.........- -"'12 . . extbook on theIPHILIPPINE CONSTITUTIONByHECTORS. DE LEONLL.B., UniverR of the Philippines ity Member, Integrat ed Bar of the Philippines ~'orm er Associ ate Professor, Far Eastern Univers ity~2005 EDITION.......---Philippine Copyright, 2005byISBN 971-23-4207-7No portion of this book may be copied or reproduced in books, pamphlets, outlines or notes, whether printed, mimeographed, typewritten, copied in different electronic devices or in any other form, for distribution or sale, without the written permission ofthe author except brief passages in books, articles, reviews, legal papers, and judicial or other official proceedings with proper citation.Any copy of this book without the corresponding number and the signature of the author on this page either proceeds from an illegitimate source or is in possession of one who has no authority to dispose of the same.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BY THE AUTHOR. Ntl.(.1.J- 1j : ; .PREFACEAs the supreme law of the land, the Constitution is by no means selfexplanatory. Yet it is so important a document with which every citizen should be fa milia r as it directly and constantly touches every aspect of h is everyday life; indeed, to be r espect ed, obeyed and defended if our nation must grow and survive. This is the reason for the requirement that "all educational institutions shall include the study of the Constitution as part of the curricula." (Art. XIV, Sec. 3[1] .) To help fill the need for a book on the subj ect, particularly on the college level, this modest volume, now on its eighth edition, has been written. In an attempt to make it easily understandable, the author avoids legal details and elabor ate citations of cases. The provisions are discussed section by section, amplified and explained in relatively nontechnical language for both the beginning student and the layman. The comments on the more important provisions, especially the new ones, occupy m ore space, s etting forth when deemed necessary, th e reasons for their adoption as wall as t heir practical s;gnificance. Also, much needE>d emphasis is given to the provisions on the rights of the citizens as it is imperatively desirable that they have adequate knowledge of them so that they may bett.er exercise their rights and discharge t heir corresponding obligations to others as responsible m embers of a democratic society.HECTOR S. DE LEONMay 2005iiiOFFICERS OF THE 1986 CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONPresident Vice-President Floor Leader Assistant Floor Leaders Cecilia Muiioz-Palma Ambrosio B. Padilla Napoleon G. Rama Jose D. Calderon and Ahmad Domacao AlontoCommittee Chairmen and Vice-ChairmenPREAMBLE, NATIONAL TERRITORY AND DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES Chairman Vice-Chairman Decoroso R. Rosales Gregorio J. TingsonCITIZENSHIP, BILL OF RIGHTS POLITICAL RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS Chairman Vice-Chairman Jose B. Laurel, Jr. Joaquin G. Bernas LEGISLATIVE Chairman Vice-Chairman Hilario G. Davi de, Jr. Adol fo S. Azcuna EXECUTIVE Chairman Vice-Chairman Lorenzo M. Sumulong Florenz D. Regalado JUDICIARY Chairman Vice-ChairmanivRoberto C. Concepcion Ricardo J. RomuloCONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS AND AGENCIES Chairman Vice-Chairman Vicente B. Foz Cirilo A. Rigos LOCAL GOVERNMENT Chairman Vice-Chairman Jose N. N olledo Jose D. CalderonACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS Chairman Vice-Chairman Christian S. Monsod Jose C. ColaycoNATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY Chairman Vice-Chairman Bernardo M. Villegas Jaime S.L. Tadeo HUMAN RESOURCES Chairman Vice-Chairman Wilfredo V. Villacorta Lugum L. Uka GENERAL PROVISIONS Chairman Vice-Chairman Florangel Rosario Braid 'J.'eodoro C. BacaniAMENDMENTS AND TRANSITORY PROVISIONS Chairman Vice-Chairman Jose E. Suarez Bias F. Ople STEERING Chairman Vice-ChairmanJose F.S. Bengzon, Jr. Napoleon G. RamaPRIVILEGES Chairman Vice-Chairman Yusuf R. Abubakar Minda Luz M. QuesadaSOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIAL SERVICES ChairmanvTeresa F . NievaVice-ChairmanJose Luis Martin C. GasconSTYLEChairman Vice-Chairman Francisco A. Rodrigo Efrain B. TrefiasSPONSORSIDPChairman Vice-Chairman Ser afin V.C. Guingona Edmundo G. GarciaPUBLIC HEARINGSChairman Vice-Chairman E dmundo G. Garcia Jose Luis Martin C. GasconNON-DELEGATE OFFICERSSecretary-General Sergeant-at-Arms -oOoFlerida Ruth Romero Roberto M. San AndresviTHE 48 MEMBERS OF THE 1986 CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONCommissionersAbubakar , Yusuf R. Alonto, Ahm ad Domacao Aquino, Felicitas S. Azcuna, Adolfo S. Bacani, Teodoro C. Bengzon, Jose, J r. F.S. Bennagen, Ponciano L. Bernas, S .J., ,Joaquin G. Braid Rosario, Florangel Brocka, Lino 0 . (Resigned) Calderon, .Jose D. Castro, Cris pino M . de Colayco, Jose C. Concepeion, Roberto C. Davide, Hilario, Jr. G. Foz, Vicente B. Garcia, Edmundo G. Gascon, Jose Luis Martin C. Guingona, Serafin V.C. Jamir, Alberto, Jr. B. Natividad, Teodulo C. Nieva, Ter esa Ma ria F. Nolledo, .Jose N. Ople, Blas F. Padilla, Ambrogio B. P alma, Cecilia Munoz QueRada, Mi nda Luz M. Rama, Napol eon G. Regal ado, Florenz D. Reyes, Jr. , Rusti co F. de los Rigor, Ciri lo A. Rodrigo, Francisco A. Romulo, Rica rdo J . Rosales, Oecoroso R. Sarmiento. Rene V. Suarez, Jose E. Sumulong, Lorenzo M. Tadeo, J aime S.L. Tan , Christine 0. Tingson, Gregorio J . Trefias, Efrain B. Uka, Lugum L. Villacorta, Wilfreda V. Villegas, B{!rnardo M.Laurel, Jose B. Lerum , Eulogio R.Maambong, Regalado E. Monsod, ChristianS.- oOo-viiPAMBANSANG AWIT NG PILIPINASBayang magiliw, Perlas ng silanganan, Alab ng puso sa dibdib mo'y buhay, Lupang hinirang, duyan ka ng magiting Sa manlulupig di ka pasisiil Sa dagat at bundok, sa simoy at sa langit mong bughaw, May dilag ang tula at awit sa paglayang mina.mahal Ang kislap ng watawat mo'y tagumpay na nagniningning, Ang bituin at araw niya, Kailan pa ma~y di magdidilim. Lupa ng araw ng luwalhati't pagsinta Buhay ay langit sa piling mo. Aming ligaya na pag may mang-a.api Ang mamatay nang dahil sa iyo.viiiSAYAN KOAng bayan kong Pilipinas Lupain ng ginto't bulaklak Pag-ibig nasa kanyang palad Nag-alay ng ganda't dilag At sa kanyang yumi at ganda Dayuhan ay nahalina Bayan ko binihag ka Nasadlak sa dusa lbon mang may layang lumipad Kulungin mo at umiiyak Bayan pa kayang sakdal dilag Ang di magnasang makaalpas Pilipinas kong minumutya Pugad ng luha at dalita Aking adhika Makita kang sakdallayaixPledge of Allegiance to the Philippine FlagAko ay Pilipino Buong katapatang nanunumpa Sa watawat ng Pilipin.as At sa bansang kanyang sinasagisag Na may dangal, katarungan at kalayaan Na pinakikilos ng sambayanang Maka-Diyos Maka -tao Makak alikasan at MakabunsaXTABLE OF CONTENTSPreface ..................... ..... ........ ...................................... ........................................... Officers of the 1986 Constitutional Commission............................................. The 48 Members of the 1986 Constitutional Commission ............................. Pambansang A wit ng Pilipinas .......................................................................... Bayan Ko ............................................................................................................... Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine id stressed ................................................................................ 6. N ational purposes and aims in adopting the Constitution.................. 7. Attainment of the constitutional goals ... ......... .... ........... ... ........ .... ......... 8. Changes in the Preamble .......... ................................ ......... ....................... 32 32 32 33 33 34 34 35ARTICLE I -NATIONAL TERRITORYSECTION 1Necess ity of constitutional pr ovision on National Territory ............... National Territory of the Philippines................ ...................................... Meaning of a rchipelago .. ...... .... ... ...... ......... ... ... .... .... .... .... ... ..... .. .. ........ .. ... Other territories over which the PQilippines has sovereignty or jur isdiction ................................................ ....... ........ .. 5. Other a reas included in the Philippine archipelago. ...... ....... .... .. .. ....... 6. Three-fold division of navigable waters......................................... ........ 7. Jurisdiction over n avigable w&.ters ... ....... ......................... .... ........ .. ........ . 8 . The archipelagic concept or principle of terr itoriality.. .. ... ..... .... ........ .. 9. The Philippine position .............................................................................1. 2. 3. 4.38 39 39 39 40 41 41 42 42ARTICLE II- DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLESAND STATE POLICIESPRINCIPLES SECTION 11.2. 3. 4.Th e Philippines , a democratic a nd republican state............................. Manifestations of a democratic a nd republican state. ...... ............ ........ Sovereignty of the people .... ........ .... .. ............. ....... ... .. ...... .. .... .... ............. .. Right of the people to revolt ...................................... ........ ............. ..........4444 45 45SECTION 21.Renunciation of war as an instrument of nationa l policy ....................xii462. 3.Adoption of the generally accepted principles of international law as part of our law ........... ...................... ........... Adherence to t he policy of peace, etc. , with all nations.................... ....4-6 47SECTION 31.2.Supremacy of civilian authority over the military.......... .. .... ................ Armed Forces of the Philippine, protector of the people and the State........ ..... ........ ................................... .... ............................48 48SECTION 4l. 2. 3.Prime duty of the Government.......................... ....................................... Defense of the State by the people against foreign aggr ession ........... Military and civil service by the people.............. ................ ... ..... ... .........49 50 50SECTION 51.Mai ntenance of peace and order, etc. ......................... ..... .. ..... ... ..............51SECTION61.2. 3.Principle of separation of the church and State ..................... ...... ......... Meaning of "establishment of religion clause".......... ............................. No hostility towards religion .................... ................................................52 52 53STATE POLICIES SECTION71.Foreign policy of the Philippinl:lS ..................... ........... ........................ .....54SECTIONS1.Freedom from nuclear weapons policy ........ ................................. ...........56SECTION91.Just and dynamic social order... ................. ............ .......... ...................... .57SECTION 101.Social justice ............ ....... .. .... .... ............................................ ................... ..57SECTION 111.Human dignity and human rights................................ ........... ................57SECTION 121.2.Strengthening the famil y as a basic autonomous social institution ....... ... ..... ... ..... ................... ..... ...... ...... ....................... Right to life of the unborn from conception and of the mother ...........xiii58 583.Rearing of the youth for civic efficiency and development of moral character ... ............................................................... ..... ........59SECTION 131.Role of the yout h in nation-building.................... ............. ............ ...........60SECTION 141.Role of women in nation-building. ....... ...... ............. ......... ... ......... ...... ......62SECTION 151.Right r,f the people to health ....................................................................64SECTION 161. Right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology ...................... 64SECTION 171.Priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture and sports .......................................... ............. .......................66SECTION 181.Labor as a primary social economic force ... ....... .... . ........ .... .... .. ....... .. .. ...S-1SECTION 191.Self-reliant and independent national economy....................................66SECTION 201.Role of the private sector i n the economy .... ......... ..... ......... .... ........ ..... ...66SECTION 211.Comprehensive Tural development and Ul(Tarian reform.....................67SECTION 22l.Rights of indigenous cultura l communities ............................................67SECTION 231.~on-governmenta l ,community-based or sectoral organizations ............ .............................................. :............. ...............68SECTION 241.Vital role of communication and information in nat.ion-building ....... .. .. ...... .. .... ... ........... .... ................ .. ..... ....... .........xiv69SECTION231.Autonomy of local governments ...............................................................69SECTION 261.Equal access to opporluni ties tor public service....................................70SECTION271. Honesty and integrity in public service ..................................................71SECTION 281. Full disclosure by the State of all its transactions ...............................72ARTICLE III -BILL OF RIGHTS1. 2. 3. 4.Concept of a bill of rights .......................................................................... Classes of rights ..... ............ .............. .............. ........ ..... ............................... Classification of constitutional rights..................................................... State authority and individual freedom..................................................73 73 74 75SECTION 11. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Meaning of due process of law.................................................................. Aspects of due process of law.................................................................... Procedural due process.............................................................................. Substantive due process............................................................................ Persons protected ......... ......... ...................... ... ..... .... ..... ................. .... ..... .... Meaning of life............................................................................................ Meaning of liberty...................................................................................... i\.feaning of property................................................................................... What constitutes deprivation ................................................................... Meaning of equal protection of the laws................................................. Reasonable classificat.ion permitted........................................................ Scope of the guarantee............................................................................... 76 76 77 78 78 78 78 79 79 79 80 80SECTION21. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.Meaning of search warrant and warrant of arrest.............................. .. Scope of the protection............................................................................... When search and seizure unreasonable.................................................. Requisites for valid search warrant or warrant of arrest .................... lVteaning of probable cause........................................................................ Sufficiency of affidavit. upon which warrant is based........................... Sufficiency of de::;cription .......................................................................... Right against unreasonable search and seizure, personal................... When search and seizure may be made without warrant .................... When arrest may be made without warrant.......................................... 81 818~82 83 83 83 84 85 85SECTION 31.Meaning of right of privacy.......................................................................KV862.a.4. 5.Basics and purpose of the provision ....... .. .... ...... ... ............ ....... ... .. ......... . Relationship with right againBt. unreasonable searches and seiz !lres ...... ........ .................... ........ .. ......... ........... ......... Limitations on the right ......................................... ................................... Evidence illegally obtained ....................................... ..... ..... ......................8686 8787SECTION 41. 2.3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.Meaning of freedom of speech, of expression, and of the press ........ ... Scope of freedom of expression................................................................. Scope of t erms "speech,'' "expression" and "press" ...... ...................... .... Importance of the guarantee .............. .... ........................................... ....... Freedom of expression not absolute ... ......... ........................................... . Abridgment of ireedom of speech and of the press................ ... ..... ........ Meaning of right of assembly and r ight of petition............................... Relationship with freedom of s peech and of the press.......... .. .. ............88 88 88 88 89 89 90 90SECTION 51. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.Meaning of religious freedom ......... ................. ..................................... .... Meaning of religion ..... ..... ......... .... ........ ................ ...... ......... ......... ............. Aspects of religious freedom ..................... .. .............................................. Freedom of religious profession and worship......................................... Dissemination of religious beliefs ....... ....... .. ............ ...... .... ............ .......... License fee or tax on sale of religious articles ....................................... Religious test prohibited .. ............. ...................... ....... .......... ........ ... .... ......91 91 91 92 92 93 93SECTION 61. 2.Meaning of liberty of abode and travel ................. .... .............................. Limitations on the right ............. .... . ................. .... ...... ..... .. ............. ...........94 94SECTION 71. 2. 3.Right to information on matters of public concern................................ Scope of the right. .... ........ ... ........... .................. ... ........................................ Limitations on t he rig ht. ...... ...... .... .... .......................................................95 96 96SECTION 81. 2. 3.J\.ieaning of right to form associations, etc. ........ ....................... .. ....... .... Purposes of the guarantee.. ..... ......... .... .. ....... .................... ......... .............. Limitation on the right.......................... ....................................................96 97 97SECTION91. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.Essential or inherent powers of government .................................. ....... Meaning of eminent domain ............................ ........... ,.............. ..... .......... Conditions for or limitations upon its exercise... ................................... Meaning of "taking" ............... ...................... ............................... ........ ....... Meaning of police power ................. ................................ ........................ ... Basis of police power ..... .............. ...... ............... .. ....... ...... ............... ............ Illustrations of police power laws ............................................................"vi97 98 98 99 99 99 1008. 9. 10. 11.Meaning of taxation................................................................................... Theory and basis of taxation .................................................................... Meaning of taxes......................................................................................... Distinctions among the three powers...................................................... SECTION 10100 100 101 1011.2. 3. 4. 5.Meaning of obligation of a contract ....... .................................................. Scope of terms "law" and "contract" ........................................................ Purpose of non-impairment prohibition.................................................. Wben obligation of contract impaired..................................................... Freedom to contract not absolute............................................................. SECTION 11102 102 102 103 1031.2. 3. 4.Constitutional tights of the accused in criminal cases......................... Reasons for constitutional safeguards ......... .... ....................................... Right to free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies................ Right to adequate legal assistance .......................................................... SECTION 12103 104 105 1051. 2. 3. 4.Rights of person under investigation ...................................................... Effect of violation of the rights................................................................. When rights can be invoked...................................................................... Waiver of right of silence and to counsel................................................ SECTION 13106 106 107 1071.2. 3. 4. 5.Meaning of bail .................................................. ......................................... Purpose and for1n of bail ........................................................................... Who may not invoke the right to bail...................................................... Meaning of capital offense ................... ..................................................... Excessive bail prohibited .......................................................................... SECTION 14107108 108109 1091.2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.Right to due process of law in criminal cases ........................................ Right to presumption of innocence .......................................................... Statutory presumptions of guilt............................................................... Right to be heard by himself and counsel............................................... Meaning and purpose of arraignment .................................. .... .... ........... Importance of the right to counsel........................................................... Right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him .... ... .. .... ... . ..... .. ...... ... ..... .... . ................. .... .... .... ........... .... .. . Right to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial.............................. Right to confrontation.of witnesses......................................................... Right to compulsory production of witnesses and evidence......................................................................................... Trial in the absence of the accused.......................................................... SECTION 15110 110 111 111 112 112112 113 114114 1151.Meaning of writ of habeas corpus ............................................................xvii1152. 3. 4.Purpose of the writ.. .................................... ............................ ................... How writ operates .................... .... ................ ..................... ............... .......... S uspenflion of the privilege ofthe writ...... .... .. ............. ...... .... ........ .. .. ....116 116 116SECTION 161.Right to speedy dispos ition of cas es .... ....... ................ ..... ................. .... ...117SECTION 171.2. 3. 4.Right agai nst self-incrimination .............................................................. S cope of guarantee .. ........... .... .. .. ......... ......... .. ..... ... ......... ... ..... .... ...... ...... .. . Nature of guarantee .... .......... ..... .... ......... .............. .. ............ ... .. ...... ............ Form of t estimony prohibited ...................................................................118 118 118 :i 19SECTION 18L 2. 3. 4.Right aga inst detention soleiy by r eason of political beliefs and a spiraticns .................................................................................... Meaning of involuntary servitude .... ............ ..................... ............... ........ Purpose and basis of the prohibition ... .. .... .. .. .... .. ... .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. ... .. .. Exceptions to prohibition.... ...... ... .. .... .. ........... ........... .... ....................... ....120 120 12 1 12 1SECTION 191.2.3.4.Right again st excessi ve fines ...... .. ... .......... .......... ...... .... ... ...... ......... .. ... .. .. Right aga ins t cruel , degrading, or inhuman punishments .................. Purpose of the guarantee .......................................................................... Imposition of the death penalty ........................ ....................... ............ ....122122 123 12:3SECTION 201.2. 3.4.5.J\.leaning of debt .. .... ... . .... .. ...... ...... .... ..... ... .... .. .. ..... .............. ... ....... ............. P urpose of prohibition against imprisonment for debt ........... ......... .... . Prohibition limited to contractua l obligations only ............ ......... .... .. ... Meaning of poll t ax ..................................................................................... Purpose of prohibition against imprisonment for non-payment of poll tax ..... ......................................... ........ ......... ..::-:..125 125 125 126126SECTION 211. 2. 3. 4.Right against double jeopardy.................................................................. Requisites for existence of double jeopardy.................. ..................... .. ... Right to appeal in criminal cases .. ... ......... ...... ............ .. .. .. ... ........... .. .. .. .. . Classes of double jeopa rdy ..... ..... .................. .. ............................ ..............126 127 127 127SECTION 221.2. 3. 4.Meaning of ex post facto law ... .. .. ... .. ......... .. ... ... .... ...... ... ... .. ....... .. ........ .. ... Character istics of ex post facto law ................................. ......................... Meaning of bill of attainder......... ............................................... .............. P urpose of prohibition against bill of attainder ....... ....... ................ ..... .128 128 128 129xviiiARTICLE IV- CITIZENSHIP SECTION 11. 2. Meaning of citizenship and citizen ......................................................... . Distinguished from nationality and nationals ...................................... . Meaning of subject and alien .................................................................... General ways of acquiring citizenship .................................................. .. Citizens by birth ........................................................................................ . Citizens at the time of the adoption of the Constitution ..................... . Citizens by blood relationship ................................................................. . Citizens through el~ction under the 1935 Constitution ..................... .. Citizens by naturalization ...................................................................... .. Meaning of naturalization ........................................................................ Nature of naturalization .......................................................................... . Ways of acquiring citizenship by naturalization .................................. . 130 130 131 131 131 132 132 132 133 134 134 134. ....6.7.3.5.8.9.10. 11.12.SECTION21.Kinds of citizens under the Constitution ................................................135SECTION31. 2. Loss of citizenship ................................................. .... ................................. Reacquisition of lost Philippine citizenship . ..........................................136 137SECTION41.Effect of marriage of citizen to an alien..................................................137SECTION51.2.3. 4.Dual allegiance of citizens ........................................................................ Retention and reacquisition of citizenship ...................... ....................... Rights with corresponding obligations.................................................... Duties and obligations of citizens............................................................137 1:18 139 140ARTICLE V- SUFFRAGE SECTION 11. 2. 3. {. 5. 6. 7. 8. Meaning of suffrage . ..... .. ........ .......... ... ... .. ................... .. ...... .. .. .. ... .. .. .... .... . Nature of suffrage ...................................... .............................. .... ... .. .... ..... Scope of suffrage......................................................................................... Qualifications of voters.............................................................................. Age qualification......................................................................................... Residence qualification.............................................................................. Persons disqualified td' vote...................................................................... Arguments justifying the lowering of voting age from 21 to 18 ........................................................................................ Arguments justifying removal of literacy requirement........................ Property requirement prohibited............................................................. Other substantive requirements prohibited........................................... Compulsory suffrage ..................................................................................xix144 144 144 145 145 146 146147 147 148 149 1509. 10. 11. 12.SECTION 21.2.System for securing the secrecy and sanctity of the ballot ........ .... .. ........... .. . ..................................................... ......... System for absentee ,oting by qualified Filipinos ................................151152ARTICLE VI- LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT SECTION 1Meaning of legisla tive pov1er .......... ................................................ .......... Meaning of law ... .. .. .... ........ ............. .... ........ ............. ... ........... ........... ... ....... 3 . Function of Ia v;.s ...... ......................... ............. .......................................... ... 4. Legislative power vested in Congr ess ....... .............................................. 5. Advantages of bicameralism.......... ............ .... ........ ............... ............ ........ 6. Dis adv ant ages of bicameralism ................................................................ 7. Scope of legislative power of Congress .......... ........ .... ..................~. . .... ..... 8 . Clas5ification of powers of C ongress ........... ...... .. .. ... ...... .. ........... ............ 9. Principle of separation of powers............................................................. 10. Principle of checks and balances. ......................... ...... ...... ............ ............1. 153'2.153 153 154 154154155155156 157SECTIONS 2-41. 2.The S enate. ...... ........ .... .. ...... ............. ........ ....... ............ ....... ..... ........ .. .......... Meanin g of r egistered voter and r esidence .............................................158 159SECTIONS 5-71. 2. 3.4.The House of Repre~ entative s .... ...... ... ... ... .......... ........ .. .. ................ ......... Number, el ection/selection a nd classificat ion of members ................... Apportionmen t of elected representatives ........................ ...................... Party-list and sector a l ;:epre sentation .... ............. ............ ... ....... .. .. .........160 161 162 163SECTIONS 8-91.Kinds of election for member s of Congress .............................................164SECTION 101.Salariel:l of members of Congress .... ......... :............ ............ ................. ......165SECTION 111. 2. 3. 4.Freedom fro m arrest of members of Congress ....... ......... .... ..... .... ..... ..... When immunity cannot be invoked ........................................ ............. .... Freedom from being quest ioned for speech and debate ........................ When immunity cannot be claimed ........ .. .. ............. ..... .. .... ... .... ............ ..165 166 166 166SECTION 121.Disclosure of financial and business interests .......................................167SECTION IS1.Disqua lification to hold any other office or employment ........ ..............XX167SECTION 141.Fiduciary position of members ...... .................. .. ... .... ........ .... ....................169SECTION 15l.Sessions of Congress .... .................................... ............. ........ .... .................170SECTiON 161. Officers of Congress .. ..... .. .. .... .... .... .... ...... .. . .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ...... .. .. .... .... ..... ..... . 2. Powers and functions of Senate President and House Speaker .......... 3. Meaning of quorum .. ..... .. ........ .. ... .................. ........................... .. ............... 4. Basis of quorum in each House ................ ................................................ 5. Adjournment in absence of quorum ............ ............................................. 6. Meaning and function of rules of procedure........................................... 7. Limitation"t on power to determine rules......................... ....................... 8. Nature of power of each House to punish its members........................ 9. Votcsrequired................... ................................................ .......................... 10. Each House sole judge of disorderly behavior............... .... ..................... 11. Meaning of legislative journa l .......................................... ........................ 12. Purpose of journal-keeping requi rement........... .............................. ....... 13. Matters to be entered in the journal ............................. ........ .................. 14. Adjournment by either House without consent of the other................ 171 171 172 172 172 173 173 173 174 174 17 4174175 175SECTIONS 17191. 2.Electoral Tribunal in each House .... .................................... .................... The Commission ~n Appointments in Congress .. ..... .............................176 177SECTION 201.Records of Congress open to public................................ ...................... ....178SECTION 211. 2.Power oflegislative inquiry and jnvestigation ........ ..... .... .......... ........... Scope of the power....................................................................... ......... ......179 179SECTION 221.Appearance of heads of departments before each House .....................180SECTION 231.2. 3.Power to declare existence of a state of war... ........ .. ... ................ ........... War contemplated ..... ... ... ... ........ .. .................... .............. ..... ......... .............. Delegation of cmerge11cy powers .............. .................. ....... .......................181 181 181SECTION 241. 2.Meaning of appropriations bill................................................................. Kinds of appropriations ..... ... ..... .... ......... ..... ........ .................. ....................xxi182 1823.4.:Meaning of other bills.............. .... .... ............................................... ........... Bills which must originate exclu ~ ively in the H ouse of Representa tives.......................... ............. ................................... .....183 183SECTION 251. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.7.8. 9. 10.Meaning of bu dget....... ................................... .... .......................... ............. Submission of proposed budget by the President...................... ............ lncreaae of appropriation recommended by the President.. ............ ..... Prohibition agains t riders........ .. .... ....... .............. ... ......... .... .... ........ .......... Procedure in approving appro priations ........... ........... .... .. ............ .. ...... .. Requir ements with respect io special appropriations bill.................... Requir ement t o insure a balanced budget.............................. ........ ....... Prohibition against transler of fun ds .......................... ................. ......... .. Rule as to discretionary funds ....... ......................... .............. .... .... .. .......... Automatic reap propriation ...... .. ...... .............. .. .. .. ..... ........ ....... ....... .... ......185 185 185 186 186 187187187 187 188SECTION 261. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.Limitations on the power of Congress ................ ................ ..................... Prohibition agains t delegation oflcgislative powers ..... ....... .. .............. Prohibition agains t the enactment of irrepealable laws.. .... .. .. .. .. ... ..... Requirements a~:~ to subject a nd ti tle of bills.............. ..... ................... .. .. Meanin g of hodge-podge or log-r olling legislation ...... ...... ... .............. .... Effect of violation of requirem~n t ..................................... .. ............ ... .. .... Exceptions to the requirement ..................... .... ..................... .......... ..... .... Steps in the pa8sage of a bill .. .. ..... ....... ...... .... .................... ......... .... ... ... .. Purpose of provision requiring three readings of bill .. ........ .. .. .... ...... ... Certifica tion of bills by the President ............... .......................... ............ Purpose of requirement that yea:; a nd nays be en tered in the journa l .. ..................... ......... ............. ..... .... ..................... .... ........188 189 189 190 190 190 191 191 l92 193 193SECTION271. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.Meaning of bill ..... .................... ......... ..... ........ ........ .. ............ .... ................. .. Meaning of stat u te ...... ......... ......... ............................. .... ..................... ....... How statutes identified ............................... ....... ............................. ... ...... Forma] parts of a Ja w................ .... .... .......................... .............................. When bill may become a law ..... .. ... ... ............ .. .. .......... ......... .. .. .. .. ...... ....... Veto power of the President .. ............. ..... .......... ....... .. .. ......... .... .... .. .. .. .. .... P urpose of veto .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. . Pock et veto not a llowed ..... ... ...... .... ... ..... .... ...... ... ..... .... .... ...... .... ... .. .. .... ... When partial veto aJlowed ............ ....... ....... ....... ...... ... ......... .... ...... ... ...... Mea n ing of resol ution.... ..... .... ....... .. .... ....... .. ... ................. .. .. ........ ..... ..... UAe of resolutions .. .. ............ ....... .. ... ... .. .. .... .. ............... ..... .. .. .. .. .. ........ ..... Kin ds of r esolutions .... .......... .. .. ... ....... ............. ............ ...... ................ .. .... ..194 194 194 194 195 195 196 196 196 196 197 197SECTION 281. 2. 3. 4. 5.U niformity in taxa tion...................... .............. .......... .. ..... ........... ....... .. ...... Equity in taxation .. .................. ...... .. .................. .. ... .. ..... ........ .. ...... ... .. ....... Progr essive syst em of taxation.... .. .. ...... ............ ... .. .. .. ............ .. .. .. ......... .. Delegation of taxing power t o fix t a riff rat es, etc. .. ............. ................. Exe mption of certain entities and properties from property taxes.....xxii1.98198 199 199 1996.Votes req uired for grant of t ax exemption ..............................................~00SECTION 291. 2. 3. 4. The powe r of appropriation ............ ........... ....... .... .... .... ........ ......... ......... ... Meanin g of ~ app ropria~ion made by law" .................... .............. .............. P rohibition against "JSe of public money or property for religious rurpose ..... ............ .... .... ...... ........ .... ............ ..... .... ..... ..... . Expenditure of special fund........ ...................... .... .................................... 200 20 1 20 1 202SECTION 301. Law increasing appellate juris diction of Supreme Court ................. .... 203SECTION 311.P r ol-.ibitiun against gr anting title of royalty or nobility.. ....... ...... .. ......20~SECTION 321.2.Mean ing of initiative a nd referendu m ........ ..... .. .. .... ..... .......... ..... .. ......... C ongress to provide a system of initiative and referendu m ... .... .. .......204 204ARTICLE VII- EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT SECTION 11.2.President, t he E xecutive ................................................ ........................... Meaning of executive pow'3r ................................................. .. ....... ... .. .......206 206SECTION 21.q ualifications of the President and Vice-President.... .. ........ ... ... .... ......207SECTION 31. The Vice-President ...................... .......................... ............................. ........ 207SECTION 41. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. E lection of t h e Presi den t and Vice -P resident ................................. ...... . Term of office of t h e President and Vice-Pre ~ident ...................... ....... .. Term of office distinguished from tenure of office; right L(> hold office; and office... ..... .. .. ... .............. .... .. .... .. ......... .... ...... .... ...... Reelection of President a nd Vice-Presi dent ............ ...... .. ... .... ..... ........ ... Reasonll for proh ibition 2.gainst r e-election of Pr esident ...... .. ............. Canvassing of r eturns and proclamation ............. ....... ... .... . ..... ............. Election contest involving the position of President or Vice-President ................. ...................... ....... .... .............. .... ............. 208 209 209 210 210 211 212SECTION 51. Oath or affirmation of the President, Vice-Pr.esident , or Acting President...................... ............. .... .......................... .... ........xxiii212SECTION 61.Official r esidence and compensation of the Presid~nt and Vice-President...... ... ................. ................................................. ...213SECTIONS 7-81. 2. 3. 4. Classes of Presidenti al succe!!sion ......... .......... ....... ... .............. ..... .... .... .. . When Vice-President s h all act as President .... .................. .................... When Vice-President shall become Prc!:!ident ....................... ................. Where there a re no President and Vice-President.......... .. .. .............. .... 214 215 215 215SECTION91.Vacancy in the Office of the Vice-President ........................... .. ... ......... .216SECTION 101.Vacancy in the Offices of both the President and Vice-President.......216SECTION 111.Rules in case of temporary disability of the Presiden t.. .......... ..... ........SECTION 122171.When public to be informed of Prt~sident's state of health...................218SECTION 131.2.Disabilities of President , Vice-President, Ml~m bc rs of Cabinet. and their d eputies a nd assistants .................. .............. Rule on nepotis m .. ..................... ......................... ........................................219 220SECTION 141.Appoint ments extended h.v an Acting President..... ....... ............. ... ...... ..220SECTION 151.Appointments preceding a presidential elction . ........ ............ .......... ..221SECTION 161.2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.Meaning of appointment ... .... ... ... ... .. ............ ....... .. .... ....... ........ .. .. .. .. ...... Nat.t..re of power to appoint .. ....... .. .. .. ....... .. ................ ... .. .............. .. .... ... .. Officials whose appointments are vested in the President.................. Confirm ation of appoint ments by Commission on Appointments ....... Appointment by other officials......... ........... ..... ...... .... ................. .......... Kinds of presidential appointments ........................ ........................... ..... Ad interim appointments ............................. .......... ............. .................... .. Kinds of appointment in the career services .. .. ..... ............................... .. Steps in the a ppointing process .......... ..... ............................. .. ........... .. .. ..xxiv222 222 222 223 224 224 224 225 22510. 11. 12. 13.Kinds of acceptance.......... .......................... ........ ........................................ Meaning of designation ......................................................... ..... ... ............ Removal power of t he President............................................................... Extent of the President's power to remove.............................................226 226 226 227SECTION 17l..2. 3.Power of control over all executive departments, bureaus and offices ... .................. ............................ ..................... ....... Nature and extent of the power of control................... ................. .......... Power to insure that the laws be faithfully executed.. .. ..................... ..227 228 228SECTION 18Military power of the President ............................................................... Powers of President as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces ... .. .... ..... ........... ...... .... .... ... ..... .. .... ....... ..... .... .... ... 3. Authority of Congress over the armed forces........ ................................. 4. Power to suspend privilege of writ of habeas corpus ............................ 5. Power to declare martial law ...................................................................: 6. Meaning of martial law ............................................................................. 7. Basis, object, and duration of martial law.. ............................................ 8. Restr ictions on the exercise of the two powers . .. .. .. .. .. ... .. . .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ...... 9. Effects of a state of martial law...............................................................1. 2.229 230 230 230 231 231 231 232 233SECTION 191. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Pardoning power ......................................................................................... Meaning of reprieve and suspension of sentence .................................. Meaning of commutation .. ..... ..................... ........ ...... ...... ........................... Meaning of pardon ........................................................................... .......... Object of pardoning power ..................................................... ................... Kinds of pardon ..... ...... ..................... .......................... ................... ............. Limitations upon the pardoning power................................ .............. ..... Effects of pardon.... .. ......... ..... ............................................. ..... ....... ............ Remission of fines and forfeitures .................................................... ....... Meaning of amnesty............................................................... .... ................ Effect of amnesty........................................................................... ............. Pardon and amnesty distinguished......................................................... 234 234 234 234 235 235 235 235 236 236 236 236SECTION 201.Authority to contract and guarantee foreign loans ...............................237SECTION211. 2.3.Meaning of treaty ...... ,.......................................... ....... ........ ..... ..... ............. Distinguished from international agreement and ex~utive agreement ........................................ ........................... Steps in treaty-making..............................................................................238 238 239SECTION221.Budgetary power of the President...........................................................XXV239SECTION 231.Prerogative to address and appear before Congress............................. 240ARTICLE Vlll- JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT SECTION 11. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Meaning of judicial power......................................... ........... ..................... Scope of judicial power ................................... ... .... .... .... ... ........... .............. Giving of advisory opinions not a judicial function. ... ........................... Judicial power vested in one Supreme Court and in lower courts...... Organization of courts ...... .............. .... ............. ............................. ............. Quasi-judicial agencies........ ................... ......... ...... .................................... Importance of the judicia ry .................................. ....... ................. ............. Independence of the judiciary ..................................................................241 241 242 243243244 244 245SECTION 21.2. Power to apportion jurisdiction of various courts vested in Congress .................................................. ... ......................... Jurisdiction of courts ....... ............ ........................... ....... ..................... ....... 246 2471.SECTION 3 Fiscal autonomy ......... ... .................. .. .... ...................... ..... ... .. .............. ........ SECTION 4247l.2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.Composition of the Supreme Court.......................................................... Sitting procedure ............................................................ ...... ...................... Cases to be heard or decided en bane and vote required...................... Meaning of executive agreement............................ .................................. Classes of executi 1e agreements ........................ ...................................... Meaning of power of judicial review.......................... .................. ............ Limitations on exercise of power of judicial review ....................... ....... Justiciable question disti n guished from political question .............. ....248 248 249 250 250 250 251 251SECTION 51. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court over cases affecting ambassadors, etc. ................................................................ Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court over petitions for certiorari, etc. ....... ................. ............. ....... ..................... ............... Exclusive appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court............. ........... Assignment of judges of lower courts to other stations ..................... ... Change of venue or place of trial ........ ................... ........................ .......... Rule-making power of the Supreme Court ..............:.............................. Limitations on the rule-making power of the Supreme Court ............ Substantive and procedural law/rights distinguished.......................... Appointment of officials and employees .................................................. 253 254 255 255 256 256 258 259 259SECTIONS1.Administrative supervision over lower courts .................. .....................xxvi260SECTION 71.2.3.4.Qualifications for members of the Suprem~ Court and any lower collegiate court........................................................... Authority of Congress to alter qualifications of certain constitutional officers ................. ............. ..... .. .................. ....... ........ ... Qualifications of judges of lower courts ..... ............ ................................. The admini stration of justice ...................................................................261 261 26 1262SECTIONS 8-91.Appointment of members of the Supreme Court and judges of lower courts . .. . .. ... .. .. .. .... .. . .. ... .. . .. .. .... .. ... .. .. .. ................264SECTION 101.Compensation of members of the judiciary ............................................265SECTION 111. 2. 3.Tenure of office of members of t he judiciary .......................................... Meaning of good behavior ......................................................................... Disciplining or dismissal of judges of lower courts ........................... ....266 267 267SECTION 121.Prohibition against designation to quasj-judicial and/or administrative agencies.................................. ....... ............. ...267SECTION 131. 2. Procedure in rendering decisions .................. ........................................... Requirement in case of non-participation, dissent, or abstention..... . 268 269SECTION 141.2.Meaning of decision......................... ............................................ .............. . Form of decision of court ..... .................................... .................. .... ........ ....269269SECTION 151. 2.Maximum periods for rendition of decisions................................... ....... Time limitations mandatory..... ............................................ .. ..................271 27 1SECTION 161.Submission of annual report............................. .................. ......................272AR'l'ICLE IX- CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONSA. COMMON PROVISIONSSECTION 11.Independent constitutional bodies...........................................................xxvii273SECTION21.Disabilities of members of Constitutional Commissions......................274SECTION 31.Compensation of members of Constitutional Commissions .................27 4SECTION41. 2. Appointment and removal of officials and employees........................... Other common features............................................................................. 27 4 275SECTION 51. Fiscal autonomy.......................................................................................... 276SECTION 61. Rules of procedure...................................................................................... 276SECTION71.Rendition of decision and judicial review...............................................276SECTION 81.Additional functions under the law.........................................................27iB. THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION SECTION 11.2. 3. 4. 5.Composition of the Civil Service Commission........................................ Qualifications ofmembers ........................................................................ Appointment and terms of office .............................................................. Rotational scheme of appointment ....................... ................................... Reasons for creation of the Commission.................................................277 278 278 278 279SECTION21. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.10. 11. 12.Meaning of Civit Service ........................................................................... Scope of the Civil Service .......................................................................... Constitutional classification of positions in the Civil Service............. The merit system........................................................................................ Non-competitive positions......................................................................... Guarantee of security of tenure .................................~............................. Meaning of"for cause provided by law".................................................. Abolition of position ................... ................................................................ Prohibition against electioneering and other partisan political campaign............................................................................... Meaning of electioneering or partisan political campaign................... Activities not covered................................................................................. Right of government employees to self-organization ............................xxviii280 280 280 281 282 283 283 284 284 285 285 28613. 14.Right of government employees to strike ..... .......................................... Protection oftemporttry employees.................... ......... .............................286 287SECTION 31.2.3.4.Powers and functi on~; of the Commission ............................................... Importance of a permanen t civil service ................................................. Purpose of providing a civil service system. ........................................... Basic requisites of a civil service system............ .......... ........... ...............287 288 289 289SECTION 41.Oath to dt!fend and support theCon:~titution........................................290SECTION 51. Standardization of compensation............... ..... ......................................... 290SECTION 61.I neligibility for appointment of defeated candidate in an election ... .. .. ........... .. ... ...... .. ..... .................. .. ... .. ............ .. ...........291SECTION 71.2.Ineligibility for a ppointment of e lective officials ....... .......................... .. P rohibition ag ain ~t hol ding more than one position by appoin tive officials ............... ... ........ ...... ......................... ................292 292SECTION 81.2. 3.Prohibition agains t additional, double, or ind irect compensation...... E"c 2ptions to the prohibition ........ .. .. ........... .. ...... .... ...... .................... ... ... Prohibition again,-.t acceptance of any present, etc. from any foreign st.ate ................................. .................................................293 293 294C. T H E COMMISSION ON ELECTIONSSECTION 11.2. 3. 4.Composition of the Commission on Elections ........................................ Qualifications of members ....... ................................. ..................... ........... Appointment and terms of office ....... ......................... ............ ............ ...... P urpose of the Commission ............................... ....... .......... .. ..... ................295 295 296 296SECTION 21. 2. 3.Powers and functions Ofthe Commission............................................... Finality of decisions ............... ........ ........ ......... ..... ................................... ... Rationale of r egistration of political parties .............................. ............298300 301SECTION 31. Hearing of election cases.......... ............................ .....................................xxix301SECTION 41.Regulation of public utilities a nd media ............................. ............ ........302SEC'flON 51. 2. 3.Pardon, etc., of violators of eleetion laws ............. ............. .................. ... Meaning of parole ..... ..... ........................................... ..... ..... ........................ Meaning of suspension of se ntence............................... .. .... ........ .............303 303 303SECTIONS1.2.Meaning of pol itical party .... .. .................. .. ... .. .. .. .. .................... ........ .. .. .... F r ee and open party system.. ..... .. .......................... ....... .... .. .. ..... ....... ........30:3 3031.SECTION 7 Party-list. ~-;ystem ... ... ........................................................ .......................... SECTION 83061.Membership ()f political pnrties, etc. in registration boards, etc. .......307SECTION 9I. 2. Election per iod ..... .... ... .. ... ...................... ................... ..... .......... ........... .. .. .... Campaign period .............. ................................................. .. ....................... 308 308SECTION 101. Protection against harassment and discrimination ................... ........... 308SECTION 111.AutomaLicrelea~;eof appropriations .......... ................ .. ...........................309D. THE COMMISSION ON AUDITSECTION 1l.2. 3. 4.Composition of the Commiss:on on Audit............................................... taken into account ....................... ............. ............. ........ ..... .......... ................. . 2. Institutions of hi gher !earning t o enjoy academic freedom ................. 3 . 'Meaning of academic freedom ... .... ....................... ... ..... ......... ................. .. 4 . Importance of g uarantee of aca demic freedom ...................................... 5. Guarantee not a cademic licens e .... ....................... ....... .. ............. .............. 6. Right of every citizen to select a profession or cou n;~ of study ... . .. ... ... .. ..... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .. ..... ... .. .. .. ... ... .. .... .... .. ... .. .. .. .. .... 7. Right of teachers t o profession a l a dva ncement ...... ... .. .... .. .. ... ............... 8. Right of non-tea ching academic a n d non-academic per sonnel ........... . 9. State to assign the h ighest budget a ry priority to education................. .......... .................. ... ......................................... . 10. Duty of State to improve lot of t eachers .... ....... .................. ............. .... .. 1.455 456 456 157 457458 458 460461461LANGUAGE SECTION 61. 2. Concept of lan guage .............. :......... ..... .... ............................... ................. .. Importance of la nguage ............................... ..... .......................... ........ .... .. National language is Filipino .. ..... .............................. .... ........................ .. Pilipino not immediately abrogated ...... ............ ..... .... ..... .............. ....... ... Need for a oHtionallanguage .. ..................... ... ........ ..... .... .... .................. .. . Use of Filipino as a medium of offici al communica tion and langu age of instruction .... ............................... ............................3.4. 5. 6.462 462 462463 464464SECTION 7l.2. 3. 4.Official languages ofthe Philippines ...................... ................................ Need for communication skills in E nglish...... ...... .. ............................... . Auxiliary offi cia l languages.. .. ... ......... ................ .. .... .. ..... .... .. .............. .. ... Difference bet ween officia l la ng uage and national lan guage ...... ...... .. x.xxix465 465 466 467SECTION 81. 2.Constitution oflicially promulgated in Filipino and English...... ........ . Translation and interpretation ............................... ..... .... .... ....................467 467SECTION 91. National languagecommi ~?s ionto beestabli::;ht~d..................................46RSCIENCE &'lD TECHNOLOGY SECTIONS 10-131. 2.3. 4.5.Concept of science and technology ... ....................................................... . Science and technology essen tial for national development and progress . ................. . ................ ......................... .... Promotion of science and t echnology................. ...................................... Science and technology education and training ............ ................. ........ Right to inventions, etc ., to be secured...................... ............. .......... ......',,,',,,469 4694 714 72 473\.ARTS AND CULTURE SECTION 141. 2.\\3. 4.Conceptofart sand culture... .. .. .. .. ..... .. ..................... .. ...... .. .... .................. Importance of culture ................................................................................ Promotion of cultu re .... .......... .... .... .................. .... ...................................... Preservation, enrichmen t, and dynamic evolution of a Filipino national culture........ .. .................................. .................4744 74 4 754 76SECTIONS 15-161.Cultural trea::;ures ofthe nation .............................. .. .. .......... ..................4 78SECTION 171.Rights of indigenous cult ural communities.......... .......................... .......4 79SECTION 181.Equal access to cultural opportunities....................................................480SPORTS SECTION 191. 2.Concept of sports .......................... ................ .................... ......... ............... .. Promotion of s port;, ...... ............................ ....... ......... :...... .. .. .............. .........480 48 0ARTICLE XV -THE FAMILY SECTION 1l.Concept of family ...... ................................................. ......... ........................xl482~-Importance of the family to the State ................................................... .. The Filipino family, the fonr.clation of the nation ................................ . Sphere of law on fan1ily ........................................................................... ..482483484SECTION 21. 2. Concept of marrid forcef8,616,536 with a growth rab of 2 a2'iL11 ~See6TEX'l"SOOK 0~ THF.PHILIPPl~ECONSTlTCTIONthe ~tat~ .~~t.e.nds, but also the'f!Y~'=..~nd J.ik~ "therein , a .~Lt.ain area. of.the~ ~~,Zer _wl:lic!l th!:! jurisdiclion ofsea wJ~~c_h.ab.ut& upon itB coasts and the a ir space above it. Thus, the domain of the state may be described as terrestrial,. fl uvial, maritiri1e, and C!erial. ..... . . . -- -4 --The smallest s tate in point of territory is Vatican , located just outside the western boundary of Rome with a n area of on ly 1/() s quare mile or 0.43 squa r e kilometer. It would flt in Rizal Park in Manila. The Republic of Nau ru h as an area of about eight (8) square miles or 20 square kilometers . The former Sovi et Unjon 17 was t h e largest state in point of territory with its total la nd a rea of about 8,599, 776 square miles. Now, the biggest st.ate is Can ada, having a n a r ea of:~,852 , 000 square miles whi.ch covers a sur face n early as large as E urope. T h e Ph jlippines has a total land area of about 115,707 squar e miles or 299,681 :.>quare kilometers; 1-'(3) Q.ourrnment.- It refers toth~~l:lcy__.thl:o a~hwhich thc.Yt:ill_Qf!,he~d, ex.i.~~~~-~~:~ carried_.._lt. The word is sometimes u~ e'a Qlto refer to the person or aggregate of th ose persons in whose ha nd::; a r e placed for t he time being t he function of political control. This "body of men" is usually spoken of as "~drn.i.uisir.awm . " The ordinary citizens of a country a r e a par t of the state, but a.re not par t of the government; a nd( 4) .SD..uerdg.n.ty. - The term m ay be defin ed as the _8!J-_2.J:e.m_e_,P 9."