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TEXAS CIVIL PROCEDURE: PRETRIAL LITIGATION 2016–2017 Edition

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TEXAS CIVIL PROCEDURE:PRETRIAL LITIGATION

2016–2017 Edition

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(2016–Pub.709)

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TEXAS CIVIL PROCEDURE:PRETRIAL LITIGATION2016–2017 Edition

William V. Dorsaneo IIIChief Justice John and Lena Hickman Distinguished Faculty Fellowand Professor of LawSouthern Methodist University Dedman School of Law

Elizabeth ThornburgProfessor of LawSouthern Methodist University Dedman School of Law

Elaine Grafton CarlsonStanley J. Krist Distinguished Professor of LawSouth Texas College of Law

David CrumpJohn B. Neibel Professor of Law & Director of CLEUniversity of Houston Law Center

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Copyright © 2016

Carolina Academic Press, LLC

All Rights Reserved

Texas Civil Procedure: Pretrial Litigation

ISSN: 2161-6485 (print)

ISBN: 978-1-5310-0049-3 (print)

Carolina Academic Press, LLC

700 Kent Street

Durham, NC 27701

Telephone (919) 489-7486

Fax (919) 493-5668

www.caplaw.com

Printed in the United States of America

(2016–Pub.709)

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Introduction

This book is the first in a two-part series that will teach you how lawsuits are handled inthe Texas courts, from the earliest client contact through a final appeal to the Texas SupremeCourt. You have already studied one procedural system — the federal one — in your firstyear Civil Procedure course. As you learn about the Texas system, you will see bothsimilarities and differences in rules and in attitudes. This volume will introduce you to thepre-trial phases of litigation, from pre-filing activities through attempts at alternative disputeresolution. This edition (2016-2017 ed.) gives emphasis to the changes in pleading practicebefore and after the adoption of the Rules of Practice Act of 1940, the impact of TortReform Legislation on the joinder of claims and parties and other procedural issues, classaction litigation, the continuing development and operation of pretrial discovery and pretrialpractice adopted during the end of the 20th Century and the beginning decades of the 21stCentury.

The Texas Trial and Appellate Procedure book will cover merits-related procedural issuessuch as trial settings, motions for continuance, jury selection, trial procedures, juryinstructions, non-jury trials, appealable orders, and post-trial motions. It will also deal withall aspects of appeals and original proceedings in the appellate courts in Texas, includingstandards of review, appellate deadlines, handling appeals, and review in the Texas SupremeCourt.

It is not possible to learn all the details of Texas procedure in a single course. But thisbook and its counterpart will introduce you to the most important concepts at a level ofsophistication that will put you in good stead as you begin to litigate in Texas courts. Inaddition to cases,1 statutes, and rules, the book uses Notes to provide supplementaryinformation as well as discussion questions designed to probe your understanding of thematerial and the policy issues underlying the technical rules. Many sections of the book alsocontain Practice Exercises so that you can test your ability to apply the rules. Finally, anumber of chapters are followed by an appendix containing actual Texas bar examinationquestions, which should be helpful both in learning about practice and in preparing you forthe Texas Procedure & Evidence portion of the bar exam.

We hope you will find this book to be helpful and enlightening.

William V. Dorsaneo IIIElizabeth Thornburg

Elaine Grafton CarlsonDavid Crump

1 Case footnotes are numbered as in the original and are otherwise omitted. Citations have

sometimes been removed from within cases without ellipses in the interest of readability.

iii

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TABLE OF PRACTICE EXERCISES

Practice Exercise #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Practice Exercise #2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Practice Exercise #3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Practice Exercise #4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Practice Exercise #5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Practice Exercise #6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Practice Exercise #7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Practice Exercise #8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Practice Exercise #9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

Practice Exercise #10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

Practice Exercise #11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Practice Exercise #12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

