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předmětu H6SA1

Ústav cizích jazyků VFU BRNO

UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES BRNO THEN AND NOW

Historical overview The University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno (UVPS Brno) was founded on 12 December 1918. It was the very first university formed upon the establishment of the Republic of Czechoslovakia after the Great War (WWI). It is for this reason that the then premises were formed mainly by cavalry barracks. In the oldest building of today’s campus, building no. 32, there used to be a provincial boys’ reform school, while today’s Pavilion of prof. Betschka (building no. 31) were teaching facilities for the inmates. The university’s founder and first rector was prof. Eduard Babak who linked

the concept of the school to that of the Vienna veterinary university. Because most campus facilities were taken up by the army, some university institutes had to be temporally placed in facilities at the Faculty of Medicine at Masaryk University and professors of this faculty became the first teachers at the newly established College of Veterinary Surgeons. Classes began on 17 November 1919. From its start, the university developed as a single faculty university of 18 departments and clinics aimed at veterinary sciences. In 1924, the university was visited by President T. G. Masaryk who was in fact the only president of our country ever to pay a visit to the school. The Second World War brought teaching and education in general to an end and both teachers and students were persecuted. As far as the newly renamed University of Veterinary Medicine was concerned, some of its clinics provided service as veterinary hospitals and research facilities. It was in this period that the Department of Foodstuff Examination and Materials of Animal Origin was founded. On 1 September 1952 the university was affiliated to the University of Agriculture in Brno as its Veterinary Faculty. In 1968 the University of Veterinary Medicine in Brno regained its independence once and for all. Seven years later, two branches were established: College of General Veterinary Medicine, and College of Veterinary Medicine – Food Hygiene. In 1990, the two branches formed individual faculties - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology. In 1991, a third faculty, Faculty of Pharmacy, was established, aimed at human and veterinary pharmaceutical sciences. Since 1994, the new official name of the university has been University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno. University Today Undergraduate university applicants must submit their applications by the end of February and their entrance examination scheduled for the month of June consist of tests from biology, chemistry, and in case of pharmacy applicants, physics is also included. Education is carried out on the principle of ECTS – the European Credit Transfer System in the form of lectures, practical seminars, school laboratory, clinic or pharmacy training, or in meat, fish or dairy workstations. For FVHE students, campus abattoir is available where inspection of slaughter animals can be learned. Students can gain practical experience on the university agricultural farm and national and foreign internship programs. Studies at the UVPS Brno are crowned with a graduation ceremony when graduates take a ceremonial oath and obtain graduation diplomas complemented by an English diploma supplement. Studies at UVPS Brno are supported by a scholarship program (merit scholarship, accommodation and social scholarship, that for excellent scientific and research results or for sports representation of the school). Research activities results are published in papers by composite authors listed in an annual List of Publications of UVPS Brno overview. The university’s own Impact factor journal aimed at veterinary medicine is the Acta Veterinaria Brno, its tradition dating back to 1922. Students can become members of the IVSA – International Veterinary Student Association or the USF – Union of Pharmacy Students which operate at the university.

Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology History of FVHE The history of the Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology dates back to the Department of Foodstuff Examination and Materials of Animal Origin which provided tertiary veterinary education throughout the 19th century. The establishment of the Czechoslovak veterinary university in 1918 created proper conditions for development of veterinary hygiene in the

country. A standalone Department of meat, milk and food hygiene was founded in 1920 at our university, its head being prof. Jan Lenfeld. The institute specialized in inspection of slaughter animals, carcasses and meat as well as in the methods of safeguarding hygienic level of food. Food technology as the basic principle of maintaining hygienic processing procedures and protection of consumer health were included in the newly developed field. Prof. Lenfeld formed the concept of veterinary hygiene in our country, which was cultivated and elaborated by his successors. With regard to the increasing significance of food safety and the necessity of highly qualified experts, an independent study field of veterinary hygiene was established at the FVHE UVPS Brno in 1990. Lenfeld’s student and successor, associate professor Jan Hoekl, followed his teacher’s footsteps and improved technological processes of meat preservation, introducing breakthrough ideas of meat packing. Hoekl’s student, prof. Zdenek Matyas, a veterinarian, WHO expert and researcher in the field of food hygiene and technology, founded a new discipline of General food hygiene dealing with issues of alimentary diseases and food safety. Prof. Matyas published a methodological manual for practical application of the HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) systematic preventive approach to food safety. Structure of FVHE today Section of Basic Disciplines

Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Biophysics

Section of Animal and Plant Production Department of Nutrition, Livestock Breeding and Animal Hygiene Department of Vegetable Foodstuff and Plant Production

Section of food Hygiene and Technology Department of Milk Hygiene and Technology Department of Meat Hygiene and Technology

Section of Veterinary Protection of Public Health Department of Veterinary Ecology and Environment Protection Department of Veterinary Public Health and Toxicology

Livestock Abattoir prof. Jan Lenfeld

(1889-1939)

doc. Jan Hoekl (1907-1951)

prof. Zdenek Matyas (1923-19XX)

Study at the Faculty FVHE offers its undergraduate students a Bachelor’s and a continuing Master’s study program, their majors being Food Safety and Quality and the length of study three and two years. After completing the studies, graduates are bestowed the Bachelor (abbreaviated to Bc.) or Master academic degree (abbreviated to Mgr.). There is also regular undergraduate Master’s study which takes six years and is realized in the field of Veterinary Hygiene and Technology. Its graduates earn the Doctor of Veterinary Medicine academic degree (abbreaviated to MVDr.). FVHE offers doctoral studies as well, both in the Czech and English language. The standard length of this major in the field of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology is three years and the graduates are bestowed the Doctor academic degree (abbreaviated to Ph.D. stated behind one’s name.). Food Safety The field of veterinary hygiene is relatively new. It developed from applying pathological anatomy during inspection of meat in slaughterhouses in the 19th century and its main aim was protection of human health. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, microbiology has been used as an objective auxiliary method of slaughter animal inspection. Later on, microbiological methods were utilized to assess food safety quality and the safety of food production and processing. At the same time, methods of chemical, and physiochemical assessment of safety of food, its production and processing were put to practice. The newly introduced biochemical methods should help to clarify both positive and negative impact of chemicals used in agricultural output, such as that of antibiotics, hormones, growth stimulants, as well as radioactive and other substances on biological value and safety of food. The development of veterinary hygiene as a discipline complies with all other biological disciplines, including veterinary medicine which focuses on the issue of livestock health prevention and sustainment. Veterinary hygiene practice is no longer the matter of recognizing a bad quality and harmful food product. Today’s professionals are able to capture harmful raw material before or during its processing and to exclude it from further technology. Food hygiene deals with distinguishing positive or negative properties and it also strives to explain the causes of deviations. Veterinarians must thus intervene with meat industry much more effectively. They ought to influence the process of breeding and feeding of livestock as well as other factors of food production so that the acquired food possessed high biological values but were also safe for consumption. In the field of veterinary hygiene the veterinarian is the erudite professional who gains essential theoretical and practical knowledge through university education so that they could globally inspect, assess and decide in case of foodstuff and raw materials of animal origin. (MATYÁŠ a kol., 1965)

The availability of safe food improves the health of people and is a basic human right. Safe food contributes to health and productivity and provides an effective platform for development and poverty alleviation. People are becoming increasingly concerned about the health risks posed by microbial pathogens and potentially hazardous chemicals in food. Up to one-third of the populations of developed countries are affected by foodborne illness each year, and the problem is likely to be even more widespread in developing countries. The poor are the most susceptible to ill-health. Food and waterborne diarrhoeal diseases, for example, are leading causes of illness and death in less developed countries, killing an estimated 2.2 million people annually, most of whom are children. Diarrhoea is the most common symptom of foodborne illness, but other serious consequences include kidney and liver failure, brain and neural disorders, and death. The debilitating long-term complications of foodborne disease include reactive arthritis and paralysis. (WHO GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR FOOD SAFETY: SAFER FOOD FOR BETTER HEALTH, 2002).

ACTIVITIES 1. Reading comprehension – UVPS Brno today Decide whether the following information is true or false. 1. UVPS Brno was established in 1819. 2. Conceptually the school was linked to the Vienna veterinary university. 3. The classes commenced two years upon the school’s foundation. 4. Several presidents have visited the university throughout the past nine decades. 5. The school has never lost its independence. 6. Since its beginning, the school has been developing as a single-faculty university. 7. Today’s official name of the school has been used since 1994. 2. Lexis Translate the following Czech expressions into English. The first letters of the English words have been given. 1. slavnostní slib c__________ o__________ 2. prospěchové stipendium m__________ s__________ 3. uchazeč o studium na VŠ u__________ u__________ a__________ 4. roční přehled a__________ o__________ 5. prohlídka jatečných zvířat s__________ a__________ i__________ 6. promoce g__________ c__________ 7. ochrana zdraví spotřebitele p__________ of c__________ h__________ 8. univerzitní veterinární vzdělání t__________ v__________ e__________ 9. žák a následovník s__________ and s__________ 10. nezávadnost potravin f__________ s__________ 3. Pronunciation Which words from the texts above have been transcribed below? Write the words in English and translate them into Czech.