~~er_ of the state> to.Qm.111and a_~g _ e!lfor t enure. Monarchies a re fur ther classi fted in to: /_...r olute mona.rch:y or one in which the ruler rilles by divine r ight; and21 L imited monarchy or one in whkh the ruler rule1-:. in accordantt! w!th a constitution; ~W.\IIt ~~n-j~ c.,. .~~ lh J At\~fa_cy or _pt~e in which political power is exercised by a fe w privil eged class which is known 11!-; an a ristocracy or oligarch y; and . D L~\) . . tel . em?.lcracy or .P{te m w h IC h po1 . I power 1s exercise d b y a ttld the Katipunan to be the "weapon of the weak" against. coloni' l rnle in the country. The f(lunding of the radisort to force because the colonial authorities a.horted La Liga Filipina , the organization through which Filipino dema nds could be pursued peacefull y. With the death of Del Pilar, nonifacio was th,u!;t into the mat>lstrom of the Philipp in(! revr> lution. He becam e the moving l'< piri t of the Katipunan. The word "Ka tipu nan'' suggests oneness.l4T XT fi00 K ON THE PHI LIPPI NE CONSTITUTIONa nd indep end en t Phil ippine Rep ublic" whi ch wa s inaugu r a t ed on .Ja nuary 23, 1899 with G(m. Aguina ldo as President. Our First P hili ppi ne Republic was not recognized by t he fa mil y of n at ions. It was neverth eless a n or ganized government beca use it actually existed a nd its author ity wa ~:> accepted by the people. It exis ted from Janu ary 23, 1899 to Ma rch 23, 1901 Y In February, 1899, the United States a nnexed the Philippines a s a r esult of the Spanish-American War a nd in April, 1901, Gen. Aguina ldo was captured . Thus, the Republic was s hort-lived , its in depen dence cut short by the superior might. of a n ew colonia l power. The Ma lolos Constitution which provided for the est ablishment of a P hilippine Republic had no opportunity to opera te. However, this in no way diminis hes t h e histor ica l signifi cance of the Ph ilippine Revolution of 1896. It wa s the first war of independence fo ught by Asia ns a ga inst fore ign domination and it gave birth to the first constitutiona l democracy in Asia and th e West P acific.Governments during the American regime.(1) The Military Government. - The America n military r ule in the P hilippines bega n on August 14, 1H98, the day aft er the ca pture of Ma nila. The exis ten ce of war gave t he President of the U ni ted St a tes the power to establish a Military Government in the Philippines , a s Comma nder-inChief of a ll A rmed F orces of the United States. His au thority was delegate d t o t he military governor wh o exercis ed as long as t he war lasted, a ll power s of government - executive, legislative, a nd judicia l. Th e fi rst Ame ri can Mili t a ry Governor was General vVes ley Mer ritt, t he second was GeMral Elwell E. Ot is, and the th ird and la st, was Major / Genera l Arth ur J\.b eArthur. (2) The Civil Government.- Pursuant to the s o-called Spoo ner Amendment (on the army a ppropria t ion a ct passed in the U.S. Congress on March 3, 1901) which ended the m ilitary regime in th e Philippines , the Civi l Government was inaugurated in Man ila on July 4, 190 1, h eaded by a Civil Governor whose position was created on October 29, 1901. Th e Civil Governor (the title was la ter changed to Governor-Gene ra l on Febru ary 6, 1905) also exercised legislative powers . He remained as Presiden t of the Philippine Commission, the sole lawma king body of th e government from 1901 to 1907. From 1907 t o 1916, the Philippine Commission a cted a s the upper house of the legislative branch with th e Philippine Assembly serving a s th e lower house. With the pass age of t he Spooner Law in 1901, these two bodies ga ve way to th e Philippine Legislat ure. The Philippines was repr ese nted in the Unite d State s by t wo Resident Commissioners who were elected by the Ph i lip pine Legis lature. T hese com missioners had seats in27 SE!eG.F . 7-!!idc. note 24, op. d t., pp. 38-45.INTRODUCTJON C. The Govemm'!llt of t ht! Philippines iu Tr(l n sition15the United St at~s House of Representatives, r eeeiving the same emoluments and other privileges a.s the American members of that body, but without the right to vote.:t~< The fir ::~t Civtl Governor was JudgQ William H. 'I'aft 0901-1903 ). He was succeeded by Luke F. Wright (1904-1906) who wa~ the first American to enjoy the title of Governor-General of the Philippines. The last Governor-General was Frank Murphy (198:~-1935) who was also the first High Commissioner of the United States to the Philippines upon the in au~ura tion of the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines.( 3 ) The Commonwealth Government of' the Philippines. - The next stage in the political development of the Filipinos was the establishment of the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines pursuant to an act. of the United States Congress on March 24, 1934, commonly known as the Tydings-McDuffi.e Law. Among other things, the Jaw provided for a transition period often years during which the Philippine Commonweal th would operate and at the expiration of ::.-aid period on July 4, 1946, the independence of the Philippines would be proclaimed new Constitution on February 2, 1987. (Art. XVIII , Sec. 27.)D. CONCEPT OF CONSTITUTIONMeaning of constitution.In its broad sense , the term constitution refers to "that body of rules and princj_p].e.s ia accu:r.ry "national service" for all citizens of the Philippines which, a;; used ir, th e Decree, "shall con;;ist of three (31 main programs, namely: civil weltiue service, law enfnrcem!.'nl. .service, and military l.>er vice." Each citiY.tm shall rcndor the service in any of the program!~ or a combination thcrerof and t;uch senicc shall be 1.:redited in h is favor for the purpose of fulfilling educational requiremcommendation,:;. Su bsequently, RA. No. 7077 (,Tunc 27, 19911, the ucitizcn Armed Forces of the Philippine:; Resen ist Act,'' was enacted . R.A. No. 916:1 (::;ee note 1 to Sec. 13.1 ame nded Sections 2 and a of Presidential Dccr~o No. l 706 ;ind Sections :JH and 39 of R.A. No. 7077.'Pre~ide ntialTEXTBOOKt)!\'THE PHILIPPINE CO:-;"STITUTIONSec. 6Principle of separation of the church and State.The principle of the SE>para tion of Church and State being inviolable (i.e., secured or protected from violation) is implied from the constitutional prohibitions that "no law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion" (Art. III, Sec. 5.1 and that "no public money or property shall ever be appropriated, applied, paid, or employed, directly or indirectly, for the use, benefit , or s upport of any sed, church, denomination, sectarian institution or system of n~ligion.'' (Art. VI , Sec. 29l21.) Settion 6 merely affirms this old constitutional principle. The principle simply mean s that the church is not to interfere in purely political matters or temporal aspects of man's life and the State, in purely matters of r elig ion and morals. which are the exclusive concerns of the other. 1 The demarcation line C'alls on the two institutions to "render unto Ceasar the t hings that are Ceasar's and unto God the things t hat are God's." Thi s is not as simple as it appears for the exact di vidir.g line between t he r espective domains or jurisdict ions of the Church and t he St~te has always been the subject matter of much disagreement.2 The term "church," asus~din the Constitution, coYers all faiths .Meaning of "establishment of religion clause.''The phase "no law respecting an establishment of religion " h as been referred to a s the "establishment of religion clau se."3 In the words of'Durin~ th e Sp11 nish !egimf!. not only wa;; there no !>cpflrlltion of church and State, but the church arrogated unt u its;>lf powr:rs that properly be longed to the Sll:lte. Th~ church tolerated, and l t ) 80m!c' extent. perpctun~ d the abuses of the coloni al regi m e . The original ra ~ionale behi nd the separa tion was t hH;(ording to th e gos p e l a!! falli ng with in its di ,i ne missio n. In con nection wi t.h the Day of Prayt?r fo r the Nation held on September 2 1, 1999 i11it.iated by the Cath olic Church, t h e Archh i;;h"P of ~1anil a issued a circular giving th e main r-pn;on, so ul a nd body, spiritual a nd temporal; Fourth, because the ii . 132-133; see Aglipa~ Y.i> . Ruiz. 64 Phil. 20 1. 11 'ln a speech before the Manila Rotarians on July 24 , 1979, Jaime Cardinal Sin said: "The Church and tho State are two e ntities that play an importa nt role in our life. Let us keep them separate hy all means hut let us not interpre t se paration as segregation. Let us believe thrretary of ForP.ign Affairs, P a norama, .June 10, 2004, pp. 8, 26.1 ~ By way of illust ration, the domestic policy of our count ry a fte r becoming independent in 1946 wa.'> to r econs t.ru ct th e economy r avaf::cd by World Wa r II for wh ich the Ph il i ppi ne ~ needed foreign aid rea di ly a vailab le from t h o U.S. As a r c!lult. t.he foreign pCJlicy of t h e count ry was l o a lign itself with the U.S . on many international issu os.56TF.XTBOOK ON THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTIONSees. 8-9In its relations with other states, the paramount consideration of the Philippines shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity, n ational interest, an d the right to self-determ ination. (Sec. 7. )SEC. 8. The Philippines, consistent with the national inte rest, adopts and pursue s a policy of freedom from nuclear weap ons in its territory.Freedom from nuclear weapons policy.The intent of Section 8 is to forbid the making, storing, manufacture or t esting in our country of nuclear we apons, devices or parts thereof as well as the use of our territory as dumping site for radioactive wastes and the transit within our territor y of ships or planes with nuclear weapons. It does not, however, prohibit the use of nuclear energy for medicine, agriculture, and other peaceful or beneficial purposes. Congress will have to provide the mechanics to effectively implement Section 8. (1) As subject to exception. - The records of the Const itutional Commission1 support the position that Section 8 does not absolutely ba n nuclear we-apons fr om Philippine territory. The phra s~ "consistent with the national interest," may reasonably be interpreted to mean "subject to national interest." In other words, if the n a tional interest so dictates, the storing of nuclear weapons in our territory may be permitted at least on a transitory basis, considering that it wa s not prohibited under the then existing mi litary bases agreement with the United States whose va lidity a nd term of effectivity until 1991 are implicitly recognized by the Constitution. (see Art. XVIH , Sec. 25. ) (2) As an absolute ban. - The phraseology, however, of Section 8 may be unders tood as providi ng no qualification, exception, or condition if the phrase "consistent with national interest" is taken as the reason for the poli~y, that is, the Philippines "adopts and pursues'' the policy because it is consistent with national interest. The Constitution itself bans nuclear weapons as a policy and precisely emphas izes t hat such policy is Mconsistent with the n ational interest.'