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CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTION
A man spends the first half of his life learning habits that shortened other half
of his life.
Health and illness are defined according to the values of a particular society.
When a person is able to adjust and adapt to his environment he is said to be healthy.
A person with good mental health lives in harmony with the society.
A study describes that people are not simply ill or well but their degree of
health changes according to their inner or outer of circumstances. Inner circumstances
refer to human biology, which includes genetic factors, constitutional factors, sex,
colour, physique, health status and physiological factors like puberty and old age.
Outer circumstances refer to the environment in which the person lives.1
The attitude of an individual (whether one is laughing or crying, alert or
drowsy, happy or sad irritable or tranquil) depends on specific biochemical activity is
the nervous system. Some times one attempts to alter that bio chemistry in order to
achieve a state of mood or mind which enables him to enjoy peace tranquility though
the use of drugs. Although one may attempt to alter biochemistry through meditation,
relaxation, exercise, acupuncture and the like, the most common way adopted by
some of us is by taking a drug. Whatever means one uses, the end result is still a
change in the biochemical activity of the nervous system.
In the historical evolution, man has been able to dominate nature by his
knowledge, his inventiveness and his technological achievements, thereby achieving
greater control over the world and its organization. While technological progress and
inventiveness have brought comforts to the individual it has also increased his
1
insecurity due to all the new problems he has to face, which inevitably generates
anxiety. In the tension filled modern World, no one is entirely freed from anxiety
what ever his class, creed or station in life may be. Some of us therefore seek relief
from anxiety by using drugs, which reduce his tension and alters his mood. The uses
of these drugs have introduced the phenomenon of dependence. Universally,
irrespective of time, place, or culture, throughout history, man has had the habit of
using substances which affect his mind and alter his level of consciousness.
The origin of drug use is mentioned in the Rig Veda for ritual use of soma
Rash. The opium, derived from poppy, as a sleep inducing drug was mentioned in
300 BC and it is acclaimed that opium use could be traced back to 4000 B.C. in
samerid, Australia and India. Asia – Pacific region, produce more than 60% if the
World’s opium that is needed for medicinal purpose, illicit opium is produced mostly
is the golden triangle and golden crescent regions. The area covered by golden
triangle are Burma, Laos, and Thailand which covers an area of 75,000 square miles
and produces 400-800 tones of opium annually. The golden crescent -an area along
the borders of Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan produces an estimated 600-900 tons of
opium annually. All this production finds its way into the illicit drug traffic all over
the World for money.
The Overall situation of drug abuse in the Asia – Pacific countries in
summarized by Abarro (1987:15)
Cannabis and opiates continue to dominate the drug abuse scene, and also the
most favorite drug abuse occurs in Japan, Philippines, Bangladesh, Australia,
Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and New Zealand. Lately, cocaine is much
used in countries like Australia, New Zealand and Philippines. Cocaine abuse
2
problems have also been reported in Bangladesh, Japan, Sri lanka and also in India
and Pakistan. In Pakistan at least 1.55% of the total population comes under the
category of regular drug abusers.
The problem of dug abuse has been compounded by the lack of economic
growth, increasing social and political instability and cultural confusion. Research
findings and other sources suggest that the ‘hippie culture’ of the early 1960’s
popularized the use of drugs- as a way of life among the youths and the age between
15-30 years. According to the under -Secretary General of the United Nations, ‘the
illicit drug trade is a three hundred billion dollar a year business industry, catering to
tens of millions of addicts”. According to a 1986 National Institute on Drug Abuse
study of drug related deaths in 27 metropolitan areas across the country of US, 25% of
blacks are accounted as victim of drugs leading of ‘AIDS”.
The history of the human race has also been history of drug use. There is
simple historical evidence for the fact that drug abuse ante dated drug therapy, Just as
toxicology pared the way for pharmacology. For centuries, herbs, roots, hark, leaves
and plants have been used to relieve pain and to control diseases. The use of drugs in
itself does not cause any harm; for drug, properly administered have a curative effect.
Unfortunately, certain drugs also produce enticing side effects such as feeling of
euphoria -a sense of feeling good, elation, serenity and power. What began as some
thing of a recreational activity, evolved in time in to a problem of dependence and
abuse (UN, 1989)
According to a study describes, “If a man begins with certainties, he shall end
is doubts, but it he will content to begin with doubts, he shall end in certainties”.2
3
First the ‘what’ question. what is a drug? “What are drug use, abuse, misuse,
and overuse?” what is drug dependence and tolerance? The answers to these questions
are as follows:-
Drug: Any substance, which when taken in to a living organism, many modify
one or more of its functions.
Drug abuse: Persistent or sporadic excessive use, inconsistent with or
unrelated to acceptable medical practice.
Drug Misuse: Medical or lay use of a drug, for a disease state not considered
to be appropriate
Drug overuse: Excessive medical of lay use if a drug, in terms of Length of
therapy, or severity of disorder, in which there is accepted evidence of therapeutic
effect.
Drug addiction: A behavioral pattern of compulsive drug use characterized
by over whelming involvement with the use of a drug, the securing of its supply and a
high tendency to relapse after withdrawal.
Drug habituation: The term ‘Drug habituation’ has been used when drugs
are used as a habit, and there is no physical dependence, but just psychological
craving and dependence when the drug is with held.
Drug dependence: According to WHO, ‘A state, psychic and sometimes also
physical, which results from the interaction between of living organism and a drug
which is characterized by behavioral and other responses, that always include a
4
compulsion to take the drug on a continuous or periodic basis, in order to experience
its psychic effects and sometimes to avoid discomforts of its absence’.3
Tolerance: Drug tolerance in characterized by diminished response to drugs
with continued exposure. There is a need to apply increasing doses of a drug in order
to produce the same effect.
Commonly used Drugs:
(1)Narcotics:
Eg: Opium’s, morphine, heroin or brown sugar, pethidine, methadone etc.
(2)Stimulants:
Eg : Amphitamines, cocaine, crack, caffeine and such like.
(3)Hallucinogens:
Lysergic Acid Diethyl amide (LSD), Marijuana, ganja, bhang, hashish, charas.
(4)Volatile substances:
Gasoline, Petrol
(5)Others:
Poisonous mushrooms nail, polish recover and such like.
When compared to American ethnic racial populations. Indian adolescents
use drugs more heavily with there consequences 4. Stronger evidence exists for
correlations between early substance abuse, the onset of a pattern of juvenile criminal
activity, and adult criminal activity leading to long term incarceration5.
Growth and development of an individual occur on the basis of their cultural
and hereditary background. In growth and development of human being, as a child he
is completely dependent on his family. In the next stage of adolescence, a sense of
attachment comes into a predictable shift from family to peer group, where they
develop a sense of identity. A study describes has coined the term transescence to
5
describe this age group, emphasizing the importance of change and transition6.
According to a study, the initiation of drug abuse was found to be most common after
bearing high school and he found a majority of the students to be experimental
abusers.7
NEED FOR STUDY
The adolescence is a period of biological growth and maturation, self
discovery and social adaptation. Real and imagined weaknesses and deficits of self
and environmental provoke an adolescent to redefine himself. Many questions arise;
what kind of people and they? What kind if people should they be? Etc.,
Freud made the link between the biological changes of the puberty and what
he considered one of the major development concerns of adolescence; establishment
of firm individuality, a sense of self and ego identify. No matter whether one lives in
the city or in the middle class suburbs, all young men and women feel pressurized
when they face the challenges of every day life, This may either head to immediate
adaptation and self control in some, or aggreniveress and other inadequate role
performances leading to the use of drugs as an antidote to their mental stress and
trauma.
There is a need to caution the adults about the attitude determinants leading to
drug dependency is adolescent students. Adolescence also grows in a complex urban
environment usually fall victims of this drug culture. Also other external factors such
as westernization, television and globalization have created such all impact on our
culture that our adolescent population easily tends to inherit the negative aspects like
drug misuse etc.,
6
Secondly the urban environment is risk with social conflicts, income in
equities, crime and drug use that the adolescence get influenced by the prevalent
practices, a final view is that early adolescence is extremely dynamic, exemplified by
escalating transactions with family and peers that often lead to conflicts cause by an
expectation of greater freedom, especially when parents are antagonistic to new and
often experimental trends, languages, behaviors, clothing, past times or peer
associations statistically, only about 1/5th of youth in early adolescence seem to
experience acute adjustment problems. Today’s adolescents are the pillars of
tomorrow’s society. Accounting to World statistics a very high level of crime in the
community is caused by illegal acts committed is the school leading to increase in
number of Juvenile delinquent homes.
