Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery3A978-3-540-69960-6%2F… · a comprehensive review of the then-current state of the ﬁeld whichwas provided by the ﬁrst edition

Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery

Andres M. Lozano, Philip L. Gildenberg, Ronald R. Tasker (Eds.)

Textbook of Stereotacticand Functional Neurosurgery

With 1088 Figures and 232 Tables

Editors:Andres M. LozanoProfessor of Surgery and RR Tasker Chair in Functional NeurosurgeryUniversity of TorontoSenior Scientist, Toronto Western Research InstitutePresident, World Society for Stereotactic and Functional NeurosurgeryCanadian Research Chair in Neuroscience (Tier 1)399 Bathurst St. WW 4-447Toronto, Ontario M5T [email protected]

Philip L. GildenbergHouston Stereotactic Concepts, Inc.2260 West Holcombe BoulevardSuite 309Houston, Texas [email protected]

Ronald R. TaskerUniversity of Toronto399 Bathurst St. WW 4-447Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8Canada

A C.I.P. Catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN: 978-3-540-69959-0This publication is available also as:Electronic publication under ISBN 978-3-540-69960-6 andPrint and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-3-540-70779-0

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� Springer‐Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009

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Andres Lozano dedicates this work

To Marie, Alexander and Christopher

Philip L. Gildenberg, MD, PhD, dedicates this ‘‘Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery’’

to Patricia Franklin Gildenberg, who has been a significant collaborator in everything he has

written since 1973. Her contributions and dedication to both the American and World Societies

for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery have been important in maintaining the

integrity of those organizations throughout the years.

I would like to dedicate my contribution to this book to my late wife,

Mary Morris Craig Tasker, who made my career possible.

Ronald R. Tasker OC, MD, FRCSC

Preface

This second edition of the Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery appears just 11 years

after the first.

The first edition of the Textbook marked the 50th anniversary of the birth of human stereotactic

neurosurgery. After an initial period of rapid growth, the field became quiescent in the 1960s when

treatment of Parkinson’s disease migrated from stereotactic surgery to medication, primarily L-dopa.

When it became apparent that L-dopa was not the final answer to the management of Parkinson’S

disease, human stereotaxis had a rebirth, and the first edition followed a few years later. Many patients

returned once again to surgical management in the early 1990s, so many neurosurgeons returned to the

fields of stereotactic and functional neurosurgery. In the meantime, computer science and imaging

techniques had advanced to foster the development of frameless image guided surgery, as well as

stereotactic radiosurgery. Consequently, many neurosurgeons were becoming involved with stereotac-

tic surgery, either returning to the field or being introduced to it for the first time. Both groups needed

a comprehensive review of the then-current state of the field which was provided by the first edition of

the Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery.

During the past 11 years there have been additional significant advances in this field. Computers

have advanced to the point where exotic complex surgical programs have become commonplace and

computers have become commonly used in the operating room, both for image guidance and

physiological verification of targets. Image guided surgery is being used by most neurosurgeons,

many of whom may not have had a prior background in stereotactic surgery. Deep brain stimulation

for the treatment of motor disorders has become technically feasible and is commonly practiced at

many stereotactic centers, using some techniques that were still under development a decade ago and

technically advanced stimulating devices. Radiosurgical techniques involve more complex dosimetry

than was available earlier, again because of advances in computer technology. Many new possibilities

are being opened for both neurosurgical guidance and functional surgery involving targets that had not

previously been recognized.

These advances have proceeded so rapidly and broadly across several scientific fields that we have a

need for a new edition of the Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. It is meant to provide

a broad background for neurosurgeons, neurologists, and radiation oncologists, radiation physicists,

and other scientists in the ever expanding fields of stereotactic neurosurgery, functional neurosurgery,

and stereotactic radiosurgery. These fields have become so broad that no other publication covers the

information necessary for all those specialists in a single reference source. This book will provide an

update on the significant advances, information, and knowledge that have developed during this past

decade has and have been scattered through the literature of these disparate specialties.

The first edition was edited by Philip L. Gildenberg and Ronald Tasker. Both those stereotactic

neurosurgeons retired from active clinical practice in the past 10 years, so they recruited Andres Lozano

to be the primary editor. They felt that he brings to this position a unique combination of clinical

# Springer-Verlag Berlin/Heidelberg 2009

xii Preface

expertise, extensive knowledge of background laboratory information, a record of providing innova-

tion to functional neurosurgery, and has provided leadership for a new generation of stereotactic

neurosurgeons. The editors wish to thankMcGraw-Hill, who published the first edition, for relinquish-

ing the copyright to Dr. Gildenberg, which opened the door for Springer to publish the second edition.

The difference in the editorial process between the first edition and the second edition in some

ways reflects the development of computers during that time, and consequently the advances in the

fields of stereotactic and functional neurosurgery. The authors who contributed to the first edition sent

hard copy printed manuscripts to the editors who would then read for content and copy edit, a time-

consuming and inefficient process. Manuscripts were then mailed back to the authors for final approval

and/or correction and sent back to the Editors, possibly several times, who relayed them to the

publisher when they were perfected. All manuscript preparation and submission for the second edition

were done electronically, so no paper changed hands, which sometimes introduced new complexities,

but ultimately proved more efficient, not to mention friendly to the environment. It is noteworthy that

between the time of the first edition and the second edition, the operating room also became digitized,

with consequent improvement in the display of diagnostic studies, processing information from those

studies, and integrating that information into the surgical plan.

The editors thank Garbiele Schroder and Stephanie Benko of Springer, who made this Textbook

possible. The editors especially wish to thank Andrew Spencer and his staff at Springer, who served as

the publisher’s representative to this project and maintained the flow of digital information between

authors, editors and publisher.

The editors also wish to thank Joan Richardson, who served as a liaison between the authors,

editors, and publisher’s staff, and provided an accurate update on the progress and problems of each

chapter and author. She managed the organization of 195 manuscripts with over 250 authors, with

occasional changes in authors or topics, to facilitate communication between the editors and authors.

Table of Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix

Section 1 History of Stereotactic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1 History of Stereotactic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

P. L. Gildenberg . J. K. Krauss

2 History of the Stereotactic Societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

P. L. Gildenberg . J. K. Krauss

3 History of Stereotactic Surgery in US . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

P. L. Gildenberg

4 History of Stereotactic Surgery in Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

J. K. Krauss

5 History of Stereotactic Surgery in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

C. Ohye

6 History of Stereotactic Neurosurgery in the Nordic Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

B. A. Meyerson . B. Linderoth

7 A Brief History of Stereotactic Neurosurgery in Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

E. Taub

8 History of Stereotactic Surgery in Great Britain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

E. A. C. Pereira . A. L. Green . D. Nandi . T. Z. Aziz

9 History of Stereotactic Surgery in France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

A. L. Benabid . S. Chabardes . E. Seigneuret

10 History of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery in Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

A. G. Parrent

xiv Table of contents

11 History of Stereotactic Surgery in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

F.-C. Lee . B. Sun . J. Zhang . K. Zhang . F.-G. Meng

12 History of Stereotactic Surgery in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

P. K. Doshi

13 History of Stereotactic Surgery in Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

S. S. Chung

14 History of Stereotactic Surgery in Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

J. Guridi . M. Manrique

15 History of Stereotactic Neurosurgery in Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

A. Franzini . V. A. Sironi . G. Broggi

16 History of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

O. Vilela Filho

Section 2 Imaging in Stereotactic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

17 General Imaging Modalities: Basic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

A. A. Gorgulho . W. Ishida . A. A. F. De Salles

18 CT/MRI Technology: Basic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

M. I. Hariz . L. Zrinzo

19 CT/MRI Safety in Functional Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

M. Schulder . A. Oubre

20 Functional MRI in Image Guided Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

T. Sankar . G. R. Cosgrove

21 Angiography, MRA in Image Guided Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

P. Jabbour . S. Tjoumakaris . R. Rosenwasser

22 Diagnostic PET in Image Guided Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

B. Ballanger . T. van Eimeren . A. P. Strafella

23 Neurophysiologic Mapping for Glioma Surgery: Preservation of

Functional Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

R. M. Richardson . M. S. Berger

Table of contents xv

24 Image Reconstruction and Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

B. A. Kall

Section 3 Stereotactic Targeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