1. /ˈemfəsɪs/ _______________________ _______________________

2. /ˈemfəsaɪz/ _______________________ _______________________

3. /ˈɡrædʒueɪt/ _______________________ _______________________

4. /ˈɡrædʒuət/ _______________________ _______________________

5. /ˈmeɪdʒə(r)/ _______________________ _______________________

6. /prɪˈsiːd/ _______________________ _______________________

7. /səˈseptəb(ə)l/ _______________________ _______________________

8. /ˈjuːtɪlaɪz/ _______________________ _______________________

9. /ˈæbəˌtwɑː(r)/ _______________________ _______________________

10. /ˈkɑː(r)kəs/ _______________________ _______________________

VOCABULARY LIST

abattoir /ˈæbəˌtwɑː(r)/ jatka

abbreviated /əˈbriːviˌeɪtid/ zkrácený

academic degree /ˌækəˈdemɪk/ /dɪˈɡriː/ akademický titul

accommodation scholarship /əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃ(ə)n/ /ˈskɒlə(r)ʃɪp/ ubytovací stipendium

acquired /əˈkwaɪə(r)/ získaný

active voice /ˈæktɪv/ /vɔɪs/ činný rod

advisable /ədˈvaɪzəb(ə)l/ vhodný, žádoucí

affiliate (v) /əˈfɪlieɪt/ připojit

agricultural output /ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃ(ə)rəl/ /ˈaʊtˌpʊt/ zemědělský výroba

aim at (v) /eɪm/ zaměřit na

alimentary disease /ælɪˌment(ə)ri/ /dɪˈziːz/ alimentární onemocnní

animal origin /ˈænɪm(ə)l//ˈɒrɪdʒɪn/ živočišný původ

annual overview /ˈænjuəl/ /ˈəʊvə(r)ˌvjuː/ roční přehled

antibiotic (n) /ˌæntibaɪˈɒtɪk/ antibiotikum

applicant /ˈæplɪkənt/ žadatel

assess /əˈses/ vyhodnotit, zhodnotit

assessment /əˈsesmənt/ vyhodnocení, ohodnocení

associate professor /əˈsəʊsiət/ /prəˈfesə(r)/ docent

auxiliary method /ɔːɡˈzɪliəri/ /ˈmeθəd/ pomocná metoda

auxiliary verb /ɔːɡˈzɪliəri/ /vɜː(r)b/ pomocné sloveso

availability /əˌveɪləˈbɪləti/ dostupnost

axis /ˈæksɪs/ osa

Bachelor's study program /ˈbætʃələ(r)sˈstʌdiˈprəʊɡræm/ bakalářský studijní program

basic human right /ˈbeɪsɪk/ /ˈhjuːmən/ /raɪt/ základní lidské právo

bestow an academic degree /bɪˈstəʊ/ obdržet akademický titul

biochemical /ˌbaɪəʊˈkemɪk(ə)l/ biochemický

biological value /ˌbaɪəˈlɒdʒɪk(ə)l/ /ˈvæljuː/ biologická hodnota

branch (n) /brɑːntʃ/ odvětví, obor

breakthrough idea /ˈbreɪkθruː/ /aɪˈdɪə/ objevná myšlenka

bullet point /ˈbʊlɪt/ /pɔɪnt/ odrážka

carcass /ˈkɑː(r)kəs/ poražené zvíře

carry out education /ˈkæri//aʊt/ uskutečňovat vzdělávání

cause of deviations /kɔːz əvˌdiːviˈeɪʃ(ə)nz/ příčina deviace

cavalry baracks /ˈkævəlri/ /ˈbærəks/ kasárna kavalerie

cell /sel/ buňka

ceremonial oath /ˌserəˈməʊniəl/ /əʊθ/ slavnostní slib, přísaha

clarify (v) /ˈklærəfaɪ/ objasnit

column /ˈkɒləm/ sloupec

common symptom /ˈkɒmən//ˈsɪmptəm/ běžný symptom

communicate information /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt//ˌɪnfə(r)ˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/ sdělovat informace

complement (v) /ˈkɒmplɪment/ doplnit

composite authors /ˈkɒmpəzɪt/ /ˈɔːθə(r)s/ kolektiv autorů

consist of /kənˈsɪst/ skládat se z, obsahovat

consumer health /kənˈsjuːmə(r)//helθ/ zdraví spotřebitelů

consumption /kənˈsʌmpʃ(ə)n/ konzumace

contribute /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/ přispět

cultivate /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/ rozvíjet

deal with /diːl//wɪθ/ zabývat se čím

death /deθ/ smrt

decimal point /ˈdesɪm(ə)l/ /pɔɪnt/ desetinná čárka

demanding /dɪˈmɑːndɪŋ/ náročný

diarrhoea /ˌdaɪəˈriːə/ průjem

diarrhoeal disease /ˌdaɪəˈriːəl//dɪˈziːz/ průjmové onemocnění

discipline (n) /ˈdɪsəplɪn/ disciplína, předmět

distinguish /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/ rozlišit

earn a degree /ɜː(r)n/ získat titul

elaborate (v) /ɪˈlæbəreɪt/ propracovat

emhasis /ˈemfəsɪs/ důraz

emhasize /ˈemfəsaɪz/ zdůraznit

entrance examination /ˈentrəns//ɪɡˌzæmɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n/ přijímací zkouška

environment /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/ prostředí

erudite professional /ˈerʊdaɪt//prəˈfeʃ(ə)nəl/ erudovaný profesionál

essential knowledge /ɪˈsenʃ(ə)l/ /ˈnɒlɪdʒ/ základní vědomosti

establish a school /ɪˈstæblɪʃ/ založit školu

estimate (v) /ˈestɪmeɪt/ odhadnout

exclude /ɪkˈskluːd/ vyloučit

foodborne illness /fuːdbɔː(r)n/ /ˈɪlnəs/ nemoc přenášená jídlem

foodstuff examination /ˈfuːdˌstʌf//ɪɡˌzæmɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n/ posouzení potravin

forbidden /fə(r)ˈbɪd(ə)n/ zakázaný

foreign internship /ˈfɒrɪn//ˈɪntɜː(r)nˌʃɪp/ zahraniční stáž

found a department /faʊnd ə dɪˈpɑː(r)tmənt/ založit oddělení

fulfil criteria /fʊlˈfɪl/ /kraɪˈtɪəriə/ splnit kritéria

gain (v) /ɡeɪn/ získat

graduate (n) /ˈɡrædʒuət/ absolvent

graduate (v) /ˈɡrædʒueɪt/ absolvovat

graduation ceremony /ˌɡrædʒuˈeɪʃ(ə)n//ˈserəməni/ promoční akt

graph /ɡrɑːf/ graf

growth stimulant /ɡrəʊθ/ /ˈstɪmjʊlənt/ stimulátor růstu

harmful food product /ˈhɑː(r)mf(ə)l//fuːd//ˈprɒdʌkt/ zdraví škodlivá potravina

hazard (n) /ˈhæzə(r)d/ hazard

hazardous chemicals /ˈhæzə(r)dəs/ /ˈkemɪk(ə)lz/ nebezpečné chemikálie

head of an institute /ˈɪnstɪˌtjuːt/ vedoucí ústavu

heading /ˈhedɪŋ/ nadpis

health risk /helθ//rɪsk/ zdravotní riziko

hormone /ˈhɔː(r)məʊn/ hormon

hygiene /ˈhaɪdʒiːn/ hygiena

chart (n) /tʃɑː(r)t/ graf, tabulka

in case of /keɪs/ v případě

increasing significance /ɪnˈkriːsɪŋ//sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəns/ narůstající význam

inevitable /ɪnˈevɪtəb(ə)l/ nevyhnutelný, nutný

inmate /ˈɪnˌmeɪt/ chovanec, spolubydlící

intervene /ˌɪntə(r)ˈviːn/ zasahovat

issue (n) /ˈɪsjuː/ problematika

keynote /ˈkiːˌnəʊt/ hlavní myšlenka

kidney failure /ˈkɪdni/ /ˈfeɪljə(r)/ selhání ledvin

language skill /ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ//skɪl/ jazyková dovednost

lecture (n) /ˈlektʃə(r)/ přednáška

length of study /leŋθ/ délka studia

lexis /ˈleksɪs/ lexikum

list (n) /lɪst/ seznam

liver failure /ˈlɪvə(r)//ˈfeɪljə(r)/ selhání jater

livestock breeding /ˈlaɪvˌstɒk//ˈbriːdɪŋ/ chov skotu

long-term complications /ˌkɒmplɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)nz/ dlouhodobé komplikace

lose listeners' attention /luːz/ /əˈtenʃ(ə)n/ ztratit pozornost posluchačů

maintain a hygienic level /meɪnˈteɪn/ udržet hygienickou úroveň

major (n, adj) /ˈmeɪdʒə(r)/ hlavní obor, hlavní

Master's study program /ˈmɑːstə(r)z/ magisterský studijní program

means of /miːnz/ prostředek něčeho

meat industry /miːt//ˈɪndəstri/ masný průmysl

meat preservation /miːt//ˌprezə(r)ˈveɪʃ(ə)n/ konzervování, uchovávání masa

merit scholarship /ˈmerɪt//ˈskɒlə(r)ʃɪp/ prospěchové stipendium

microbiological /ˌmaɪkrəʊˌbaɪəˈlɒdʒɪk(ə)l/ mikrobiologický

monetary value /ˈmʌnɪt(ə)ri//ˈvæljuː/ peněžní hodnota

national currency /ˈnæʃ(ə)nəl//ˈkʌrənsi/ národní měna

neural disorder /ˈnjʊərəl//dɪsˈɔː(r)də(r)/ nervové onemocnění

observe rules /əbˈzɜː(r)v//ruːlz/ dodržovat pravidla

obtain knowledge /əbˈteɪn//ˈnɒlɪdʒ/ získat znalosti

offensive (adj) /əˈfensɪv/ urážející

once and for all /wʌns/ jednou pro vždy

paralysis /pəˈræləsɪs/ paralýza, obrna, ochrnutí

passive voice /ˈpæsɪv//vɔɪs/ trpný rod

persecute /ˈpɜː(r)sɪˌkjuːt/ pronásledovat

platform /ˈplætˌfɔː(r)m/ základna

posed by microbial pathogens /pəʊzd baɪ maɪˈkrəʊbiəlˈpæθədʒəns/ způsobený mikrobiálními patogeny