Practice Exercise #13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

Practice Exercise #14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

Practice Exercise #15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

Practice Exercise #16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

Practice Exercise #17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

Practice Exercise #18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

Practice Exercise #19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

Practice Exercise #20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

Practice Exercise #21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

Practice Exercise #22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

Practice Exercise #23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

Practice Exercise #24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589

Practice Exercise #25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600

Practice Exercise #26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624

Practice Exercise #27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627

Practice Exercise #28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637

Practice Exercise #29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641

Practice Exercise #30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660

Practice Exercise #31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668

Practice Exercise #32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679

Practice Exercise #33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681

Practice Exercise #34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703

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Table of Contents

Chapter 1 THE PRE-LITIGATION PHASE OF A CIVIL DISPUTE . . . . 1

§ 1.01 OVERVIEW OF THE PRE-TRIAL PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

§ 1.02 INITIATING THE ATTORNEY-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

[A] Fees and Fee Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

[1] Propriety of Fee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

[2] Client’s Consent to Split Fee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

[3] Contingent Fee Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

[4] Informing Client of Fee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Hoover Slovacek LLP v. Walton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Contingent Fee Contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

[B] Avoiding Conflicts of Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

[1] General Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

[2] Prohibited Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

[a] Business Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

[b] Gifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

[c] Literary Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

[d] Acquisition of Proprietary Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

[e] Payment for Legal Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

[f] Aggregate Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

[g] Limitation of Liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

[3] Former Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

§ 1.03 CASE EVALUATION, ACCEPTANCE, AND SETTLEMENT . . . . . . . . . 22

§ 1.04 PRE-LITIGATION FACT-GATHERING: INVESTIGATION AND

INTERVIEWING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

§ 1.05 WHEN TO FILE THE LAWSUIT: COMPLIANCE WITH PRELIMINARY

PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS IMPOSED BY STATUTE . . . . . . . . . . 32

§ 1.06 WHEN TO FILE THE LAWSUIT: STATUTES OF LIMITATIONS AND

STATUTES OF REPOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

S.V. v. R.V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Practice Exercise #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

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Chapter 2 EMERGENCY AND INTERIM RELIEF (SPECIAL

REMEDIES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

§ 2.01 TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDERS AND INJUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . 59

Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Charter Medical Corp. v. Miller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

§ 2.02 INTERIM RELIEF FOR SECURED CREDITORS AND OTHER

CLAIMANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

[A] Sequestration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Monroe v. General Motors Acceptance Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

[B] Notice of Lis Pendens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

[C] Self-Help Repossession by Secured Party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

§ 2.03 INTERIM RELIEF FOR THE GENERAL (UNSECURED) CREDITOR . . . 72

[A] Attachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

[B] Prejudgment Garnishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Practice Exercise #2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

§ 2.04 WRONGFUL USE OF SPECIAL REMEDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Chandler v. Cashway Building Materials, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Barfield v. Brogdon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Chapter 3 THE SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION OF THE TEXASTRIAL COURTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

§ 3.01 AN OVERVIEW OF THE TEXAS COURT SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

[A] The Texas Appellate Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

[B] A Simplified Description of the Texas Trial Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

§ 3.02 CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY PROVISIONS: ANOVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

[A] Justice Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

[B] Constitutional County Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

[C] Statutory Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

[D] District Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

[E] Shared Jurisdiction; District and County Level Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

[F] Shared Jurisdiction, Filing, and Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

[1] Adjudicative Responsibility and Transfer: District Courts and Statutory

Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

[2] Adjudicative Responsibility and Transfer in Cases Involving Eminent

Domain and Probate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

[G] Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Practice Exercise #3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

§ 3.03 AMOUNT IN CONTROVERSY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Table of Contents

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[A] General Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

[B] Increase Above Court’s Maximum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

United Services Automobile Association v. Brite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

[C] Non-Monetary Relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

[D] Included and Excluded Elements of Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

[E] Multiple Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

[F] Counterclaims, Cross-Claims, and Third-Party Claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Practice Exercise #4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

[G] Defective Pleading of Amount in Controversy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Peek v. Equipment Service Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

§ 3.04 COMPETING JURISDICTIONAL GRANTS: PARTICULAR

CONTROVERSIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

[A] The District Court Land-Title Grant Collides With the Justice Court:

Forcible Entry and Detainer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Dass, Inc. v. Benjie Smith D/B/A/ Oak Cliff Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

[B] Problems With Probate Jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

[1] Statutory Probate Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

[a] Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

[b] Estates Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Practice Exercise #5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

[2] Pull-Down Jurisdiction vs. Venue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Gonzalez v. Reliant Energy, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Practice Exercise #6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

