly higher than the cost of producing the good or service.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mOnOTHEISTIC
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mThe worship or belief in a single God. Mono-theistic religious systems include Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and Sikhism.
Religion Origin Characteristics
Judaism Middle East, now Israel—the Jewish calendar begins with the biblical time of the Creation
•Thebeliefinasingle,all-powerful God is central to Judaism.
•TheTorah—theinstruc-tions believed to be handed down from God to Moses—en-compasses Jewish law and custom.
Christianity Jerusalem, now in Israel—Christian cal-endar begins with the birth of Jesus
•Earlyfollowersbelievedthat Jesus fulfilled the Jewish prophesy of the Messiah.
•TheGospelsintheBible’s New Testament describe the teachings and life of Jesus.
•BeliefsincludethatJesus is the son of God and that after crucifix-ion, he rose from the dead.
Islam Arabia in 622 a.d.
•Itsfollowers,calledMuslims, believe in one all-powerful God.
•Muslimsadheretothe codes of living set forth in the holy book of Islam, the Qur’an (Koran).
•ThefounderofIslamwas Muhammed, a prophet who lived in Mecca in the sixth century, a.d.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mUTUALISm
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mULTIPLE OF
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A multiple of a number has that number as one of its factors; 35 is a multiple of 7; it is also a multiple of 5.
A class of relationship between two organisms in which both organisms benefit.The pollina-tion process involving flowering plants and insects (such as bees and wasps) is the best example of this. While the insects get their food in the form of nectar from the plants, the plants benefit from pollination carried out by these insects, which helps them reproduce.
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nATURALIzATIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
nARRATOR
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
nAGASAkI
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A seaport in western Japan that was the target of the second atomic bomb ever dropped on a populated area in August 1945. The bombing marked the end of World War II.
In fiction, the character or person who tells the story.
The process by which one becomes a citizen of a new country.
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n
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
nET FORCE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
nEGATIVE nUmBER
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A real number whose value is less than zero.
The vector sum of all the forces acting on an object.
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n
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
nEWTOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
nEW DEAL
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A domestic reform program initiated by the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt to provide relief and recovery from the Great Depression.
The New Deal
Agricultural Adjustment Act—paid farmers to slow their production in order to stabilize food prices
National Industrial Recovery Act—outlined codes for fair competition in industry
Securities and Exchange Commission— established to regulate stock market
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation—insured bank deposits in the case that banks fail
Public Works Administration—built roads, public buildings, dams
Tennessee Valley Authority—brought elec-tric power to parts of the Southeast
The metric and System International unit of force. One Newton equals one kg/s2.
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nOnFICTIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
nOmInATIVE CASE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
nITRIFICATIOn
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A process where bacteria break down ammo-nium ion into another set of molecules (nitrite and nitrate), resulting in a low amount of fixed nitrogen in soil.
The case of a noun or pronoun used as the subject or a complement following a linking verb (am, is, are, was, were—any form of be).
Prose literature about real people, places, and events.
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nORmAL FORCE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
nOnRESTRICTIVE CLAUSE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
nOn-REnEWABLE RESOURCE
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A resource that is not replaced in nature as quickly as it is used. In many cases, it is not replaced or re-formed at all. Fossil fuels such as oil and coal are examples.
Group of words that simply adds information, but is not essential to the basic mean ing of a sentence (if it is removed, the basic meaning of the sentence is not changed). Nonrestric-tive clauses must be set off by commas. Also known as a nonessential clause.
This force acts between any two surfaces in contact. It is the part of the contact force that acts normal or perpendicular to the surfaces in contact.
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n
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
nUCLEOTIDE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
nUCLEOLUS
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An organelle found inside a nucleus that is responsible for the production of ribosomes.
22
2
22
2
2
2
2
2
2
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmicreticulum
Plasmamembrane
NucleolusNucleus
Vacuole
Cell wall
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Centriole
Chloroplast
Lysosome
Animal CellPlant Cell
Golgicomplex
The smallest unit of DNA. There are five differ-ent types of nucleotides: adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and uracil (U). The arrangement of genes is based directly on the specific arrangement of nucleotides.
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nUCLEUS
nUmERATOR
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
n
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An organelle in a cell that contains all DNA and controls the functions of the cell.
22
2
22
2
2
2
2
2
2
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmicreticulum
Plasmamembrane
NucleolusNucleus
Vacuole
Cell wall
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Centriole
Chloroplast
Lysosome
Animal CellPlant Cell
Golgicomplex
The top number in a fraction. The numerator of 1__
4 is 1.
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OBTUSE AnGLE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
OBjECTIVE CASE PROnOUn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
OBjECT DISTAnCE
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The distance from an object to a mirror or lens.
Word used as the object following an action verb or as the object of a preposition.
An angle that measures more than 90° but less than 180°.
Obtuse Angle
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ODD nUmBER
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
OCTAGOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
OCEAnOGRAPHY
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The study of Earth’s oceans.
A polygon with eight sides.
A counting number that is not divisible by 2. Here are some helpful rules for how odd and even numbers behave when added or multiplied:
even + even = even and even × even = even
odd + odd = even and odd × odd = odd
odd + even = odd and even × odd = even
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OmnISCIEnT nARRATOR
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
OLIGARCHY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ODE
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A poem that celebrates a person, place, or thing.
A form of government in which decisions are made by a small, elite group that is not elected by the people.
Characteristics Examples
•Itisgovernedbyasmall upper-class group.
•Leadersarenotelected by the general populace.
•City-stateofSpartain ancient Greece
•Apartheid-eraSouthAfrica
A third-person narrator who knows and reveals the thoughts and feelings of the characters.
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ORDER OF OPERATIOnS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ORBIT
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
OnOmATOPOEIA
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When the sound of a word echoes its meaning. (e.g., bang, beep, splash).
The path an object takes as it travels around another object in space.
The sequence of performing steps to get the correct answer in a given mathematical expression. The order you follow is:
1. Simplify all operations within grouping symbols such as parentheses, brackets, braces, and fraction bars.
2. Evaluate all exponents.3. Do all multiplication and division in order from left to
right.4. Do all addition and subtraction in order from left to
right.
Example:
(36 + 64) ÷ (18 – 20)
First, evaluate the parentheses, from left to right: (36 + 64) = 100 and (18 – 20) = –2.
