TEXTBOOK OF PADĀRTHA VIJÑĀNA AND HISTORY OF ĀYURVEDA vk;qosZn fl)kar ,oa bfrgkl – FOR BAMS FIRST YEAR & M.D. ĀYURVEDA SAMHITA & SIDDHANTA SCHOLARS –

Dr. Vaibhav Dadu M.D. AYURVEDA, GOLD MEDALLIST

Published by: SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS (INDIA)

Jodhpur –

Delhi –

Germany –

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© 2016, Dadu, V.

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Disclaimer: Whereas every effort has been made to avoid errors and omissions, this publication is being sold on the understanding that neither the editors (or authors of chapters in edited volumes) nor the publishers nor the printers would be liable in any manner to any person either for an error or for an omission in this publication, or for any action to be taken on the basis of this work. Any inadvertent discrepancy noted may be brought to the attention of the publishers, for rectifying it in future editions, if published.

ISBN: 978-81-7233-957-9 eISBN: 978-93-86102-24-9

Printed in India

FOREWORD

Life is a journey and the science of Ayurveda drives it on the right

path. Ayurveda propagates certain principles that are effective scientific

tools to cure as well as prevent a disease. The subjects Padartha

Vidnyan and Ayurveda Itihaasa are the philosophical and historical

aspects of this science. These subjects enable us to understand the basic

principles of Ayurveda pertaining to the Chikitsaa Siddhanta. We all

live in a world of multiple choices. There is a plethora of books

available on different subjects of Ashtanga Ayurveda. The entire

subjects of Ashtanga Ayurveda are contingent with the basic principles

described in Padartha Vidnyaan and Ayurveda Itihaas.

This book attempts to focus on the salient principles to highlight

the subjects Padartha Vidnyan and Ayurveda Itihaas. Basic principles

are the gist of Ayurveda. A proper understanding of these subjects is of

utmost importance for the triumphant treatment of a disease. Students

often find it a tedious task to understand these subjects. This book

deciphers all the topics with ease and simplicity with the help of proper

illustrations everywhere. The detailed description of Pramanas is the

pinnacle of this book. This book presents the students with the knack to

understand the various topics in these subjects. The students will also

understand the historical significance of this science.

'kkL=aT;ksfr% izdk'kkFkZan'kZuacqf)jkReu%A rkH;kafHk"kDlq;qäkH;kafpfdRlUukijk/;frAA (Ca. Su. 9/24)

The knowledge of Ayurveda is essential for the proper

illumination of knowledge. A Bhishaka who is bestowed with the dual

iv Textbook of Padārtha Vijñāna and History of Āyurveda

qualities of his own intelligence and the knowledge of the science can

lead to the successful treatment of diseases.

This book aims at providing the scholars with an appropriate

scriptural knowledge of the science of Ayurveda.

This book is an end product of the hard work and determination of

the author Dr. Vaibhav Dadu. He is an eminent scholar and an avid

reader of various subjects in the field of Ayurveda. He has explained

the historical events and the principles of Padartha Vidnyan to the core.

This book will be beneficial to all the scholars of Ayurveda to enlighten

their concepts in the concerned subjects.

Prof. Mahesh Vyas Professor and Head,

Dept. of Basic Principles I.P.G.T. & R.A.

Gujarat Ayurveda University, Jamnagar

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

At this juncture, I am heart fully thankful to all those who have directly or indirectly helped me accomplish this highly intellectual activity.

The first obeisance is to the almighty as without his will the inspiration for this work and sweet feeling of accomplishment cannot be imagined. The dream of authoring a book couldn’t be turned into a reality without the support of the divine.

The completion of the work is dedicated to my father late Shri Prakash Chandra Dadu and living legend my mother, Smt. Pushpa Devi who taught me to tread the path of honesty and perseverance as the guiding principles of life.

I take this opportunity to pay my vote of thanks to my teachers and mentors especially Prof. Ram Babu Dwivedi, Prof. Mahesh Vyas and Dr. Hitesh Vyas for their guidance and making me realize my true potential.

I offer my sincere thanks to Prof. Mahesh Vyas for penning the foreword of this edition.

The staff of Government Akhandanand Ayurveda College, Ahmedabad has showered upon me their good wishes and support for the completion of the task. I thank them all.

My special thanks to the Basic Principles department of the college, the HOD Dr. Harish Purohit, Dr. Anil Kumar, Dr. Swati Ben Shah and my colleague and a family friend Dr. Manmohan Gupta for their very exceptional assistance.