positive and negative impact /ˈpɒzətɪv//ˈneɡətɪv//ˈɪmpækt/ kladný a záporný vliv

possess /pəˈzes/ obsahovat

poverty alleviation /ˈpɒvə(r)ti//əˌliːviˈeɪʃ(ə)n/ pokles chudoby

practical experience /ˈpræktɪk(ə)l//ɪkˈspɪəriəns/ praktická zkušenost

precede /prɪˈsiːd/ předcházet

preventive approach /prɪˈventɪv//əˈprəʊtʃ/ preventivní přístup

processing procedure /ˈprəʊsesɪŋ//prəˈsiːdʒə(r)/ výrobní proces

pronunciation /prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃ(ə)n/ výslovnost

proper conditions /ˈprɒpə(r)//kənˈdɪʃ(ə)nz/ vhodné podmínky

property /ˈprɒpə(r)ti/ vlastnost

provide services /prəˈvaɪd//ˈsɜː(r)vɪsɪz/ poskytovat služby

provincial reform school /prəˈvɪnʃ(ə)l//rɪˈfɔː(r)m//skuːl/ zemská polepšovna

qualified expert /ˈkwɒlɪfaɪd//ˈekspɜː(r)t/ kvalifikovaný expert

radioactive substance /ˌreɪdiəʊˈæktɪv//ˈsʌbstəns/ radioaktivní látka

raw material /rɔː//məˈtɪəriəl/ surový materiál

reactive arthritis /riˈæktɪv//ɑː(r)ˈθraɪtɪs/ recommended /ˌrekəˈmendɪd/ doporučený

regain independence /rɪˈɡeɪn//ˌɪndɪˈpendəns/ znovunabýt nezávislost

relationship between variables /rɪˈleɪʃ(ə)nʃɪp bɪˈtwiːn ˈveəriəb(ə)lz/ vztah mezi proměnnými

research facility /rɪˈsɜː(r)tʃ//fəˈsɪləti/ výzkumné pracoviště

rhythm /ˈrɪðəm/ rytmus

row /rəʊ/ řada

safeguard (v) /ˈseɪfˌɡɑː(r)d/ zabezpečit

science /ˈsaɪəns/ věda

serious consequences /ˈsɪəriəs//ˈkɒnsɪkwənsɪz/ výžné dopady

schedule (v) /ˈʃedjuːl/ naplánovat

slaughter animal /ˈslɔːtə(r)//ˈænɪm(ə)l/ jateční zvíře

slide layout /slaɪd//ˈleɪaʊt/ rozvržení snímku

standalone /stændəˈləʊn// samostatný

strive /straɪv/ snažit se, pokoušet se

subheading /ˈsʌbˌhedɪŋ/ podtitul

submit an application /səbˈmɪt//ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/ odevzdat přihlášku

successor /səkˈsesə(r)/ nástupce

supportive materials /səˈpɔː(r)tɪv/ podpůrné materiály

susceptible to ill-health /səˈseptəb(ə)l/ náchylný k nemocem

syllable /ˈsɪləb(ə)l/ slabika

table /ˈteɪb(ə)l/ tabulka

take up /teɪk//ʌp/ zabrat

teaching facility /ˈtiːtʃɪŋ//fəˈsɪləti/ výukové prostory

temporally /ˈtemp(ə)rəlɪ/ dočasně

tertiary education /ˈtɜː(r)ʃəri//ˌedjʊˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/ vysokoškolské vzdělání

the poor /pʊə(r)/ chudí

the then premises /ˈpremɪsɪz/ tehdejší prostory

then and now /ðen//ənd//naʊ/ dříve a nyní

training /ˈtreɪnɪŋ/ školení

undergraduate students /ˌʌndə(r)ˈɡrædʒʊət/ pre-graduální studenti

utilize /ˈjuːtɪlaɪz/ využít

veterinary surgeon /ˈvet(ə)rənəri//ˈsɜː(r)dʒ(ə)n/ veterinář

waterborne disease /ˈwɔːtə(r)bɔː(r)n//dɪˈziːz/ nemoc přenášená vodou

widespread illness /ˈwaɪdˌspred/ rozšířené onemocnění

word stress /wɜː(r)d/ /stres/ slovní přízvuk

workstation /ˈwɜː(r)kˌsteɪʃ(ə)n/ pracoviště

Source: BUCHALOVÁ, K., SCHÜLLEROVÁ, S.: Angličtina pro posluchače bakalářského studijního programu FVHE VFU Brno. Brno 2010, p. 7-20.

FORMAL LETTER WRITING – CURRICULUM VITAE AND COVER LETTER Curriculum Vitae Curriculum vitae provides key information about a person’s life, skills, experience, education and qualifications. The term curriculum vitae, abbreviated to CV, is of Latin origin and can be loosely translated as “a course of life”. Thus, shortened form vita is sometimes used. The main purpose of a CV is to provide future employer with data about us necessary for gaining some position. Curriculum vitae is commonly used in Europe, the Middle East, Africa or Asia when seeking a job, whereas in the United States and Canada CV is primarily used when applying for academic, education, scientific or research positions. CV in the “European” sense is in these countries called résumé. Generally, a CV tends to be longer and more detailed mainly on education, usually including an extensive list of professional history, previous employment, work experience, publications, etc. Sometimes, the information included in a CV or résumé has to be adapted to different types of positions. Similarly as a résumé, curriculum vitae should include personal information as the full name, contact address, phone number, email address or fax of the applicant. Certain attempts to create a model of a standardized CV were made in the European Union. This universal CV was included among other documents - Language Passport, Europass Mobility, Certificate supplement and Diploma supplement - uniformly called Europass, which should help clearly understand person's skills and qualifications throughout Europe. How to write a good CV Structure your CV in a logic and well-arranged way. At the top you should type in bold your personal and contact information (name, address, phone number or possibly e-mail). Further academic background information on postgraduate, graduate or undergraduate work, degrees or honours follow. Other information could deal with work or other related experience, professional development (conferences or workshops attended), research activities (journal articles, authorship, conference proceedings, etc.). If it is connected to the position you apply for, you can also mention affiliations or memberships in concrete societies, volunteer work or consulting. Usually some foreign language abilities or skills are necessary to mention. If possible it is useful to give information on references. Ideally give the details of two referees: one academic and one employer. Imply their names, position, address, phone numbers and email addresses. They should be always asked for their permission and possibly informed of your career aspirations and achievements to date. Information such as your date of birth, age, gender, religion or marital status, whether you have a driving license or your photograph are in accordance with anti-discrimination laws in most cases considered optional data. What to avoid When writing the CV, you should avoid certain issues which would negatively influence your chances of getting the job. Do not use any subjective (mainly pejorative) evaluation of your previous colleagues, bosses or teachers. Never lie: implying skills or knowledge you do not posses will be revealed if not during the interview then definitely after you have been recruited. Be careful about possible grammatical mistakes in your CV - it would throw bad light upon you. Also being too wordy in order to impress the potential employer will discourage them from even reading it. The CV should be written concisely and to the point as the others will not spend a long time extracting and seeking for the relevant information. The language of a CV The language of a CV and in fact of all similar documents has its own specifications which combine characteristics of formal and written language. One of the main rules is to avoid abbreviations and contracted forms of words. Mixing of tenses is also one of the common mistakes people make as they describe previous and current work experience. It does not matter if you use the past or the

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_Passport

present tense but choose one and stick to it! You should avoid writing in the first person as much as you can – using action verbs to start with sentences is a good way to overcome this. It immediately emphasizes the skill used and focuses the reader's attention. If you combine this style with using bullet points, it will make your CV scannable so that the main information can be identified quickly. CV layout The visual aspect of your CV plays an important role, too. Use only good quality, white A4 paper with black print, remember to use spacing, highlight different sections as it helps better orientation, and consider the font use. Arial, Times New Roman or Calibri seem to be much more acceptable than e.g. Courier or Comic Sans. The style and format of your CV should remain uniform throughout. Cover letter Another document very often attached to curriculum vitae is the cover letter. Cover letter, or covering letter, also referred to as motivational letter or letter of motivation, is a letter sent to a future employer when applying for a job. It is a way of introduction of the applicant and explaining suitability for the desired post. Basically, cover letters are one page at most in length, divided into a header, introduction, body, and closing. The employer’s address is listed below your contact information. Header Header embodies the sender’s contact information (name, address, phone number, cell phone number, email address) and the recipient’s contact information. Do not forget the date sent after either the sender's or the recipient's address. The final part of the header is a salutation followed by a comma, a space, and then follows the first paragraph of the letter (introduction). If you address the concrete person, you use salutation as e.g. Dear Mr. Smith or Dear Dr. White. In case you do not know the name of the contact person, you should use general salutations as Dear Hiring Manager, Dear Sir or Madam or To whom it may concern. Introduction The next part of the letter is introduction in which the candidate briefly states the specific position desired. Although this section should be very short (approx. 1-2 sentences), it is very essential as it should catch the employer's immediate interest. Body The body emphasizes the material in the CV and explains why the job seeker is interested in the job and would be of value to the potential employer. Typical matters considered typically include the applicant’s skills, qualifications, and past experience. Other special things to note such as availability date can be included as well. Closing The closing summarizes the letter, and implies how the applicant will follow up. It may indicate that the applicant intends to contact the employer; however, many prefer the more indirect approach of simply saying that the applicant will look forward to hearing from or speaking with the employer. After the closing there comes a valediction, and then a signature line. Examples of some suitable valedictions are following: Sincerely, Sincerely Yours, Regards, Best Regards, Kind regards, Yours Truly, Respectfully or Thank you for your consideration. These phrases are, similarly as the salutation, followed by a comma and space. After it comes a signature. Optionally, the abbreviation ENCL may be used to indicate that there are enclosures as a CV or copies of other official documents.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_(essay)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_certificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience

ACTIVITIES 1. Questioning an applicant Write questions you would ask an applicant to find out the following information first name __________________________________________________________ _____ surname __________________________________________________________ _____ date of birth __________________________________________________________ _____ place of birth __________________________________________________________ _____ country of origin __________________________________________________________ _____ present address __________________________________________________________ _____ permanent address __________________________________________________________ _____ marital status __________________________________________________________ _____ skills __________________________________________________________ _____ driving license __________________________________________________________ _____ interests __________________________________________________________ _____ health status __________________________________________________________ _____ accreditation __________________________________________________________ _____ education __________________________________________________________ _____ work experience __________________________________________________________ _____ 2. Reading comprehension Scan through the texts again. Answer these questions. What is the difference between a CV and a résumé? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Why do you usually need a CV? __________________________________________________________________________________ What are any common mistakes made in writing a CV? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What is the language of official documents in general? __________________________________________________________________________________ What does the term Europass stand for? __________________________________________________________________________________ What is the main function of a cover letter? __________________________________________________________________________________ What are the main parts of a cover letter? __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Lexis Match the particular expressions to the parts of CV in the table below (sometimes there may be more possibilities) Address, Administrator of the course, Artistic pursuits, Boss’s Name, Details of final project, Driving

Licence, Email, Employer’s name, Grants, Hobbies, IT Skills, Job title, Language knowledge,

Applicant’s Name, Title of doctoral thesis, Candidate’s Phone number, Postgraduate work,

Professional exam (grade), Referee’s Name, Work Responsibilities, Skills gained at work, Sports,

Supervisor’s name, Training course, Tutor’s name, University name, Work address

Personal

information

Education &

Qualifications

Work

experience

Skills Professional

Training

Interests &

Activities

References

5. Gap fill Read the cover letter (enclosed to an internship application) and fill in the gaps with appropriate expressions or phrases Application Form, a definite asset, a great deal of, a match for, conducted a study, consideration, contact, Dear, experience with, applying for, In addition, look forward to, performed experiments, provide me with, reliable, to schedule an interview, willing to Martin Uhlíř Havlenova 4 639 00 Brno Czech Republic uhlir@email.cz Dr. John Sheep The College of Veterinary Medicine Royal College Avenue AL9 47T London United Kingdom February 13, 2010 _______________ Dr. Sheep, I am _______________ the scientific research 1-term internship that was listed through The University of Veterinary Studies Career Services Office. I have had _______________ laboratory experience in biochemistry, and microbiology, both indoors and in the field. I have _______________ testing new drugs for cattle. In field studies, I have _______________ on quality of milk from cows using these drugs. _______________ to my lab work, I have _______________ recording, calculating, analyzing data, as well as preparing reports. I have no problems to work as a team member, I am very _______________ and organized, and _______________ learn. I hope I would be _______________ your team. This internship would _______________ the ideal opportunity to further expand my skills and knowledge in the research.

I will _______________ you the next week to see if you consider my qualifications _______________ for the position. If so, I hope _______________ at a mutually convenient time. I_______________ meeting you. Thank you for your _______________, Sincerely Yours, Martin Uhlíř Enclosure: Curriculum Vitae _______________ Letters of Reference

VOCABULARY LIST

affiliation (n) /əˌfɪliˈeɪʃ(ə)n/ členství

achievement (n) /əˈtʃiːvmənt/ úspěch, výkon

apply for (v) /əˈplaɪ fə/ žádat o, ucházet se o

artistic pursuit /ɑːˈtɪstɪk pəˈsjuːt/ umělecká práce, činnost

aspiration (n) /ˌæspɪˈreɪʃ(ə)n/ cíl, snaha, úsilí

attend (v) /əˈtend/ navštěvovat, účastnit se

authorship (n) /ˈɔːθə(r)ʃɪp/ autorství

briefly (adv) /ˈbriːfli/ krátce, stručně

bullet point (n) /ˈbʊlɪt pɔɪnt/ odrážka

cell phone (n) /sel fəʊn/ mobilní telefon

complimantary close (n) /ˌkɒmplɪˈment(ə)ri ˈkləʊz/ zdvořilostní zakončení dopisu

concisely (adv) /kənˈsaɪsli/ výstižně, stručně

consulting (n) /kənˈsʌltɪŋ/ poradenství

contracted form /kənˈtræktid fɔːm/ stažený tvar

convenient time /kənˈviːniənt taɪm/ vhodný, příhodný čas

country of origin /ˈkʌntri əv ˈɒrɪdʒɪn/ země původu

course (n) /kɔːs/ průběh, chod

cover letter (n) /ˈkʌvə ˈletə/ krycí dopis

cunduct a study /kənˈdʌkt ə ˈstʌdi/ provádět studii

deal of /diːl əv/ část

definite asset /ˈdef(ə)nət ˈæset/ určitá, jistá výhoda

degree (n) /dɪˈɡriː/ akademický titul

driving licence (n) /ˈdraɪvɪŋ ˈlaɪs(ə)ns/ řidičský průkaz

embody (v) /ɪmˈbɒdi/ zahrnovat, obsahovat

enclosure (n) /ɪnˈkləʊʒə/ příloha dopisu

experience (n) /ɪkˈspɪəriəns/ zkušenost

extensive list /ɪkˈstensɪv lɪst/ rozsáhlý seznam

follow up (v) /ˈfɒləʊ ʌp/ pokračovat

header (n) /ˈhedə/ záhlaví

headline (n) /ˈhedˌlaɪn/ nadpis, titulek

honour (n) /ˈɒnə/ hodnost, vyznamenání

in accordance with (phr) /ɪn əˈkɔː(r)d(ə)ns wɪð/ v souladu s, ve shodě s

in bold (phr) /ɪn bəʊld/ tučným písmem

intend (v) /ɪnˈtend/ zamýšlet, mínit

key information /ˈkiː ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/ klíčové informace

loosely (adv) /ˈluːsli/ volně

mutually (adv) /ˈmjuːtʃuəli/ vzájemně, navzájem

obtain (v) /əbˈteɪn/ získat, dostat; dosáhnout něčeho

organized (adj) /ˈɔːɡənaɪzd/ pečlivý, důkladný, svědomitý

overcome (v) /ˌəʊvəˈkʌm/ překonat, přemoci

pejorative (adj) /pɪˈdʒɒrətɪv/ hanlivý

position (n) /pəˈzɪʃ(ə)n/ místo (zaměstnání)

professional assets /prəˈfeʃ(ə)nəl ˈæsets/ profesionální aktivity

professional training /prəˈfeʃ(ə)nəl ˈtreɪnɪŋ/ profesionální školení, kurz

provide with (v) /prəˈvaɪd wɪð/ opatřit (čím)

recruit (v) /rɪˈkruːt/ hledat nové zaměstnance

reliable (adj) /rɪˈlaɪəb(ə)l/ spolehlivý, bezpečný

résumé (n) /ˈrezjuːmeɪ/ životopis; shrnutí

salutation (n) /ˌsæljʊˈteɪʃ(ə)n/ oslovení; pozdrav

seek (v) /siːk/ hledat

schedule an interview /ˈʃedjuːl ən ˈɪntəˌvjuː/ naplánovat pohovor

skill (n) /skɪl/ dovednost

stick to st. (v) /stɪk tə/ držet se něčeho

suitability (v) /ˌsuːtəˈbɪləti/ přiměřenost, vhodnost

supervision (n) /ˌsuːpə(r)ˈvɪʒ(ə)n/ dozor, dohled; řízení; inspekce

supplement (n) /ˈsʌplɪmənt/ příloha

term of employement /tɜːm əv ɪmˈplɔɪmənt/ doba zaměstnání, délka zaměstnání

throughout Europe /θruːˈaʊt ˈjʊərəp/ v celé Evropě

to the point /tə ðə ˈpɔɪnt/ k věci, věcně

touch-typing /tʌtʃ ˈtaɪpɪŋ/ psaní na stroji

valediction (n) /ˌvælɪˈdɪkʃ(ə)n/ slovo na rozloučenou

volunteer work /ˌvɒlənˈtɪə wɜːk/ práce dobrovolníka

well-arrange (v) /wel əˈreɪndʒ/ přehledně uspořádat

willing to (adj) /ˈwɪlɪŋ tə/ ochotný

wordy (adj) /ˈwɜːdi/ rozvláčný, mnohomluvný

Source: BUCHALOVÁ, K., SCHÜLLEROVÁ, S.: Angličtina pro posluchače bakalářského studijního programu FVHE VFU Brno. Brno 2010.

3. ANIMAL TAXONOMY

Animals are a major group of mostly multicellular,

eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia.

Animals have bodies differentiated into separate

tissues. These include muscles which are able to

contract and control locomotion and nerve tissue

which sends and processes signals. All animals are

heterotrophs, meaning that they feed directly or

indirectly on other living things. They are often

subdivided into groups such as carnivores,

herbivores, omnivores and parasites.