Now, do the division: 100 ÷ –2 = –50.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ORGAnIC
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ORDERED PAIR
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OTwo numbers in a specific sequence that represent a point on a coordinate plane. The numbers are enclosed in parentheses with the x-coordinate first and the y-coordinate second; for example, (2,3). If the x-coordinate is posi-tive, move to the right. If negative, move to the left. If the y-coordinate is positive, move up. If negative, move down.
II I
III IV
(−2,3) (2,3)
(−3,−2) (3,−2)
1
4
3
2
–1
–2
–3
–4
1 432–1–2–3–4
y
x
Matter or material that is plant or animal in origin.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
OxBOW LAkE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ORIGIn
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The starting point, or zero, on a number line. On a coordinate plane, the origin is the point where the x-axis and y-axis intersect. The coor-dinates of the origin are (0,0).
y
1
4
3
2
–5
–1
–2
–3
–4
1 5432–5 –1–2–3–4x
5
origin (0,0)
A crescent-shaped lake formed when a mean-der is cut off from the river it was part of.
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OxIDATIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
O
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The loss of electrons by a substance in a chemical reaction.
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PARALLEL CIRCUIT
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PARALLEL
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PARAGRAPH
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A group of sentences about the same idea.
Lines in the same plane that will never intersect.
Definition Example
two lines on a flat surface (also called a plane in geometry) that never intersect (the symbol || indi-cates that two lines are parallel)
A <________________>
B <________________>
A || B
A circuit with more than one path for an elec-trical current to follow.
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PARALLEL STRUCTURE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
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Two or more equivalent ideas in a sentence that have the same purpose, presented in the same form.
Example:
Not parallel: We came, we saw, and it was conquered by us.
(The first two clauses use the active we + past tense verb construction; the third uses a passive structure with a prepositional phrase.)
Parallel: We came, we saw, we conquered.
(All three clauses start with we and use a past tense verb.)
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PARALLELOGRAm
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A quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides.
DA
B C
In this figure, line AB || CD and BC || AD.
A parallelogram has:• oppositesidesthatareequal(AB = CD
and BC = AD)• oppositeanglesthatareequal(m∠a =
m∠c and m∠b = m∠d)• andconsecutiveanglesthataresup-
plementary (m∠a + m∠b = 180°, m∠b + m∠c = 180°, m∠c + m∠d = 180°, m∠d + m∠a = 180°)
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PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TEnSE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PARLIAmEnT
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PAREnTHESES
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 315 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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Symbols ( ) used to enclose explanatory materi-al that interrupts the normal flow of a sentence. They also enclose information when accuracy is essential and enclose letters or numbers in a list, mark ing a division from the rest of the text.
A national legislative body made up of elected and sometimes non-elected officials. The British Parliament is made up of the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
Verb form that shows continuing action that began in the past. For example, “She had been painting the door before the cat scratched it.”
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PAST TEnSE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PAST PROGRESSIVE TEnSE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PAST PERFECT TEnSE
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Verb form that shows an action completed in the past or completed before some other past action. For example, “Kristen had never been to an opera before last night.”
Verb form that shows a continuing action in the past. For example, “We were eating dinner when the phone rang.”
Verb form that shows action that happened in the past. For example, “He washed his car.”
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PEmDAS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PEARL HARBOR
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A United States military base in the Pacific Ocean that was attacked by Japan in 1941. The attack led to the entry of the United States into World War II.
An order for doing a sequence of mathemati-cal operations (see order of operations):
P (Parentheses): Perform all operations within parentheses first.
E (Exponents): Evaluate exponents.M (Multiply): Work from left to right in your
expression.D (Divide): Work from left to right in your
expression.A (Add): Work from left to right in your
expression.S (Subtract): Work from left to right in your
expression.
Example:(5 + 3)2_______
4 + 27 = (8)2___4 + 27 =
64__4 + 27 =
16 + 27 = 43
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PEnTAGOn
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A polygon with five sides.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PERCEnT
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PA ratio or fraction whose denominator is as-sumed to be 100, expressed using the % sign; 98% is equal to 98___
100.
Percent Decimal Fraction
1% 0.01 1___100
5% 0.05 5___100
10% 0.10 1__10
12.5% 0.125 1__8
20% 0.20 1__5
25% 0.25 1__4
33 1__3 %
0.33 (round-ed)
1__3
40% 0.40 2__5
50% 0.50 1__2
66 2__3 %
0.67 (round-ed)
2__3
75% 0.75 3__4
80% 0.80 4__5
90% 0.90 9__10
100% 1.00 1__1 = 1
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PERPEnDICULAR
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PERIOD
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PERImETER
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 325 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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The distance around the outside of a polygon. Formulas for finding the perimeter of:• Square:P = 4 × S, where S is the length
of any one side• Rectangle:P = 2 × length + 2 × width• Triangle:P = side1 + side2 + side3
7
6
10
4
Perimeter = 6 + 7 + 4 + 10 = 27
The time, often measured in seconds, for one complete repetition or rotation.
Two lines that intersect to form 90° angles.B
A
BA
(the symbol ⊥ indicates that two lines are perpendicular).
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 326 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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PHOTOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PHLOEm
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PERSOnIFICATIOn
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Figurative language that endows non-human or non-animal objects with human characteris-tics. For example, “The candle flame danced in the dark.” A candle flame cannot actually dance; this is a different way to describe that the flame flickered.
Vascular tissue found in plants that transports mostly sugar and water; can travel either “shoot to root” or “root to shoot.”
A particle of light. A discreet amount of light energy where a single photon of light is the smallest unit of light energy possible.
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PILGRImS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PHYSICAL PROPERTY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PHOTOSYnTHESIS
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A process by which the sunlight’s energy, water, and carbon dioxide are transformed into sugar and oxygen.
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
A property that can be observed without performing a chemical transformation of that substance.
A group of religious separatists who were the founders of the Plymouth Colony on the coast of Massachusetts in 1620.
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PLURALITY SYSTEm
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PLOT
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PLATE TECTOnICS
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The theory in which Earth’s crust is made up of many plates that float on the mantle. This the-ory explains the movement of the continents, the formation of mountains, earthquakes, volcanoes, and the existence of mid-oceanic ridges.
The ordering of events in a story.
An electoral system in which a candidate need only receive more votes than his or her op-ponent to win.
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POInT
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
POETRY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PLYmOUTH COLOnY
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A settlement made by Pilgrims on the coast of Massachusetts in 1620.
Literature written in verse.
A location in space.