25 Printed Stereotactic Atlases, Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

R. J. Coffey

26 Electronic Stereotactic Atlases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

J. Yelnik . E. Bardinet . D. Dormont

27 Anatomical and Probabilistic Functional Atlases in Stereotactic and

Functional Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

W. L. Nowinski

28 Accuracy in Stereotactic and Image Guidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

A. Hartov . D. W. Roberts

29 Development of a Classic: The Todd-Wells Apparatus, the BRW,

and the CRW Stereotactic Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

J. Arle

30 Leksell Stereotactic Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

L. D. Lunsford . D. Kondziolka . D. Leksell

31 The Riechert/Mundinger Stereotactic Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

J. K. Krauss

32 The Talairach Stereotactic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495

A. L. Benabid . S. Chabardes . E. Seigneuret . D. Hoffmann . J. F. LeBas

33 Laitinen Stereotactic Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

M. I. Hariz . L. V. Laitinen

34 Miniframe Stereotactic Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521

M. A. Madera . W. D. Tobler

Section 4 Image Guided Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533

35 Engineering Aspects of Electromagnetic Localization in Image

Guided Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

E. C. Parker . P. J. Kelly

xvi Table of contents

36 The History, Current Status, and Future of the StealthStation Treatment

Guidance System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543

R. Bucholz . L. McDurmont

37 BrainLab Image Guided System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567

J. F. Fraser . T. H. Schwartz . M. G. Kaplitt

38 Robotic Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583

P. L. Gildenberg

39 MRI in Image Guided Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

M. Schulder . L. Jarchin

40 CT in Image Guided Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619

D. Kondziolka . L. D. Lunsford

41 Impedance Recording in Central Nervous System Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631

R. J. Andrews . J. Li . S. A. Kuhn . J. Walter . R. Reichart

42 Stereotactic and Image-Guided Biopsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645

J. B. Elder . A. P. Amar . M. L. J. Apuzzo

43 Pathology Techniques in Stereotactic and Image Guided Biopsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663

P. T. Chandrasoma . N. E. Klipfel

44 Stereotactic and Image Guided Craniotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679

E. C. Parker . P. J. Kelly

45 Image Guided Craniotomy for Brain Tumor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699

I. E. McCutcheon

46 Virtual Reality in the Operating Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725

P. L. Gildenberg

47 Comprehensive Brain Tumor Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735

M. Tamber . M. Bernstein

48 Novel Therapies for Brain Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749

G. Al-Shamy . R. Sawaya

49 Image-Guided Management of Brain Abscess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769

E. Taub . A. M. Lozano

Table of contents xvii

50 Image-Guided Management of Brain Stem Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779

M. Levivier

51 Stereotactic Approaches to the Brain Stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789

L. U. Zrinzo . D. G. T. Thomas

52 Image Guided Management of Intracerebral Hematoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797

A. Losiniecki . G. Mandybur

53 Technical Aspects of Image-Guided Neuroendoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807

J. D. Caird . J. M. Drake

54 Intraoperative Image Guidance in Skull Base Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815

D. Omahen . F. Doglietto . D. Mukherjee . F. Gentili

55 Image Guided Management of Cerebral Metastases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831

P. Kongkham . M. Bernstein

Section 5 Stereotactic Radiosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851

56 Radiobiology of Stereotactic Radiosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853

D. C. Shrieve . J. S. Loeffler

57 Overview of Radiosurgery Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867

M. Schulder

58 Gamma Knife: Technical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897

D. J. Schlesinger . C. P. Yen . C. Lindquist . L. Steiner

59 Linac Radiosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929

W. A. Friedman . F. J. Bova

60 CyberKnife: Technical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949

J. R. Adler . D. W. Schaal . A. Muacevic

61 Proton Beam Radiotherapy: Technical and Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957

S. Y. Woo

62 IMRT: Technical and Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965

M. P. Carol

63 What Every Neurosurgeon Should Know About Stereotactic Radiosurgery . . . . . . 977

P. M. Black . F. Tariq

xviii Table of contents

64 Radiosensitizers in Neurooncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987

D. Khuntia . A. Chakravarti . H. I. Robins . K. Palanichamy . M. P. Mehta

65 Gamma Knife: Clinical Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007

A. Niranjan . L. D. Lunsford . J. C. Flickinger . J. Novotny . J. Bhatnagar . D. Kondziolka

66 Gamma Knife: Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037

L. Steiner . C. P. Yen . J. Jagannathan . D. Schlesinger . M. Steiner

67 Linac Radiosurgery: Technical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1087

F. J. Bova . W. A. Friedman

68 Cyberknife: Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111

F. C. Henderson Sr . W. Jean . N. Nasr . G. Gagnon

69 Proton Beam Radiosurgery: Clinical Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1131

H. A. Shih . P. H. Chapman . J. S. Loeffler

70 Radiosurgery for Metastases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1139

M. Maarouf . C. Buhrle . M. Kocher . V. Sturm

71 Focused and Conventional Radiation for Acoustic Nerve Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1151

R. Den . S. H. Paek . D. W. Andrews

72 Radiosurgery for Pituitary Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1171

J. P. Sheehan . J. Jagannathan . W. J. Elias . E. R. Laws

73 Radiosurgery for Functional Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1191

D. Kondziolka

74 Whole Body and Spinal Radiosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1203

P. C. Gerszten

75 Gamma Knife Radiosurgery: Technical Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1225

D. Kondziolka . A. Niranjan . J. Novotny . J. Bhatanagar . L. D. Lunsford

Section 6 Functional Neurosurgery – Technical Aspects . . . . . . . . . 1237

76 Image Guided Functional Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1239

S. Khan . N. K. Patel . E. White . P. Plaha . S. Ashton . S. S. Gill

77 Evoked Potentials in Functional Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1255

J. L. Shils . J. E. Arle

Table of contents xix

78 Microelectrode Recording in Functional Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1283

W. D. Hutchison . J. O. Dostrovsky . M. Hodaie . K. D. Davis . A. M. Lozano . R. R. Tasker

79 Impedance Recording in Functional Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1325

L. Zrinzo . M. I. Hariz

80 Anesthesia for Functional Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1331

P. H. Manninen . N. Apichatibutra

81 Lesions Versus Implanted Stimulators in Functional Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . 1349

W. S. Anderson . R. E. Clatterbuck . K. Kobayashi . J.-H. Kim . F. A. Lenz

82 Radiofrequency Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1359

E. R. Cosman Sr. . E. R. Cosman Jr.

83 Stimulation Physiology in Functional Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1383

A. W. Laxton . J. O. Dostrovsky . A. M. Lozano

84 Stimulation Technology in Functional Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1401

B. H. Kopell . A. Machado . C. Butson

85 Therapeutic Lesions Through Chronically Implanted Deep Brain

Stimulation Electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1427

S. Raoul . D. Leduc . C. Deligny . Y. Lajat

Section 7 Functional Neurosurgery for Movement and MotorDisorders – Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1443