~~SEC. 9. The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure the prosperity and independence of the nation and free the p eople from pove rty through policies that provide adequate social services, promote full employment, a rising standard of living, and an improved quality of life for all.1!Vol. IV. St!pt. HJ, 1!186, p. SlB. Senaror Arturo M. Tol+mtino, Manila Bull etin, July 28, l!:H\8, p. 7.Se~:;;.10-11ART. II. - OF.CLAJ:{ATION OF P RINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES St.'llt! Policies57Just and dynamic social order.(1) Policies necessary to be pun~uecl. - The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order. This is accomplished through policies that provide adequate social services (in the fie ld of health, education, housing, etc.), promote full employment (see Art. XII, Sec. 1, par. 2; Art. XIII, Sec. 3, pa1 1.), a rising standa rd of living, and an improved quality oflife for all. (]bid., Sec. 1.) The Preamble calls for the "establishment of a just and h umane society." Such a society must insure th e prosper ity and independP.nce of the nation and fr ee the underprivileged and th e marginalized sectors of our popu lation from poverty. The goal is to reduce t he political and economic power of a privileged few by equalizing widely differing standards and opportuniti!:!S for advancement and to raise the mass~~s of our people from their poverty to a qualitative life worthy of hum an dignity. With the eradication of mass poverty, the State solves a t the same time a chain of 'Social problem s that comes with it: social unrest, breakdown of family syste ms, diseases, ignorance, criminality, and low productivity.t(2) Soluing the problem of mass poverty. -SEC. 10. The State sh a ll promote social justice in all phases of national development.Social justice.This policy mandates the State to promote social jus tice in all phasei:' of n ational d~velopment. In the fu lfillment of this duty, th~ S tate must give prefere ntial attention to the welfare of the less fortunate members of the community- the poor, the underprivileged, those who h ave less in life .It i!-1 discussed full y under Article XIII (Social Jus tice and H uman .Rights).SEC. 11. The State values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full r espect for human rights.Human dignity and human rights.In a democratic state, the individual enjoys certain righ t" \\hich cannot be modified or taken away by the lawmaking body. Thc::e> rights are recog-'!'over t.y h as alway~ been an issue in our cou ntry . .\bn, con~idt-r it as the root cause of oth er problems the people are facin~ whh. La test sun~,. , h:; t h ~> :\ationai Sta tistics Office iN SOJ show that the country's wealth r"'main!:' nne(J:l~ di;.tributed as the richest fP.w families continued to amass the lion's 11hare of the ()L!mry~ to t;~ i income while 'he poor earned only a fraction of the riche>:t lO'if. It wi;f ;;1 1:-;!) that Adam Sm ith, the father of modern economics wrote: "No Sf)Cicty can S l!n:h be t1 u :ishmg and happy, of which by far the gr.eat.e rof the members a1e poor anu miserahle.58TEXTBOOK ONTH~~P HILIPPI!\E CONSTlT UTIONSec. 12nized or guaranteed because of t.hP. of every human person.beli~f inthe inherent dignity and worthThe value accorded to human dignity is measured b,y the exte.nt of respect for human rights. In pursuit of this constitutional poli cy , it is the duty of th e State to enact measures and develop programs that will promote human dignity and protect the people from any threat of violence or use of force or deception for the purpose of exploitation. 1This topic is discussed at length under Article III (Bill of Right.s) and Article XII! (Social Justice a r..d Human Rights).SEC. 12. The State r ecognizes the san ctity of family life and shall p rotect and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equaJly protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn ftom conception. The natural and primary right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth for civic efficie ncy and the d evelopment of moral character s hall receive the support of the Government.Strengthening the family as a basic autonomous social institution.The above declaration not onl,Y has given constitutional ba:sis to the family as a basic autonomous social institution, but in addition, mandates the 3tate to recognize the sacredness of famqy life and to strengthen the family. (see Art. XV.) Under the provision, the government may not enact any law or initiate measures that would break up or weak al;;o th ~ concern of the influence of peen t h a t may lead children to j uvenile delinquE'ncy Without t heir parents guiding them, m a ny yo ung people arc led to go a 1:1 tray a nd to de,elop di~t orted values and undesirable beha viors. Both the church and i h "' ~sistance andiur inccntiv~ to t h ose l:l ludf~nts who wi ll take t his tomponen t . Tht RO TC i ~ made opt ional by t he Act.. The literru:y training .Yt!rtice' is de~i gnlld lo train s tud ents to b~>co r:-u teachers of literacy. a nd numeracy :;kills to sc hoolchildren, out-ufllchoolyoulh and ';: h ~ r ~e-gments of society. The ,ir.ic uel/'are train ing :>til'l!ice refers to programs or acti\'itit < t ~.:l t ('~ntribute to the general we lfnn:: and betterment oflifc for commtic:; or t.he ~nhan c.:-n:cn t uf its facilitie$ , especially thoe devoted to improving health, education, cnvirc>n::lelit . .-rttrepreneurship, safety, r~c reation and rnol'als of the citizenry. The Commission on H igher Education !CHED a na T ~chn u:al Education and Skills Development Authority !.i t Corazun C. Aqu ino, 1986-1992 and P resident Gloria MacapagalArroyo, 2001prcsen t .AR'J'. H.- DECLARATION 01'' PR1NCII'U:S AND STATE POLICIES State Polici{!S63welfare and the country as a whole. It 1~ sirnpleases. The State has the obligation to promote and pro tect the right of the people to health. To better fulfill th is duty, it m ust instill health consciousn ess among the people. This topic is discus:sed lengthily under Article XUI (Social Justice and Human Rights), Soctions 11 to 13. SEC.16. The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced a nd healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.Right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology.Ecology is tha t branch of science th at dealH with the study of the interrelationships t1f living things (organis ms , pl ants and a nimal s! and their environments. (s ee Art. XII, Sec. 3. J(1) Causes of' environm ental degradation. -The Constitution, in Section 16, takes cognizance of the continuing degrad ation of the Philippine environment which has become a matter of national concern caused by r a pid urbanizai.ion (migration of peopie from rural area.;; to urban centersJ, industrial g rowth, population expansion, na tural r esources utilization, the us e of modern technology, and ot.her socio-economic factors, and consequently, the need for at1 environmental protection program to prevent further injury an.d/or damage to plant and a nimal life and property and, more important, to protect human life, health and safety.'( 2 ) Effect on quality of life.- Many people today are u nable t!:' wol'lu.wide attention to the importance of sustaining the environment and enhancing the political actwn to protect its lite-supporting features.66TEXTBOOK0~THE PH!LIPf>lNE CONSTITUTIOl"::lcr ;;. 17-20SEC. 17. The State shall give priority to education, science and t echnology, arts, culture, and sports to foster patriotism and n ationalism , accelerate social progress, and promote total human liberation and develop ment.Priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture and sports.Thi::-; topic is discussed under Article XIV with the above subj ects as title.SEC. 18. The State affirms labor as a primary social economic force. It shall protect thE' rights of workers aud promote their welfare.Labor as a primary social economic force.This topic is discussed under Article Xl ll 1 Social Rights), Section 3.Ju~ti ctJand HumanSEC. 19. The State shall d e velop a self-reliant and independ ent national economy effectively controlled by Filipinos.Self-reliant and independent national economy.Section 19 states the C)n;stitutiona] guidelines in the development of o the economy: economic s!:!lf-reliance, independent national economy, a nd effective F ilipino control of the economy. This topic is di1;eussed in detail under Article XII (National Economy and P atrimony), Section J.SEC. 20. The State recognizes the indispe nsable role of the private sector, encourages private e nterprise, and provides incentives to needed investme nts.Rote of the private sector in the economy.In r ecognition of the jndispens able role of th ~ private sector as the main engine of economic development, tht' S t a t e is mandated to encourage private enterprise and to provide incentives to needed investments, whether local or foreign. The Constit ution does n'Jt fa vor an economy managed or controlled by the State. Governme nt is often con.:,idered a poor manager . Controls breed corruption and d iscourage business. They play favorites, thus discouraging those not favored. Under the principle of subsidiary adoi-'ted by the Cons titution in the a bove provision, the government should not engage in particular busi nessSees. 21-22ART. II. -DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES State Policies67activities which can be competently and efficiently undertaken by the private sector unless the latter is timid or does not want to enter into a specific industry or enterprise. (see Art. XII, Sec. 6.) The government was not established to engage in bu:)iness. The duty of the State is to make the economy a system fot free and private ente1prise with the least government intenention in business affairs. This topic is discussed fully under Article XII (National Economy and Patrimony), Sections 1, 2, 6, 10, 16, 17, and 18.SEC. 21. The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform.Comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform."Comprehensive rural development" covers all phases of rural development- economic, social, political, cultural, and even industrial. This topic is discussed under Article XIII (Social Justice and Human Rights), Sections 4 to 8 and Article XII (National Economy and Patrimony), Section l.SEC. 22. The State recognizes and promotes the 1ights of indigenous cultural communities within the framework of national unity and development.Rights of indigenous cultural communities.As used in the Constitution. the term "indigenous cultural communities" refers to those non-dominant groups 1 in our country which possess and wish to preserve ethnic, religious, or linguistic traditions or characteristics markedly different from the rest of the population. 2 Section 22 recognizes constitutionally the existence and the rights of the indigenous cultural communities. It directs the State to promote their rights within the framework of national unity and development. Thus, the State is bound to consider the customs, traditions, beliefs and interests of indigenous cultural minorities in the formulation and implementation of state policies and programs. In a multi-ethnic society like ours, the above'They c:onsist of about sixty-three (63) ethni~ or tnbal gToup;; scattered throughout the country from Batanes inhabited by lvatan tribe; lii Saranggani inhabited by Samals. About half of the members of these tri~al group;; lu:>lon.,: :v :hE' )lu;;lirn group that dominates the provinces of Cotabato, Lanao, ~uln. Zamblanga. and Basilan. 2See