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POLITICAL PARTY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
POLAR zOnE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
POInT OF VIEW
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The perspective from which something is told or written.
The climatic zone near the North and South Poles characterized by long, cold winters and short, cool summers.
An organization that presents its positions on public issues and promotes candidates that support its point of view. Political parties serve several functions:• recruitcandidatesandrunelection
campaigns• formulatepositionsonissuesthataffect
the public and propose solutions• educatethepubliconissues• mobilizetheirmemberstovote• createvotingblocsinCongress
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
POLYmER
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
POLYGOn
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A closed two-dimensional shape made up of several line segments that are joined together.
F E
D
C
B
A
A large molecule made up of repeating units of one or more small molecules (monomers).
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
POLYTHEISTIC
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
POLYnOmIAL
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A number, variable, or combination of a num-ber and a variable. • Amonomial is a polynomial with one
term, as in 2b3.• Abinomial is a polynomial with two un-
like terms, as in 5x + 3y.• Atrinomial is a polynomial with three
unlike terms, as in y2 + 2z – 6.
The worship or belief in many Gods. Polytheis-tic religious systems include Buddhism, Hindu-ism, and Shintoism.
Religion Origin Characteristics
Hinduism India in 1500 b.c.
•Hinduismhasnosinglefounder; it developed over a period of 4,000 years.
•Oneofitsmainfeaturesisacaste system, in which people are born into a prescribed class and follow the ways of that class.
Buddhism India in 525 b.c.
•ItwasfoundedbySiddharthaGautama, called the Buddha.
•Buddhistsbelieveinacycleof rebirth.
•TheultimategoaloftheBuddhist path is to achieve nirvana, an enlightened state free from suffering.
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POSITIVE nUmBER
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
POSITIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
POPULATIOn
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 341 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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The size, makeup, and distribution of people in a given area.
The location of an object in a coordinate sys-tem. Common units of measure are meters (m).
A real number whose value is greater than zero.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
POTEnTIAL DIFFEREnCE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
POSSESSIVE CASE PROnOUnS
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 343 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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Pronouns that show ownership, such as my, our, your, his, her, their, its.
Possessive Pronoun
Meaning
Example
its belonging to it The dog chased its tail.
your belonging to you Your time is up.
their belonging to them
Their words were comforting.
whose belonging to who Whose tickets are these?
The difference in electric potential energy per unit charge between two points. This is commonly called voltage. The common unit of measure for potential difference is volts (V).
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PRECISIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PRECESSIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
POTEnTIAL EnERGY
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The energy due to an object’s position or state.
Maximum Potential Energy
Maximum Potential Energy
Maximum Kinetic Energy
The change of potential energy into kinetic energy, and kinetic energy into potential energy,
in a pendulum.
The process by which Earth’s axis traces out a circle on the celestial sphere.
The measurement of the closeness of measurements obtained from two or more experimental runs.
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PRESEnT PROGRESSIVE TEnSE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PRESEnT PERFECT TEnSE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PRESEnT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TEnSE
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Verb form that shows action that began in the past and is continuing in the present. For example, “They have been talking for the last hour.”
Verb form that shows an action that began in the past. For example, “I have seen that movie ten times.”
Verb form that shows an action happening now, and ends in the suffix –ing. For example, “They are sleeping.”
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PRImARY ELECTIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PRESSURE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PRESEnT TEnSE
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 349 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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Verb form that shows action that happens now or action that happens routinely. For example, “I run in the park.”
Force per unit area. Units used to measure pressure are torr, atmosphere (atm), and pascal (Pa). p = F__
A
A preliminary contest in which voters give their preference for a political party’s candidate for public office.
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PROCEDURE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PRImE nUmBER
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PRImE mERIDIAn
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 351 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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PAn imaginary line that runs north and south through Greenwich, England at 0° longitude.
A real number that is divisible by only two positive factors: 1 and itself. For example, 5 is a prime number, as only 1 and 5 divide it.
A logical list of steps that explain the exact ac-tions taken to perform an experiment.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 352 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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PROjECTILE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PROGRESSIVISm
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PRODUCT
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 353 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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The result when two numbers are multiplied together. For example, the product of 4 × 3 is 12.
These . . . often translate into words . . . these math symbols
multiplied by ×, · product ( ) Parentheses can alsotimes indicate multiplication.
3(5) is the same as 3 × 5 or 3 · 5.
A reform movement of the early twentieth century that sought to remedy the problems created by industrialization.
An object in two-dimensional motion that has a vertical acceleration equal to –g (or g down-ward) and a horizontal acceleration of zero.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 354 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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PROPER nOUnS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PROPER FRACTIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PROnOUn
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 355 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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A word used in place of a noun; includes I, my, she, he, them, theirs, it.
Singular Plural
First person I, me we, us, our
Second person you you (all)
Third person he, she, it, one
they, them, their
A fraction whose denominator is larger than its numerator. Proper fractions are equal to or less than 1. (e.g., 3__
5 , 7__8 , etc.)
Nouns that name a specific person, place, or thing. Proper nouns must be capitalized. Some examples of proper nouns include days of the week, holidays, historical events, names of people, land marks, cities and states, names of products, and works of art and literature.
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PROSE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PROPORTIOnAL REPRESEnTATIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PROPORTIOn
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 357 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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A relationship between two equivalent sets of fractions in the form ab = cd. For example, 2__3 = 6__
9 .
Example:8__10 = ?___
100
Divide the denominator into the new de-nominator, which is 100: 100 ÷ 10 = 10.
Multiply 10 by the numerator: 8 × 10 = 80.
Write 80 over the new denominator: 80___100.
An electoral process in which political par-ties are awarded a proportion of legislative seats based on the percentage of votes they received.
Literature that is not written in verse or dra-matic form.
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PUn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PROTEIn SYnTHESIS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PROTAGOnIST
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 359 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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The “hero” or main character of a story that faces the central conflict.
A process by which DNA will transport its infor-mation by way of RNA to the ribosomes where proteins will be assembled.
A play on the meaning of a word.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 360 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 361 ]
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PYTHAGOREAn THEOREm
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PURITAnS
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 361 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 362 ]
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A group of English migrants who sought to purify the Church of England. The group started settlements in New England in the seventeenth century.
Theorem stating that in all right triangles, the sum of the squares of the two legs is equal to the square of the hypotenuse: leg2 + leg2 = hy-potenuse2. Another different way to state this is: a2 + b2 = c2, where a and b are the legs and c is the hypotenuse of the right triangle.