INVERTEBRATES – animals without a backbone

There are several groups of invertebrates: protozoa are simple, single-celled organisms. Most

protozoa are microscopic in size and they play an essential role in the food chain. Protozoa take in

oxygen and give off carbon dioxide through their cell membrane. Echinoderms are marine animals

(e.g. sea star, sea urchin). Most of them have arms or spines that radiate from the center of their

body. Annelids have existed on Earth for over 120 million years. Their bodies are divided into

segments. Commonly known annelids include earthworms, roundworms and flatworms. Mollusks

have a soft, skin-like organ covered with a hard outside shell. They live both on land (the snail and

slug) and in water (the oyster, mussel and octopus). Land living mollusks move slowly on a flat sole;

ocean living mollusks swim by ejecting water from their body. Arthropods make up over 75% of the

world´s animal species and include animals such as insects (fly, beetle, butterfly, bee, wasp) or

arachnids (spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks) and crustaceans. Arthropods have limbs with joints that

allow them to move. Some have antennae as part of their sensory system.

VERTEBRATES – animals with a backbone

Almost ¾ of the world´s surface is covered in water which is home to over 20,000 different

species of fish. Most fish breathe through gills which perform the gas exchange between the water

and the fish´s blood and allow the fish to breathe oxygen in the water. Fishes are vertebrates with a

skeleton made of bone or cartilage. Bony fishes have a swim bladder, a gas-filled sac, that they can

inflate or deflate which allows them to float in the water. Most fish swim using a tail fin; other fins

help the fish change direction and stop. Amphibians lay their eggs in water and their young resemble

small fish. Most amphibians can both walk and swim in water, their body temperature changes with

its environment. In cold climates, amphibians hibernate during the winter. Reptiles are air-breathing

animals living not only on land but in water. Their most noticeable feature are the scales that cover

their body. Reptiles are often called cold-blooded because their body temperature depends on the

external temperature. Crocodiles and alligators are large reptiles that feed on large animals they

catch on land or in water using their powerful jaws and teeth. Lizards and snakes form the largest

group of reptiles. Lizards often shed their tail to escape from predators and they can grow a new tail.

Some snakes are poisonous, or venomous, such as the rattle snake or cobra. They have fangs which

bite into their prey and inject poison into the victim. There are over 8,000 species of birds. Birds have

three major differentiating characteristics: wings for flight, feathers and a beak. Their bones and skull

are very thin, making their bodies extremely light. They also have claws and muscles on their feet

designed to hold onto a perch even while the bird is sleeping.

Mammals have several unique characteristics that differentiate them from other animals.

Most mammals have hair, or fur, covering their body. They are capable of regulating their body

temperature. Their metabolism controls heat production, and the sweat glands help cool the body.

These allow the mammal to maintain a constant body temperature. One other difference is that

mammals give birth to fully formed babies and the female mammals produce milk to feed their

young. Most mammals walk on four legs, with the exception of humans. Common mammals include:

primates, carnivores, marsupials, rodents, ungulates, whales, dolphins and seals.

� Marsupial Mammals are best known for the Australian members of the family, the kangaroo and the koala. Marsupials are different from other mammals because they have an abdominal pouch

to carry their young. Here the baby marsupial matures for weeks or even months.

� Carnivores are meat-eaters. They have sharp claws and teeth with which to kill their prey. This group includes cats both domestic and big cats, dogs, wolves, hyenas, bears, foxes, etc.

Cetaceans are also carnivores but they have their own category.

� Rodents are the largest family of mammals. The name of the species means “gnawing animal”, because of their large incisor teeth and the way they eat. There are 3 major types of rodents:

squirrel-like (squirrel, gopher) with large eyes and bushy long tails; mouse-like rodents (mouse,

rat, hamster) and porcupines with their long, sharp quills for protection.

� Ungulates are animals that have hooves. Ungulates can be further split into - odd-toed ungulates - have an odd number of toes and are also grazing animals - horse, donkey, zebra; even-toed

ungulates - have an even number of toes - pig, giraffe, deer, antelope, goat, cow, sheep, llama,

camel and elephants.

� Cetaceans live in water, but they must come to the surface to breathe air. Whales and dolphins can dive deep in the water on a single breath. They also have a highly developed brain and are

considered to be very intelligent. Dolphins, as well as some whales, can use echolocation to find

food and identify objects around them.

� Seals, Seal Lions and Walrus are marine mammals. Seals are well designed to swim in water. Their bodies are very streamlined and their flippers propel them quickly through the water.

Walruses differ from seals in that they have large tusks.

� Primates have several distinctive features that separate them from other mammals: well developed hands and feet with fingers and toes, and opposable thumbs enabling them to grab

things. Primate eyes are forward in the head giving them stereoscopic vision and allowing them

to judge distance. They also have large, highly developed brains. Parents care for and educate

their young much longer than other animals.

Adapted from: http://www.tulane.edu/~wiser/protozoology/notes/INTRO.html,

http://www.kidport.com/RefLIB/Science/Animals/Animals.htm, www.wikipedia.org;

http://www.naturalhistoryonthenet.com/Mammals/classification.htm

1. Reading comprehension Answer the questions

1) What is the main feature of invertebrates and which family is the largest one? 2) Explain the mechanism of fish breathing 3) Name some distinctive characteristics of birds 4) What is unique about mammals? 5) What is the function of thumb and eyes in primates?

2. Lexis: Label the pictures of invertebrates with correct name of their phylum:

a) …………………. d) ………………….

b) …………………. e) ………………….

c) …………………..

3. Translation Translate the following expressions into English. The first letters have been given.

a. jednobuněčný organismus s_______ - c_________ o_______________

b. řídit pohyb c___________ l_______________________

c. tvrdá vnější ulita h__________ o_____________ s________

d. plavat vypuzováním vody s________ by e______________ w________

e. klást vajíčka ve vodě l__________ e________ in w_____________

f. živit se velkými zvířaty f_________ o___ l_________ a__________

g. křídla, peří, zobák w___________, f___________, b________

h. stálá tělesná teplota c____________ b________ t____________

i. velké kly l______________ t_________________

j. ostré ostny na ochranu s__________ q________ for p___________

4. Gap fill: Fill in the gaps in the text below with the words from the box

feed fur controls birth from capable

temperature glands constant differentiate

Mammals have several unique characteristics that…………………… them ………….. other animals. Most

mammals have hair, or …………, covering their body. They are………………….. of regulating their body

………………………….. Their metabolism…………………………. heat production, and the sweat……………….

help cool the body. These allow the mammal to maintain a……………………… body temperature. One

other difference is that mammals give……………… to fully formed babies and the female mammals

produce milk to…………………. their young.

5. Complete the table by writing distinctive features or name of the phylum. An example has been done for you.

DISTINCTIVE FEATURES PHYLUM

body divided into segments annelids

hard outside shell

inflate/deflate swim bladder

amphibians

scales covering body; cold-blooded

birds

marsupials

meat-eating mammals; sharp teeth to kill prey

rodents

dive deep on a single breath

primates

hoofed mammals

6. Identify proper phylum/subphylum for each of the animals below and give their Czech

equivalent: Phylum Czech

1) wasp _____________________ ____________________

2) horse _____________________ ____________________

3) koala _____________________ ____________________

4) lizard _____________________ ____________________

5) fox _____________________ ____________________

6) sheep _____________________ ____________________

7) squirrel _____________________ ____________________

8) rattle snake _____________________ ____________________

9) alligator _____________________ ____________________

10) porcupine _____________________ ____________________

VOCABULARY

amphibian /æmˈfɪbiən/ obojživelník

annelida /əˈnelɪda/ kroužkovci

antenna /ænˈtenə/ tykadlo

arachnid /əˈræknɪd/ pavoukovec

arthropod /ˈɑː(r)θrəpɒd/ členovec

backbone /ˈbækˌbəʊn/ páteř

beak /biːk/ zobák

bee /biː/ včela

beetle /ˈbiːt(ə)l/ brouk

butterfly /ˈbʌtə(r)ˌflaɪ/ motýl

carbon dioxide /ˌkɑː(r)bən daɪˈɒksaɪd/ oxid uhličitý

carnivore /ˈkɑː(r)nɪvɔː(r)/ masožravec

cartilage /ˈkɑː(r)təlɪdʒ/ chrupavka

cetacean /sɪˈteɪʃən/ kytovec

claw /klɔː/ drápek, pařát

crustacean /krʌˈsteɪʃ(ə)n/ korýš

differentiate /ˌdɪfəˈrenʃieɪt/ rozlišovat, odlišit

earthworm /ˈɜːθˌwɜː(r)m/ žížala

echinoderms /ɪˈkaɪnəˌdɜːrmz/ ostnokožci

essential /ɪˈsenʃ(ə)l/ nezbytný, nutný

fang /fæŋ/ jedovatý zub hada, tesák

feather /ˈfeðə(r)/ pero, pírko

feed /fiːd/ krmit

flipper /ˈflɪpə(r)/ ploutev

fly /flaɪ/ moucha, muška

fur /fɜː(r)/ srst, kožich

gills /ɡɪlz/ žábry

give off /ɡɪv ɒf/ vylučovat, vyzařovat

gnaw /nɔː/ hryzat, hlodat

gopher /ˈɡəʊfə(r)/ sysel

herbivore /ˈhɜː(r)bɪˌvɔː(r)/ býložravec

heterotroph /ˈhetərəˌtrof/ konzument, heterotrof

hibernate /ˈhaɪbə(r)neɪt/ přezimovat, hibernovat

hoof (pl. hooves) /huːf/ kopyto

incisor /ɪnˈsaɪzə(r)/ řezák

insect /ˈɪnsekt/ hmyz

invertebrate /ɪnˈvɜː(r)tɪbrət/ bezobratlý

jaw /dʒɔː/ čelist

joint /dʒɔɪnt/ kloub

limb /lɪm/ končetina

lizard /ˈlɪzə(r)d/ Ještěr (ka)