86 Surgery for Movement Disorders: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1445

K. M. Prakash . A. E. Lang

87 History of Surgery for Movement Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1467

A. G. Parrent

88 Psychiatric Considerations in Management of Movement Disorders . . . . . . . . . . 1487

M. Zurowski . V. Voon . V. Valerie

89 Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1497

M. R. DeLong . T. Wichmann

90 Medical Management of Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1507

E. V. Encarnacion . R. A. Hauser

xx Table of contents

91 Patient Selection for Surgery for Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1529

E. K. Tan . J. Jankovic

92 Pallidotomy for Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1539

M. I. Hariz

93 Selective Thalamotomy and Gamma Thalamotomy for Parkinson

Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1549

C. Ohye

94 Subthalamotomy for Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1569

J. A. Obeso . L. Alvarez . R. Macias . N. Pavon . G. Lopez . R. Rodriguez-Rojas .

M. C. Rodriguez-Oroz . J. Guridi

95 Globus Pallidus Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1577

M. Deogaonkar . J. L. Vitek

96 Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1603

A. L. Benabid . J. Mitrofanis . S. Chabardes . E. Seigneuret . N. Torres . B. Piallat .

A. Benazzouz . V. Fraix . P. Krack . P. Pollak . S. Grand . J. F. LeBas

97 Thalamic Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1631

R. E. Wharen . R. J. Uitti . J. A. Lucas

98 PPN Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1649

S. Stone . C. Hamani . A. M. Lozano

99 Other Targets to Treat Parkinson’s Disease (Posterior Subthalamic Targets

and Motor Cortex) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1665

F. Velasco . S. Palfi . F. Jimenez . J. D. Carrillo-Ruiz . G. Castro . Y. Keravel

100 Motor Cortex Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1679

M. Meglio . B. Cioni

101 Tissue Transplantation for Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1691

K. Mukhida . M. Hong . I. Mendez

102 Gene Transfer for Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1719

P. A. Starr . K. S. Bankiewicz

103 Intraparenchymal Drug Delivery for Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1731

R. D. Penn . A. A. Linninger

Table of contents xxi

104 Management of Essential Tremor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1743

J. M. Nazzaro . K. E. Lyons . R. Pahwa

105 Management of Tremors other than Essential Tremor and

Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1757

J. P. Nguyen . S. Raoul . C. Deligny . V. Roualdes . Y. Keravel

106 Diagnosis and Medical Management of Dystonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1767

S. Fahn

107 Pathophysiology of Dystonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1779

J. A. Bajwa . M. D. Johnson . J. L. Vitek

108 Central Procedures for Primary Dystonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1801

X. A. Vasques . L. Cif . B. Biolsi . P. Coubes

109 Functional Stereotactic Procedures for Treatment of Secondary Dystonia . . . . . 1835

H-H. Capelle . J. K. Krauss

110 Diagnosis and Medical Management of Cervical Dystonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1857

R. Bhidayasiri . D. Tarsy

111 Central Procedures for Cervical Dystonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1871

J. Q. Oropilla . Z. H. T. Kiss

112 Peripheral Procedures for Cervical Dystonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1885

T. Taira

113 Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1911

J. R. Pagura

114 History and Current Neurosurgical Management of Spasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1925

R. D. Penn

115 Destructive Neurosurgical Procedures for Spasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1935

M. Sindou . P. Mertens

116 Surgery in the Dorsal Root Entry Zone for Spasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959

M. P Sindou . P. Mertens

117 Intrathecal Drugs for Spasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973

R. D. Penn

xxii Table of contents

Section 8 Functional Neurosurgery for Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983

118 Anatomy and Physiology of Cancer Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985

W. D. Willis Jr. . K. N. Westlund

119 Neuroimaging and Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019

R. Peyron

120 What have PET Studies Taught us about Cerebral Mechanisms Involved in

Analgesic Effect of DBS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2031

R. Kupers . J. Gybels

121 History of DBS for Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2049

D. Richardson

122 Comprehensive Management of Cancer Pain Including Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2061

P. S. Kalanithi . J. M. Henderson

123 The Central Lateral Thalamotomy for Neuropathic Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2081

D. Jeanmonod . A. Morel

124 Technique of Trigeminal Nucleotractotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2097

M. J. Teixeira . E. T. Fonoff

125 Bulbar DREZ Procedures for Facial Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2125

J. P. Gorecki

126 Percutaneous Cordotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2137

R. R. Tasker

127 CT-Guided Percutaneous Cervical Cordotomy for Cancer Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2149

Y. Kanpolat

128 Ablative Spinal Cord Procedures for Cancer Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2159

P. L. Gildenberg

129 Intrathecal Opiates for Cancer Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2171

J. C. Sol . J. C. Verdie . Y. Lazorthes

130 Management of Pain of Benign Versus Cancer Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2197

P. L. Gildenberg . R. A. DeVaul

Table of contents xxiii

131 DBS for Persistent Non-Cancer Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2227

C. Hamani . D. Fontaine . A. Lozano

132 Motor Cortex Stimulation for Persistent Non-Cancer Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2239

A. G. Machado . A. Y. Mogilner . A. R. Rezai

133 Radiofrequency Dorsal Root Entry Zone Lesions for Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2251

P. Konrad . F. Caputi . A. O. El-Naggar

134 Surgical Dorsal Root Entry Zone Lesions for Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2269

M. P. Sindou

135 Facet Denervation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2291

R. R. Tasker . Wen Ching Tzaan

136 Sympathectomy for Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2297

C. R. Telles-Ribeiro . L. F. de Oliveira

137 Spinal Cord Stimulation. Techniques, Indications and Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2305

B. Linderoth . B. A. Meyerson

138 Mechanisms of Action of Spinal Cord Stimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2331

B. Linderoth . R. D. Foreman . B. A. Meyerson

139 Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Neuropathic Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2349

A. G. Shetter

140 The Pathophysiology of Trigeminal Neuralgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2359

R. W. Hurt

141 Radiofrequency Rhizotomy for Trigeminal Neuralgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2421

E. Taub

142 Retrogasserian Glycerol Injection for Trigeminal Neuralgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2429

B. Linderoth . G. Lind

143 Balloon Compression for Trigeminal Neuralgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2457

J. A. Brown . J. G. Pilitsis

144 Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2465

S. Sup Chung

145 Gamma Knife Surgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia and Facial Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2475