2
1
c
a2 + b2 = c2
12 + 22 = c2
1 + 4 = c2
5 = c2
√5– = c
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q
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
qUADRAnTS
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 363 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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q
The four equal parts of a coordinate plane. A number names each quadrant. The upper-right-hand area is quadrant I. You proceed counterclockwise to name the other quadrants.
II I
III IV
(−2,3) (2,3)
(−3,−2) (3,−2)
1
4
3
2
–1
–2
–3
–4
1 432–1–2–3–4
Points Sign of Coordinates Quadrant
(2,3) (+,+) I
(–2,3) (–,+) II
(–3,–2) (–,–) III
(3,–2) (+,–) IV
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 364 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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q
qUAnTITATIVE OBSERVATIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
qUALITATIVE OBSERVATIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
qUADRILATERAL
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 365 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 366 ]
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q
A polygon with four sides.
b
d
a c
An observation that includes characteristics other than amounts or measurements; may include shapes, colors, actions, and odors.
An observation that includes characteristics of measurements or amounts.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 366 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 367 ]
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q
qUOTIEnT
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
qUOTATIOn mARkS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
qUATRAIn
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 367 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 368 ]
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q
In poetry, a stanza of four lines.
Symbols (“ ”) used to set off a direct quotation or thought within a sentence or para graph. They are also used to set off unfamiliar terms and nicknames. Do not use quotation marks for paraphrases or indirect quotations.
The result when one number is divided into another. For example, when dividing 6 by 3, the quotient is 2.
These . . . often translate into words . . . these math symbols
divided by ÷, / quotient per
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 368 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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RADICAnD
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
RADICAL
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
RADIATIOn
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 369 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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The emission of energy.
The symbol used to signify a root operation. (√
— )
The number or mathematical expression inside of a radical. For example, 12 is the radicand in √1–2—
.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 370 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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RATIFY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
RATE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
RADIUS
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 371 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 372 ]
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RAny line segment from the center of a circle to a point on the curve of the circle. The radius of a circle is equal to half the diameter.
radius
A ratio comparing two items with unlike units. Some common rates include the following:
calories per serving feet per yard
cents per pound heartbeats per minute
dollars per hour inches per foot
dollars per pound miles per gallon
dollars per year miles per hour
feet per mile words per minute
To confirm or give formal approval to some-thing, such as an agreement between nations.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 372 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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REACTAnT
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
RAY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
RATIO
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 373 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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The relationship between two things, ex-pressed as a proportion. Here are some exam-ples of ways to write ratios:• withthewordto: 1 to 2• usingacolon(:)toseparatethenum-
bers: 1:2• usingthephrasefor every: 1 for every 2• separatedbyadivisionsignorfraction
bar: 1/2 or 1__2
A line which includes a clearly defined starting point, but has no end point.
ray
ray
Endpoint (or Vertex)
A substance that is consumed in a chemical reaction to form products.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 374 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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RECESSIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
REAL nUmBERS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
READABILITY
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 375 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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Techniques and strategies that writers use to make information easier to process, including the use of headings and lists.
Numbers that include fractions and decimals in addition to integers (e.g., –1, 0, 1, 3__
4 , 0.125, √1—
2—
, etc.).
A period of low economic productivity and income.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 376 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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RECTAnGLE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
RECOnSTRUCTIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
RECIPROCAL
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 377 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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One of two numbers that, when multiplied to-gether, give a product of 1. For instance, since 3__2 × 2__
3 is equal to 1, 3__
2 is the reciprocal of 2__
3.
From 1865 to 1877, the period of readjust-ment and rebuilding of the South that followed the American Civil War.
A parallelogram with four right angles.
DA
B C
AB = CD
BC = AD
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 378 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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REFLExIVE PROnOUn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
REDUnDAnCY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
REDUCTIOn
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 379 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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The gain of electrons by a substance in a chemical reaction.
The same idea expressed twice using different words; words with meanings that overlap.
The use of unnecessary words or phrases
Redundant: Turn left at the green- colored house.
Correct: Turn left at the green house.
Unnecessary repetition of nouns or pronouns
Redundant: Riva she couldn’t believe her ears.
Correct: Riva couldn’t believe her ears.
A pronoun that includes the word self or selves: myself, yourself, himself, herself, our-selves, themselves.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 380 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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REnAISSAnCE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
REmAInDER
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
REGIOn
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 381 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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A land area that shares cultural, political, or geographic attributes that distinguish it from other areas.
The amount left over after a division prob- lem using whole numbers. For example, 55__7 = 7, with a remainder of 6. Divisible num-
bers always have a remainder of zero.
A term meaning “rebirth” that refers to a se-ries of cultural and literary developments in Eu-rope in the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 382 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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REPUBLIC
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
REPEAL
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
REnEWABLE RESOURCE
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 383 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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A renewable resource is replaced in nature as quickly as it is used. Plants and crops are examples of resources that are replenishable.
To take back or undo, typically referring to the repeal of an amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
A government based on the concept that power resides with the people, who then elect officials to represent them in government.
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RESPIRATIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
RESISTAnCE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
RESERVE RATIO
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 385 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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A portion of deposits that banks, which are members of the Federal Reserve system, set aside and do not use to make loans.
The resistance to the flow of electrons through a circuit. The resistance is dependent on the current flowing through the circuit element and the voltage across the circuit element; resist-ance is measured in ohms (Ω).
R = V__I
A process by which sugar is converted into ATP and carbon dioxide; may include oxygen, which is called aerobic respiration.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 386 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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REVERSIBLE REACTIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
RETROGRADE mOTIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 387 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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RGroup of words that, if omitted from a sen-tence, changes the entire meaning of the sen-tence, or even makes the sentence untrue. The restrictive clause is not set off with commas. Also known as an essential clause.
The apparent westward motion of objects in the sky from one night to another.
A reaction in which products can revert back into reactants.
reactants
products
Ea for�forward�reaction
Ea for�reverse�reaction
The activation energies (Ea) for the forward reaction (reactants forming products) and for the reverse reaction (products forming reac-tants) are about the same. Such a reaction is reversible.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 388 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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RHYmE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
RHOmBUS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
REVOLUTIOn
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 389 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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A violent change in the political order and social structure of a society.
A parallelogram with four equal and congruent sides.
D C
BA
AB = BC = CD = DA
The repetition of an identical or similar stressed sound(s) at the end of words.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 390 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
RIBOSOmE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
RHYTHm
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 391 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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The overall sound or “musical” effect of the pattern of words and sentences.
