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Testing . Psychological Tests. Tests abilities, interests, creativity, personality, behavior Must be standardized, reliable, and valid Timing, instructions, scoring standards, and conditions should be the same No matter when you take it and who scores it, the score should be the same. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Testing
Psychological TestsTests abilities, interests, creativity,
personality, behaviorMust be standardized, reliable, and validTiming, instructions, scoring standards,
and conditions should be the sameNo matter when you take it and who
scores it, the score should be the same.
Standardization & Norms Psychometrics: Measurement of mental traits, abilities, and
processes Psychometricians: focus on methods for acquiring and analyzing
psychological data; mental traits, abilities, and processes Constructs (behaviors): hypothetical abstractions related to
behavior and defined by small groups of objects of events Ideas that help summarize a group of related ideas, objects of
phenomenas (happiness, honesty, intelligence) Standardization: 2 step process
Establishes test norms from the test results of the large representative sample
Ensures that the test is both administered and scored uniformly for all test takers
Norms: Standards used to compare scores of test takers
Standardized Tests Usually Follow a Normal or Bell Curved Distribution Where Most Scores Occur in the Middle.
Ninety-five percent of all people fall within 30 points
of 100
Number of
scores
55 70 85 100 115 130 145 Wechsler intelligence score
Sixty-eight percentof people score within 15 points
above or below 100
Reliability vs. Validity (DON’T MIX THEM UP)Reliability deals with consistency (repeatability)
Asks the question: “Do I always get SIMILAR results each time the test is administered?
Interrater reliability: The extent to which two or more scorers evaluate the responses in the same way
Validity deals with accuracy or predictability. Asks the question does the test measure what it is supposed to measure?
Methods to Measure Reliability Test-Retest
Same test to same group but on different occasions then scores are compared
The closer the correlation coefficient is to 1.0 the more reliable
Split halfThe score of half the test is correlated with the score of the
other half to see if there is consitency Alternate form/Equivalent form
Two different versions of a test on the same material is given to the same test takers and scores are correlated
Methods for Measuring Validity Face Validity: A measure of extent to which the content of the test
measures all of the knowledge/skills that are supposed to be included within the domain being tested according to the test takers
Content Validity: A measure of extent to which the content of the test measures all of the knowledge/skills that are supposed to be included within the domain being tested according to expert judges
Criterion Related Validity: A measure of the extent to which a test’s results correlate with other accepted measures of what is being tested
Predictive Validity: A measure of the extent to which the test accurately forecasts a specific future result
Construct Validity: The extent to which the test actually measures the hypothetical construct or behavior it is designed to assess. Some psychologists consider this the true measure of validity Some people question whether IQ tests have construct validity
The Flynn EffectSince the advent of intelligence
tests, people’s IQ scores have been improving with time (Flynn Effect).
If standardized with today’s tests, scores 80 years ago would have an average IQ of 76.
Possible Causes?
The Flynn Effect
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
1910 1930 1950 1970 1990
Year
IQ scores
Low Extreme of Intelligence
Mental Retardation: condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of below 70 and difficulty adapting to the demands of life.
Extremes of IntelligenceDown Syndrome: condition of retardation
and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup. Many mentally retarded people with Down
Syndrome can adapt to disorder and some have earned college degrees with accommodations…many learn how to read.
Savants: Individuals otherwise considered mentally retarded, that have a specific exceptional skill, usually math (calculating), music, or art.
Degrees of Mental Retardation Degrees of Mental Retardation
Level Typical Intelligence Scores Percentage of the Retarded Adaptation to Demands of Life
Mild 50-70 85% Most learn academic skills up to sixth-grade level. Adults may, with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills.
Moderate 35-49 10 May progress to second-grade level. academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by labor in sheltered workshops.
Severe 20-34 3-4 May learn to talk and perform simple work tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training.
Key Dynamic of Intelligence
Creativity: the ability to produce novel and valuable ideascomponents of creativity:
expertiseimaginative thinking skillsventuresome personalityintrinsic motivationcreative environment
Is Intelligence Genetic or Environmental?
Influenced by both, but the most genetically similar have the most similar scores.
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0Similarity of
intelligencescores
(correlation)
Identicaltwinsreared together
Identicaltwinsreared apart
Fraternaltwinsreared together
Siblingsreared together
Unrelatedindividualsreared together
Genetic InfluencesWith age, genetic influences become
more apparent.Adopted children’s intelligence
scores become more like their biological parents, and identical twins similarities continue to increase as they age.
Still hard to tell what percentage of intelligence comes from genes to account for differences between people (heritability).
Genetic Influences
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.003 years 16 years
Child-parentcorrelation inverbal ability
scores
Children and theirbirth parents
Adopted childrenand their birthparents
Adopted childrenand their adoptiveparents
Group Differences in Intelligence Scores Are Probably Mostly Attributed to the Environment
Variation within group
Variation within group
Difference within group
Poor soil Fertile soil
Seeds