The investigator claims that many professional, non professional adolescence
misuse drugs that are meant for the purpose of medical practice. According to a study
conducted by nearly 65% of adolescent were addicted to codeine cough syrup in
Assam. Many of the students in school and colleges remain unidentified and are the
silent victims of this fatal habit. Age specific mortality rate for 2nd decade in 1987
with regard to drug dependence was 84.6/1, 00,000 for late adolescents. Increasingly,
the term ‘Risk Taking’ is utilized to describe the emergence of all behaviors which
are initiated during adolescent. 8
According to a study , the family dynamics has an impact on adolescence and
46% of adolescent were from nuclear families and the commonest motivation factor
leading to drug dependence was peer group pressure 54%.the adolescent, who were
protected by parents and strict school administration under teachers scrutiny, when
they enter the college get ample independence where there are chances for getting in
7
to greater ill effects such as drugs. They are plenty of unidentified adolescence going
for drug addiction day by day because of their attitude to take risk probing behavior. 9
The researcher has personally witnessed many adolescent are unaware about
the ill effects of drug dependences and face lot of compilation. So this provoked the
researcher to do the study.
8
CHAPTER-II
OBJECTIVES
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
‘A study to assess the level of knowledge on ill effects of drug dependence
among adolescents in selected school at Bangalore.’
OBJECTIVES
1. To describe the level of knowledge on ill effects of drug dependence.
2. To find out factors leading to drug dependence.
3. To identify the types of drugs available in the market.
4. To assess the level of knowledge on the behavioral changes occurs due to drug
dependence.
5. To identify Rehabilitative measures available at the state level and National
level.
OPREATIONAL DEFINITONS
1. Knowledge: it is the perceptual ability and the expressed ideas of the adolescent
students towards ill effects existing in the society related to drug dependence.
2. Adolescence: students of 14-21 years studying at Anupama Pre -university
College
3. Drug dependence: it is a psychic and physical state of an individual, which
results from the interaction between the body and a drug, which is characterized
by behavioral and physical responses, that always include a compulsion to take
that particular drug on a continuous or periodic basis, in order to experience its
psychic effects and at times to avoid physical discomfort in its absence.
9
4. Ill effects: it is an illness leading to abnormal physical, psychological and social
consequences to the individuals and the society.
ASSUMPTIONS
1. The adolescents have the knowledge of ill effects of drug dependence.
2. Ill effects of drug dependence can be assessed through structured interview
schedule.
DELIMITATIONS
1. The study is delimited to PU College.
2. The study is delimited to the age group of adolescent between 14-21 years of both
sexes.
3. The study is delimited to students who are willing to participate in the study.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMWORK
High level knowledge
Conceptual framework provides a certain frame for clinical practice, research
and education. It gives direction and quittance for structuring research. (kozies 1995)
Dunn.H.L. (1961) developed a model, high level wellness one end of vertical
health grid representing high level wellness (health), whereas the other end
representing low level wellness as it relates to the factors in the family, community,
environment and society.
The present study aims at assessing the level of ill effects of drug dependence
among the adolescent students based on Dann’s model, this study conceptualizes drug
knowledge’s of adolescents in a vertical health grid with 2 extremes. One end of the
10
health grid representing high level of knowledge (health), whereas the other end
representing low level of knowledge (ill effects of drug dependency)
Dunn explores the concept of conceptual as it relates to the family,
community, environment and society. Mental health is viewed as an expression of
adolescent’s harmonies with internal as well as external environment. Internal
environment refers to psychological and physical, external environment refers to
personal, family, social and cultural factors.
These 3 major factors- ‘person related’, ‘family related’ and ‘social-cultural
related’, may continuously affect mental health during the adolescent phase of
development.
Personal factors include age, sex, birth order, personality, physical health and
intelligence. Environmental factors refer to the type of family, size of family, home
environment, parent-child relationship. Socio-cultural factors refer to socio economic
status, religion. Cultural practice parents working status and values of life. All these
variables are shown in the conceptual frame work developed for the present study.
The above 3 factors influences the life of an adolescent. This influence in
observable in the knowledge and attitude of an adolescent which can be measured.
Since the purpose of the study is to assess the level of knowledge on
problems of drug dependence among adolescent students a questionnaire and a rating
scale was developed based on the knowledge.
The data collected from the questionnaire should reveal the high level and
low level knowledge of the adolescence on drug dependence as per the Dunn’s high
level and low level wellness model.
11
The investigation proposes to provide a drug knowledge guide after the study
to the low level knowledge adolescent students with a hope that they will be benefited
to become high level knowledge group.
12
13
CHAPTER-III
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The review of the literature is carried out to examine the ill effects on drug
dependence among adolescent.
A review of literature is an essential step in the development of research
project. if reveals to the investigator, what has been done in the related area, the
feasibility of doing the proposed research, the use of methodological tools and it also
works as a connective link between the findings of preview research that has been
done in the problem area and the result of the proposed study.
The review of literature is done under the following,
Studies related to ill effects of Drug Dependence among adolescent etc.
Section A:
1. on cultural aspects.
Section B:
2. Familial aspects and social aspects.
Section C:
3. Ill effects related to drugs.
Section-A:
1. Cultural aspects:
A study conducted and found out that the use of Bhang had been a traditional
one, in North India and the result was there was an intake of cannabis before the age
of 20 because of curiosity and risk taking behavior among adolescence.10
14
A study conducted a cross cultural study regarding drug abuse and personality
among college students and inferred that the drug users have been found to have
maladjustment basically from any culture and different set of value patterns.11
According to AIIMS study report 1987at Bangalore, a multi centered study of
drug abuse among students was conducted and the result showed that opium, heroin
and cannabis were used in 1.18, 2.04 and 3.85%respectively and there is an increase
only in use of pain killers in twenty told.12
According to SPARC study in India report No 25, majority of the adolescence
were either Hindus (77%), Christians (10%) and the rest were from other religion.13
According to a study report,’ selected cities in India, 96.5% of male
population were given to drug abuse compare to 2.5% of the female population.’14
According to a study report,’ states that a rural drug abuse pattern is often
associated with traditional consumption in India where the heroin abuse is reported to
have spread ever to rural areas.15
According to WHO 1994 report, in 12 months a 3million man, women and
children have been infected with HIV in Asia.16
According to a study report,’ found out substance use in females of us where
the age of menarche was significantly correlated with affiliation with another boy
friend and risky sexual behaviour.17
According to a study report,’ stated that the drug use among African American
race 259 males and 368 females of adolescence age group who responded to a
structured questionnaire, where there the result was that each of the components of
15
ethnic identity offset, risks form the ecology, family, personality and peer domains,
help in lessening drug use. 18
Section B:
2. Familial aspects and social aspects
According to Police Journal, students are shown as the main victims of drug
addiction, the study covered a sample group of 85 students, and it was proved that the
parental attitude towards children is a major etiological factor for student’s drug
dependence.19
According to a study report,’ conducted a study in Jaipur. It revealed that 40%
of drug addicts were from nuclear families and 21% were from middle class families
and 22.62% that the influence of family members was an important motivational
factor for hearing drugs during the period of dedication.20
According to a study report,’ conducted a study in surat city and found that
300 child laborers use cannabis and opium due to micro social and macro social
Stressors which initiate and perpetuate their substance use.21
16
Section C:
3. Awareness of ill effects related to drug dependence among adolescent students.
Varma v.k.et.al studied on drug abuse amongst college students .the results of
the descriptive study shows that out of 408 subjects 77(18.87%)admitted to having
taken the drugs at sometime or the other as per the epidemiological studies of drug
abuse in India ,the number of those who had taken the drug 10 times or more was a
follows: Mandrax -4, amphetamines-11,cannabis -2 and it was found that some of the
students coming from rural background were susceptible to the influence of urban
subculture and this in turn to the use of drugs.22
Sethi..et.al., studied on the pattern of drug abuse among male students among
1513 students drawn from 2 degree colleges in Lucknow city and as per the criterion
adopted 11.5% students were categorized as drug abusers and 40.8% used bhang. 23
Mohan D. et al., studied on prevalence of drug abuse in high school
population. The result shows the abuse of alcohol and tobacco as the most popular
drug of dependence in the school sample. The tool was who questionnaire on a bio
data schedule and awareness and prevalence schedule on drug and its problems.24
Dube.K.C studied on the use of dependence producing drugs on arts and
science college students. It was found that in Delhi the overall prevalence rate of drug
was 10.08%.25
Vinoy K.Vrma and ravinder ang, studied on non medical drug use amongst
non-medical drug use amongst non –student youth in India. In a surrey on non
medical drug use by 266 students ranging from 10-24 years of age, where he found
that cannabis and tobacco were the drugs commonly used by them.26
17
Shekhar Saxena studied on rapid increase on heroin dependence in Delhi in
the recent year.27
Ponnudurai.R studied on drug abuse among internees with the help of the
youth survey questionnaire developed by who 22.67% of them were alcoholics,
9.33% of boys used cannabis which was followed by sedatives and hypnotics and
they reported that it was easy to obtain the drugs like marijuana and amphetamines.28
Zulfikar Ali studied on the use of psycho active substance among medical
students and concluded that almost 1/3 rd of the medical students reported a life time
use of psychoactive substance.29
Pallab.K.Maulik explored the reason for relapse in opium dependent subjects.
The assessment was done using a questionnaire designed for the study on adolescence
and adults. The result showed that there were symptoms of inability to control urges
in 8%, frustration in 6.6%, inllness and pain 75%, sleep disturbance by 34.7%.30
According to a study report,’ 1998 studied on recent patterns of use and
associated risk of illicit drug use in adolescence were his conclusion that the drug use
among adolescence doubled in 1990’s and is a significant cause of morbidity and
mortality.31
According to a study report,’ studied on new patterns of drug use. it was a
normal population study where the latent class analysis revealed the use of the
following drugs i) cannabis ii) amphetamines iii)heroin. The adolescence associations
with party going and getting in to habit of drug dependence were very common.32
According to a study report,’ conducted a study of integrative research review
of risk behaviors among adolescence in rural, suburban and urban areas and
18
concluded that education alone is not sufficient to prevent drug abuse and that some
other objective steps should be taken to stem the root.33
Aytaclar.S.et al., studied on association between hyperactivity and cognitive
functioning in childhood and substance use in early adolescence where in a
comparative study was made on high risk group having fathers with a lifetime's
diagnosis of a psychoactive substance use disorder and normal fathers with no history
of misuse of drug. If showed that high risk group had a significantly higher behavioral
activity and exhibited poorer performance in studies too.34
Krueger .R.F,studies on personality traits and late adolescence predict mental
disorders in early adulthood. A prospective epidemiological study was conducted in
university of Wisconsin, USA, which conclude that high negative emotionality at 18
year led to substance dependence and anti –social personality.35
Kaminer .Y. conducted a study on addictive disorders in adolescence and its
result was adolescence with behavioral deregulation, poor social skills, a limited
social network and substance abuse during late substance dependence in adulthood.36
Woodward.L.S conducted a study on childhood peer relationship problems
and psychological adjustment in late adolescence. This paper examined the
relationship between teacher reported peer relationship problems at age 9 years and
psychosocial adjustment in late adolescence. Result showed that, in the age group of
18 years, children with high rates of early peer relationship problems were at
increased risk of externalizing behavior problems such as substance abuse.37
A study conducted on “Parental involvement in adolescents education”,
several types of parental involvement were analyzed for gender differences including
19
school discussion, parent-school connection, parental expectation, parents attendance
at school events and three measures of parental supervision (Check homework,
limiting television watching, limiting going out with friends). These results showed
that daughters are experiencing more parental involvement with their education that
the sons.38
The heaviest drinkers are men in their late teens or early twenties. There has
been disturbing evidence of increasing drinking and drunkenness amongst
adolescents.
20
CHAPTER- IV
METHODOLOGY
Methodology of research indicates the general pattern for organizing the
procedure for gathering valid and reliable data. The problem for this study is to assess
the ill effects of drug dependence among the late adolescent students in Anupama PU
College. This chapter deals with the research approach, design, setting, Population,
sampling technique criteria for the selection of sample, sample size, development and
description of the tool, content validity of the tool, Pilot study, Procedure for data
collection and plan for data analysis.
Research approach and Design:
He approach chosen for this study in descriptive. The aim of the descriptive
research is to obtain accurate and meaningful description of the phenomena under the
study.
According to polit and hungler(2005) the descriptive research is not
concerned with the relationship among variables. Its purposes are to observe, describe
and document aspects of a situation. The main objective of the descriptive research
study is to have an accurate portrayal of the characteristics of persons, situations or
groups and the frequency with which certain phenomena occur.
21
PurposeAssess the Level of knowledge on ill effects ,Factors, Types of drugs and Behavioral changes occurs due to
drug dependence
Step-II* Procedure for data collection
Step-II* Procedure for data collection
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF RESEARCH DESIGN
22
Target populationAdolescent students of 14-21
years of both sex.
Sample100 Adolescent’s student
Sampling Technique Simple Random
sampling
Development of tool and Data Collection
Data AnalysisDescriptive: Percentage, Frequency distribution and Inferential: Chi-Square
Findings and conclusion
Research DesignNon-Experimental Descriptive approach design
Selected School Anupama PUC
Step-I*Preparation of Questionnaire*Content Validity*Pilot study
Setting:
The setting of the study comprises of the Anupama Pre –University College,
West of Chrod Road,II stage,Mahalakshmipuram,Bangalore-86.
The age group of the students is between 14-21 years age. The setting was
selected because of the active co-operation of the students.
Population:
The study population comprises of the adolescent students aged 14-21 years at
Anupama Pre –University College.
Criteria for the selections of the sample:
The investigator approached the students based on the following selection
criteria.
Adolescent students of 14-21 years of both the sex ,studying in PUC I and IInd
year.
Students who are willing to participate in the study.
Those individuals who could be met at the respective centers at the time of the
study.
Some of the students coming from rural background were susceptible influence of
urban subculture
Sample Size:
The sample size consists of 100 adolescent of age group 14-21 years.
Sampling technique:
The samples were selected by non-Probability convenient sampling technique.
23
Development and description of the tool:
The tools developed for this study is a structured questionnaire and rating
scale based on the review of literature, discussion with experts and investigators
personal experience.
Description of the tool:
The structured questionnaire has two parts. It is developed to determine the
knowledge of problems of drug dependence among the adolescent students.
Part-I
Part-II
Part-I
1. Demographic data and family background
2. Social background
3. Ill effects related to drugs
1. Demographic data and family background of adolescent students consists of age,
sex, religion, qualification, average school grade occupation and questions
regarding family background consists of details such as whether the adolescent in
living in a joint or nuclear family, with whom he/she is living, whether both
parents are alive, whether they have siblings, qualification of father, location of
house, whether they have discussion with parents on career, fathers occupation,
whether any one uses drug/alcohol in family etc.
2. Social background includes aspects such as the adolescent student’s participation
in social activities, usage of alcoholic beverages, about the peer group,
dominance in peer group, whether they are introverts, their source of getting drug,
24
whether their friends have encounter with drugs, whether their friends had
undergone treatment for drug addiction, drug addiction on a social problem and
their participation in anti social activities.
3. Ill effects related to drugs consist of 8 specific closed ended questions on ill
effects related to drug dependence. The individual has to either mark yes or No,
yes was scored as 1 and No was scored as 2.
Part-II
It consists of 10 items on knowledge related to ill effects of drug dependences,
where the score was given based on three options like Yes/No/Don’t know.Total
score 20.
Content validity:
Validity refers to a complex concept which broadly concerns the soundness of
the study’s evidence, that is, whether the findings are cogent and convincing and well
ground. The content validity of the prepared tool was obtained from 1 biostatistion,
3experts in mental health nursing and 1 psychiatrist.
Reliability of the tool:
Reliability of the tool was established by test-retest method. This was done by
introducing the tool to same group of sample at different time after reshuffling the
questions. The reliability score obtained showed high correlation between the score r
=0.78 hence the tool was considered reliable.