§ 3.05 JUSTICIABILITY, STANDING, AND RELATED DOCTRINES . . . . . . . 135

§ 3.06 CONSEQUENCES OF LACK OF JURISDICTION OVER THE SUBJECTMATTER AND RELATED PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Vale v. Ryan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Appendix — Subject Matter Jurisdiction And The Texas Bar Exam . . . . 144

Chapter 4 JURISDICTION OF PERSONS AND PROPERTY . . . . . . . 147

§ 4.01 GENERAL PRINCIPLES GOVERNING JURISDICTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

[A] Territoriality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

[B] The “Minimum Contacts” Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

[C] Specific vs. General Jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

[D] Other Bases of Jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Table of Contents

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[1] Consent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

[2] In Rem and Quasi in Rem Jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

[3] Transient Jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

§ 4.02 PERSONAL JURISDICTION IN TEXAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

[A] The General Long-Arm Statute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Practice Exercise #7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

[B] Texas Courts Apply the Statute and Constitution: Specific Jurisdiction . . . 158

[1] Purposeful Availment, Fair Play and Substantial Justice . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Guardian Royal Exchange v. English China Clays . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

[2] Stream of Commerce Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

CMMC v. Salinas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Michiana Easy Livin’ Country, Inc. v. Holten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

[C] Texas Courts Apply the Statute and Constitution: General Jurisdiction . . . 182

[1] Distinguishing Specific and General Jurisdiction: The Substantial

Connection Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Moki Mac River Expeditions v. Drugg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Practice Exercise #8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

[2] The “Essentially at Home” Test for General Jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

Practice Exercise #9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

[D] Internet Contacts and Jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Choice Auto Brokers, Inc. v. Dawson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

[E] Consent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

§ 4.03 OTHER LONG-ARM STATUTES: THE FAMILY CODE . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

In re Forlenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

§ 4.04 SERVICE OF PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

[A] Due Process Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Peralta v. Heights Medical Center, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

[B] Texas’ Statutory and Rule-Based Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

[1] The Strict Compliance Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Wilson v. Dunn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

[2] Techniques of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

[a] Issuance and Service of Citation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

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[b] Serving Persons in Texas — Basic Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

[c] Alternative Methods of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

[d] Waiving Service of Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

[e] Pre-Filing Waivers in Cases Terminating Parental Rights . . . . . . . . . 222

[f] Service of Amended Pleadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

[g] Service of Cross-Claims and Counterclaims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

[3] Service of Process and the Statute of Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

[4] Proof of Service: The Return . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

[a] Personal Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

[b] Certified or Registered Mail Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

[c] Returns for Alternative Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

[d] Amending Flawed Returns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Bavarian Autohaus, Inc. v. Holland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

[5] Citation by Publication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

[a] Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

[b] Specific Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

[6] Special Requirements for Service on the Secretary of State Under the

General Texas Long-Arm Statute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

[a] Pleading Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

McKanna v. Edgar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

[b] Method of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

[c] Proof of Long-Arm Service: The Return . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Campus Investments, Inc. v. Cullever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

[7] An Alternate Way to Serve Nonresident Defendants — Rule 108 . . . . . 233

Practice Exercise #10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

§ 4.05 CHALLENGES TO JURISDICTION BY NONRESIDENTS . . . . . . . . . . . 235

[A] The Special Appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

[1] History and Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

[2] Strict Compliance Standard? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

Dawson-Austin v. Austin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

[B] Postjudgment Challenges by Nonresidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Practice Exercise #11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

§ 4.06 THE DOCTRINE OF FORUM NON CONVENIENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

[A] The Common Law Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

[B] The Statute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

In re General Electric Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

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Appendix — Personal Jurisdiction And The Texas Bar Exam . . . . . . . 263

Chapter 5 VENUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

§ 5.01 THE BASIC VENUE SCHEME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

[A] Defendant’s Residence (Natural Persons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

Mijares v. Paez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

[B] Defendant’s Principal Office (Legal Persons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

In re Missouri Pacific Railroad Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

[C] County in Which All or a Substantial Part of the Events or Omissions

Giving Rise to the Claim Occurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

[1] Tort Claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

Velasco v. Texas Kenworth Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

[2] Contract Claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

KW Construction v. Stephens & Sons Concrete Contractors, Inc. . . 282

Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

[D] Transfer Based on Convenience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