I offer my sincere apology to my better half Vaishali and son Kovid as the toil and dedication towards the completion of this text has taken a lot of time out of their quota. I thank them for their support and assistance.

At the end, I thank the Scientific Publishers (India), Jodhpur for their kind co operation and in time publication.

Thank you one and all.

Dr. Vaibhav Dadu

Author

PROLOGUE

Every science begins its journey in philosophy, progresses as a science and culminates in the philosophy. The questions unresolved by the scientific enquiry are answered through the philosophical tenets.

The ultimate truth and purpose of any science is the uplift of mankind in all the aspects. The intriguing and perpetual questions of the existence with all its pros and cons can be solved with the Philosophy. So, the reasoning which is the base of any science owes its origin to the Philosophy as the latter provides a vision to investigate the hidden and the unknown truth which is the purpose of science.

Āyurveda (Āyu- Life, Veda- Knowledge), the science of life is no different as it is also closely related to the Indian Philosophy known as darśana. This intricate relation between the Āyurveda and the Indian schools of philosophy or the darshana can be gauged in the development of the Basic Principles (Maulik Siddhānta) of Āyurveda. These fundamentals of Āyurveda seem to have been influenced by or influence the Indian Philosophy (darśana). This mutual trustworthy relation along with the maintenance of their individual self-esteem as per their objectives is remarkably visible in both i.e. Āyurveda and the Indian Philosophy (darśana).

Therefore, it becomes necessary for the aspirants of the Āyurvedic science to be acquainted with the Philosophical background of Āyurveda viz Padārtha Vijñāna.

Along with the Padārtha Vijñāna, the knowledge of the history of Āyurveda i.e. the Āyurveda Itihās is essential for the Āyurveda beginner (BAMS first year student). The history of Āyurveda appraises the Āyurveda entrant with the Āyurveda glory and scope - past and present, based on which the future is to be carved. The chronological status of Āyurveda education and practice is envisaged in the history which paves the way for the future scope of the scientific innovations and research in Āyurveda.

There is a worldwide approval of the fact that Āyurveda is a holistic system of medicine which has to be made up to date in tandem with the recent scientific developments in the medical world. The millions of people are looking forward to the Āyurveda science as a ray of hope towards the maintenance of health and cure of the ever increasing menace of the disease. This demand can be met with the quality and skilled BAMS doctors which indeed requires the Qualitative education that provides a precise vision towards the Āyurveda mainly the basic principles.

viii Textbook of Padārtha Vijñāna and History of Āyurveda

So, keeping all these factors in mind, with the sole aim of qualitative education with the utilitarian approach that enables a Āyurveda entrant (BAMS first year student) to comprehend Āyurveda fundamentals, this book entitled –

‘TEXTBOOK OF PADĀRTHA VIJÑĀNA AND HISTORY OF ĀYURVEDA’ has been designed that covers the complete syllabus of Padārtha Vijñāna paper I and II as implemented by the Central Council of Indian Medicine, New Delhi. So, this book is going to be of great utility for the Ayurveda Scholars across the length and breadth of the nation and abroad.

Although a number of textbooks are available in the market regarding this subject, this is an effort to produce a qualitative work with brevity of words but presenting the true significance of the basic principles of Āyurveda.

Also, this is the first attempt of the author to pen his vision regarding the basics of Āyurveda which makes him prone to make some inadvertent mistakes for which he pleads an apology and requests for suggestions for the rectification of such errors as there is always a scope of betterment.

Thanking you one and all.