A. C. J. de Lotbiniere

xxiv Table of contents

146 Treatment of Headache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2483

N. T. Mathew

147 Occipital Neuralgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2507

D. B. Cohen . M. Y. Oh . D. M. Whiting

148 Hypothalamic Stimulation for Cluster Headache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2517

A. Franzini . M. Leone . G. Messina . R. Cordella . C. Marras . G. Bussone . G. Broggi

149 Surgical Treatment of Chronic Cluster Headache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2525

J. M. Castilla

150 Mesencephalotomy for Cancer Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2533

P. L. Gildenberg

Section 9 Management of Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2541

151 Indications for Surgical Management of Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2543

H. G. Wieser . D. Zumsteg

152 Classification of Epileptic Seizures and Epilepsies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2561

H. O. Luders . S. Noachtar

153 EEG in Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2575

M. Hoppe . R. Wennberg . P. Tai . B. Pohlmann-Eden

154 The Wada Test-60th Year Anniversary Update-In Epilepsy Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . 2587

J. A. Wada . B. Kosaka

155 Imaging Evaluation of Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2617

D. Madhavan . R. Kuzniecky

156 Image Guided Epilepsy Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2633

Y. G. Comair . R. B. Chamoun

157 Intraoperative Monitoring in Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2651

G. Ojemann

158 MEG in Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2661

A. Fujimoto . T. Akiyama . H. Otsubo

159 Medical Management of Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2669

M. E. Newmark

Table of contents xxv

160 Selective Amygdalo-Hypocampectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2677

T. A. Valiante

161 Subpial Transection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2715

Z. S. Tovar-Spinoza . J. T. Rutka

162 Corpus Callosotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2723

R. E. Maxwell

163 Hemispherectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2741

J.- G. Villemure . R. T. Daniel

164 Radiosurgery in Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2761

I. Yang . N. M. Barbaro

165 Centromedian Thalamic Stimulation for Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2777

F. Velasco . A. L. Velasco . M. Velasco . F. Jimenez . J. D. Carrillo-Ruiz . G. Castro

166 Anterior Nucleus DBS in Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2793

M. Hodaie . C. Hamani . R. Wennberg . W. Hutchison . J. Dostrovky . A. M. Lozano

167 Vagal Nerve Stimulation for Seizures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2801

A. P. Amar . J. B. Elder . M. L. J. Apuzzo

168 Cerebellar Stimulation for Seizure Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2823

R. Davis

169 Stimulation of the Hippocampus and the Seizure Focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2839

A. L. Velasco . F. Velasco . M. Velasco . G. Castro . J. D. Carrillo-Ruiz .

J. M. Nunez D. Trejo

Section 10 Psychiatric Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2853

170 Ethical Considerations in Psychiatric Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2855

B. S. Appleby . P. V. Rabins

171 Psychosurgery – A Historical Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2867

C. R. Bjarkam . J. C. Sørensen

172 Cingulotomy for Depression and OCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2887

G. R. Cosgrove

xxvi Table of contents

173 DBS for OCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2897

L. Gabriels . P. Cosyns . K. van Kuyck . B. Nuttin

174 Medical Management and Indications for Surgery in Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2925

P. Giacobbe . S. Kennedy

175 Ablative Procedures for Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2943

V. A. Coenen . C. R. Honey

176 Deep Brain Stimulation for Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2953

C. Hamani . B. Snyder . A. Laxton . A. Lozano

177 Surgical Procedures for Tourette’s Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2963

V. Visser-Vandewalle

178 Treatment of Aggressive Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2971

G. Broggi . A. Franzini

Section 11 Special and Emerging Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2979

179 DBS Disorders of Consciousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2981

N. D. Schiff

180 Apnea: Phrenic Nerve Stimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2991

S. Rehncrona . G. Sedin . H. Fodstad

181 DBS for Bladder Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2999

R. Almusa . M. M. Hassouna

182 Impaired Vision: Visual Prosthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3009

J. P. Girvin . A. G. Martins

183 Impaired Hearing: Auditory Prosthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3021

J. K. Niparko . A. Marlowe . H. W. Francis

184 Impaired Motor Function: Functional Electrical Stimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3047

R. B. Stein . A. Prochazka

185 Gene Therapy for Neurological Disorders (Except Oncology) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3061

M. G. Kaplitt

Table of contents xxvii

186 Gene Therapy for Brain Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3083

M. L. M. Lamfers . E. A. Chiocca

187 Microdialysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3117

M. J. Smith . M. G. Kaplitt

Section 12 The Future of Stereotactic and FunctionalNeurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3129

188 The Future of Computers and Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3131

B. A. Kall

189 The Future of Neuronavigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3137

D. W. Roberts

190 The Future of Radiosurgery and Radiotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3143

L. Ma . P. K. Sneed

191 The Future of Infusion Systems in Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3155

R. D. Penn

192 The Future of Cell Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3161

M. B. Newman . R. A. E. Bakay

193 The Future of Neural Interface Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3185

M. C. Park . M. A. Goldman . T. W. Belknap . G. M. Friehs

194 The Future of Molecular Neuro-Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3201

J. A. J. King . M. D. Taylor

195 Future Ethical Challenges in Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3229

N. Lipsman . M. Bernstein

Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3239

List of Contributors

John R. Adler, Jr.

Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University,

Stanford, CA, USA

Tomoyuki Akiyama

Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics,

The Hospital for Sick Children, University of

Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario,

M5G 1X8, Canada

Riyad Almusa

Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst St,

M5T 2S8, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

George Al-Shamy

Department of Neurosurgery - 442, The University

of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515

Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA

L. Alvarez

Movement Disorders, Functional Neurosurgery and

Neurophysiology Units, Centro Internacional de

Restauracion Neurologica (CIREN), Havana, Cuba

Arun Paul Amar

Departments of Neurosurgery, University of

California San Francisco and the Permanente

Medical Group 2025 Morse Avenue, Sacramento,

CA 95825, USA

Email: [email protected]

William S. Anderson

Instructor in Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School,

Department of Neurological Surgery, Brigham and

Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, CA 138F,

Boston, MA 02115, USA


David W. Andrews

Department of Neurosurgery, Jefferson Medical

College, 834 Walnut St. Suite 650, PA 19107,

Philadelphia, USA


Russell J. Andrews

Ames Associate (Smart Systems and

Nanotechnology), NASA Ames Research Center,

CA 94035, Moffett Field, USA


Narisa Apichatibutra

Department of Anesthesia, Toronto Western

Hospital, University Health Network, University of

Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Brian S. Appleby

John Hopkins Hospital, Meyer 279, 600 N. Wolfe St.,

21287–7279, MD, Baltimore, USA

Michael L. J. Apuzzo

Edwin M. Todd/Trent H. Wells, Jr., Professor of

Neurological Surgery and Professor of Radiation

Oncology, Biology, and Physics Keck School of

Medicine, University of Southern California,

1200 North State Street, Suite 5046, Los Angeles,

CA 90033, USA


xxx List of contributors

Jeffrey E. Arle

Department of Neurosurgery, Lahey Clinic, 41 Mall

Road, 01805, Burlington, MA, USA

Sharon Ashton

Renishaw plc, New Mills, Wotton-under-Edge,

Gloucestershire GL12 8JR, UK

Tipu Z. Aziz

Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, Nuffield

Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, and

Department of Neurological Surgery, The West

Wing, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.