§ 5.02 EXCEPTIONS TO THE GENERAL RULE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

[A] Types of Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

[B] Mandatory and Permissive Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

Practice Exercise #12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

[C] Multiple Claims and Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

[1] Multiple Claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

Practice Exercise #13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

[2] Multiple Defendants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

Practice Exercise #14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

[3] Multiple Plaintiffs; Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

Surgitek, Bristol-Myers Corp. v. Abel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

Practice Exercise #15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

[D] Counterclaims, Cross-Claims, and Third Party Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

§ 5.03 LITIGATING VENUE RIGHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

[A] Raising the Issue of Improper Venue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

[B] Venue “Hearings” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Practice Exercise #16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

Carlile v. RLS Legal Solutions, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

[C] Appellate Review of Venue Rulings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

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[1] The Standard of Review on Appeal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

[2] Reversible Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

Wilson v. Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

§ 5.04 CONTRACTING FOR VENUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

§ 5.05 CHANGE OF VENUE BECAUSE IMPARTIAL TRIAL CANNOT BE

HAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

§ 5.06 MULTIDISTRICT LITIGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

Appendix — Venue And The Texas Bar Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

Chapter 6 PLEADINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

§ 6.01 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

§ 6.02 AN OVERVIEW OF TEXAS PLEADINGS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS . . 343

[A] Plaintiff’s Pleadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

[B] Defendant’s Pleadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

§ 6.03 SAMPLE PLEADINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

§ 6.04 PLAINTIFF’S PETITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

[A] General Considerations and Formal Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

[B] Pleading a “Cause of Action” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

[1] Defining the Term “Cause of Action” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

[2] The “Fair Notice” Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352

Castleberry v. Goolsby Bldg. Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352

City of Houston v. Crabb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

[3] “Fair Notice” of Factual Claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

White v. Jackson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

Willock v. Bui . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363

[4] Fair Notice: A Sample Dispute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370

[5] Pleading Injuries and Damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

Weingartens, Inc. v. Price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

[6] Alternative or Hypothetical Claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

Birchfield v. Texarkana Memorial Hosp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

[7] The “Demand for Relief”; Prayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376

[8] Certification and Sanctions for Frivolous Pleadings and Motions . . . . . 377

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Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

§ 6.05 MOTIONS TO DISMISS BASELESS CAUSES OF ACTION . . . . . . . . . . 383

[A] Dismissal Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

[B] Recovery of Fees and Costs to Prevailing Party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

[C] Motion Practice; Conduct of Hearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

[1] Contents of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

[2] Time for Motion and Hearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

[3] Effect of Nonsuit; Withdrawal of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

[4] Effect of Amendment of Petition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

[5] Notice of Hearing; Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

[D] Relationship of Motion to Due Order Pleading Rules and Special Exception

Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

[1] Special Exception Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

[2] Due Order Pleading Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

§ 6.06 DEFENDANT’S ANSWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

[A] Contents and Primary Function of the Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

[B] Use of Defensive Pleas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

Practice Exercise #17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

[C] Special Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

McCamey v. Kinnear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392

Practice Exercise #18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

[D] The Plea in Abatement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

Wyatt v. Shaw Plumbing Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400

[E] Plea to the Jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

Texas Department of Parks and Wildlife v. Miranda . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407

[F] The General Denial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

Bahr v. Kohr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411

[G] Special Denials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411

[1] Conditions Precedent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

Dairyland County Mutual Ins. Co. of Texas v. Roman . . . . . . . . . . 412

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

[2] Verified Denials — Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

Bauer v. Valley Bank of El Paso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416

[3] Verified Denials — Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

Practice Exercise #19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

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[H] Affirmative Defenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

Echols v. Bloom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

§ 6.07 AMENDED AND SUPPLEMENTAL PLEADINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

[A] Amended Pleadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

Burnett v. File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424

Greenhalgh v. Service Lloyds Ins. Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

[B] Supplemental Petitions and Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

Royal Typewriter Co. v. Vestal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

Practice Exercise #20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

§ 6.08 SPECIALIZED PLEADING FORMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

[A] The Sworn Account Petition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

Panditi v. Apostle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

[B] Types of Claims and Procedural Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435