Pilot study:
After a written permission was obtain from the principal of the Anupama Pre-
university College. The data for the pilot study and for the main study was collected.
25
Pilot study was conducted with 10 students. Among them, 5 students from
boys and 5 students from girls who were selected on the basis of Non- Probability
convenient sampling technique. After getting oral consent from the students, the
individual and the investigator were seated in a room without disturbance, facing each
other. Brief introduction given on the questionnaive were reinforced. The
questionnaire was administered on an individual basis. Each session lasted for about
40 minutes. The pilot study was conducted for a period of 3 days. Findings of the pilot
study revealed that it was feasible and practical to conduct the study and the criterion
adopted was found to be effective. The plan for statistical analysis was also
determined; therefore the data collection for the main study was done excluding the
samples included in the pilot study.
Procedure for data collection:
The data collection for the study was done within a period of 5 weeks. After a
brief introduction of self and study, after obtaining the oral consent from the subject,
the investigator and the student were seated in a quiet room, facing each other. The
investigator established rapport with the student and administered the questionnaire
after a brief introduction. The instructions given on the questionnaire were reinforced.
The instructions were,
All the responses will be treated confidential.
They can give frank and honest answer to the best of their ability.
Doubts can be clarified.
After the instructions, the questionnaire was given and the subject was asked
to tick the responses. The total time taken for answering the questionnaires by each
student was 30-40 mints. Hence the investigator was able to collect the data from 5-7
26
students per day on all days in a week at Anupama Pre- University College, where the
investigator got samples on 3 shifts that is from7-9 in the morning, 12-2 in the
afternoon, 5-7 in the evening. At the Anupama Pre- University College, the
investigator met 7 students each day from Monday to Saturday, during working hours
between 9am and 4 pm.
The data collection was done for 5 weeks. Pilot Study was conducted during
the 1st week and from 2nd week data was gathered for the main study. By the end of
the data collection period data had been collected from 100 students.
Plan for data analysis:
The data obtained was planed to be analysed based on the study using
descriptive and inferential statics were used.
Descriptive statistics:
Simple percentage and frequency distribution were used to analyses the
demographic data of the students.
Mean and standard deviation were used to identify the knowledge and attitude of
adolescent students regarding the ill effects related to drug dependence.
Distribution of scores was done on the knowledge acquired, which was
interoperated as moderate, adequate and inadequate.
Inferential staatistics:
Chi-square test (x2) was used to determine the association between the level of
knowledge,demographic variables and family back ground.
27
Summary
This chapter dealt with research approach & desigh,variables,setting and
sampling criteria, it includes the preparation & assessment of the tool and
demographic variables.this chapter also dealt with the Polit study,data collection
procedure and plan for data analysis.
28
CHAPTER-V
RESULTS
This chapter deals with analysis and interpretation of data collected from 100
Adolesent students studying in PUC for assessing the level of knowledge.The data
collected from 100 adolesents students studying in PUC was organized, tabulated,
analyzed and interpreted by using descriptive and inferential statistic.The analysis
and interpretation was based on the data collected through structured interview
schedule.
Polit (1999) states that statistical analysis is a method of rendering quantitative
information and elicits meaningful and intelligible form of research data.
Analysis is the process of organizing and synthesizing data so as to answer
research questions and test hypotheses.
The objectives of the study were:
1. To describe the level of knowledge on ill effects of drug dependence.
2. To find out factors leading to drug dependence.
3. To identify the types of drugs available in the market.
4. To assess the level of knowledge on the behavioral changes occurs due to drug
dependence.
5. To identify Rehabilitative measures available at the state level and National
level.
29
Organization and presentation of the data:
The data collected were edited,tabulated,analyzed, interpreted and findings
obtained were presented in the form of tables and diagrams represent under folowing
sections.
Section A:
Measurement of level of knowledge of Problems related to drug dependences
among the adolescent students.
Section B:
Measurement of the level of knowledge of Problems related to ill effects drug
among the adolescent students.
Section C:
Association of selected demographic variables (Table-1), Family background
(Table-2) and Social background (Table-3) with the Level of knowledge of adolescent
on Problems of ill effects Drug.
30
Section-A
Table-I –(a) Frequency and Percentage distribution of Demographic Variables of
adolescent student.
n=100
Sl.No Demographic Variables Frequence (f) Percentage (%)
01 Age of adolescent
14 -17 years
18-21 years
27
73
27
73
02 Sex
Male
Female
48
52
48
52
03 Qualification
PUC 100 100
04 Academic Performance
Below <60%
61-75%
Above>75%
23
63
14
23
63
14
05 Ordinal Position
First
Second
Third
30
53
17
30
53
17
06 No of Sibling
Nil
One
Two
Three
20
30
41
09
20
30
41
09
07 Religion
Hindu
Christian
Muslim
39
34
24
39
34
24
08 Residence
Rural
Urban
Semi
33
45
22
33
45
22
31
Table-I describes the data regarding age ,of which 27(27%) students belongs
to the age group 14-17 years and 73 (73%) were of 18-21 years of age group
(fig-1). when considering sex,48 (48%) were males and 52(52%) were females (fig-2)
on considering the qualification PUC 100(100%) fig-3.
With regard to Academic Performance were Below <60% were 23(23%),61-
75%were 63(63%) Moderate. Above 75% were 14(14%) of them have scored.
Ordinal Position was First 30(30%), Second 53(53%) and Third 17(17%). No of
Sibling were Nil 20 (20%), One 30 (30%), Two 41(41%) and Three 9(9%).Religion
were Hindu 39 (39%),Christian 34(34%) and Muslim(24%).
In relation to Residence for Adolescent were Rural 33(33%) ,Urban45(45%)
and semi urban 22(22%).
32
Female52%
Male48%
Graph 1:Percentage distribution of Demographic Variables according to sex
33
Graph 2:Percentage distribution of Demographic Variables according to
Academic Performance
Per
cen
tage
(%
)
34
23%
63%
14%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Below < 60%
61-75%
Above 75%
Level of Academic Performance
Graph 3:Percentage distribution of Demographic Variables according to
Residence
Per
cen
tage
(%
)
35
Rural
Urban
Semi
22%
45%
33 %
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Residence
Table-I-(b)- Frequency and Percentage distributions of adolescent students
according to family Back Ground
n=100
S.No Demographic Variables Frequency Percentage (%)
09 Type of Family
Joint
Nuclear
Extended
38
53
09
38
53
09
10 Family Income
Below Rs7000
Rs7000-10000
Above Rs 10,000
61
19
20
61
19
20
11 Parents Alive
Yes
No
67
33
67
33
12 Living with
Both Parents
Mother/Father
Talker
Relatives
Hostel
29
23
17
16
15
29
23
17
16
16
13 Speak to Career
Frequently
Rarely
Never
46
39
15
46
39
15
14 Qualification of Talker
Undergraduate
Postgraduate
Professional
21
51
28
21
51
28
15 Occupation of Talker
Self employed
Managerial
Clerical
Skilled
Unskilled
40
17
17
19
07
40
17
17
19
07
16 Family use Drug/Alcohol
Yes
No
33
67
33
67
36
Table-II. Describes the data regarding type of family like Joint 38(38%),
Nuclear 53(53%), Extended09 (09%).In relation to Family Income were Below
Rs7000-61(61%), Moderate Rs7000-10000 -19 (19%) and Above Rs 10000-20(20%).
Considering are both your Parents Alive in Yes 67(67%) and No33 (33%).At
Present with whom are you living with Both Parents 29(29%), Mother/Father23
(23%), Talker17 (17%), Relatives 16 (16%) and Hostel 15(15%).
How often do you speak to your parents on your career in Frequently
46(46%), Rarely 39(39%) and Never 15(15%).Qualification of Talker like
Undergraduate-21(21%), Postgraduate 51(51%) and Professional 28(28%).
With regard to financial aspects in Occupation of Talker like self employed
40(40%), Managerial 17(17%), Clerical-17 (17%), Skilled 19(19%) and Unskilled
07(07%). Does anybody in your family use Drug /Alcohol Yes 33(33%) and No67
(67%).
