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Defining Intelligence
•Charles Spearman 1904
•All purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and learn from experience
Francis Galton (1884)
• Darwin’s cousin
• Interested in measuring “natural ability” in hopes of
identifying people with greater natural ability to reproduce
• Gave his test to 10,000 volunteers
• There was no reliability or validity
Alfred Binet (1904)• French
•Mental age- the level of performance typically associated with chronological age
• Believed that identifying students mental age range could help inform interventional strategies
• Feared that intelligence testing would be used to label children and limit their opportunities
Lewis Terman (1911)
• Developed the Stanford-Binet Test
• Believed that intelligence tests measured the intelligence with which the person was born
• IQ = (MA/CA)100• MA = CA average intelligence• MA > CA above average intelligence• MA < CA below average intelligence
Modern Tests of Mental Abilities
• The Stanford-Binet • Does approximate a normal distribution• Can be used as a portion of an assessment
• Achievement Tests- measure what you have learned• Examples?
• Aptitude Test- predicts your future ability- capacity to learn• Examples?
Modern Tests of Mental Abilities (cont.)• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
• Measures intelligence with 15 subtests including similarities, vocabulary, block design, and letter-numbering sequences
• Can give an overall intelligence score as well as subsets for• Verbal comprehension• Perceptual organization• Working memory• Processing speed
• Can identify cognitive strengths and weaknesses
• Less culturally biased
Intelligence Testing Design
• Validity- does it measure what it is intended to measure
• Reliability- does it yield consistent, reproducible results
• Standardization• Does it have uniform procedure for administering and scoring• Does it have norms- performance standards for comparison • Must be periodically restandardized due to changes in populations
The Normal CurveWhat to know…
The percentages that fall under each potion
The percentage that falls within 1 standard deviation of the mean (68%)
The percentage that falls within 2 standard deviations of the mean (95%)
The cut off for intellectually disabled and gifted
Gifted Individuals
• Above average intelligence
• 130-132 or higher on an IQ test
• Terman (same guy that developed the Stanford-Binet) • studied 1500 students in CA starting in 1921 (“Termites”)• Studied over 7 decades, most had attained high levels of education, becoming
doctors, lawyers, professors, scientists, and writers
Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities
• Low IQ (below 70) AND difficulty adapting to everyday life
• Severity is determined by adaptive function rather than IQ
• Adaptive behavior includes:• Conceptual skills- literacy, numbers, money and time• Social skills- interpersonal skills, responsibility, self-esteem, ability to
follow rules• Practical skills- personal care, occupational skills, health care, travel,
telephone skills
Nature vs. Nurture
• Heritability- the proportion of observable differences in a group that can be explained by genes
• The highest measure of heritability would be 100%
• Intelligence is rated 75% in adolescents and about 80% in adults
• Heritability cannot be applied to a single individual because it is based on percentages of a population
• Environment can effect the expression of genetic components • Nutrition• Epigenetics
• For most people, changes in the environment can have a substantial impact on intelligence.
Intelligence and Age• The discussion depends on what we assess and how we assess it
• Crystalized Intelligence • Accumulated knowledge as reflected in vocabulary any analogies testing• Increases up to old age
• Fluid Intelligence • Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly• Decreases beginning in your 20s and 30s
• Social reasoning and emotional intelligence also increase as we age
Cultural Bias in Testing
• Wording can be culturally biased based on• Living location (rural, urban, country, region)• Socioeconomic status • Race
• Example:
Culture-Fair Tests
• Intelligence tests that are intended to be culturally unbiased
• May contain questions familiar to people from all socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds or may contain no words at all
Challenges of Developing Culture-Fair Tests• Tests often reflect what is important in a dominate culture
• Attitudes, values, and motivation can affect test performance
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o7_IY0puuo4
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIYeFNalyJ4&list=PLldq3RDddV79Nh7G7EC5aMWtX1vapGXEW
Gardner’s Eight Intelligences
1. Verbal2. Mathematical3. Spatial 4. Bodily-Kinesthetic5. Musical6. Interpersonal 7. Intrapersonal8. Naturalist
Howard Gardner 1983/2006