[C] Standard “Sworn Account” Petition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

[D] Trespass to Try Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442

[1] General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442

[2] The Declaratory Judgment Alternative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

Appendix — Pleadings And The Texas Bar Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

Chapter 7 PARTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

§ 7.01 PERMISSIVE JOINDER OF CLAIMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

§ 7.02 PERMISSIVE JOINDER OF PARTIES BY THE PLAINTIFF . . . . . . . . . . 452

Russell v. Hartford Casualty Ins. Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

§ 7.03 JOINDER OF CLAIMS BY THE DEFENDANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

[A] Counterclaims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. Valero Energy Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

Jack H. Brown & Co. v. Northwest Sign Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

[B] Cross-Claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472

§ 7.04 PERMISSIVE JOINDER OF PARTIES BY THE DEFENDANT . . . . . . . . 473

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

Practice Exercise #21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

§ 7.05 INTERVENTION; VOLUNTARY JOINDER OF NEW PARTIES . . . . . . 478

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In re Union Carbide Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

§ 7.06 INTERPLEADER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

Clayton v. Mony Life Ins. Co. of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489

§ 7.07 COMPULSORY JOINDER OF PARTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490

Brooks v. Northglen Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494

§ 7.08 CLASS ACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496

[A] Texas Supreme Court’s Approach to Class Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496

Southwestern Refining Company, Inc. v. Bernal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497

[B] Types of Class Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

[1] Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

[2] (b)(1)(A) Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

[3] (b)(1)(B) Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507

[4] (b)(2) Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507

[5] (b)(3) Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509

Practice Exercise #22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

Appendix — Parties And The Texas Bar Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516

Chapter 8 PRECLUSION DOCTRINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517

§ 8.01 PRECLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517

[A] Claim Preclusion: The Doctrine of Merger and Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517

Barr v. Resolution Trust Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

Getty Oil Co. v. Insurance Co. of N. America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522

Martin v. Martin, Martin & Richards, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527

[B] Issue Preclusion: Collateral Estoppel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529

[1] Basic Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529

[2] The Doctrine of Mutuality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531

Hardy v. Fleming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533

§ 8.02 PARTIES BOUND BY PRIOR ADJUDICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534

Benson v. Wanda Petroleum Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536

§ 8.03 ELECTION OF REMEDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537

Bocanegra v. Aetna Life Ins. Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544

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§ 8.04 THE LAW OF THE CASE DOCTRINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545

Hudson v. Wakefield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545

Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548

Chapter 9 DISCOVERY: PURPOSES, SCOPE, AND USES . . . . . . . . . 551

§ 9.01 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PURPOSES AND SCOPE OF

DISCOVERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551

[A] Objectives of Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551

[B] The Scope and Limits of Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552

[C] The Ultimate Policies Underlying the Discovery Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553

[D] Limits Created by the “Discovery Levels” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554

[1] Level 1 Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554

[2] Level 2 Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555

[3] Level 3 Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556

§ 9.02 DISCOVERY AND ATTORNEY OBLIGATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557

[A] Discovery and Ethical Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557

[B] Beyond the Ethical Minimum: Lawyer Professionalism and Discovery . . . 557

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561

§ 9.03 THE SCOPE OF DISCOVERY: “RELEVANT” INFORMATION, “NOT

PRIVILEGED” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

[A] The Discovery “Relevance” Standard; Information “Reasonably Calculated”

to Lead to Admissible Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

[1] The Relevance Test Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

K Mart Corp. v. Sanderson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

In re C.S.X. Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564

In re National Lloyds Insurance Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569

[2] Special Relevance Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570

[a] Witnesses, Witness Statements, People with Knowledge, and

Contentions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570

[b] Insurance Policies and Settlement Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

In re Dana Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574

[c] Net Worth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575

[d] Information Sought Solely for Impeachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576

Practice Exercise #23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

[B] Privileges and Other Limits on Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578

[1] The Discovery Rule Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578

[a] Work Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

National Tank Co. v. Brotherton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580

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[b] The Problem of Witness Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585

In re Team Transport, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586

Witness Statement v. Work Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588

Practice Exercise #24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589

[c] Expert Witnesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590

Lindsey v. O’Neill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591

Axelson, Inc. v. McIlhany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592

Tom L. Scott, Inc. v. McIlhany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597