An organelle where protein synthesis occurs. Ribosomes can be found floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the outside of endo-plasmic reticulum.
22
2
22
2
2
2
2
2
2
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmicreticulum
Plasmamembrane
NucleolusNucleus
Vacuole
Cell wall
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Centriole
Chloroplast
Lysosome
Animal CellPlant Cell
Golgicomplex
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 392 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
RIGHT ASCEnSIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
RIGHT AnGLE
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 393 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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RAn angle that measures exactly 90°.
RightAngle
The celestial coordinate similar to that of lon-gitude on Earth. Right ascension is measured in hours, minutes, and seconds, with 24 hours making up 360° around the celestial sphere.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 394 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
RIVER SYSTEmS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
RIGHT TRIAnGLE
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 395 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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A triangle with a right angle. In a right triangle, the side opposite the right angle is called the hypotenuse. This will be the longest side of the right triangle.
Hypotenuse
Right
A river and its associated tributaries and drain-age basin.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 396 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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ROmAnOV DYnASTY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ROCk CYCLE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
RnA
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 397 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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Abbreviation for ribonucleic acid. RNA is re-sponsible for transmitting genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.
A concept in geology that summarizes how rocks of different types are formed and how they can be transformed from one type into another.
The family that ruled Russia from 1613 until the Russian Revolution in 1917.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 398 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ROOT
ROUnDInG
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 399 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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One of two (or more) equal factors of a num-ber. The square root of 36 is 6 because 6 × 6 = 36. The cube root of 27 is 3 because 3 × 3 × 3 = 27.
Reducing the digits in a number while trying to keep its value similar. A rounded number has approximately the same value as the number you start with and is easier to use, but it is less exact.
The general rule for rounding:• Ifthenumberyouareroundingisfol-
lowed by 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, round the number up. For example, 58 rounded to the nearest ten is 60.
• Ifthenumberyouareroundingisfol-lowed by 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, round the number down. For example: 53 rounded to the nearest ten is 50.
To the Nearest . . .
Ten
Hundred
Thousand
27,239 rounds to 27,240 27,200 27,000
691 rounds to 690 700 1,000
38 rounds to 40 0 0
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 400 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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RULE OF LAW
RUn-On SEnTEnCE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
R
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 401 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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The principle that all citizens, including func-tionaries of the government, must follow the law.
A sentence in which independent clauses have been run together without punctuation (a period, semicolon, or comma).
Run-on: The debate is over, now it is time to vote.
Period: The debate is over. Now it is time to vote.
Comma + conjunction:
The debate is over, and now it is time to vote.
Semicolon: The debate is over; now it is time to vote.
Dash: The debate is over—now it is time to vote.
Subordinating conjunction:
Since the debate is over, it is time to vote.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 402 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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SCALAR
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SATIRE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SARCASm
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 403 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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Sharp, biting language intended to ridicule its subject.
A form of writing that exposes and ridicules its subject with the hope of bringing about change.
A quantity that has a magnitude or amount only.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 404 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SCALE
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 405 3/15/13 12:18 PM
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A special ratio used for models of real-life items.
On scale drawings, the scale will be a compari-son of a small distance unit, like inches, to a large distance unit, like feet or even miles. So a scale on a map could read “3 inches = 10 miles.” This means for every 3 inches on the map, the actual distance is 10 miles. This ratio is 3___
10 , but care should be taken to remember that the units do not agree. If a scale drawing reads “1 inch = 10 feet,” this does not mean that the real item is only 10 times bigger, even though the ratio would be 1:10. Solve scale drawing problems as you would any type of ratio problem, keeping the units consistent and clear in your answer.
Example:
A model locomotive measures 8.7 inches in length. If the scale given is 1:16, how long is the real locomotive?
Because the real train engine is 16 times as big as the model, the real train engine will be 8.7 times 16, which is 139.2 inches, or 11.6 feet.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SCIEnTIFIC nOTATIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SCIEnTIFIC mETHOD
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A process by which data is collected to answer an integral question. The major steps are prob-lem, research, hypothesis, procedure, observa-tions and data collection, analysis of data, and conclusion.
A special notation used as shorthand for large numbers. Scientific Notation is based on the base number 10 to the e power. The number 123,000,000,000 in scientific notation is written as 1.23 × 1011.
Example:
What is 23,419 in scientific notation?
Position the decimal point so that there is only one non-zero digit to its left: 2.3419
Count the number of positions you had to move the decimal point to the left, and that will be e: 4.
In scientific notation, 23,419 is written as 2.3419 × 104.
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SEDImEnTARY ROCk
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SECTIOnALISm
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SEA BREEzE
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The breeze that develops on the shoreline due to unequal heating of the air above the land and ocean. Sea breeze occurs during the day when the air above the ocean is cooler and the air above the land is warmer. The breeze blows from the sea to the land.
The attitude or actions of a region or section of a nation when it supports its own interests over that of the nation as a whole.
A rock made up of sediments that have been deposited, compacted, and cemented over time.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SEnTEnCE FRAGmEnT
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SEmICOLOn
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Symbol (;) used to separate independent clauses. This includes independent clauses that are joined without a conjunction, inde-pendent clauses that contain commas even if the clauses are joined by a conjunction, and independent clauses connected with a con-junctive adverb.
An incomplete sentence segment that is lacking either a subject or a predicate. Also called an incomplete sentence. To correct a fragment, add the missing subject or verb or otherwise change the sentence to complete the thought.
Incomplete: Which is simply not true. [No subject. (Which is not a subject.)]
Complete: That is simply not true.
Incomplete: For example, the French Revolution. [No verb.]
Complete: The best example is the French Revolution.
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SETTInG
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SERIES CIRCUIT
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SEPARATIOn OF POWERS
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The practice of dividing the authority of a gov-ernment between different branches to avoid an abuse of power.
A circuit with only one path for an electrical current to follow. The current in each element in a series circuit is the same.
The time and place in which a story unfolds.
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SImILE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SIGnED nUmBER
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SHORTAGE
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When demand for a good or service is greater than that which is produced.
A number with a positive or negative sign in front of it.
A type of figurative language that compares two things using like or as. For example, the expression “as blind as a bat” indicates that the person cannot see any better than a bat can.