37
Graph 4:Percentage distribution of Family Back Ground according to Type of
Family
38
Nuclear53%
Extended9%
Joint38%
Graph 5:Percentage distribution of Family Back Ground according to Family
use Drug / Alcohol.
Per
cen
tage
(%
)
39
Yes
No
33%
67%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Table-II. Frequency and Percentage distributions of adolescent students
according to Social back ground.
n=100
40
Sl.No Social Variables Frequency(f) Percentage (%)
01 Activities
Sports
Clubs
Societies
Cultural
33
24
20
23
33
24
20
23
02 Occasion
Religious
Social
Other
Never
16
21
27
36
16
21
27
36
03 Peer Group Large
Yes
No
62
38
62
38
04 Dominant Role
Yes
No
40
60
40
60
05Introvert
Yes
No
Sometimes
26
40
34
26
40
34
06Encounter With Drugs
Yes
No
Some times
19
53
28
19
53
28
07Use Of Drugs
Oral
Smoked
Shifted
Injected
Others
Not Applicable
24
21
11
5
8
31
24
21
11
5
8
31
08 Sources Of Drug
Pharmacy
Illicit
Not Known
Not Applicable
30
16
27
27
30
16
27
27
09 Undergone Treatment For
De-Addiction
Yes
No
Not Applicable
28
42
30
28
42
30
10 Social Problem
Yes
No
62
38
62
38
11 Antisocial Activities
Yes 20 20
41
Table III-Among 100 samples Activities like Sports 33(33%), Clubs 24(24%),
Societies 20 (20%) and remaining Cultural 23 (23%). Use alcoholic beverages on any
occasion At Religious services 16(16%), on Social occasion 21(21%), other occasion
27(27%) and Never 36(36%).Peer Group Large Yes 62 (62%) and No 38(38%).
Have a dominant role in your peer group Yes 40(40%) and No60(60%).An
Introvert Yes 26(26%), No40(40%) and Sometimes 34(34%).Your friends having
Encounter With Drugs Yes19(19%),No53(53%) and Sometimes 28(28%).Use Of
Drugs Oral 24(24%), Smoked21(21%), Shifted11(11%), Injected 5(5%), Others
8(8%) and Not Applicable 31(31%).
Source of getting the drugs Sources Of Drug Pharmacy30 (30%),
Illicit16(16%),Not Known 27 (27%) and Not Applicable 27(27%).Undergone
Treatment For the De-Addiction Yes 28(28%) ,No42 (42%) and Not Applicable 30
(30%).Aware the drug addiction in a Social Problem Yes 62(62%) and No38(38%).
Participate in Antisocial Activities Yes 20 (20%) and No 80 (80%).
Per
cen
tage
(%
)
42
Graph 6:Percentage distribution of Social Back Ground according to activities
43
Graph 7:Percentage distribution of Social Back Ground according to Occasion
44
Graph 8:Percentage distribution of Social Back Ground according to Peer
Group Large
Per
cen
tage
(%
)
45
62%
38%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Y es No
Graph 9:Percentage distribution of Social Back Ground according to use of
Drugs.
Per
cen
tage
(%
)
46
24%
21%
11%
5%
8%
31%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
O ral S moked S hifted Injected O thers Not Applicable
Table III- Frequency and Percentage distributions of adolescent students on
knowledge of Problems related to Drug Dependences
n=100
Table IV-The data represented illeffects of 100 samples like self Medication Yes 49
(49%) and No51 (51%).use pain killers yes 41 (41%) and No 59 (59%).Take sleeping
Pills for sleeplessness like yes 27 (27%),No 47(47%) and some time 26 (26%).
S.No Ill Effects of Drug Frequency(f) Percentage (%)
01 Self-Medication
Yes
No
49
51
49
51
02 Pain-Killers
Yes
No
41
59
41
59
03 Take Sleeping Pills For
Sleeplessness
Yes
No
Some Time
27
47
26
27
47
26
04 Drug Addiction Can
Decrease Ones Life Span
Yes
No
Sometimes
46
34
20
46
34
20
05 Drug Can Cause Serious
Psychological Symptoms
Yes
No
58
42
58
42
06 Drug Is a Sedative
Yes
No
58
42
58
42
07 Black Coffee & Cold
Beverages Helps in Sobering
Up
Yes
No
47
53
47
53
08 Habit Of Tobacco Chewing
Yes
No
Sometimes
25
61
14
25
61
14
47
Drug Addicition can decrease ones Life span Yes 46 (46%),No 34(34%) and
some times 20 (20%).Drug can causes serious Phychological Symptoms Yes 58
(58%) and No 42(42%).Black coffee & Cold Beverages Helps in sobering up Yes
47(47%) and No 53 (53%).Habit of Tobacco chewing yes 25 (25%).No 61(61%) and
sometimes 14 (14%).
48
Graph 10:Percentage distribution of Knowledge of Problems according to self
Medication
Per
cen
tage
(%
)
49
49%
51%
48
48.5
49
49.5
50
50.5
51
Y es No
Section-B
Table-4-Description of Level of Knowledge on illefects of Drug Dependences
Frequency and percentage distribution of adolescent student and the level of
knowledge related to ill effect of drug dependences.
n=100
S.No Contents Inadequate
<50%
F %
Moderate
51-75%
F %
Adequate
>75%
F %
01 Level of Knowledge 56 56 41 41 03 03
The above Table -4-shows 56(56%) of them have inadequate knowledge ,
41(41%) of them have moderate level of knowledge and 03(03%) of them fit in the
category of Adequete Knowledge.
50
Graph-11-Percentage distribution of adolescent student and the level of
knowledge related to ill effect of drug dependences
Per
cen
tage
(%
)
51
3
56%
41%
3%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Inadequate<50% Moderate51-75% Adequate>75%
Table 5- Chi square value to assess the association between knowledge scores
and demographics variables. n=100
Sl..No Demographics
Variables
F % X2 Table Value Inference
01 Age of adolescent
14 -17 years
18-21 years
27
73
27
73
21.16 01P>0
NS
02 Sex
Male
Female
48
52
48
52
0.160 01P>0.68
NS
03 Academic
Performance
Below <60%
61-75%
Above>75%
23
63
14
23
63
14
40.82 02P>0
NS
04 Ordinal Position
First
Second
Third
30
53
17
30
53
17
19.94 02P>0
NS
05 No of Sibling
Nil
One
Two
Three
20
30
41
09
20
30
41
09
22.48 03P>0
NS
06 Religion
Hindu
Christian
Muslim
39
34
24
39
34
24
30.48 03P>0
NS
07 Residence
Rural
Urban
Semi
33
45
22
33
45
22
7.94 02P>0.019
NS
08 Type of Family
Joint
Nuclear
Extended
38
53
09
38
53
09
30.02 02P>0
NS
09 Family Income
Below Rs7000 61 61
34.46 02 P>0
NS
52
Rs7000-10000
Above Rs 10,000
19
20
19
20
10 Parents Alive
Yes
No
67
33
67
33
11.56 01P>0.001
NS
11 Living with
Both Parents
Mother/Father
Talker
Relatives
Hostel
29
23
17
16
15
29
23
17
16
16
7 04P>0.136
NS
12 Speak to Career
Frequently
Rarely
Never
46
39
15
46
39
15
15.86 02P>0
NS
13 Qualification of
Talker
Undergraduate
Postgraduate
Professional
21
51
28
21
51
28
14.78 02P>0.001
NS
14 Occupation of
Talker
Self employed
Managerial
Clerical
Skilled
Unskilled
40
17
17
19
07
40
17
17
19
07
29.4 04P>0
NS
15 Family use
Drug/Alcohol
Yes
No
33
67
33
67
11.56 01P>0.001
NS
16 Knowledge
Inadequate <50%
Moderate51-71%
Adequate>75%
56
41
03
56
41
03
81.74 12P>0
NS
S:Significant NS : Non Significant *P<0.01
53
It is evident from the table that Chi square value computed for the educational
qualification with the level of Knowledge is statiscally significant at P< 0.001 level.
The other demographi Variables such as Age of adolescent,sex,Academic
Performance,Ordinal Position,No of sibling,Religion,Residence,Type of Family,
Family IncomeParent Alive,living withSpeak to career,qualification of Talker,
Occupation of Talker,Family use Drug/ Alcohol showed no statistically significant
association with the level of knowledge.
