Tests of Time Reversal Violation in atomic and nuclear physics

(The TRImP facility nearing its completion)H.W. Wilschut, Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut,

Groningen, NL

Contents

• What can nuclear and atomic physics contribute to TRV search

• EDM other (nuclear/atomic) searches

• Role of (degenerate) opposite parity states

• Role of atomic trapping

• TRImP

• Outlook

Role of Nuclear Physics

other searches

in nuclear and atomic physics

4

TRV beyond the standard modelJ

time time

d

Electric dipole moment (EDM) violates parity and time reversal

if 0 then TRV

any particle will do: including radioactive nuclei

e.g. Cs isotopes A=114 to 148

There are plenty…..

Weak charge of nuclei was measured viaAtomic Parity Non-Conservation (ANPC) Wieman et al. on 133Cs: systematic errors?New searches on (radioactive) Francium(Stony Brook and Legnaro)

-decay and new physics

• -decay rate Vud Vus (see NuPAC W. Marciano)• Correlation a…R search for BSM in nuclear -decay

(e.g. P. Herczeg Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 46(2001)413 )

• D (TRV) has most potential, complementary to EDM search (probes lepto quark exchange)

• same aims in neutron decay

“To move correlation measurements into the 10-3 precision (and beyond),it is essential to obtain correlations differentiated in angle and momentum”

Princeton expt’s on 19Ne19F+e+

+e

D A

Slope dA/dE disagrees with SM prediction…

Role of Atomic Physics

Degenerate opposite parity states

in nuclear and atomic physics

The role of atomic trappingThe trap sample:• isotope (isomer) selective • spin manipulation (edm)• point source, no substrate• recoil ion momentum spectrometry

• Ideal environment for precision experiments

-decay edm

KVI – atomic physics is working with 23Na and (41)Ca KVI – TRIP Ba trapping as intermediate step for Ra (edm).KVI – TRIP pursues 21Na trapping for -decay correlations

Which atoms were trapped in a MOT

KVIRIMSTrace analysis

Next on menu

-p

p

|1

|2

11 0

2222

12

12

p |ez| |ez|

pI I|ez|I 0

2

1

11

11

2

1II

I

Diagonalizing

New states I and IIEI,II =

0

0

EA

AEijH

Importance of parity degenerate statesFeynman III, ch. 9

J

d

d

0

0HEA

AEij

New states L and S

ES,L= (2 +

2)

II

I

L

S

αcosαsin

αsinαcos

pS = S|ez|S = p sin 2 = p /A

Enhancement factor pS /d 3Aa

p2

105

Nearly degenerate states with opposite parity allow to observe TRV and PNC

Enhancements in Radium

Nuclei with J=1/2 available 225Ra (1/2 +) (source, from 229Th), 213Ra (1/2 -) (e.g. fusion 12C + Pb)

Atomic enhancement more important….attracting attention …

some Ra nuclei

Schiff moments by Flambaum and ZelevinskyPRC 68(2003)033502

1.610-27

•

Start TRIP

•199Hg

Radium potential

de (SM) < 10-37

molecules:

The race for a nonzero EDM…

Multiple searches: eventually essential

Isn’t there already an adequate Sufficiency of TRV Searches?Isn’t there already an adequate Sufficiency of TRV Searches?

Not at all !Not at all !

We need many experiments to sort out a possible physical origin !We need many experiments to sort out a possible physical origin !

Progress in Radium trapping

482.7 nm

714 nm

7s2 1S0

7s 7p 1P1

7s 7p 3P

7s 6d 1D2

7s 6d 3D

2

1

0

1438 nm

1488 nm 2.8 m

Radium

321

Barium

6s 5d 1D2553.7 nm

791 nm

6s 6p 1P1

6s 6p 3P 210

1130.6 nm

1500.4 nm

6s 5d 3D

321

3 m1108 nm

6s2 1S0

Stable Ba isotopes: KVI cooling demonstrated Argonne: lifetime of 3P1 (Scielzo et al. PRA 73(2006)010501)

Theory: level scheme (Dzuba and Ginges PRA 73(2006)032503)progress on many fronts

Experimental result

-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 6000

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

Velocity [m/s]

Flu

ores

cen

ce [

Cou

nts

/s]

No further slowing because Doppler shift changes

Slow down (velocity change) at least 20 m/s

Repumpers

TRIP project and facility

IonCatcher

RFQCooler

MOT

Beyond the Standard

ModelTeV Physics

Nu

clea

r P

hys

ics

Ato

mic

Ph

ysic

sP

arti

cle

Ph

ysic

s

ProductionTarget

MagneticSeparator

MeV

meV

keV

eV

neV

AGORcyclotron

AGOR cyclotronIon catcher (thermal ioniser or gas-cell)

Low energy beam line

RFQ cooler/buncher MOT

MOT

D

D

DD

Q

QQ

Q Q

QQ

Q

Magnetic separator

Production target

Trapped Radioactive Isotopes: icro-laboratories for Fundamental Physics

Conclusions and Outlook Atomic and nuclear physics TRV searches

• atomic:– Precision techniques (not only trapping …)– Enhancement TRV (APNC) signal

• nuclear:– Exploiting weak decay (D) – Enhancement TRV signal (edm)

• relatively cheap (Isolde) / flexible