Textile Fibres 2

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COTTON FIBRES

Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant .The fibre is most often spun into thread and used to make a soft,

breathable textile.Cotton is a valuable crop because only about 10% of the raw weight islost in processing. Once traces ofwax, protein, etc. are removed, theremainder is a natural polymer of pure cellulose. This cellulose isarranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength,durability, and absorbency. Each fibre is made up of twenty to thirtylayers of cellulose coiled in a neat series of natural springs. When thecotton boll (seed case) is opened the fibres dry into flat, twisted, ribbon-like shapes and become kinked together and interlocked. Thisinterlocked form is ideal for spinning into a fine yarn.

Uses

In addition to the textile industry, cotton is used in fishnets, coffeefilters, tents and in bookbinding. The first Chinese paper was made ofcotton fiber, as is the modern US dollar bill and federal stationery. Firehoses were once made of cotton.

Denim, a type of durable cloth, is made mostly of cotton, as are T-shirts.

The cottonseed which remains after the cotton is ginned is used toproduce cottonseed oil, which after refining can be consumed byhumans like any other vegetable oil. The cottonseed meal that is left isgenerally fed to livestock.

Fair trade

Cotton is an enormously important commodity throughout

the world. However, many farmers in developingcountries receive a low price for their produce, or find itdifficult to compete with developed countries. This hasled to 'fair trade' cotton clothing being available in somecountries.
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Glass Fiber

hard and rigid by nature, glass can very well be made into fine, shinyand translucent fibers which more or less look and feel like silk fibers.These glass fibers are commonly known as fiberglass

USES OF GLASS FIBRESGlass fiber is manufactured in a wide range of fine diameters. Some ofthem are so fine that they can be seen only through a microscope. Thisquality of fineness contributes greatly to the flexibility of glass fibers.Various manufacturers produce different types of glass fibers fordifferent end uses. Glass fibers them are used for various purpose.

For making home furnishings fabrics; For making apparels and garments; and For the purpose tires and reinforced plastics.

There are certain glass fibers that can resist heat upto 7200oC and canwithstand forces having speed of 15,000 miles per hour. These types ofglass fibers are used as
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Filament windings around rocket cases; Nose cones; Exhaust nozzles; and Heat shields for aeronautical equipment

Some other types of glass fibers are embedded into various plastics forstrength. These are used in

Boat hulls and seats; Fishing rods; and Wall paneling

Some other types of glass fibers are used for reinforcing electricalinsulation. Yet other types are used as batting for heat insulation in

refrigerators and stoves.

Properties

[edit] Thermal

Glass fibers are useful because of their high ratio of surface area toweight. However, the increased surface area makes them much moresusceptible to chemical attack. By trapping air within them, blocks of

glass fiber make good thermal insulation, with a thermal conductivity ofthe order of 0.05 W/(mK).[7]

[edit] Tensile

Fiber type Tensile strength (MPa) Density (g/cm^3)

E-Glass 3,450 2.57

S-Glass 4,710 2.48

Uses

Uses for regular fiberglass include mats, thermal insulation, electricalinsulation, sound insulation, reinforcement of various materials, tentpoles, sound absorption, heat- and corrosion-resistant fabrics, high-strength fabrics, pole vault poles, arrows, bows and crossbows,translucent roofing panels, automobile bodies, hockey sticks,surfboards, boat hulls, and paper honeycomb.
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ABACA FIBRES

Abaca A naturally occurring fiber found in the stem of the abaca plant.A member of the banana family, Musa Textilis.The fiber is also calledManila Hemp, and is used extensively in the manufacture of marinecordage, abrasive backing papers, tea bags, and other productsrequiring high tensile strength.

CARBON FIBRES

Carbon Nanotubes are a true example ofnanotechnology, embodying a uniquecombination of electrical, thermal, and

structural properties. Their molecularperfection and high aspect ratio promisenot only to transform existing technologiesbut also to enable new ones. It opensincredible applications in materials, chemicalprocessing, electronics, biology, medicine,transportation, and energy management.

NYLON FIBRE

Nylon is a synthetic polymer, a plastic, invented on February 28, 1935

by Wallace Carothers at the E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company ofWilmington, Delaware, USA. The material was announced in 1938 andthe first nylon products; a nylon bristle toothbrushmade with nylon yarn (went on sale on February 24, 1938) and morefamously, women's stockings (went on sale on May 15, 1940). Nylonfibres are now used to make many synthetic fabrics, and solid nylon isused as an engineering material.
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FLAX FIBRECommon flax (also known as linseed) is a member of the Linaceaefamily which includes about 150 plant species widely distributed aroundthe world. Some of them are grown in domestic flower beds, as flax is

one of the few true blue flowers. (Most "blue" flowers are really a shadeof purple.)

Linen is a material made from the fibers of the flax plant.

Uses

Linen is also used for cloth, canvases, sails, tents, and paper. Due to itsone-time common use to make fine fabric, "linens" became the genericterm for sheets and pillowcases, although these are now often made ofcotton or synthetic fibers.