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SITUATIOnAL IROnY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SImPLIFY TERmS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SImPLE InTEREST FORmULA
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Interest = principal × rate × time
Example:
To calculate the interest on $1,000.00 at 5% interest per year after 5 year(s):• P is the principal amount or loan
amount: $1,000.00• r is the interest rate: 5% per year, which
in decimal form is 5___100 = 0.05
• t is 5 year(s)
To find the interest, multiply $1,000.00 × 0.05 × 5. The interest payable is: $250.00.
To combine like terms and reduce an equation to its most basic form.
The tone that results when there is incongruity between what is expected to happen and what actually occurs.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SLOPE-InTERCEPT FORm
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SLOPE
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The steepness of a line. Slope is the rise or decline over the run, or the change in y over the change in x.
y = mx + b. m = slope of the line and b = the y-intercept. The slope-intercept form is also known as “y = form.”
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SOCIAL STUDIES
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SLOPE OF A LInE On A COORDInATE PLAnE
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SSlope of a line: m =
y2 – y1______x2 – x1
. (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) are two points on the line.Example:
Find the slope of a line containing the points (3,2) and (8,9).
(3,2)
(8,9)
Solution(9 – 2)_______(8 – 3) =
7__5
Therefore, the slope of the line is 7__5 .
The study of how people live every day, including the exploration of humans’ physical environments, cultures, political institutions, and economic conditions.
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SOLUBILITY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SOLILOqUY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SOCIALISm
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An economic system in which the state owns and controls the basic factors of production and distribution of wealth.
Characteristics Examples
•Stateownsandoperatesmany businesses and services.
•Privateownershipisallowed.
•Citizenspayhightaxestofund state-run social services, including healthcare, food, and housing.
•Nocurrentexamples,though many EU countries have social-ist aspects.
In drama, a speech made by a character who reveals his or her thoughts to the audience as if he or she is alone and thinking aloud.
The amount of solute that can be dissolved completely in a solvent at a given temperature.
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SPEAkER
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SOnnET
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SOLUTIOn
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A homogeneous mixture of a solute (usually solid, but sometimes liquid or gas) in a solvent (usually a liquid, but sometimes a solid or gas).
A poem composed of 14 lines, usually in iam-bic pentameter, with a specific rhyme scheme.
In poetry, the voice or narrator of the poem.
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SPInDLE FIBER
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SPEED OF LIGHT
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SPEED
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The magnitude of velocity. Speed measures the rate that position changes with time with-out regard to the direction of motion. Com-mon units are meters per second (m/s).
The speed of light in a vacuum is the fastest known speed. As light travels in other materi-als, it will change speed. The speed of light in any material is still the fastest speed possible in that material. Commonly denoted by the symbol c.
An organelle used during mitosis and meio-sis that separates and “pulls” chromosomes toward the opposite poles of the cell.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SqUARE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SPOnTAnEOUS REACTIOn
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A reaction that does not require an external source of energy to proceed.
A parallelogram with both four equal and right angles and four congruent sides. A square, a parallelogram, a rhombus, and a rectangle share the same properties: opposite sides are parallel and congruent, opposite angles are congruent, consecutive angles are supplemen-tary, and diagonals bisect each other.
D
CB
A
AB = BC = CD = DAm∠A = m∠B = m∠C = m∠D
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
STAmP ACT
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
STAGE DIRECTIOnS
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In drama, the instructions provided by the playwright that explain how the action should be staged, including directions for props, costumes, lighting, tone, and character movements.
A measure passed by the British Parliament in 1765 as a means of collecting taxes in the American colonies. It required that all printed materials, including legal documents and newspapers, carry a tax stamp.
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
STAR
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
STAnzA
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A group of lines in a poem; a poetic paragraph.Example:0(1) A Poison Tree 0(1) I was angry with my friend:
I told my wrath, my wrath did end. stanza 1 I was angry with my foe; I told it not, my wrath did grow.
0(5) And I water’d it in fears, Night & morning with my tears; stanza 2 And I sunned it with smiles, And with soft deceitful wiles.
(10) And it grew both by day and night, (10) Till it bore an apple bright. stanza 3
And my foe beheld it shine, And he knew that it was mine.
(10) And into my garden stole (10) When the night had veil’d the pole; stanza 4(15) In the morning glad I see
My foe outstretch’d beneath the tree.
A body composed mostly of hydrogen and helium that radiates energy and that has fusion actively occurring in the core.
}}}}
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
STOCk ExCHAnGE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
STATES OF mATTER
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SSolid, liquid, and gas. In solids, atoms or molecules are held in place. The shape and volume of a solid usually do not vary much. In liquids, atoms or molecules can move, but their motion is constrained by other molecules. Liquids assume the shape of their container. In gases, the motion of atoms or molecules is unrestricted. Gases assume both the volume and the shape of their containers and they are easily compressible.
Gas
Liquid
Vaporization
Solid
Sublimation Deposition
Condensation
Melting Freezing
Phase changes between the three states of matter.
An organized market for buying and selling stocks and bonds.
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STRUCTURE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
STRAIGHT AnGLE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
STOCk mARkET CRASH OF 1929
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SA collapse in the value of stocks that marked the onset of the Great Depression in the United States.
An angle that measures 180°.
180°Straight Angle
The manner in which a work of literature is organized; its order of arrangement and divisions.
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SUBjECT
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SUB-GEnRE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
STYLE
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The manner in which a text is written, com-posed of word choice, sentence structure, and level of formality and detail.
A category within a larger category.
Someone or something that performs the ac-tion or serves as the main focus of a sentence.
The subject of a sentence can be singular or compound (plural):
I slept all day. Kendrick and I worked all night.singular compound subject (two sub-subject jects performing the action)
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SUBORDInATE CLAUSE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SUBjECT-VERB AGREEmEnT
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SThe rule that states that the subject in a clause—the person or thing doing the action— must match the verb in number. For example, if the subject is singular, the verb must be singular; if the subject is plural, the verb must be plural.
Incorrect: They doesn’t have a chance against Coolidge.
(plural subject, singular verb)
Correct: They don’t have a chance against Coolidge.
(plural subject, plural verb)
A group of words that has both a subject and a verb but (unlike an independent clause) can-not stand alone as a sentence. Also known as a dependent clause.
Independent clause: She was excited.Dependent clause: Because she was
excited.
Notice that the dependent clause is incom-plete; it needs an additional thought to make a complete sentence, such as:
She spoke very quickly because she was excited.
The independent clause, however, can stand alone. It is a complete thought.
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SUFFRAGE
SUm
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
S
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The right to vote.