mammal /ˈmæm(ə)l/ savec

marine /məˈriːn/ mořský

marsupial /mɑː(r)ˈsuːpiəl/ vačnatec

mature /məˈtʃʊə(r)/ dospět, dozrát

mite /maɪt/ roztoč

mollusk /ˈmɒləsk/ měkkýš

multicellular /ˌmʌltɪˈseljʊlə(r)/ mnohobuněčný

muscle /ˈmʌs(ə)l/ sval

noticeable /ˈnəʊtɪsəb(ə)l/ patrný, zjevný

omnivore /ˈɒmnɪˌvɔː(r)/ všežravec

oyster /ˈɔɪstə(r)/ ústřice

parasite /ˈpærəsaɪt/ parazit

perch /pɜː(r)tʃ/ bidýlko, hřad

poisonous /ˈpɔɪz(ə)nəs/ jedovatý

porcupine /ˈpɔː(r)kjʊpaɪn/ dikobraz

pouch /paʊtʃ/ vak

prey /preɪ/ kořist

primate /ˈpraɪmeɪt/ primát

protozoan /ˌprəʊtəˈzəʊən/ prvok

quill /kwɪl/ bodlina, osten

rattlesnake /ˈræt(ə)lˌsneɪk/ chřestýš

reptile /ˈreptaɪl/ plaz

rodent /ˈrəʊd(ə)nt/ hlodavec

roundworm /ˈraʊndˌwɜː(r)m/ škrkavka

scale /skeɪl/ šupina

scorpion /ˈskɔː(r)piən/ štír, škorpión

seal /siːl/ tuleň, lachtan

shed /ʃed/ svléknout, shodit

shell /ʃel/ skořápka, ulita, mušle

skull /skʌl/ lebka

slug /slʌɡ/ slimák

snail /sneɪl/ hlemýžď, plž

sole /səʊl/ noha, chodidlo

species /ˈspiːʃiːz/ druh (živočišný)

spine /spaɪn/ osten, bodlina, trn

surface /ˈsɜː(r)fɪs/ povrch, povrchový

sweat gland /swet ɡlænd/ potní žláza

swim bladder /swɪm ˈblædə(r)/ plynový měchýř

tail fin /teɪl fɪn/ ocasní ploutev

tick /tɪk/ klíště

tissue /ˈtɪʃuː/ tkáň

ungulate /ˈʌŋgjʊleɪt/ kopytník

vertebrate /ˈvɜː(r)tɪbrət/ obratlovec

walrus /ˈwɔːlrəs/ mrož

wasp /wɒsp/ vosa

4. EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF ANIMALS (mammals; species specific body features)

Anatomy is a branch of biology and medicine which studies the structure of living organisms. Human anatomy studies the structure of humans, zootomy deals with animal body structures, and phytotomy studies the structure of plants. There are many branches to anatomy, such as comparative anatomy, developmental anatomy or pathological anatomy, etc. The basic unit of life is a cell. Groups of cells with similar functions form tissue. There are four basic types of animal tissues: connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous. An organ is formed by a collection of tissues; while an organ system comprises two or more organs which cooperate with one another in order to perform a certain task. The body is a unique collection of interdependent organ systems. As far as the outer animal body structure is concerned, there are several basic parts common to cattle and swine, as illustrated in the diagrams below. Sorted roughly from cranial to caudal direction the main parts of large animals are the head, throat (neck), forelimbs, trunk including chest (thorax) and abdomen (stomach), tail and the hind limbs. On the head we find forehead, eyes, muzzle in a cow and snout in a pig, mouth with lips, ears, and horns in a cow. Underneath the snout in pigs there is a jowl, sometimes referred to as pig’s chin. The neck is located behind the ears and in front of the shoulder. The belly and ribs are found just behind the shoulders and elbow pocket.

Picture 1 - Outer body structure of cattle

Picture 2 – Outer body structure of swine Skeletal System The skeletal system is a structural framework that provides support and protection to the animal body. The skeletal system is also necessary for motion of animals as muscles are attached to the skeleton and joints are movable. The basic components of this system are bones, cartilages and ligaments. The main factors that influence bone development are stress of animals, level of hormones in the organism and also nutrition of animals represented by well-balanced diet and a certain amount of vitamin D in the foodstuff. Muscular System The main functions of muscular system are movement as well as producing heat. The system comprises smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscles. Smooth muscles are directed by autonomic nervous system. They are part of blood vessels, digestive and reproductive system. Cardiac muscle forming the heart is also regulated by autonomic nervous system and cause involuntary movements (e.g. heartbeat). The last type of muscles is represented by skeletal muscles responsible for all voluntary movement as well as for particular involuntary movements as standing or breathing. Some species have specific body parts and features. These include: 1) BODY COVERAGE Fur is extensive body coverage typical of mammals. It is made of short, very fine and soft hair. The principal function of fur is thermoregulation. Bristles are thick, strong animal fibres collected at commercial abattoirs for use in brushes. Fish and snakes are covered with scales which protect the body and help in locomotion. Snakes periodically moult their scaly skins and acquire new ones. Specific types of body coverage include wool hair (textile fibre obtained from sheep and other animals e.g. goats, camel, rabbits etc.), mane - the hair that grows from the top of the neck of a horse or other equine and lions. All birds are covered with feathers. The externally visible feathers which determine a bird’s silhouette and the contour of wings, tail and body are called contour feathers. Body covering of amphibians, skin, often has protective colouring and is able to absorb water and oxygen from the

environments. Exoskeletons are hard external frameworks which support and protect the soft tissues of lower animals (e.g. shell of a crab or a crawfish). Some animal species are protected by spines (quills) which are modified hairs coated with thick plates of keratin (e.g. hedgehog). 2) BODY APPENDAGES

• ANTENNAE (sg. antenna) - paired appendages used for sensing in arthropods (e.g. paired, mobile, and segmented, located between the eyes on the forehead in insects)

• TENTACLES are usually two or more elongated flexible organs present in animals, especially invertebrates which are used for feeding, feeling and grasping (e.g. in a jellyfish) whereas there are ARMS in octopuses

• WINGS – appendages used for flight. Insects are the only invertebrates known to have evolved flight; they have two pairs of wings - forewings and hindwings. Wings in bats developed on finger bones and are much thinner than in birds; the result is quicker and more accurate flight. The tissue is able to regrow. For birds, flight is the main locomotion, their wings developed on forelimbs and appear in various shapes and sizes - enabling various speed and manoeuvring.

• GILLS are respiratory organs found in many aquatic organisms; they extract dissolved oxygen from water, and excrete carbon dioxide. Majority of bony fish species have five pairs of gills.

• LIMBS - most animals use limbs for locomotion /walking, running, climbing/, some animals can use their front limbs to carry and manipulate objects, some animals also use hind limbs for manipulation; fore limbs – anterior appendages /foreleg, wing, flipper/, hind limbs – posterior appendages /hind leg/

• FINS - most distinctive features of fish, composed of bony spines protruding from the body with skin covering them and joining them together; located in different places /dorsal fin, caudal fin, anal fin etc./ on the fish serve different purposes /moving forward, turning, and keeping an upright position/

• TAILS - the section at the rear end of an animal's body

• HOOF/HOOVES - the tip of a toe of ungulate mammals, covered with a thick keratin shell, grow continuously. Most even-toed ungulates /sheep, goats, deer, cattle, bison, pigs/ have two main hooves on each foot, together called a cloven hoof. Most also have two smaller hoofs called dew-claws. Some odd-toed ungulates have one hoof on each foot; others /rhinoceroses, tapirs/ have three hoofed or heavily nailed toes, or one hoof and two dew-claws

• HORN/S - a pointed projection of the skin on the head consisting of a keratin covering. One pair of horns is usual, two pairs occur in a few wild species and domesticated breeds of sheep. Horns are usually curved or spiral and occur mainly in males. They grow soon after birth and continue to grow throughout the life.

• ANTLERS - usually large, branching bony appendages on the heads of most deer species. Antlers are found mostly on males, only caribou and reindeer have antlers on the females and grow faster than any other mammal bones. Antler growth and shedding is seasonal, and controlled by the length of daylight.

• CLAW/S are found at the end of a toe or finger in most mammals, birds, and some reptiles. They are made of keratin and used to catch and hold prey in carnivorous mammals /e.g. cats and dogs/, for digging, climbing trees etc. Many predatory mammals have protractile claws /can partially hide inside the animal's paw/, especially the Felidae.

• BEAK – (also bill or rostrum) is an external anatomical structure of birds used for eating, killing prey, manipulating objects, probing for food, feeding young, etc. Beaks vary significantly in size and shape from species to species. Two holes called nares (nostrils) connect to the hollow inner beak and the respiratory system.

• PAWS - soft foot of a mammal, generally a quadruped (dog, fox, cat, tiger, bear, rodent, etc.) that has claws or nails. A hard foot is called a hoof. Paws are used to pad feet for walking.