Imperial College London and Charing Cross

Hospital, London

Jawad A. Bajwa

Capistrant Parkinson and Movement Disorder

Center, Bethesda Hospital and Nasseff

Neuroscience Center, United Hospital, Saint Paul,

MN, USA

Neurological Associates of Saint Paul, Maplewood,

MN, USA

Roy A. E. Bakay

Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University

Medical Center, Chicago IL, USA


B. Ballanger

PET Imaging Centre, Center of Addiction Mental

Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,

Canada

Krystof S. Bankiewicz

Department of Neurological Surgery, University of

California, San Francisco, USA

Nicholas M. Barbaro



Eric Bardinet

INSERM U679, Hopital de la Salpetriere, 47, Bd de

l’Hopital, 75013, Paris, France

Thomas Belknap

Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Program in

Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of

Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital,

Providence, RI 02903, USA

Alim-Louis Benabid

Joseph Fourier University, Pavillon B - Grenoble

University Hospital, Grenoble, France


Abdelhamid Benazzouz

University of Bordeaux, France

Mitchel S. Berger


California, 505 Panassus Ave, Box 0112, San

Francisco, CA, USA


Mark Bernstein

Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital

and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada


Jagdish Bhatnagar

The Center for Image-Guided Neurosurgery,

University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh,

PA 15213, USA

Roongroj Bhidayasiri

Chulalongkorn Comprehensive Movement

Disorders Center, Chulalongkorn University

Hospital, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Bangkok 10330,

Thailand


List of contributors xxxi

B. Biolsi

CHRU Montpellier, Service de Neurochirurgie,

Universite Montpellier I, Montpellier, France

Carsten Reidies Bjarkam

Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Anatomy,

University of Aarhus, DK–8000 Aarhus C, Denmark


Peter M. Black

Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and

Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston,

MA 02115, USA


Frank J. Bova


Florida, PO Box 100265, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA

Giovanni Broggi

Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Istituto

Neurologico “C. Besta”, Milan, Italy


Jeffrey A. Brown

600 Northern Boulevard #118, Great Neck,

NY 11021, USA


Richard Bucholz

Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery,

Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint

Louis, Missouri, USA


Christian Buhrle

Associate Professor, Department of Stereotactic

and Functional Neurosurgery, University Hospital,

50924 Cologne, Germany

G. Bussone

Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute

Foundation “C. Besta”, Milan, Italy

Chris Butson

Medical School of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown

Plank Road, WI 53226, Milwaukee, USA

John D. Caird



Toronto, 555 University Avenue, M5G 1X8, Toronto,

Ontario, Canada

Hans-Holger Capelle

Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School

Hannover, MHH, Hannover, Germany

Franco Caputi

Department of Neurosurgery, Rome, Italy


Mark P. Carol

744 Lexington Way, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA


Jose Damian Carrillo

Epilepsy Surgery Clinic; Unit for Stereotactic,

Functional Neurosurgery and Radiosurgery,

General Hospital of Mexico City, Mexico

Jose Manuel Castilla

Servicio de Neurocirugıa, Hospital “General Yague”,

Avenida de Cid 96, 09005, Burgos, Spain


Guillermo Castro




Stephan Chabardes


University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France

Arnab Chakravarti

Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of

xxxii List of contributors

Radiation Oncology, Cox 3, 100 Blossom Street,

Boston, MA, USA


Roukoz B. Chamoun

Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of

Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA

Parakrama T. Chandrasoma

Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine

University of Southern California, GNH 2900, 1200

North State St., CA, USA

Paul H. Chapman

Departments of Radiation Oncology and

Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital,

Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA


E. Antonio Chiocca

James Cancer Hospital/Solove Research Institute,

The Ohio State University Medical Center,

Columbus, OH 43210–1240, USA


Sang Sup Chung

Bundang CHA General Hospital, 351 Yatap-dong,

463–712, Bundang-gu Sungnam-se,

Kyong-doSungnam, South Korea


L. Cif



Beatrice Cioni

Neurochirurgia Funzionale e Spinale, Universita

Cattolica, Roma, Italy

Richard E. Clatterbuck

Hattiesburg Clinic, 4155 28th Avenue, Hattiesburg,

MS 39401, USA


Volker A. Coenen

Surgical Center for Movement Disorders, Division of

Neurosurgery, University of British Columbia,

Vancouver, BC, Canada

Robert J. Coffey

Medtronic Neurological, 4000 Lexington Avenue

North, MN, USA


David B. Cohen

Drexel University College of Medicine

Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny General

Hospital, 420 East North Ave, PA 15212,

Pittsburgh, USA

Youssef G. Comair

Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of

Medicine, 1709 Dryden, TX 77030, Houston,

Texas, USA


R. Cordella



G. Rees Cosgrove

Department of Neurosurgery, Lahey Clinic Medical

Center and Tufts University School of Medicine,

Boston, Massachusetts, USA


Eric R. Cosman, Jr.

Cosman Medical, 76 Cambridge Street, MA,

Burlington, USA


Eric R. Cosman, Sr.

Cosman Medical, 76 Cambridge Street, MA,

Burlington, USA


List of contributors xxxiii

Paul Cosyns

Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital

Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

Philippe Coubes

Unite de Recherche sur les Mouvements Anormaux,

Hopital Gui de Chauliac, Service de Neurochirurgie,

80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier

cedex 05, France


Karen D. Davis

Department of Physiology, University of Toronto,

1 King’s College Circle, M5S 1S8, Toronto, Canada

Ross Davis

Neural Engineering Clinic, 330 Hammock Shore Dr.,

Melbourne Beach, FL, 32951, USA


Alain C. J. de Lotbiniere

FACS Brain & Spine Surgeons of New York, 244

Westchester Avenue, NY 10604, White Plains, USA


Luiz F. de Oliveira

Neurodor - Neurosurgery and Pain Clinic, Rua

Visconde de Piraja 351/509, Cep: 22471–002,

Ipanema, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Antonio A. F. De Salles

Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School

of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles,

10495 Le Conte Avenue, Suite 2120, Los Angeles,

California 90095, USA


Celine Deligny

Department of Neurology, CHU de Nantes, Nantes,

France

Mahlon R. DeLong

Department of Neurology, Emory University

Woodruff Memorial Research Building, 101

Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA


Robert Den



Philadelphia, USA

Milind Deogaonkar

Functional Neuroscience Research Center,

Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Center,

9500 Euclid Avenue, OH 44195, Cleveland, USA

Richard A. DeVaul

Prof. Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Texas A & M

System Health Science Center, College Station,

Texas, USA

John P. Donoghue

Department of Neuroscience and Brain Science

Program, Brown University, Providence,

RI 02912, USA

Paresh K. Doshi

Department of Neuroscience, Jaslok Hospital and

Research Centre, 15 - Dr. Deshmukh Marg, Pedder

Road, Mumbai 400 026, Maharashtra, India


Jonathan O. Dostrovsky




James M. Drake



Toronto, 555 University Avenue, M5G 1X8, Toronto,

Ontario, Canada


xxxiv List of contributors

James B. Elder

Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School

of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1200

North State Street, Suite 5046, Los Angeles,

CA 90033, USA


Jeff Elias

Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia,

Box 800212, HSC, VA, 22908–0212,

Charlottesville, USA


Amr O. El-Naggar

Lake Cumberland Neurosurgery, Somerset, KY, USA


Elmyra V. Encarnacion

Plummmer Movement Disorders Center, Texas

A &MHealth Sciences Center/Scott &White, Temple,

Texas, USA

Stanley Fahn

Department of Neurology, Columbia University

College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY

10032, USA


Osvaldo Vilela Filho

Goiania Neurological Institute, Goiania, GO, Brazil


John C. Flickinger

The Departments of Neurological Surgery, and

Radiation Oncology



PA 15213, USA

Harald Fodstad

University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden

Erich Talamoni Fonoff

Division of Functional Neurosurgery, University of

Sao Paulo Medical School, Rua Mena Barreto

765 - Itaim Bibi, SP- 014033–010, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Denys Fontaine

Service de Neurochirurgie, Hopital Pasteur, Centre

Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France

Robert D. Foreman

Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma

Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA

Valerie Fraix



Doglietto Francesco

Department of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western

Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, M5T 2S8, Toronto,

Canada

Howard W. Francis

Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck

Surgery, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,

Baltimore, USA

Angelo Franzini

Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Istituto

Neurologico “C. Besta”, Milan, Italy

Justin F. Fraser

Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical

College of Cornell University, New York-

Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA

William A. Friedman


Florida, PO Box 100265, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA


Gerhard M. Friehs





List of contributors xxxv

Ayataka Fujimoto




M5G 1X8, Canada

Loes Gabriels

Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital

Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium

Gregory Gagnon

Department of Neurosurgery and

Radiation Medicine, Georgetown University

Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Rd, 20007,

Washington DC, USA

Fred Gentili



Canada


Peter C. Gerszten


Pittsburgh, UPMC Presbyterian B–400, 200 Lothrop

Street, PA 15213, Pittsburgh, USA


Peter Giacobbe

University Health Network, University of Toronto,

200 Elizabeth Street, M5G 2C4, Toronto, Ontario,

Canada

Philip L. Gildenberg

Houston Stereotactic Concepts, 3776 Darcus St.,

77005, Houston, Texas, USA


Steven S. Gill

Department of Neurosurgery, Frenchay Hospital,

Bristol BS16 1LE, UK


John P. Girvin

1078 The Parkway, ON, N6A 2W0, London, Canada


Marc A. Goldman





John P. Gorecki

Department of Neurosurgery, Wichita Surgical

Specialists, P.A. The Heritage Plaza, 818 N. Emporia,

Suite 200, 67214–3788, Wichita, Kansas, USA


Alessandra A. Gorgulho





Sylvie Grand



Alexander L. Green


Department of Surgery, University of Oxford and


Wing, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK

Jorge Guridi

Division of Neurosurgery, Clinica Universitaria,

Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion

Medica Aplicada. CIMA, Pamplona, Spain

Jan Gybels

Department of Neurosurgery, Gasthuisberg

University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven,

Belgium

xxxvi List of contributors

Sun Ha Paek



Philadelphia, USA

Clement Hamani


Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto,

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Marwan I. Hariz

Edmond J. Safra Chair of Functional Neurosurgery,

Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Institute of

Neurology, London, UK


Alex Hartov

Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College,

Hannover, NH 03755, USA

Magdy M. Hassouna

Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst St, M5T

2S8, Toronto, Ontario, Canada


Robert A. Hauser

Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders

Center, University of South Florida, 4 Columbia

Drive, Suite 410, Tampa,

Florida 33606, USA


Jaimie M. Henderson

Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Dr,

CA 94305, Stanford, USA


Fraser Cummins Henderson, Sr.