The result of adding two numbers together. The sum of 5 + 2 is 7.
These . . . often translate into words . . . these math symbols
added to +sum plus increased by combine all together
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SUPPLEmEnTARY AnGLES
SUPPLY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
S
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Two angles are supplementary if the sum of their measures is equal to 180°.
12
∠1 + ∠2 = 180°
Supplementary Angles
The amount of goods and services available for purchase.
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SURFACE AREA
SURPLUS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
S
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The measurement of the area of each face of an object.
4
4
When the supply of a good or service is greater than that which customers are willing to buy (demand).
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SUSPEnSE
SYmBOL
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
S
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The state of anxiety caused by an undecided or unresolved situation.
A person, place, or object invested with spe-cial meaning to represent something else.
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TEmPERATURE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
TEmPERAnCE zOnE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
TARIFF
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A tax on imported, and sometimes exported, goods.
A climatic zone characterized by four seasons: usually a hot summer, cold winter, and moder-ate spring and fall.
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 452 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 453 ]
GE
D® T
ES
T F
LA
SH
RE
VIE
W
T
TERRESTRIAL PLAnET
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
TERmInAL mORAInE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
TEnSIOn
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 453 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 454 ]
GR
E V
OC
AB
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GE
D® T
ES
T F
LA
SH
RE
VIE
W
T
The force that acts and is transferred along ropes, strings, and chains.
A ridge of material deposited by a glacier at its farthest point of advance.
One of the inner planets of the solar system that have characteristics similar to that of Earth. The terrestrial planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. They are small, have few or no moons, and have no rings. They have a thin or no atmosphere, are rocky, and have high density and low mass. Terrestrial planets are located close to the sun and are close to each other. They have long rotation rates and short revolution periods around the sun.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 454 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 455 ]
GE
D® T
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T F
LA
SH
RE
VIE
W
T
THESIS STATEmEnT
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
THESIS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
THEmE
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 455 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 456 ]
GR
E V
OC
AB
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GE
D® T
ES
T F
LA
SH
RE
VIE
W
T
The overall meaning or idea of a literary work.
The main idea of a nonfiction text.
The sentence(s) that expresses an author’s thesis.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 456 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 457 ]
GE
D® T
ES
T F
LA
SH
RE
VIE
W
T
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
TOPIC SEnTEnCE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
TOnE
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 457 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 458 ]
GR
E V
OC
AB
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GE
D® T
ES
T F
LA
SH
RE
VIE
W
T
A writer’s emotional attitude toward the subject or audience. The mood or attitude conveyed by writing or voice.
Here are some common words used to describe tone:
cheerful hopeful sad gloomyapologetic critical sincere insinceresarcastic ironic playful demandingbossy indifferent anxious respectfuldisrespectful foreboding uncertain threateningmatter-of-fact somber grateful annoyedhumorous mocking defeated upliftingtimid joyful secure insecurehesitant bold rude proudcomplimentary angry confident mischievous
The sentence in a paragraph that expresses the main idea of that paragraph.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 458 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 459 ]
GE
D® T
ES
T F
LA
SH
RE
VIE
W
T
TOTALITARIAnISm
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
TOTAL COST
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
TOPOGRAPHY
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 459 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 460 ]
GR
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LA
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T
The representation of features of land surfaces, including the shape and elevation of terrain, primarily through mapping.
Total cost = number of units × price per unit
A government in which the rulers of the state control all aspects of society, including economic, political, cultural, intellectual, and spiritual life.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 460 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 461 ]
GE
D® T
ES
T F
LA
SH
RE
VIE
W
T
TRAGIC FLAW
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
TRAGEDY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
TOWnSHEnD ACTS
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 461 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 462 ]
GR
E V
OC
AB
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GE
D® T
ES
T F
LA
SH
RE
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T
Measures passed by British Parliament in 1767 that taxed American colonists for imported glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea.
A play that presents a character’s fall due to a tragic flaw.
The characteristic of a hero in a tragedy that causes his or her downfall.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 462 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 463 ]
GE
D® T
ES
T F
LA
SH
RE
VIE
W
T
TRAnSPIRATIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
TRAGICOmEDY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
TRAGIC HERO
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 463 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 464 ]
GR
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GE
D® T
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T F
LA
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W
T
The character in a tragedy who falls from greatness and accepts responsibility for that fall.
A tragic play that includes comic scenes.
Process where plants draw on water from the soil and release it as vapor through pores in their leaves.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 464 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 465 ]
GE
D® T
ES
T F
LA
SH
RE
VIE
W
T
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
TRAnSVERSE WAVE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
TRAnSVERSAL
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 465 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 466 ]
GR
E V
OC
AB
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GE
D® T
ES
T F
LA
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RE
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T
A line that cuts across two or more lines in the same plane at different points. When a trans-versal passes through lines that are parallel, (as is often the case), both congruent and supple-mentary angles are produced.
In the previous figure:• ∠b, ∠c, ∠f, and ∠g are all acute and
equal.• ∠a, ∠d, ∠e, and ∠h are all obtuse and
equal.• Also,anyacuteangleaddedtoany
obtuse angle will be supplementary.
A wave where the motion of the particles in the medium is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. Light is an example of a transverse wave.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 466 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 467 ]
GE
D® T
ES
T F
LA
SH
RE
VIE
W
T
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
TREATY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
TRAPEzOID
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 467 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 468 ]
GR
E V
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AB
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GE
D® T
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T F
LA
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T
A quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides.
A B
D C
A formal agreement between sovereign na-tions or groups of nations.
The major treaty of five peace treaties that ended World War I in 1919.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 468 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 469 ]
GE
D® T
ES
T F
LA
SH
RE
VIE
W
T
TROPIC OF CAnCER
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
TRInOmIAL
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
TRIAnGLE
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 469 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 470 ]
GR
E V
OC
AB
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Y
GE
D® T
ES
T F
LA
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RE
VIE
W
T
A polygon with three sides.
+ + = 180°
An expression with three terms; for example, a + b + c.
An imaginary line at 23.5° north latitude.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 470 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 471 ]
GE
D® T
ES
T F
LA
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TROPIC OF CAPRICORn
TROPICAL zOnE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
T
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 471 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 472 ]
GR
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D® T
ES
T F
LA
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T
An imaginary line at 23.5° south latitude.