Wool

Wool is the dense and soft hair derived from the coat of sheepand certain other mammals. For industrial purposes the fiber ofthe camel, alpaca, Angora goat, llama, Kashmir goat (the fiberis called cashmere), and vicua is classed as wool.

Wool is primarily used in apparel that is intended to keep uswarm, because the woolen fibers are non-conductors of heatand its crimps capture and enmesh the thin air.

Silk

Silk is the soft and shiny fiber that is used in a variety of luxurytextiles. By a process known as sericulture, silk is obtainedfrom the cocoon of the silkworm larva. The shiny appearanceof silk comes from the fibres' triangular prism-like structure,owing to which the fabric refracts light at different angles.
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Lyocell

Lyocell is a manufactured fiber, but it is not synthetic. It is made fromwood pulp harvested from tree farms for this purpose. Because it ismade from a plant material, it is cellulosic and possesses manyproperties of other cellulose fibers, such as cotton, linen, ramie, andrayon - another manufactured but non-synthetic fiber.

USES

lyocell is available in home products including bath towels, sheets,

pillowcases, and window treatments. Industrial uses for lyocell includeconveyor belts (because of the fiber's strength), ultra-low tar cigarettefilters, printers blankets, abrasive backings, carbon shields, specialtypapers, and medical dressings.

DOG FIBRE

Many dogs and cats have a fine and lustrous undercoat sosuitable for spinning. It does not, however, have the crimp orelasticity such as found in wool from a sheep, and therefore isnot suitable for all projects such as socks.

Dog fur is up to 80% warmer than sheep's wool. This is animportant factor to consider when planning a project with yourvery special and unique yarn.

Despite popular belief, it is notthe length of fiber thatdetermines how well it will spin into yarn, but the diameter (alsoreferred to as "microns") of the individual hairs. The finer thefiber, the softer the yarn.


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The above photos show the drastic disparity of microns between a single hairfrom the undercoat of a Samoyed and a single hair from her outer coat.

HEMP STEM FIBRE

Hemp (from Old Englishhnep) is the name of the soft, durable fibrethat is cultivated from plants of the Cannabisgenus, cultivated forcommercial use. In modern times, hemp has been used for industrialpurposes including paper, textiles, biodegradable plastics, construction,
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health food, fuel, and medical purposes[1] with modest commercialsuccess.[2][3] In the past three years,[when?] commercial success of hempfood products has grown considerably.[4][5]

Hemp is one of the faster growing biomasses known,[6] producing up to

25 tonnes of dry matter per hectare per year,.[7]

A normal average yieldin large scale modern agriculture is about 2.5-3.5 t/ac (air dry stemyields of dry, retted stalks per acre at 12% moisture). Approximatelyone tonne of bast fiber and 2-3 tonnes of core material can bedecorticated from 3-4 tonnes of good quality, dry retted straw.[8][9]

Uses

Hemp is used for a wide variety of purposes, including the manufactureofcordage of varying tensile strength, everlasting clothing, and

nutritional products. The bast fibres can be used in 100% hempproducts, but are commonly blended with other organic fibres such asflax, cotton or silk, for apparel and furnishings, most commonly at a55%/45% hemp/cotton blend. The inner two fibres of hemp are morewoody, and are more often used in non-woven items and otherindustrial applications, such as mulch, animal bedding and litter.

Asbestos
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Asbestos (from Greek or asbestinon, meaning

"unquenchable" or "inextinguishable")[1][2]

is a set of six naturallyoccurring silicate minerals exploited commercially for their desirablephysical properties.[2] They all have in common their asbestiform habit,long, (1:20) thin fibrous crystals. The inhalation ofasbestos fibers cancause serious illnesses, including malignant lung cancer, mesothelioma(a formerly rare cancer strongly associated with exposure to amphiboleasbestos), and asbestosis (a type ofpneumoconiosis). Long exposure tohigh concentrations of asbestos fibers is more likely to cause healthproblems, as asbestos exists in the ambient air at low levels, whichitself does not cause health problems.[3] The European Union hasbanned all use of asbestos[4] and extraction, manufacture andprocessing of asbestos products.[5]

Asbestos became increasingly popular among manufacturers andbuilders in the late 19th century because of its sound absorption,average tensile strength, and its resistance to heat, electrical andchemical damage. When asbestos is used for its resistance to fire orheat, the fibers are often mixed with cement or woven into fabric ormats. Asbestos was used in some products for its heat resistance, andin the past was used on electric oven and hotplate wiring for itselectrical insulation at elevated temperature, and in buildings for its

flame-retardant and insulating properties, tensile strength, flexibility,and resistance to chemicals.

Rabbit hair
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Rabbit hair (also called rabbit fur, cony, comb, coney or lapin) isthe fur of the common or Angorarabbit. It is most commonly used inthe making of fur hats and coats, and is considered quite valuable.

The hair of a rabbit can be divided into three types:

guide hairs: external hairs, long and rough guard hairs (also called "barbes"): four guard hairs surround each

guide hair, sealing the coat down: there are around sixty down hairs for each guide hair; they

are very short and barely visible, and serve to insulate the rabbit.