Georgetown University Medical Center, 3800

Reservoir Rd, 20007, Washington DC, USA


Leigh R. Hochberg

Department of Neuroscience and Brain Science

Program, Brown University, Providence,

RI 02912, USA

Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General

Hospital, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,

Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical

School, Boston, MA, USA

Center for Restorative and Regenerative Medicine,

Rehabilitation Research and Development Service,

Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health

Administration, Providence, RI 02908, USA

Mojgan Hodaie



Dominique Hoffmann


University Hospital, Grenoble, France

Christopher R. Honey

Surgical Center for Movement Disorders - Division

of Neurosurgery – University of British Columbia -

Vancouver, BC, Canada


Murray Hong

Departments of Anatomy & Neurobiology and

Surgery (Neurosurgery), Dalhousie University,

Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Matthias Hoppe

Bethel Epilepsy Centre, Bielefeld, Germany

R. Wayne Hurt

Chief of Neurological Surgery, St. Joseph Medical

Center and Assistant Clinical Professor of

Neurological Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine

and University of Texas Medical Branch, Houston,

Texas, USA

William Hutchison


Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, M5S 2T8, Toronto,

Ontario, Canada

List of contributors xxxvii

Warren Ishida





Pascal Jabbour

Department of Neurosurgery, Philadelphia, PA, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Jay Jagannathan

Lars Leksell Center for Gamma Surgery,

Department of Neurosurgery, University of

Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

Joseph Jankovic

Parkinson’s Disease Center and Movement

Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor

College of Medicine, 6550 Fannin, Suite 1801,

Houston, Texas 77030, USA


Lauren Jarchin

Department of Neurosurgery, North Shore LIJ,

Manhasset, NY 11030, USA

Walter Jean

Department of Neurosurgery and Radiation

Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, 3800



Daniel Jeanmonod

Department of Functional Neurosurgery, University

Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland


Fiacro Jimenez




Matthew D. Johnson

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland

Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

Paul Kalanithi

Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Dr,

CA 94305, Stanford, USA

Bruce A. Kall

Departments of Neurologic Surgery and

Information Technology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester,

MN, USA


Yucel Kanpolat

Inkilap Sokak No: 24/2, 06640, Kizilay, Turkey


Michael G. Kaplitt

Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell

Medical College, New York, NY, USA


Patrick J. Kelly

Department of Neurological Surgery, NYU School of

Medicine, 530 First Ave, Suite 8R, NY, USA


Sidney Kennedy

University Health Network, University of Toronto,

200 Elizabeth Street, M5G 2C4, Toronto, Ontario,

Canada


Yves Keravel

Service de Neurochirurgie, Hopital Henri Mondor,

Creteil, France

Sadaquate Khan

Institute of Neurosciences, Frenchay Hospital,


Deepak Khuntia

Department of Human Oncology, University of

xxxviii List of contributors

Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave, K4-B100, Madison,

WI, USA


Jong-Hyun Kim

Fellow in Neurosurgery, Department of

Neurosurgery, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer

8–181, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA


James A. J. King

Sick kids Hospital, 555 University Avenue, M5G 1X8,


Zelma H. T. Kiss

Associate Professor, Neurosurgery University of

Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada


Nancy E. Klipfel

Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine

University of Southern California, GNH 2900, 1200

North State St., CA, USA


Kazu Kobayashi

Fellow in Neurosurgery, Department of



Martin Kocher

Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology,

University Hospital, 50924 Cologne, Germany

Douglas Kondziolka


Radiation Oncology, The University of Pittsburgh,

PA, USA



PA 15213, USA


Paul Kongkham



Peter Konrad

Director of Functional Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt

University Medical Center, Department of

Neurological Surgery, Rm T–4224; MCN,

37232–2380, Nashville, Tennessee, USA


Brian Harris Kopell

Medical School of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown

Plank Road, WI 53226, Milwaukee, USA


Brenda Kosaka

Division of Neurosciences, University of British

Columbia, 2329 West Mall, V6T 1Z4, Vancouver,

Canada

Paul Krack



Joachim K. Krauss

Chairman and Director, Department of

Neurosurgery, Medical University, MHH Carl-

Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany

Email [email protected]

S. A. Kuhn




Ron Kupers

PET Unit & Department of Surgical

Pathophysiology, Rigshospitalet, University of

Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark


List of contributors xxxix

Ruben Kuzniecky

Professor, NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center,

Department of Neurology, New York University

Medical Center, NY, USA


Lauri V. Laitinen

Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Institute of

Neurology, Box 146, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG,

London, UK

Martine L. M. Lamfers

Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus Medical

Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Anthony E. Lang

Division of Patient Based Clinical Research, Toronto

Western Hospital McLaughlin Pavilion, 7th Floor

Rm 7–403, 399 Bathurst Street, M5T 2S8, Toronto,

Ontario, Canada


Edward R. Laws


Box 800212, HSC, VA, 22908–0212, Charlottesville,

USA


Adrian Laxton

Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western

Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Toronto,

Ontario, Canada

Yves Lazorthes

Service de Neurochirurgie, Hospital Larrey-

Rangueil, Avenue Jean Poulhes, 31403, Toulouse,

France


Jean Francois LeBas



Dominique Leduc

IREENA, Faculte des Sciences de Nantes, Nantes,

France

Foo-Chiang Lee

Consultant Neurosurgeon, Division of Neuroscience

Sunway Medical Center, No. 5 Jln Lagoon Selatan,

Bandar Sunway, 46150, Selangor, Subang Jaya,

Malaysia


Dan Leksell

Lars Leksell Professor of Neurological Surgery,

University of Pittsburgh, B400 UPMC, Pittsburgh,

PA 15213, USA

Frederick A. Lenz

Professor of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins

University School of Medicine, Department of




M. Leone



Marc Levivier

Department of Neurosurgery, CHUV, and Centre

Universitaire Romand de Neurochirurgie, Lausanne,

Switzerland


J. Li




Goran Lind

Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska Institutet

and Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm,

Sweden

xl List of contributors

Bengt Linderoth

Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University

Hospital, SE 171–76 Stockholm, Sweden


Christer Lindquist

Director, Gamma Knife Centre, Cromwell Hospital,

London, England

Andreas A. Linninger

Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering and

Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago,

Laboratory for Product and Process Design, M/C

063, 851 S. Morgan St. - 218 SEO, Chicago, Illinois

60607–7000, USA


Nir Lipsman


Hospital, University Health Network, University of

Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Jay S. Loeffler

Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts

General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, MA 02114,

Boston, USA


G. Lopez




Andrew Losiniecki


Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati,

OH, USA

Andres M. Lozano



399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada


John A. Lucas

Associate Professor of Psychology, Mayo Clinic

College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo Rd, FL 32224,

Jacksonville, USA

L. Dade Lunsford

Department of Neurological Surgery, Suit B–400,

University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200

Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA


Hans O. Luders

Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500

Euclid Ave, OH 44195, Cleveland, USA


Kelly E. Lyons

University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of

Neurology, 3599 Rainbow Blvd, Mailstop 2012,

Kansas City, KS 66160, USA


Lijun Ma

Department of Radiation Oncology, University of

California-San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, CA

94143–0226, San Francisco, USA

Mohammad Maarouf

Department of Stereotactic and Functional

Neurosurgery, University Hospital, 50924 Cologne,

Germany

Andre G. Machado

Center for Neurological Restoration, Department of

Neurosurgery, Department of Biomedical

Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland,

OH, USA

R. Macias




List of contributors xli

Marcella A. Madera

University of Cincinnati, Department of

Neurosurgery, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

Deepak Madhavan

Department of Neurological Sciences, University of

Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA


George Mandybur

The Neuroscience Institute: Department of

Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of

Medicine and Mayfield Clinic, Cincinnati, OH, USA


Pirjo Manninen

Department of Anesthesia, Toronto Western

Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario,

Canada


Miguel Manrique

Division of Neurosurgery, Clinica Universitaria,

Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion

Medica Aplicada. CIMA, Pamplona, Spain

Andrea Marlowe



Baltimore, USA

C. Marras



Antonio G. Martins

Ninan T. Mathew

Houston Headache Clinic, Houston, Texas, USA


Robert Maxwell

Department of Neurosurgery, Univ of Minnesota/S.E.