A climatic zone characterized by a hot, wet climate with few seasons.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 472 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 473 ]
A
GR
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U
UnIFORm CIRCULAR mOTIOn
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
UnEmPLOYmEnT
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
UnDERSTATEmEnT
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 473 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 474 ]
GR
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D® T
ES
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U
A statement that is deliberately restrained.
When willing and able wage earners cannot find jobs. The unemployment rate serves as one index of a nation’s economic activity.
Motion with constant speed in a circle. Since the direction of the velocity changes in this case, there is acceleration even though the speed is constant.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 474 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 475 ]
GE
D® T
ES
T F
LA
SH
RE
VIE
W
U
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
URBAnIzATIOn
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 475 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 476 ]
GR
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D® T
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T F
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U
The movement of a population from rural areas to cities with the result of urban growth.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 476 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 477 ]
A
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D® T
ES
T F
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V
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
VARIABLE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
VALEnCE
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 477 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 478 ]
GR
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D® T
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V
Electrons that are in the outer atomic shell and can participate in a chemical reaction.
A letter, often x, used to represent an unknown number value in a problem.
Math Relationship: In Words
Translated into an Algebraic Expression
a number plus six x + 6
five times a number 5x
three less than a number
x – 3
the product of seven and a number
7x
a number divided by eight x ÷ 8 or x__
8
a number squared x2
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 478 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 479 ]
GE
D® T
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T F
LA
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V
VELOCITY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
VEInS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
VECTOR
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 479 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 480 ]
GR
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D® T
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V
A quantity that has both a magnitude (an amount) and a direction. In one-dimensional motion, direction can be represented by a positive or negative sign. In two-dimensional motion, the direction is represented as an angle in the coordinate system.
In plants, veins are found in the leaves. They are sometimes called the vascular bundle, which contains the xylem and phloem. In animals, veins are tube-like tissue that usually transports blood.
The rate that a position changes per unit of time and the direction it changes in. Common units are meters per second (m/s).
V = d__t
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 480 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 481 ]
GE
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T F
LA
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V
VERBAL IROnY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
VERB
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
VEnTRICLES
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 481 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 482 ]
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D® T
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V
Chambers found in animal hearts that pump blood away from the heart.
A word or phrase that explains an action, such as want, run, take, give, or a state of being, such as am, is, are, was, were, be.
Examples:
She yelled out the window. (action)
I am happy to be here. (state of being)
We feel very lucky to be alive. (state of being)
I should ask Winston what he thinks. (action)
When the intended meaning of a word or phrase is the opposite of its expressed mean-ing. For example, “Isn’t it as pleasant as a root canal?” implies that whatever occurred was not pleasant at all.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 482 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 483 ]
GE
D® T
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T F
LA
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V
VOICE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
VETO
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
VERTEx
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 483 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 484 ]
GR
E V
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D® T
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V
The endpoint where two rays join to form an angle.
ray
ray
Endpoint (or Vertex)
The power of the executive to block the laws passed by the legislative branch.
In nonfiction, the sound of the author speaking directly to the reader.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 484 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 485 ]
GE
D® T
ES
T F
LA
SH
RE
VIE
W
V
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
VOLTmETER
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
VOLTAGE
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 485 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 486 ]
GR
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D® T
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V
See definition for potential difference.
A device used to measure voltage in a circuit.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 486 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 487 ]
GE
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T F
LA
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VIE
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VOLUmE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
V
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 487 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 488 ]
GR
E V
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D® T
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V
A cubic measurement that measures how many cubic units it takes to fill a solid figure. Formulas for finding the volume of:• Cube:V = s3, where s is the length of any
edge of the cube• Rectangularsolid:V = length × width
× height• Squarepyramid:V = 1__
3 × (base edge)2 × height
• Cone:V = 1__3 × π × radius2 × height; π is
approximately equal to 3.14• Cylinder:V = π × radius2 × height; π is
approximately equal to 3.14• Prism:V = B × h (the area of the base ×
the height)
Example:
Find the volume of a cylinder that has a height of 10 cm and a radius of 5 cm.
Choose the correct formula. The problem tells you that you are measuring the volume of a cylinder. The formula for the volume of a cylinder is V = Ah or V = πr2h.
Plug in the known measures and solve:
V = πr2h = π(5)2(10) = π(25)(10) = π(250) = 785
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 488 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 489 ]
A
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D® T
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W
WHOLE nUmBERS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
WEIGHT
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
WATER CYCLE
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 489 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 490 ]
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D® T
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W
The movement of water between the land, oceans, and atmosphere.
The force of Earth’s gravity on an object. Near the surface of Earth, the weight is equal to the object’s mass × the acceleration due to gravity (W = mg).
0, 1, 2, 3, and so on. Whole numbers do not include negatives, fractions, or decimals.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 490 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 491 ]
A
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x
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
x-AxIS
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 491 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 492 ]
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D® T
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x
The horizontal line that passes through the origin on a coordinate plane.
y
1
4
3
2
–5
–1
–2
–3
–4
1 5432–5 –1–2–3–4x
5
origin (0,0)
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 492 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 493 ]
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xYLEm
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
x
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 493 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 494 ]
GR
E V
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D® T
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T F
LA
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VIE
W
Vascular tissue found in plants that transports water in one direction, from “root to shoot.” This is the water that will be sent to the photosynthetic cells in order to perform photosynthesis.
x
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 494 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 495 ]
A
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D® T
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LA
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Y
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
y-AxIS
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 495 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 496 ]
GR
E V
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AB
UL
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GE
D® T
ES
T F
LA
SH
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VIE
W
Y
The vertical line that passes through the origin on a coordinate plane.
y
1
4
3
2
–5
–1
–2
–3
–4
1 5432–5 –1–2–3–4x
5
origin (0,0)
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 496 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 497 ]
GE
D® T
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T F
LA
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y-InTERCEPT
YOLk
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Y
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 497 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 498 ]
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D® T
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The point where a line graphed on a coordi-nate plane intersects the y-axis.
The part of an egg that feeds the developing embryo.
Y
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 498 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 499 ]
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zOOLOGIST
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
z
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 499 3/15/13 12:18 PM
[ 500 ]
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z
A biologist who studies animal life.
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 500 3/15/13 12:18 PM
–NOTES–
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 501 3/15/13 12:18 PM
–NOTES–
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 502 3/15/13 12:18 PM
–NOTES–
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 503 3/15/13 12:18 PM
–NOTES–
GEDTEST_02_9-504.indd 504 3/15/13 12:18 PM