54
CHAPTER-VI
DISCUSSION
This chapter discusses the findings obtained in the previous chapter on
analysis and interpretation of data collected for the study on the level of knowledge on
problems related to drug dependences among the adolescent students. For this the
level of knowledge calculated knowledge between selected data on personal, family
and socio cultural factors with the level of knowledge were done. Relevant studies
from the review of literature and the integration of conceptual farm work, based on
the modified Dunns High level awareness Model, Developed for the investigator.
Characteristics of the demographic variables
The characteristics of the demographic variables, described in terms of their
frequency and percentage which showed that 27% were in the age group of 14-17
years, 73% were 18-21 years, Females 52% and Males 48%, academic Performance
were below <60% marks 23%, 75% and Above 63% and 14%, ordinal Position first
30%, second 53%, and Third 17%.religion in Hindu 39%.Residence were in urban
45%.
The first objective was to describe the level of knowledge on ill effects of drug
dependences.
56% inadequate level of knowledge and 41% Moderate Level of knowledge.
A study revels that the students had easy access to obtain drugs like cannabis,
amphetamines but they did not possess adequate knowledge of the ill-effects of
drugs39 and the present study also shows statistically that none of 100 students had
adequate knowledge on drugs.
55
Association between selected Demographic, familial and social factors with
the level of knowledge.Data analysis has shown that through chi-square test there is
no significant association between level of knowledge and selected demographic,
familial and social factors.
The second objective was to find out factors leading to drug dependence
Family Background.
53% were from nuclear type of family.46% had discussion with their parents
regarding their career.40% were self employed of occupation of Talker.
A study in Jaipur revealed 46.1% of drug addicts among the adolescence were
from nuclear families.40 The south India Police Journal reveals that ,the major
etiological factor for adolescents students going in to drug addiction is due to poor
Parental attitude towards their children.41
This correlates with the present study where majority of children come from
nuclear family. However 46% of children had very frequent discussions with parents
on career issues. However it is necessary to provide counseling on awareness of drug
dependences among adolescent students.
The third objective was to identify the types of drugs available in the market
49% of them take self Medication and 46% of them teke Medication if they
take serious physical symptoms and 58% of them with psychological symptoms.
Taking in to account the study conducted on drug awareness and dependences,
the results showed that the college students have knowledge and even admitted to
have taken drug at sometimes in their life.42
56
The Fourth objective was to assess the level of Knowledge on the behavioral
changes occurs due to drug Dependence
Taking the female adolescent characteristics, if may be pointed out that in a
study by castilla Nezzich et al in us reveals the use of drugs by females in
significantly correlated with risky sexual behavior at the age of menarche, through
there are socio-cultural differences between the adolescence of that study and present
study. This should be taken in to account for further in-depth study on drug awareness
and risky sex behaviour. 45% had urban location too their college a cultural shock of
the urban life may have lead to drug dependences.
Taking the level of marks it may be pointed out that , ‘A study on prevalence
of drug abuse with the similar educational group of adolescent found that tobacco,
cannabis and alcohol were the most abused drug of choice.’43
The fifth objective was to identify rehabilitative measures available at the state
level and National Level.
62% had large peer group and 62% accepts that drug dependences are a social
problem.
In the present study majority of children accepted that drug dependences is a
social problem where a study in the surat city has brought out the fact that 300 child
laborers use drugs due to macro and micro social stresses.44
According to the present study which revels that 62% had large peer group
brought out by a study results who had high rates of early peer relationship were
stepping in to problems of drug dependences in late adolescences years.45’
57
CHAPTER-VII
CONCLUSION
The present study assessed the level of knowledge on ill effects of Drug
Dependences among adolescents. The result revealed that majority 56% are
inadequate level of knowledge and 41% are Moderate level of knowledge.
Demographic variables have influence on the level of knowledge in adolescents.
Implications on nursing
The investigator has drawn the following implications from the studies which
are of vital concern to the field of nursing services, nursing education, nursing
administration and nursing research.
Mental health nurses practitioners
The integration of mental health into primary health care should be reinforced
strongly at all levels. The community mental health nurse practitioners should
attempt at educating the Pre-university students, and the community adolescence
regarding drug and its ill effects. Knowledge can be created at the early high school
level through school health programmed. This can be followed by guidance and
counseling and referral services can be given. Involvement of community leaders by
mental health nurse practitioners in mental health.
Nursing Education
Knowledge and sensitized nurse educationist will be able to identify minor
problems of adjustments in adolescence within the context of socio-cultural and
religious factors. She can establish a counseling and guidance cell in every intuition.
58
Nursing Administration
They should try to be in contact with the school administrators and send the
nurses to school health programmers and help in the early identifications of
adolescent drug abusers. Nurse administrators should try to influence the Medias
impact negatively on drug dependences.
Nursing Research
This study can be further replicated the findings of the study can be
disseminated and implemented based on these findings nursing theories can be
evolved, which will strengthen the field of nursing research.
Recommendations for further study
On the basis of the findings of the study it is recommended that:
A similar study can be conducted in any other setting and in rural community.
A comparative study could be conducted between both the sexes.
A similar study can be conducted in de-addiction group of adolescence who
has come for treatment.
Limitations
1. The sample size was limited to 100 students.
2. The study was limited to Adolescents students who study for Puc in 14-21
years.
3. The study setting was limited to Adolescents students who are studding in
Anupama PUC ,in Bangalore.
59
CHAPTER- VIII
SUMMARY
This chapter comprises of summary for the present study from ancient period,
man has depended on the use of substance/drug for sleep producing effect. In the
modern world there is a struggle for existence and the survival of the fittest. Hence to
reduce anxiety one seeks refuge in drugs and alcohol to alter the state of mind.
Of mans various stages of life, adolescents seem to be the most crucial face in
shaping one’s life. They are basically risk takers. Drug depender among adolescence
was very common and the majority of them were experimental abusers. The new
environment they enter after learning school, the physiological and psychological
changes after puberty create a transitory change and put them into all new risk taking
activities due to mainly peer group influence. The investigator through her personal
and professional experience wanted to study the knowledge of drug dependences in
adolescence. They study done was to assess the level of knowledge on problems of
drug dependence, among the adolescent students in selected settings of Bangalore.
The objectives for this study were,
1. To describe the level of knowledge on ill effects of drug dependence.
2. To find out factors leading to drug dependence.
3. To identify the types of drugs available in the market.
4. To assess the level of knowledge on the behavioral changes occurs due to drug
dependence.
5. To identify Rehabilitative measures available at the state level and National
level.
60
Assumptions:
There is knowledge among the adolescents, group of students regarding
problems of drug dependences. The adolescents groups of student are capable of
expressing their review with regard to the problems of Drug Dependences.
Extensive review of literature and professional experience guided the
investigator to design the methodology and develop the tools for data collection the
conceptual framework for the study was based on Dunn’s high level wellness model.
This was modified into high level knowledge model. Knowledge has been categorized
in to high level Knowledge and low level Knowledge.
The investigator selected a descriptive surrey approach to assess the level of
Knowledge on problems of drug dependence among the adolescent students. The
setting of the study comprises of Anupama Pu college.
The age groups of the students were between 14-21 years.
The sample size consists of 100 adolescents students who fulfilled the
selection criteria.
The sampling technique used for the study was a structured questionnaire and
a 3 point rating scale.
The content validity of tools were obtained from experts, test re-test method
was used to check the reliability of the tool for the pilot study.
The ethical aspects of the research study was maintained throughout the study
period by getting formal permission from the authorities and consent from the
samples.The practicability and feasibility of the tools checked by the pilot study
61
enabled the investigator to collect data for the main study. The data collected was
analysed by using descriptive and the findings of the study revealed that the Overall
mean 10.46 indicates the level of knowledge of adolescents’ students on problems of
drug dependences is inadequate.
62
CHAPTER-IX
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Psychiatry 1992 Jun;149(6):761-67.
32. Purohit N, Pedersen WS. Relationship between perceived parental behaviour and
ways of coping among school going adolescents. Indian Journal of clinical
Psychological Review 1998;50(4):200-11.