MMC 96, 420 E. Delaware St., MN 554455–0374,

Minneapolis, USA


Ian E. McCutcheon

Department of Neurosurgery, The University of

Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515

Holcombe Blvd., Box 44, Houston, Texas

77030–4009, USA


Lee McDurmont


Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint

Louis, Missouri, USA

Mario Meglio

Istituto di Neurochirurgia, Policlinico Agostino

Gemelli, Lg Gemelli, 00168, Roma, Italy


Minesh P. Mehta

Department of Human Oncology, University of

Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave, K4-B100, Madison,

WI 53792, USA


Ivar Mendez


Surgery (Neurosurgery), Dalhousie University,

Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Fang-Gang Meng

Center for Functional Neurosurgery (BMS),

Shanghai Jiao Tong University Ruijin Hospital and

Department of Functional Neurosurgery (JGZ,KZ,

FGM), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, People’s

Republic of China

Patrick Mertens

Department of Neurosurgery, Hopital

Neurologique P. Wertheimer, University of Lyon,

59 Bd Pinel, F–69003 Lyon, France

xlii List of contributors

G. Messina



Bjorn A. Meyerson

Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska Institute

and Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm,

Stockholm, Sweden


John Mitrofanis

University of New South Wales, Australia

Alon Y. Mogilner

Section of Functional and Restorative

Neurosurgery, North Shore-LIJ Health System,

Manhasset, New York, USA

Anne Morel

Department of Functional Neurosurgery, University

Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Alexander Muacevic

European CyberKnife™ Center Munich, Max

Lebsche Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany


Debabrada Mukherjee



Canada

Karim Mukhida

Cell Restoration Laboratory, Room 12H1,


Surgery (Neurosurgery), Dalhousie University, 5850

College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia,

Canada B3H 1X5


Dipankar Nandi

Imperial College London and Charing Cross

Hospital, London, UK

Nadim Nasr

Department of Neurosurgery and Radiation

Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, 3800


Jules M. Nazzaro




Mary B. Newman

Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University

Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

Michael E. Newmark

Kelsey-Seybold Clinic, 2727 W. Holcombe Blvd,

2nd floor Neurology, TX 77025, Houston, USA


Jean Paul Nguyen

Department of neurosciences, CHU Laennec,

Nantes, France


John K. Niparko



Baltimore, USA


Ajay Niranjan



PA, USA



PA 15213, USA

Soheyl Noachtar

Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500

Euclid Ave, OH 44195, Cleveland, USA

Josef Novotny


List of contributors xliii


PA, USA



PA 15213, USA

Wieslaw L. Nowinski

Biomedical Imaging Lab, Agency for Science,

Technology & Research (ASTAR), 30 Biopolis Street,

138671, The Matrix, Singapore


Jose Marıa Nunez




Bart Nuttin

Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital

Gasthuisberg and Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,

Herestraat 49, B–3000, Leuven, Belgium


Jose A. Obeso

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery,

Clinica Universitaria and Medical School and

Neuroscience Division, CIMA

Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre

Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED),

University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain


Michael Y. Oh

Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery, Drexel

University College of Medicine

Co-Director, Division of Neuromodulation

Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny General

Hospital, 420 East North Ave, PA 15212,

Pittsburgh, USA


Chihiro Ohye

Functional & Gamma Knife Surgery Center, 886

Nakao-machi, 370–0001, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan


George Ojemann

Department of Neurological Surgery RI–20,

University of Washington Medical Center, Campus

Box 356470, 1959 N.E. Pacific Street, WA 98195,

Seattle, USA


David Omahen



Canada

Hiroshi Otsubo




M5G 1X8, Canada


Alondra Oubre

Department of Neurosurgery, North Shore

University Hospital, 9 Tower, Manhassett,

NY 11030, USA

Jorge Roberto Pagura

Centro Integrado de Dor, Rua Baltazar da Veiga 490,

S.P. 04510, Sao Paolo, Brazil


Rajesh Pahwa




Kamalakannan Palanichamy

Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of

Radiation Oncology, Cox 3, 100 Blossom Street,

Boston, MA 02114, USA

xliv List of contributors

Stephan Palfi

Service de Neurochirurgie, Hopital Henri Mondor,

Creteil, France

Michael C. Park






Erik C. Parker

Department of Neurological Surgery, NYU School of

Medicine, 530 First Ave, Suite 8R, NY, USA

Andrew G. Parrent

Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University

Hospital, 339 Windemere Rd., N6A 5A5, London,

Ontario, Canada


Nikunj K. Patel



N. Pavon




Richard D. Penn

Professor of Neurosurgery, The University of

Chicago Medical Center Section of Neurosurgery,

MC 3026 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago,

Illinois 60637, USA


Erlick A. C. Pereira


Department of Surgery, University of Oxford and


Wing, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3

9DU, UK


Roland Peyron

CHU de Saint-Etienne & INSERM U879, University of

St. Etienne, Lyon, France


Brigitte Piallat



Julie G. Pilitsis

Assistant Professor, University of Massachusetts,

School of Medicine, Worcester, MA, USA


Puneet Plaha



Bernd Pohlmann-Eden

Bethel Epilepsy Centre, Bielefeld, Germany

Epilepsy Service, Division of Neurology, Dalhousie

University, Halifax, Canada

Pierre Pollak



Kumar M. Prakash

Division of Patient Based Clinical Research, Toronto

Western Hospital McLaughlin Pavilion, 7th Floor Rm

7–403, 399 Bathurst Street, M5T 2S8, Toronto,

Ontario, Canada

Arthur Prochazka

Department of Physiology and Centre for

Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB

T6G 2S2, Canada

Jean Quint Oropilla

Consultant in Neurosurgery, Makati Medical Center,

Philippines


List of contributors xlv

Peter Rabins

John Hopkins Hospital, Meyer 279, 600 N. Wolfe St.,

21287–7279, MD, Baltimore, USA


Sylvie Raoul

Service de Neurochirurgie, Hopital G. et R. Laennec,

Bd J. Monod, 44093 NANTES cedex, France


Stig Rehncrona

Lunds Universitet, Box 117, SE-221 00 Lund,

Sweden


R. Reichart




Ali Rezai

Director, Center for Neurological Restoration, Jane

and Lee Seidman Chair in Functional Neurosurgery,

Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic,

Cleveland, OH, USA


Donald Richardson

Emeritus Professor Neurosurgery, Tulane University

Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA


R. Mark Richardson


California, San Francisco, 505 Panassus Ave,

Box 0112, CA, USA

David W. Roberts

Section of Neurosurgery, Dartmouth Medical

School, Hannover, NH 03755, USA


H. Ian Robins

Department of Medicine and Human Oncology,

University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave, K4-B100,

Madison, WI 53792, USA


M. C. Rodriguez-Oroz

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery,

Clinica Universitaria and Medical School and

Neuroscience Division, CIMA

Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre

Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED),

University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain

R. Rodriguez-Rojas




Robert Rosenwasser

Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson

University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA

V. Roualdes

Department of neurosciences, CHU Laennec,

Nantes, France

James T. Rutka

Division of Neurosurgery, Suite 1503, The Hospital

for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto,

Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8


Tejas Sankar

Department of Neurosurgery, Lahey Clinic Medical

Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston,

Massachusetts, USA

Raymond Sawaya

Department of Neurosurgery - 442, The University

of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515

Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA


xlvi List of contributors

David W. Schaal

Clinical Development, Accuray Incorporated,

Sunnyvale, CA, USA

Nicholas D. Schiff

Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill

Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York

Avenue Room F610, New York, New York, 10021,

USA


David Schlesinger



Charlottesville, VA, USA

Michael Schulder

Department of Neurosurgery, North Shore

University Hospital, 9 Tower, Manhassett,

NY 11030, USA


Theodore H. Schwartz

Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical

College of Cornell University, New York-

Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA

Gunnar Sedin

University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden


Eric Seigneuret



Jason P. Sheehan

Box 800–212, Department of Neurological Surgery,

Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville,

VA 22908, USA

Andrew G. Shetter

Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow

Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and

Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA


Helen A. Shih

Departments of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts

General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,

MA, USA


Jay L. Shils

Department of Neurosurgery, Lahey Clinic, 41 Mall

Road, 01805, Burlington, MA, USA


Dennis C. Shrieve

Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts

General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, MA 02114,

Boston, USA


Marc P. Sindou

Chairman Department of Neurosurgery, University

Claude-Bernard of Lyon

Hopital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer,

59 Bd Pinel, 69677, BRON CEDEX, France


V.A. Sironi

Fondazione Istituto Neurologico, “C. Besta”, Milan,

Italy

Michelle J. Smith

Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell

Medical College, New York, NY, USA

Penny K. Sneed

Department of Radiation Oncology, University of

California-San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue,

CA 94143–0226, San Francisco, USA


Brian Snyder


Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Toronto,

Ontario, Canada

List of contributors xlvii

J. C. Sol

Multidisciplinary Pain Center Unit of Stereotactic

and Functional Neurosurgery, Department of

Neuroscience, University Hospital of Toulouse,

Toulouse, France

Jens Christian Sørensen

Department of Neurosurgery, Aarhus University

Hospital, DK–8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

Philip A. Starr




Richard B. Stein

Department of Physiology and Centre for

Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB

T6G 2S2, Canada


Ladislau Steiner





Melita Steiner




Scellig Stone




A. P. Strafella



Canada

Movement Disorders Center, Toronto Western

Hospital & Research Institute, University of Toronto,



Volker Sturm

Professor, Department of Stereotactic and

Functional Neurosurgery, University Hospital,

50924 Cologne, Germany


Bomin Sun


Shanghai Jiao Tong University Ruijin Hospital

and Department of Functional Neurosurgery

(JGZ,KZ,FGM), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, People’s

Republic of China

Peter Tai

Epilepsy Program, Toronto Western Hospital,

University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Takaomi Taira

Director of Stereotactic and Functional

Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo

Women’s Medical University, 8–1 Kawada, Shinjuku,

Tokyo 1628666, Japan


Mandeep Tamber



Eng-King Tan

National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General

Hospital, Singapore

Farzana Tariq

Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and

Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston,

MA 02115, USA

Daniel Tarsy

Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess

Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston,

Massachusetts, USA

xlviii List of contributors

Ronald R. Tasker



Ethan Taub

Oberarzt, Department of Neurosurgery, Basel

University Hospital, Spitalstrasse 21, CH–4031 Basel,

Switzerland


Michael D. Taylor

Sick Kids Hospital, 555 University Avenue, M5G 1X8,



Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira

Division of Functional Neurosurgery, University of

Sao Paulo Medical School, Rua Mena Barreto

765 - Itaim Bibi, SP- 014033–010, Sao Paulo, Brazil


Carlos R. Telles-Ribeiro

Neurodor - Neurosurgery and Pain Clinic, Rua

Visconde de Piraja 351/509, Cep: 22471–002,

Ipanema, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil


David G. T. Thomas

Division of Neurosurgery, The National Hospital for

Neurology & Neurosurgery, Queen Square, Box 32,

WC1N 3BG, London, UK

Daniel Roy Thomas

Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian

Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004, India

Stavropoula Tjoumakaris

Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson

University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA

William D. Tobler


Cincinnati College of Medicine, ML 0515, Cincinnati,

Ohio, USA


Napoleon Torres



Zulma Tovar-Spinoza

Division of Neurosurgery, Suite 1503, The Hospital

for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto,

Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8

David Trejo




Wen-Ching Tzaan

Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Medical

College and Memorial Hospital, 5 Zu Shung St.,

Kweishan, Taoynan 333, Taiwan

Ryan J. Uitti

Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo

Rd, FL 32224, Jacksonville, USA

Taufik A. Valiante

Univeristy of Toronto, Department of Surgery, Co-

Director, Epilepsy Program, Krembil Neuroscience

Center, UHN, 399 Bathurst Street 4W–436, Toronto,

Ontario, Canada, M4S3H6


T. van Eimeren



Canada

Kris van Kuyck

Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratory of

Experimental Neurosurgery and

Neuroanatomy, Katholieke Universiteit

Leuven, Belgium

List of contributors xlix

X. A. Vasques



Ana Luisa Velasco

Cerrada Bosques de Moctezuma 55, La Herradura

Huixquilucan, Estado de Mexico 52780, Mexico


Francisco Velasco

Epilepsy Surgery Clinic; Unit for

Stereotactic, Functional Neurosurgery

and Radiosurgery, General Hospital of

Mexico City, Mexico


Marcos Velasco

Epilepsy Surgery Clinic; Unit for

Stereotactic, Functional Neurosurgery

and Radiosurgery, General Hospital of

Mexico City, Mexico

J. C. Verdie

Multidisciplinary Pain Center Unit of Stereotactic

and Functional Neurosurgery, Department of

Neuroscience, University Hospital of Toulouse,

France

Jean-Guy Villemure

Director, Division of Neurosurgery, University of

Montreal, Professor and Chairman, Neurosurgery

Service, Centre hospitalier de l’universite de

Montreal, 1560 Sherbrooke East, Montreal, Canada

H2L 4M1


Veerle Visser-Vandewalle

Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Hospital

Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, 6202, AZ Maastricht,

The Netherlands


Jerrold L. Vitek

Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic

Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave, NC30, Cleveland,

OH 44195, USA


Valerie Voon

NINDS/NIH, 10 Center Dr, 20892–1428, Bethesda,

Maryland, USA


Juhn A. Wada

Division of Neurosciences, University of British

Columbia, 2329 West Mall, V6T 1Z4, Vancouver,

Canada


J. Walter




Richard Wennberg


Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, M5S 2T8, Toronto,

Ontario, Canada


Karin N. Westlund

Marine Biomedical Institute, University of Texas

Medical Branch, 2925 Beluche, TX 77551,

Galveston, USA

Robert E. Wharen, Jr.

Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo

Rd, FL 32224, Jacksonville, USA


Edward White



l List of contributors

Donald M. Whiting

Drexel University College of Medicine

Director, Division of Neuromodulation

Vice-Chairman, Department of Neurosurgery,

Allegheny General Hospital, 420 East North Ave,

PA 15212, Pittsburgh, USA

Thomas Wichmann

Department of Neurology, Emory University

Woodruff Memorial Research Building

101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA

Heinz Gregor Wieser

Neurology Department, University Hospital Zurich,

Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland


William D. Willis, Jr.

Marine Biomedical Institute, University of Texas

Medical Branch, 2925 Beluche, TX 77551,

Galveston, USA


Shiao Y. Woo

The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer

Center, Proton Therapy Center- Houston, 1840 Old

Spanish Trail, TX 77054, Houston, USA


Isaac Yang


California San Francisco, USA


Jerome Yelnik

INSERM U679, Hopital de la Salpetriere, 47, Bd de

l’Hopital, 75013, Paris, France


Chun-Po Yen




Jianguo Zhang




FGM), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, People’s Republic of

China

Kai Zhang




FGM), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, People’s Republic of

China

Ludvic U. Zrinzo

Division of Neurosurgery, The National

Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery,

Queen Square, Box 32, WC1N 3BG,

London, UK


Dominik Zumsteg

Neurology Department, University Hospital

Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich,

Switzerland

Documents

Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery3A978-3-540-69960-6%2F… · a comprehensive review of the then-current state of the ﬁeld whichwas provided by the ﬁrst edition