• WHISKERS – specialized hairs for tactile sensation that grow around the nostrils, above the lips, and on other parts of the face of most mammals, as well as on the forelegs and feet of some animals. A large part of the brain of many mammals is devoted to processing the nerve impulses from whiskers, because it is important for survival

• SNOUT/MUZZLE - protruding portion of an animal's face, consisting of its nose, mouth, and jaw

• TRUNK - a fusion of the nose and upper lip, elongated and specialized, elephant's most important and versatile “tool”

Sources:

BUCHALOVÁ, K., BRAUNER, P.: Texty a cvičení z anglického jazyka pro posluchače bakalářského studijního programu FVHE VFU Brno (kombinovaná forma). Brno 2011. BUCHALOVÁ, K., SCHÜLLEROVÁ, S.: Angličtina pro posluchače bakalářského studijního programu FVHE VFU Brno. Texty a cvičení. Brno 2010. PODVESKÁ, K.: Species Specific Body Features (internal VFU materials)

1. Reading comprehension

Answer the questions

a. Explain the difference between zootomy and phytotomy.

b. What is a tissue in anatomy?

c. Name two basic functions of skeletal system.

d. What is the difference between smooth and skeletal muscles?

e. Name and describe at least three body parts specific for cattle

2. Lexis

Read the definition and state appropriate body parts.

Definition Body part

1. extensive body coverage of soft and short hair in mammals

2. protruding portion of animal´s face with nose, mouth, jaw

3. respiratory organs in many aquatic organisms

4. the tip of a toe of ungulate mammals, with keratin shell

5. a pointed projection of the skin on the head, usually one pair

6. appendages used for flight

7. hair on the top of the neck of a horse, lions

8. large, bony appendages on the heads of most deer species

9. protective hairs coated with keratin (e.g. in hedgehog)

10. external anatomical structure in birds used for eating

3. Translation Translate the following expressions into English. The first letters have been given.

a) podpora a ochrana s___________ and p____________________

b) vyvážená strava w_______-b_________________ d________

c) přední a zadní končetiny f_________________ and h_______ l__________

d) kosterní soustava s___________________ s___________________

e) ovlivnit vývoj kostí i________________ b_________ d____________

f) působit mimovolné pohyby c_________ i______________ m_____________

g) svlékat šupinatou kůži m____________ s___________ s_____________

h) ochranné zbarvení p___________________ c___________________

i) vstřebávat vodu a kyslík a____________ w__________ and o___________

j) řízený nervovou soustavou r______________ by n____________ s_________

4. Gap fill: Fill in the gaps in the text below with the words from the box

of form tissues basic by

more to are a which

The……………………. unit of life is a cell. Groups of cells with similar functions …………………….. tissue.

There………………….four basic types of animal ………………….. : connective, epithelial, muscle, and

nervous. An organ is formed……………………. a collection of tissues; while an organ system comprises

two or …………………… organs ……………………….. cooperate with one another in order …………… perform

a certain task. The body is ……………… unique collection ………………… interdependent organ systems.

5. Lexis Write the proper word form and translate the new word into Czech

Noun Verb Czech

life

function

cooperation

growth

location

protection

coverage

VOCABULARY abbatoir /ɑæbəɕtwɑə(r)/ jatky

abdomen /ɑæbdəmən/ břicho, dutina břišní

acquire /əɑkwaǺə(r)/ získat, nabýt, osvojit si

anatomy /əɑnætəmi/ anatomie

antler /ɑæntlə(r)/ paroh

appendage /əɑpendǺdȢ/ přívěsek, doplněk

bison /ɑbaǺs(ə)n/ bizon

branch /brɑəntʃ/ větev, odvětví

breed /briəd/ pěstovat, chovat, plemeno

bristle /ɑbrǺs(ə)l/ štětina, chlup

cardiac /ɑkɑə(r)diæk/ srdeční

cartilage /ɑkɑə(r)təlǺdȢ/ chrupavka

cattle /ɑkæt(ə)l/ skot, dobytek

caudal /ɑkǤədəl/ kaudální, ocasní

certain /ɑsǬə(r)t(ə)n/ jistý, určitý

chest /tʃest/ hruď, hrudník

claw /klǤə/ dráp, pařát

cloven hoof /ɑkləʊv(ə)n huəf/ pazneht

comprise /kəmɑpraǺz/ sestávat, skládat se z

connective /kəɑnektǺv/ pojivový

cranial /ɑkreǺniəl/ lebeční, kraniální

crawfish /ɑkrǤəɕfǺʃ/ rak

deal with (sth) /diəl wǺθ/ zabývat se (čím)

deer /dǺə(r)/ vysoká zvěř, jelenovití

digestive /daǺɑdȢestǺv/ trávicí, zažívací

elbow /ɑelbəʊ/ loket

epithelial /ɑepǺθi:lǺəl/ epitelový

equine /ɑekwaǺn/ koňský

fibre /ɑfaǺbə(r)/ vlákno, vláknina

fin /fǺn/ ploutev

flipper /ɑflǺpə(r)/ ploutev (velrybí, tulení)

forehead /ɑfǢrǺd/ or /ɑfǤə(r)ɕhed/ čelo

forelimb /fǤə(r)lǺm/ přední končetina

framework /ɑfreǺmwǬə(r)k/ soustava, kostra

gills /DZǺlz/ žábry

head /hed/ hlava

hedgehog /ɑhedȢɕhǢDZ/ ježek

hindlimb /haǺndlǺm/ zadní končetina

horn /hǤə(r)n/ roh, parůžek

involuntary /ǺnɑvǢləntəri/ bezděčný, mimovolný

jowl /dȢaʊl/ spodní čelist, sanice

ligament /ɑlǺDZəmənt/ vaz

mane /meǺn/ hříva

moult /məʊlt/ svlékat, pelichat

muscular /ɑmȜskjʊlə(r)/ svalový

muzzle /ɑmȜz(ə)l/ čenich, čumák

nutrition /njuəɑtrǺʃ(ə)n/ výživa

organ /ɑǤə(r)DZən/ orgán

outer /ɑaʊtə(r)/ zevní, vnější

perform /pə(r)ɑfǤə(r)m/ vykonat, provést

predatory /ɑpredət(ə)ri/ dravý

rhinoceros /raǺɑnǢs(ə)rəs/ nosorožec

rib /rǺb/ žebro

skeletal system /ɑskelǺt(ə)l ɑsǺstəm/ kosterní soustava

smooth /smuəð/ hladký

snout /snaʊt/ čumák, rypák

spiral /ɑspaǺrəl/ točitý, šroubovitý

swine /swaǺn/ prase, vepř

tapir /ɑteǺpə(r)/ tapír

tentacle /ɑtentək(ə)l/ chapadlo

thermoregulation /ˈθɜːməɑreDZjʊɑleǺʃ(ə)n/ termoregulace

thorax /ɑθǤəræks/ hruď, hrudník

throat /θrəʊt/ hrdlo, krk

trunk /trȜŋk/ trup

vessel /ɑves(ə)l/ céva

whiskers /ɑwǺskə(r)z/ vousy, fousky (kočičí)

zootomy /zəʊˈɒtəmɪ/ zootomie, anatomie živočichů

5. CAPTIVITY (DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, WILD ANIMALS)

Man's first efforts to keep wild animals in captivity date back to prehistoric times, and for many

reasons humans are attracted to non-human animals. The distinction between wild animals and

domesticated animals can be fuzzy. Domesticated animals are those that have been bred in captivity

for a number of generations, but the precise number of generations in captivity to qualify as

domesticated is not easy to define. All domesticated animals were once wild.

The earliest known evidence of a domesticated dog is a jawbone found in a cave in Iraq and dated to

about 12,000 years ago. The first animals to be domesticated as a source of food are sheep in the

Middle East around 9000 BC. Goats followed soon after, and these two became the standard animals

of the nomadic tribes. Cattle and pigs, common in settlements, are domesticated slightly later - after

7000 BC. Apart from dogs, cats are the only domesticated animals to dwell indoors

with humans. In the temples of Egypt cats are sacred animals, and millions of them

are mummified. In folk stories of all nations a cat is the natural companion for

people who possess supernatural powers such as witches. Humans acquire their

most important ally from the animal kingdom when they domesticate the horse, in

about 3000 BC. The original purpose, as with cattle, is to acquire a reliable source

of meat and milk. But then people discovered that horse is a valuable means of

transport. Camels occupy an important place alongside horses and donkeys – they carried and

transported heavy goods. Jungle fowl – ancestors of today's poultry - are captured and kept for their

eggs and their flesh by about 2000 BC in Asia. Later on pigeons in Egypt, elephants in India were

tamed and bees were forced to live in beehives constructed by men. The turkey is indigenous to

central and north America. It was kept as a domestic fowl by the Aztecs in Mexico from the 14th

century and brought to Europe in the 16th

century. In addition to the standard domesticated animals,

many others have been kept or are now kept by humans for a wide range of purposes (e.g. ostriches

for feathers, hamsters as pet animals for children).

However, many animals are not kept for meat, milk, eggs or as pets. People also keep animals for

entertainment, often in zoos, marine parks, aquariums or circuses. In the past, some institutions paid

little attention to the welfare of the animals. Luckily, they are undergoing a revolution to provide

better physical and social environment for animals. It is not possible to give an animal an exact

replica of its natural environment but animals have the ability to adapt to a wide range of conditions.

The goal of a zookeeper is to provide an animal with an environment similar to its natural

environment in which it can survive and reproduce. It is important to study the animal´s behavior in

its natural habitat – e.g. the normal sleeping place (some animals sleep in protected places, others

sleep in the open), the place of refuge from danger is also important (some animals flee in danger,

others become immobile, some run up a tree, others run underground). The concept of habitat or

territory has important consequences for the correct handling and design of environment for animals

in captivity.