Dr. Vaibhav Dadu M.D. Samhita, Gold Medallist

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE BOOK

ABBREVIATION FULL FORM

A.Hr.Su. Ashtanga Hridayam Sootra Sthana

A.Hr.Sa. Ashtanga Hridayam Shareera Sthana

A.Sa.Su. Ashtanga Samgraha Sootra Sthana

Br.Ar.Up. Brihat Aranyaka Upanishad

Ca.Su. Charaka Samhita Sootra Sthana

Ca.Ni. Charaka Samhita Nidana Sthana

Ca.Sa. Charaka Samhita Shareera Sthana

Ca.Vi. Charaka Samhita Vimana Sthana

Ca.In. Charaka Samhita Indriya Sthana

Ca.Ci. Charaka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana

Ny.Su. Nyaya Sootra

Pa.Dh.Sa. Padartha Dharma Samgraha

Ra.Va.Su. Rasa Vaisheshika Sootra

S.D. Samkhya Darshana

Sa.Su. Samkhya Sootra

Su.Su. Sushruta Samhita Sootra Sthana

Su.Sa. Sushruta Samhita Shareera Sthana

Su.Ut. Sushruta Samhita Uttar Tantra

Va.Su. Vaisheshika Sootra

Y.Su. Yoga Sootra

KEY TO TRANSLITERATION

Devanāgarī English Transcription

अ a A

आ ā Ā

इ i I

ई ī Ī

उ u U

ऊ ū Ū

ऋ ṛ Ṛ

ऌ ḷ Ḷ

ए e E

ऐ ai Ai

ओ o O

औ au Au

अं ṁ Ṁ

अः ḥ Ḥ

क

k K

च

c C

ट

ṭ Ṭ

त

t T

प

p P

ख kh Kh

छ ch Ch

ठ

ṭh Ṭh

थ th Th

फ ph Ph

ग g G

ज j J

ड

ḍ Ḍ

द d D

ब

b B

xii Textbook of Padārtha Vijñāna and History of Āyurveda

घ

gh Gh

झ

jh Jh

ढ

ḍh Ḍh

ध

dh Dh

भ

bh Bh

ङ

ṅ Ṅ

ञ

ñ Ñ

ण

ṇ Ṇ

न

n N

म

m M

ह h H

य y Y

र r R

ल l L

व v V

श ś Ś

ष

ṣ Ṣ

स s S

CONTENTS (As implemented by the CCIM, New Delhi)

Chapter No.

Chapter & Topics Page Number

Paper I : Part A

1. Ayurveda Nirupanam

Ayu & Ayurveda lakshana

Lakshana & Classification of Siddhanta

Introduction to the basic principles of Ayurveda & their significance

1-7

2. Ayurveda Darshana Nirupanam

Philosophical background of the fundamentals of Ayurveda

Etymological derivation of word ‘Darshana’

Classification & general introduction to schools of Indian Philosophy with emphasis on Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya & Yoga

Ayurveda as a unique and independent school of thought

Padartha : Lakshana, Enumeration, Classification, Bhava & Abhava Padartha, Padartha according to Charaka (karana Padartha)

8-28

3. Dravya Vijnaniyam

Dravya: Lakshana, Enumeration and Classification

Panchabhuta: Various theories of creation (Taittatiyopanishad, Nyaya- Vaisheshika, Samkhya Yoga, Shankaracharya, Charaka ans Sushruta), lakshana and qualitiesa of each bhoota.

Kaala: Etymological derivation, lakshana and division/units, significance in Ayurveda.

Dik: Lakshana and division/units with significance in Ayurveda.

Atma: Lakshana, classification, seat, guna, limga according to Charaka, method /process of the origin of knowledge (jnana pravrittih)

Purusha: in Ayurveda - Ativahika Purusha, Sookshma Shareera, Rashi Purusha, Chikitsa Purusha, karma Purusha, Shad dhatvatmaka Purusha.

29-69

xiv Textbook of Padārtha Vijñāna and History of Āyurveda

Manas : Lakshana, Synonyms, Qualities, Objects, functions, dual nature (Ubhayatmakatvam), as substratum of disease, penta elemental nature (Panchabhutatmakam)

Role of Panchamahabhuta & Triguna in the Deha and Manas Prakriti.

Tamas as tenth dravya.

Practical study/application in Ayurveda.

Paper I : Part B

4. Guna Vijnaniyam

Etymological derivation, classification and enumeration according to Charaka, Nyaya-Vaisheshika, Artha, Gurvadi Guna, Paradi Guna, Adhyatmika Guna.

Lakshana and Classification of all 41 gunas.

Practical/Clinical application in Ayurveda.

73-101

5. Karma Vijnaniyam

Lakshana, Classification in Nyaya.

Description according to Ayurveda

Practical/Clinical application in Ayurveda

102-104

6 & 7. Samanya- Vishesha Vijnaniyam

Lakshana, Classification

Practical/Clinical application in Ayurveda with reference to dravya, guna and karma.

Significance of ‘Pravrittirubhayasya tu’

105-109

8. Samavaya Vijnaniyam

Lakshana

Practical/Clinical application in Ayurveda

110-111

9. Abhava Vijnaniyam

Lakshana

Clinical significance in Ayurveda

112-115

Paper II : Part A

1. Pareeksha

Lakshana, significance, necessity and use.

Definition of Prama, Prameya, Pramata, Pramana.

Significance and importance of Pramana, Enumeration of Pramana as per various philosophies.

Four types of methods of examination in Ayurveda (Chaturvidha Pareeksha Vidhi)

Subsudation of different Pramanas under the three Pramana.