33. Fash PS, Frauenknecht M, Black DR, Conster DC. Adolescent Problem solving,
strees, and the stepped approach Model. American Journal of Health Behaviour
1996 April;20(2):30-41.
34. Aytaclar S, Aneja. Parent Child Relationship in Poinion of Adolescent Boys and
Girls. Praachi Journal of Psychocultural Dimensions 1996 oct;2(2):02-22.
35. Krueger RF, Kaminer Y, Kaur Tejpreet, Sigh MB. Relationship of Socio personal
factors with disciplinary tchniques of Parents. Journal of Psychological review
1999;51(1):24-31.
36. Chauhan SS. Mental Hygiene-A science of Adjustment. 2nd ed. Lucknow: Allied
Publishere Lit; 02-20.
37. Woodward LJ, Woolfield NF. Adolescence a time of change, and a time of
challenge for carers. Australian Paediatric Nurses 1993;5(2):15-7.
66
38. Jennifer C. Adolesscent self reports of social activity, assessment of stability and
relations to social adjustment. Journal of Adolescent 1987;10(01):83-93.
39. Hague N. Bupvenorphine abuse. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 1990;32(2):198-
200.
40. Rakesh L. Bupvenorphine Dependence analysis. Indian Journal of Psychiatry
1991;33(1):62-5.
41. Rajeev G. Drug abuse among non-student youth lobur. Indian Journal of
Psychiatry 1987;29(4):359-62.
42. Rajkumar B. Substances use by child labourers. Indian Journal of Psychiatry
1993;35(3):159-61.
43. Report of Advisory Council on the misuse of drugs. Treatment and rehabilitation
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44. Varma VK. Drug Abuse amongst college students. Indian Journal of Psychiatry
2000;19:11-26.
45. Ponnudurai R. Alcohol and drug abuse among Internees. Indian Journal of
Psychiatry 2004;55(3):128-32.
67
CHAPTER - X
ANNEXURE -1
Letter seeking permission for conducting the study from The Princioal,
Anupama Pre-University College
Date:…………….
ToThe principal,
Anupama Pre-University College,
West of chrod Road,IInd stage,
Mahalakshmipuram,Bangalore-560086.
Respected sir/Madam,
Subject: Requesting permission for data collection-reg
Mr.Vinoth Kumar. G., M.sc Nursing IInd year student of our college.He is
interested to conduct a study on “A study to assess the level of knowledge on ill
effects of drug dependence among adolescent in selected schools at Bangalore.”as
a partial fullfillment of M.sc Nursing curriculum requirement.I kindly request you to
grant him permission to conduct the study.
The study will not affect any individual or the institution in any aspect. The
study will be conducted in a descriptive Approach.so that he will not hinder the work
and he will abide by the rules and regulations of the institution.
If you are interested to know the finding of the study , a copy of the same will
be given to you after the university Examination.
Thanking you
Copy to: Youre Faithfully
Mr. Vinothkumar. G.
IInd Year Msc.Nursing Student
(Principal)
68
ANNEXURE-2
LETTER GRANTING PERMISSION FOR CONDUCTING THE STUDY
69
ANNEXURE-3
Letter seeking Experts opinion for content validity of the tool
From,
Mr.Vinoth kumar.G
M.sc (N) II nd year
Padmashree College of Nursing,
Bangalore -72.
To,
Respected Madam/Sir,
Sub: Seeking permission for Validation of the Research tool.
I, Mr.Vinoth kumar.G I yr M.Sc Nursing ( Psychiatric Nursing ) student of
Padmashree College of Nursing, request your good self; if you would kindly accept to
validate my research tool on the topic.
“A study to Assess the Level of Knowledge on illeffects of drug dependences
among adolesecents in selected school at Bangalore.”
I would be obliged if you would kindly affirm your acceptance to endorse your
valuable suggestions on this topic. I had attached the details of my study along with
the research
Thanking You in Anticipation
Yours Sincerely,
(Mr.Vinothkumar.G)
70
ANNEXURE-4
Criteria rating scale for validity of tool
EVALUATION CRITERIA CHECK LIST
Kindly go through the evaluation criteria check list for validation of tool.
There are two columns given for your responses and a column for remarks. Kindly
place right mark() in the appropriate column and give your remarks.
S.No Content Yes No Remarks
1 Baseline data:
All the characteristics necessary for the
study are included
2 Questionnaire:
Covers the adequate content about
knowledge and illeffects of drug
dependences
Questions ate arranged in sequence
Questions are arranged in logical order
Language is simple and easy to follow
All items necessary to objective the
objective of the study are included
Any technical terms that can be replace
by simple terms
71
Dear Madam/Sir
Kindly go through the content and place right mark () against questionnaire
in the following columns ranging from relevant to not relevant. When found to be
needs modifications, kindly give your opinion in the remarks given.
S.No Items Relevant Needs
modification
Not
relevant
Remarks
Part-I
A. Demographic data
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
72
B.Structured Interview Questionnaire to assess the Social back ground
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
C.Structured Interview Questionnaire to assess the ill-effects related to drugs
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
73
Part II
Description of Level of Knowledge on illefects of Drug Dependences
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
74
ANNEXURE-5
Content Validity Certificate
I hereby certify that I have validated the tool of Mr.Vinoth kumar.G ,
M.Sc nursing student, who is undertaking a study, “ A study to assess the level
of knowledge on illeffects of drug dependences among adolescents in selected
school at Bangalore.”
Place:
Date: Signature of Expert,
Name and designation of Expert
75
ANNEXURE-6
List of Experts for content validity
Prof.Dase Gowda, M.Sc (N),
Principal and H.O.D,
Government College of Nursing,
Bangalore.
Prof.J Premakumari, M.Sc(N),
H.O.D of dept of Psychiatric Nursing,
Oxford Collage of Nursing,
Bangalore.
Prof.B.H.Rajashekariah, M.Sc(N),
Principal,
R.V.College of Nursing,
Bangalore.
Mr.Surendhar,
Biostatistition,
GKVK ,
Bangalore.
Dr.Satheesh,
R.M.O,
NIMHANS,
Wilson Garden,
Bangalore.
76
ANNEXURE-7
Letter to the subjects requesting to participate in the study
Dear Respondents! I would like to inform you that I am Mr.Vinoth
Kumar.G., PG student of Padmashree of college of Nursing ,Bangalore-72,conducting
study on,”A study to assess the level of Knowledge on ill effects of drug
dependence among adolescents in selected school at Bangalore.”This study goal is
to find out the level of Knowledge and illeffect of drug dependence among
adolescents.Here, a set of questions will be asked regarding the Knowledge and ill
effects. I assure that here is no any potential risk in this study.The information which
collected during this study will be kept confidential Participation of in this study is
completely depends on your wish and therre is no compulsion. If you would like to
participate kindly give your consent.Even after given consent also, you have right to
withdraw from this study. If you want to enquire any further information you can
contact to
Mrs.Sharmila. J. M.sc(N),
Head of the Department,
Padmashree College of Nursing,
Nagarbhavi,
Bangalore-72.
77
ANNEXURE – 8
Consent Form
Dear respondent,
I am a PG Nursing student (psychiatric Nursing) from Padmashree
College of Nursing, Bangalore, conducting a study on “ A study to assess the
level of knowledge on illeffects of drug dependences among adolescents in
selected school at Bangalore.” You will be asked questions regarding
knowledge and ill effects of drug dependences. The information which collected
will be kept confidential and used only for the study purpose. Kindly sign the
consent form.
Thanking You
Signature of the Respondent, Yours faithfully,
(Mr.Vinoth kumar.G)
78
ANNEXURE-9
CERTIFICATE FOR ENGLISH EDITING
To Whom It May Concern
This is to certify that the tool developed by Mr.G.vinoth kumar, IInd
year M.sc Nursing student of Padmashree College of Nursing for his study , A
study to assess the level of knowledge on illeffects of drug dependences
among adolescents in selected school at Bangalore,” is edited for the English
language appropriateness by
79
ANNEXURE-10
Structured interview questionnaire to assess the level of knowledge on
illerrects of drug dependence among adolescents
Dear Respondents!
Please Plack a tick mark in the space provide (√ ) which ever choice
you think is right please answer all items.