Practice Exercise #25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600

[2] Other Discovery Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600

[a] Constitutional Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601

[b] Privileges Based on the Texas Rules of Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605

In re Continental General Tire, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606

[c] Other Statutory Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611

§ 9.04 PRESERVATION AND WAIVER OF PRIVILEGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616

[A] Preservation of Privileges; Written Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616

In re E.I. DuPont De Nemours & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619

Practice Exercise #26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624

[B] Involuntary and Inadvertent Disclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625

Practice Exercise #27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627

[C] Waiver by Offensive Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627

Appendix — Scope Of Discovery And The Texas Bar Exam . . . . . . . 628

Chapter 10 DISCOVERY: METHODOLOGY OF THE INDIVIDUALDEVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

§ 10.01 THE INDIVIDUAL DISCOVERY DEVICES: AN INTRODUCTION . . . . 633

[A] The Discovery Devices Provided by the Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

[B] Discovery Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635

Practice Exercise #28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637

§ 10.02 DISCOVERY DEVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638

[A] Written Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638

[1] Requests for Disclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639

[2] Interrogatories to Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640

Practice Exercise #29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641

[3] Production and Inspection of Documents and Tangible Things From

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Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641

[a] In General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641

In re Kuntz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646

[b] Electronic Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647

In re Weekley Homes, L.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658

[4] Getting Documents and Things From Nonparties by Subpoena Without

Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660

Practice Exercise #30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660

[5] Requests for Admissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661

Stelly v. Papania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662

Wheeler v. Green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667

Practice Exercise #31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668

[B] Oral and Other Non-Written Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668

[1] Depositions — General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668

[2] Notice and Formalities for Depositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670

[3] Conduct During Oral Depositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678

Practice Exercise #32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679

[4] Use of Depositions at Hearings or Trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680

Practice Exercise #33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681

[5] Motions for Physical or Mental Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682

Coates v. Whittington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686

§ 10.03 AMENDMENT AND SUPPLEMENTATION OF DISCOVERY

RESPONSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687

Alvarado v. Farah Mfg. Co., Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692

§ 10.04 SANCTIONS FOR FAILURE TO PROVIDE DISCOVERY . . . . . . . . . . . 695

Transamerican Natural Gas v. Powell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700

Practice Exercise #34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703

Appendix — Discovery Devices And The Texas Bar Exam . . . . . . . . . . 704

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Chapter 11 DISPOSITION WITHOUT TRIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713

§ 11.01 JUDGMENT BY DEFAULT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713

Morgan v. Compugraphic Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717

§ 11.02 SUMMARY JUDGMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719

[A] Standards and Procedure for Granting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719

[1] Traditional Motions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719

Science Spectrum, Inc. v. Martinez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722

[2] No Evidence Motions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724

Moore v. K Mart Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730

[3] Hybrid Motions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731

[B] Procedure and Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731

[1] Summary Judgment Proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731

Kerlin v. Arias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731

[2] Preserving Complaints About Summary Judgment Evidence . . . . . . . . 733

Mathis v. Bocell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740

Cooper v. Circle Ten Council Boy Scouts of America . . . . . . . . . . . 745

Appendix — Disposition Without Trial And The Texas Bar Exam . . 747

Chapter 12 SETTLEMENT AND ALTERNATIVE DISPUTERESOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751

§ 12.01 SETTLEMENT AND ITS EFFECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751

[A] General Attributes of Settlement Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751

[B] Offers of Settlement Under Rule 167 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753

[C] The Effects of Settlement on Remaining Claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757

McMillen v. Klingensmith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760

[D] The Consent Judgment/Enforcement of the Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765

Leal v. Cortez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765

Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771

§ 12.02 ALTERNATE DISPUTE RESOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773

[A] ADR Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773

[B] Mediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774

[1] The Third-Party Facilitator — Qualifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774

[2] Duties of Impartial Third Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775

[3] Impartiality of Third Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776

[4] Orders to Mediate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776

[C] Arbitration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783

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[D] Other Types of ADR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789

[1] Mini-Trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789

[2] Moderated Settlement Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790

[3] Summary Jury Trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791

Appendix — Settlement, ADR, And The Texas Bar Exam . . . . . . . . 791

Table of Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TS-1

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1

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