119-124

Contents xv

Practical application of the methods of examination (Pareeksha Vidhi) in treatment.

2. Aptopadesha Pareeksha/Pramana

Lakshana of Aptopadesha and Apta.

Lakshana of Shabda and its types

Shabda vritti – Abhidha, Vyanjana, lakshana and Tatparyakhya, Shaktigrahahetu.

Vaakya- characterstics, vaakyaarthagyana hetu- Akamsha, Yogyata and Sannidhi.

125-134

3. Pratyaksha Pareeksha/Pramana

Lakshana of Pratyaksha, types- Savikalpaka and Nirvikalpaka with their detail.

Indriya Prapyakaritvam, six types of Sannikarsha

Indriya lakshanam, classification and enumeration, Indriya –Panchapanchaka, Penta elemental nature of Indriya, Similarity of sources (Tuluayonitva)

Trayodasha Karana, dominance of Antah karana.

Hindrances in direct perception (Pratyaksha Anupalabdhi), enhancement of direct perception (Pratyaksha) by various instruments/equipments, necessity of other pramana in addition to Pratyaksha.

Practical study/application of Pratyaksha in physiological, diagnostics, therapeutics and research.

135-153

4. Anumana Pareeksha/Pramana

Lakshana of Anumana, Introduction to Anumiti, Paramarsha, Vyapti, Hetu, Sadhya, Paksha, Dristanta. Types of Anumana as mentioned by Charaka and Nyaya.

Characterstics and types of Vyapti.

Lakshana and types of hetu, Ahetu and Hetvabhasa.

Characterstics and significance of Tarka

Practical study/application of Anumana in physiological, diagnostics, therapeutics and research.

154-169

5. Yukti Pareeksha/Pramana

Lakshana and discussion

Importance in Ayurveda

Practical study/Utility in therapeutics and research.

170-172

6. Upamana Pareeksha/Pramana

Lakshana and discussion

Practical study/Utility in therapeutics and research.

173-175

7. Karya-Karana Siddhanta

Lakshana of Karya-karana, Types of karana

176-188

xvi Textbook of Padārtha Vijñāna and History of Āyurveda

Significance of Karya-karana in Ayurveda

Different opinions regarding the manifestation of Karya from Karana- Satkaryavada, ASatkaryavada, Parinamavada, Arambhavada, Paramanuvada, Vivartavada, Kshanabhanguravada, Swabhavavada, Peelupaka, Pitharpaka, Anekantavada, Swabhavoparamavada

Paper II : Part B (Āyurveda Itihaas)

1. General Introduction to Ayurveda Itihāsa

Etymological derivation, Syntactical derivation and definition of word Itihaas, necessity, significance and utility of Itihaas/history, means and methods of history, description of historical person (vyakti), Subject (Vishaya), happening (Ghatana), Kala (period) and their impact on Ayurveda.

191-197

2. Introduction to authors of classical texts-Samhitakala and their contribution- Atreya, Dhanwantari, Kashyapa, Agnivesha, Sushruta, Bhela, Harita, Charaka, Dridhbala, Nagarjuna and Jeevaka.

198-212

3. Introduction to commentators of classical samhitas - Bhattara Harishchandra, Jejjata, Chakrapani, Dalhana, Nishchalkara, Gayadasa, Vijayarakshita, Arundutta, Hemadri, Gangadhara, Yogendranath Sen, Haranachandra and Indu

213-217

4. Introduction to authors of compendium (grantha sangraha kaal) – Bhavamishra, Sharangadhara, Vrinda, madhava, Shodhala, Govind Dasa.

218-221

5. Introduction to authors of modern era- Gananath Sen, Yamini Bhushan Rai, Shankar Daji Pade, Swami Laksmirama, Yadavji Trikamji, Dr. P.M. Mehta, Ghanekar, Damodar Sharma Gaur, Priyavrit Sharma

222-225

6. Globalization of Ayurveda- Expansion of Ayurveda in Egypt (Misra), Srilanka, Nepal and other nations.

226-230

7. Developmental activities in Āyurveda in the post-independence period

Establishment of Committees and their recommendations

Introduction to the activities of organizations like the AYUSH, CCIM, CCRAS, APC, NMPB, TKDL.

Introduction to institutes like the NIA, IPGT & RA, Faculty of Āyurveda BHU, RAV.

Drugs and Cosmetic act 1940.

231-245

8. Introduction to national and international journals of Āyurveda 246-247

9. Introduction to activities of WHO in promotion of Āyurveda 248-249

Bibliography 250-251