A.Demographic Variables:
1.Age (Years) [ ]
2.Sex
a)Male [ ]
b)Female [ ]
3.Qualification
a)High secondary [ ]
b)PUC [ ]
c)College [ ]
4.What is your Last Academic Performance(%)? [ ]
5.Ordinal Position
a)First [ ]
b)Second [ ]
c)Third
[ ]
80
6.No of sibling
a)Nil [ ]
b)One [ ]
c)Two [ ]
d)Three [ ]
7.Religion
a)Hindu [ ]
b)Christian [ ]
c)Muslim [ ]
d)Others [ ]
8.Residence
a)Rural
[ ]
b)Urban [ ]
c)Semi urban [ ]
9.Type of Family
a) Joint [ ]
b)Nuclear [ ]
c)Extended [ ]
10.Family Income/Month(Rs)
[ ]
11.Are both your Parents alive?
a)Yes [ ]
b)No [ ]
12.At presnt with whom are you living with
a)Both your Parents [ ]
b)With mother/father [ ]
c) With Talker [ ]
d)Hostel [ ]
81
13.How often do you speak to your parents on your career?
a)Frequently [ ]
b)Rarely [ ]
c)Never [ ]
14.Qualification of Talker
a)Undergraduate [ ]
b)Post Graduate [ ]
c)Professional [ ]
15.Occupation of Talker
a)Self-employed [ ]
b)Managerial [ ]
c)Clerical [ ]
d)Skilled [ ]
e)Unskilled [ ]
16.Does anybody in your family use Drug/Alcohol?
a)Yes(specify the relationship) [ ]
b)No [ ]
B.Social Background
01.Do your participate in activities like
a)Sports [ ]
b)Clubs [ ]
c)Societies [ ]
d)Cultural [ ]
02.Do you use lcoholic beverages on any occasion?
a)At religious services [ ]
b)On social occasion [ ]
c) Other occasion [ ]
d)Never [ ]
82
03.Is your peer group large?
a)Yes [ ]
b)No [ ]
04.Do you have a dominant role in your peer group?
a)Yes [ ]
b)No [ ]
05.Are you an introvert?
a)Yes [ ]
b)No [ ]
c)Some times [ ]
06.Have you comes across your friends having encounter with drugs
a)Yes [ ]
b)No [ ]
c)Some times [ ]
07.What drugs they use?
a)Oral [ ]
b)Smoked [ ]
c)Shifted [ ]
d)Injected [ ]
e)Others [ ]
f)Not Applicable [ ]
08.What is their source of getting the drugs?
a)Pharmacy [ ]
b)Illicit
[ ]
c)Not known [ ]
d)Not applicable [ ]
09.Have they undergone treatment for de-addiction?
a)Yes [ ]
b)No [ ]
c)Not applicable [ ]
10.Are you aware the drug addiction in a social Problem?
a)Yes [ ]
b)No [ ]
83
11.Do you participate in antisocial activities?
a)Yes [ ]
b)No [ ]
C.Ill-effects related to drugs:
1.Do you take self –medication?
a)Yes [ ]
b)No [ ]
2.Do you take frequently pain –killers?
a)Yes [ ]
b)No [ ]
3.Do you sleeping pills for sleeplessness or during stress?
a)Yes [ ]
b)No [ ]
c) Sometimes [ ]
4.Drug addiction can decrease one’s life span?
a)Yes [ ]
b)No [ ]
c) Sometimes [ ]
5.Drug can cause serious physical and psychological symptoms
a)Yes [ ]
b)No [ ]
6.Drug is a sedative
a)Yes [ ]
b)No [ ]
7.Black coffee and cold beverage helps in obering up?
a)Yes [ ]
b)No [ ]
8.Do you have habit of Tobacco chewing?
a)Yes [ ]
b)No [ ]
c) Sometimes [ ]
84
Part-II
Description of Level of Knowledge on illefects of Drug Dependences
S.No Statements Yes No Don’t known
2 0 1
01 People do not get Physically dependent on Drug
02 Brown sugar increase the carrying for sweets
03 Drug abusers are difficult to work with
04 Youngsters from traditional,religious families never
become drug abusers
05 Drugs do not attack academic performances
06 People who know about drug can manage to use it in
control without getting addicted
07 Telling youngster not to drink or to take drug increase
their desire to try it
08 One can get addicted to drug used for Medical Purposes
09 Withdrawal Symptoms like tremors and nausea does not
appear during withdrawal from drugs
10 Handing drug addicts during withdrawal period in
difficult and risky.
85
Scoring key
Statement of the prolbem:
A study to assess the level of knowledge on illeffects of drug dependence
among adolescents in selected school at Bangalore
Part-I
A.Demographic Variables - Coding key
Sl. No. Demographic Variables Coding key1. Age
14-17 years18-21 years
01
02
2. Sex
a)Male
b)Female
01
02
3. Qualification
a)High secondary
b)PUC
c)College
01
02
03
4. What is your Last Academic
Performance(%)?
< 60%
61-75
>75
01
02
03
5. Ordinal Position
a)First
b)Second
c)Third
01
02
03
6 No of sibling
a)Nil
b)One
c)Two
d)Three
01
02
03
04
86
7. Religion
a)Hindu
b)Christian
c)Muslim
d)Others
01
02
03
04
8. Residence
a)Rural
b)Urban
c)Semi urban
01
02
03
9 Type of Family
a) Joint
b)Nuclear
c)Extended
01
02
03
10. Family Income/Month(Rs)
<7000
7000-10,000
>10,000
01
02
03
10. Are both your Parents alive?
a)Yes
b)No
01
02
11. Are both your Parents alive?
a)Yes
b)No
01
02
12. At presnt with whom are you
living with
a)Both your Parents
b)With mother/father
c) With Talker
d)Hostel
01
02
03
04
13. How often do you speak to your
parents on your career?
a)Frequently 01
87
b)Rarely
c)Never
02
03
14. Qualification of Talker
a)Undergraduate
b)Post Graduate
c)Professional
01
02
03
15. Occupation of Talker
a)Self-employed
b)Managerial
c)Clerical
d)Skilled
e)Unskilled
01
02
03
04
05
16 Does anybody in your family use
Drug/Alcohol?
a)Yes(specify the
relationship)
b)No
01
02
B.Social Background1 Do your participate in activities
like
a)Sports
b)Clubs
c)Societies
d)Cultural
01
02
03
04
2 Do you use lcoholic beverages on
any occasion?
a)At religious services
b)On social occasion
c) Other occasion
d)Never
01
02
03
04
3 Is your peer group large?
a)Yes
b)No
01
02
88
4. Do you have a dominant role in
your peer group?
a)Yes
b)No
01
02
5. Are you an introvert?
a)Yes
b)No
c)Some times
01
02
03
6. Have you comes across your
friends having encounter with
drugs
a)Yes
b)No
c)Some times
01
02
03
7. What drugs they use?
a)Oral
b)Smoked
c)Shifted
d)Injected
e)Others
f)Not Applicable
01
02
03
04
05
06
8. What is their source of getting the
drugs?
a)Pharmacy
b)Illicit
c)Not known
d)Not applicable
01
02
03
04
9. Have they undergone treatment for
de-addiction?
a)Yes
b)No
c)Not applicable
01
02
03
89
10. Are you aware the drug addiction
in a social Problem?
a)Yes
b)No
01
02
11. Do you participate in antisocial
activities?
a)Yes
b)No
01
02
C.Ill-effects related to drugs:
1. Do you take self –medication?
a)Yes
b)No
01
02
2. Do you take frequently pain –
killers?
a)Yes
b)No
01
02
3. Do you sleeping pills for
sleeplessness or during stress?
a)Yes
b)No
c)Sometimes
01
02
03
4. Drug addiction can decrease one’s
life span?
a)Yes
b)No
c)Sometimes
01
02
03
5. Drug can cause serious physical
and psychological symptoms
a)Yes
b)No
01
02
6. Drug is a sedative
a)Yes
b)No
01
02
90
7. Black coffee and cold beverage
helps in obering up?
a)Yes
b)No
01
02
8. Do you have habit of Tobacco
chewing?
a)Yes
b)No
c)Sometimes
01
02
03
Part-II
Description of Level of Knowledge on illefects of Drug Dependences
Items Yes No Don’t Known
Total No of Iteam = 10 2 0 1
Total No of Iteam (10 x 2) = 20
Maximum score = 20
91