TYPES

BeaverBeaver fur has long been used in making muffs, stoles, collars,trimmings, and felt for hats.[1]

Faux

Main article: Fake fur

Faux fur or fake fur is a material made of synthetic fibers designed toresemble fur, normally as part of a piece of clothing.

[edit] Fisher

Fisher fur varies from grayish brown to nearly black. The fur measuresabout two and one-half inches in length. It is used mainly for muffs andneck and shoulder pieces.[1]
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Fox

Red fox

Golden jackal

Marten

Mink

Otter

Rabbit

Raccoon

Skunk

Grey wolf

Spider silk
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Spider silk is a proteinfibre spun by spiders. Spiders use their silk tomake webs or other structures, which function as nets to catch otheranimals, or as nests or cocoons for protection for their offspring. Theycan also suspend themselves using their silk, normally for the samereasons.

Many small spiders use silk threads for ballooning, the scientific term forthe dynamic kiting[1][2] spiderlings (mostly) use for dispersal. Theyextrude several threads into the air and let themselves become carriedaway with upward winds. Although most rides will end a few yards later,it seems to be a common way for spiders to invade islands. Many sailorshave reported that spiders have been caught in their ship's sails, evenwhen far from land. The extremely fine silk used by spiders forballooning is known as gossamer.[3]

In some cases, spiders may even use silk as a source of food.[4][5]

Camel hair
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Camel hair is, variously, the hair of a camel; a type ofcloth made fromcamel hair; or a substitute for authentic camel hair; and is classified asa specialty hair fibre. When woven into haircloth, using the outer

protective fur called guard hair, camel hair is coarse and inflexible.However, other varieties of camel hair clothespecially those that blendcamel hair with wool or from the pure under coat are soft and plush.Pure camel hair, frequently used for coats, is gathered when camelsmolt in warmer seasons. This undercoat is very soft, and is separatedfrom the dense, coarse guard hair for cloth use.

Production

There are five primary steps to the production of camel hair; collection,sorting, dehairing, spinning, and weaving or knitting. After collecting thehair either through shearing or collecting during the moulting season thehair goes through a sorting method. In this process the coarse hair isseparated from the fine, soft hairs. The fibres are then washed toremove any dirt or debris obtained from the collection process. Thesorted and washed hair is then dehaired. This process removes thecoarse hair and any dandruff or vegetable matter before it is sent to bespun into yarn and used for either weaving or knitting.

Common End Uses of Camel Hair

The fine fur of the camel hair are often blended with fine wool to createfabrics for men's and women's coats, jackets and blazers, skirts,hosiery, sweaters, gloves, scarves, mufflers, and caps and robes. Thelong coarser hair removed in the dehairing process is also used whichcan be made into carpet backing as well as waterproof coats that arevery warm for colder climates.

Yak
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weavinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairclothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weavinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knittinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weavinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairclothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weavinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knitting


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The yak, Bos grunniens, is a long-haired bovine found throughout theHimalayan region of south Central Asia, the Tibetan Plateau and as farnorth as Mongolia and Russia. In addition to a large domesticpopulation, there is a small, vulnerable wild yak population.

Pia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia


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Since pia is from a leaf, the leaf has to be cut first from the plant. Thenthe fiber is pulled or split away from the leaf. Most leaf fibers are longand somewhat stiff. Each strand of the Pia fiber is hand scraped and isknotted one by one to form a continuous filament to be handwoven andthen made into a Pia cloth.[1

Uses

A major use for pia fabric is in the creation of the Barong Tagalog andother formal wear that is common in the Philippines. It is also used forother table linens, bags, mats and other clothing items, or anytime thata lightweight, but stiff and sheer fabric is needed.

Microfiber

Microfiber is a fiber with less than 1 denier per filament. (Denier is ameasure of linear density and is commonly used to describe the size ofa fiber or filament. Nine thousand meters of a 1-denier fiber weigh onegram.) Fibers are combined to create yarns. Yarns are knitted or wovenin a variety of constructions. While many microfibers are made ofpolyester, they can also be composed ofpolyamide or other polymers.

USES

Microfiber is used to make non-woven, woven and knitted textiles. Theshape, size and combinations of synthetic fibers are selected for specificcharacteristics, including: softness, durability, absorption, wickingabilities, water repellency, electrodynamics, and filtering capabilities.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barong_Tagaloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denier_(measure)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyamidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barong_Tagaloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denier_(measure)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyamide


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Basalt fiber

Basalt fiber or fibre is a material made from extremely fine fibers ofbasalt, which is composed of the mineralsplagioclase, pyroxene, andolivine. It is similar to carbon fiber and fiberglass, having betterphysicomechanical properties than fiberglass, but being significantlycheaper than carbon fiber. It is used as a fireprooftextile in theaerospace and automotive industries and can also be used as acomposite to produce products such as camera tripods.

Properties

Property Value[2]

Tensile strength 4.84 GPa

Elastic modulus 89 GPa

Elongation at break 3.15 %

Density 2.7 g/cm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagioclasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroxenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireproofinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripod_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt_fiber#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagioclasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroxenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireproofinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripod_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt_fiber#cite_note-1

Documents

Textile Fibres 2