The animal must have an adequate diet to maintain a healthy condition. Food should be presented in

such a way that the animal spends as much time eating as it would in the wild. Carnivores normally

hunt and kill their prey which cannot happen in captivity. However, the carnivores, after eating,

spend most of their time sleeping, so they do not have a problem of filling in time. On the other

hand, plant-eaters present more of a problem as they normally spend much of their day feeding

(cows spend about eight hours per day grazing, sheep about 10 hours/day).

The most important ethical issue about keeping wild animals is the welfare of the animal itself. In

captivity, can we provide a wild animal with the proper diet, exercise, and socialization that it would

get in the wild? The animal may be exposed to high stress levels during the capture and transport,

improper care, in confined spaces, and the inability to exhibit natural behavior. This may lead to

changes in behavior – from stereotypical activities (e.g. pacing in cages due to lack of physical

activity) to increased aggression and susceptibility to illness. These are all important factors when

considering the welfare of captive animals.

Adapted from: http://animalbehaviour.net (by Judith K Blackshaw), http://exoticpets.about.com (by Lianne

McLeod, DVM), http://www.historyworld.net (by Bamber Gascoigne)

1. Reading comprehension Answer the questions

1) What does the term “domesticated” mean? 2) What were the first animal species to be domesticated in nomadic tribes? 3) Explain the main reasons for domestication of horses and camels. 4) What is the goal of a zookeeper in providing care for animals? 5) Explain the role of natural habitat in handling animals in captivity.

2. Lexis Label the animals according to their place of captivity. Sometimes more than one answer is correct.

Write F for farm, Z for zoo, A for aquarium. One example has been done for you.

pig F snake ostrich elephant

turtle seal bull tortoise

elk duck seahorse sea lion

rooster lamb owl fowl

parrot kangaroo lion whale

orca monkey octopus bee

ox dolphin calf tiger

bear giraffe cow shark

3. Lexis Write the proper word form and translate the new word into Czech

Noun Verb Czech

captivity

entertainment

payment

provision

reproduction

behavior

ability

Verb Noun Czech

attract

qualify

dwell

possess

transport

construct

exhibit

4. Translation Translate the following expressions into English. The first letters have been given.

a. zvíře v zajetí a____________ i__ c__________________

b. zdroj potravy s____________ o__ f__________________

c. přebývat uvnitř d____________ i__________________

d. posvátné zvíře s____________ a__________________

e. nejdůležitější spojenec the m________ i_________________ a_______

f. dopravní prostředek m___________ o__ t___________________

g. běžná domácí zvířata s____________ d_____________ a________

h. přesná kopie e___________ _ r___________________

i. schopnost přizpůsobit se the a____________ t__ a_______________

j. přiměřená strava a_______________ d_________________

5. Gap fill Fill in the gaps in the text below with the words from the box

define efforts distinction bred be times precise

Man's first _________to keep wild animals in captivity date back to prehistoric ________, and for

many reasons humans are attracted to non-human animals. The ____________ between wild

animals and domesticated animals can______ fuzzy. Domesticated animals are those that have been

________in captivity for a number of generations, but the __________ number of generations in

captivity to qualify as domesticated is not easy to ____________.

VOCABULARY

ability /əɑbǺləti/ schopnost, dovednost

ally /ɑælaǺ/ spojenec

aquarium /əɑkweəriəm/ akvárium

attention /əɑtenʃ(ə)n/ pozornost, péče

beehive /ɑbiəɕhaǺv/ úl, včelín

behavior /bǺɑheǺvjə(r)/ chování, reakce

breed (bred, bred) /briəd/ chovat, pěstovat

captivity /kæpɑtǺvəti/ zajetí

circus /ɑsǬə(r)kəs/ cirkus

companion /kəmɑpænjən/ společník, druh

confined /kənɑfaǺnd/ stísněný, omezený

consequence /ɑkǢnsǺkwəns/ následek, důsledek

distinction /dǺɑstǺŋkʃ(ə)n/ rozdíl, odlišnost

domesticated /dəɑmestǺɕkeǺtǺd/ ochočený

donkey /ɑdǢŋki/ osel

dwell /dwel/ přebývat, zdržovat se

entertainment /ɕentə(r)ɑteǺnmənt/ zábava

evidence /ɑevǺd(ə)ns/ důkaz, známka

exhibit /ǺDZɑzǺbǺt/ projevit, dát najevo

exposed /Ǻkɑspəʊzd/ vystavený, odkrytý

flee /fliə/ utéci, prchat

fowl /faʊl/ kur, divoké ptactvo

fuzzy /ɑfȜzi/ neostrý, rozmazaný

goat /DZəʊt/ koza

goods /DZʊdz/ zboží, věci

graze /DZreǺz/ pást, spásat

habitat /ɑhæbǺtæt/ habitat, místo výskytu

hamster /ɑhæmstə(r)/ křeček

handling /ɑhændlǺŋ/ manipulace, zvládání

immobile /ǺɑməʊbaǺl/ nehybný, nepohyblivý

improper /ǺmɑprǢpə(r)/ nesprávný, nevhodný

indigenous /ǺnɑdǺdȢənəs/ původní, domorodý

maintain /meǺnɑteǺn/ udržovat, zachovat

means /miənz/ prostředek, prostředky

mummify /ɑmȜmǺfaǺ/ mumifikovat

nomadic /nəʊɑmædǺk/ kočovný, kočující

occupy /ɑǢkjʊpaǺ/

zaujímat, obývat

ostrich /ɑǢstrǺtʃ/ pštros

pace /peǺs/ přecházet, popocházet

pigeon /ɑpǺdȢ(ə)n/ holub

possess /pəɑzes/ vlastnit, ovládat

poultry /ɑpəʊltri/ drůbež

precise /prǺɑsaǺs/ přesný

purpose /ɑpǬə(r)pəs/ účel, smysl

refuge /ɑrefjuədȢ/ útočiště, úkryt

reliable /rǺɑlaǺəb(ə)l/ spolehlivý

sacred /ɑseǺkrǺd/ posvátný

settlement /ɑset(ə)lmənt/ osada, sídliště

sheep /ʃiəp/ ovce

susceptibility /səɕseptəɑbǺləti/ náchylnost, sklon

tame /teǺm/ ochočit, krotit

tribe /traǺb/ kmen

turkey /ɑtǬə(r)ki/ krůta, krocan

valuable /ɑvæljʊb(ə)l/ cenný, hodnotný

welfare /ɑwelfeə(r)/ prospěch, dobro

zoo /zuə/ ZOO

6. ANIMAL FEEDINGSTUFF

Animal feed plays an important part in the food chain and has implications for the composition and

quality of the livestock products (milk, meat and eggs) that people consume. Legislation on animal

feed is harmonised at European Union (EU) level. It applies especially to feed for farmed livestock,

but also covers feed for horses, pets, farmed fish, zoo and circus animals, and creatures living freely

in the wild.

The animal feedstuffs market is divided into concentrates and non-concentrates, with concentrates

accounting for the overwhelming majority of sales. The move to larger farms has encouraged farmers

to consider more customised feedstuff plans and dietary plans for their animals. Increased legislation

and the banning of certain ingredients in feedstuffs, notably animal bone meal and some antibiotics,

has led to important changes in the industry. Alternative products, such as soya bean meal

(substitution for animal bone) and natural products (substitution for antibiotics) are used more and

more in the industry.

Main types of animal feedstuffs include:

Forage

Forage (mainly plant leaves and stems) is an integral component in all aspects of ruminant nutrition.

Pressures on the dairy sector to improve milk yields and higher prices of animal feedstuff have made

it important for farmers to have accurate information about the nutritional values of their forages.

Forage quality changes through age and storage, its nutritional value has to be tested regularly.

Forages include: fresh grass & maize, grass & maize silage, hay & legumes. Sometimes we distinguish

between forage – food that the animals get themselves by grazing and fodder - food given to the

animals (straw, compressed or mixed food).

Equine Feeds

Experts say that a balanced diet for horses should include forage, bran, barley, oats, maize, fruit and

root vegetables. To ensure maximum digestibility, barley may be partly cooked.

Pet Feeds

An increasing level of attention is now focused on the quality of pet feeds, in particular for dogs and

cats. Pet owners realise the health benefits of feeding their animals to the highest standards.

In cat food, wet food continues to dominate the market. The opposite is true in the dog food sector,

where it is dry dog food that is dominating.

Premixes

Premixes are mixtures of vitamins and feed additives manufactured for inclusion in animal diets. For

many years premixes have been used as feed supplements for cattle, swine, poultry and fish.

Source: http://www.sciantec.uk.com/animal_feedstuffs.asp

http://www.food.gov.uk/business-industry/farmingfood/animalfeed/

1. Reading comprehension

a. Name some banned ingredients in animal feedstuff and their alternative substitutions.

b. Name an important component of ruminant nutrition and explain its meaning.

c. What is a premix?

2. Translation Translate the following expressions into English. The first letters have been given.

a) potravní řetězec f____________ ch____________________________

b) naprostá většina o_________________ m_______________________

c) stravovací plán d_________________ p________________________

d) zákaz některých surovin b______________ of c___________ i_____________

e) důležité změny i_____________ ch___________________________

f) výživa přežvýkavců r_______________ n_________________________

g) zlepšit výnosy mléka i_______________ m______________ y_________

h) mít přesné informace h______________ a_____________ i____________

i) získat potravu spásáním g_____ f______________ by g__________________

j) maximální stravitelnost m_________________ d_______________________

3. Gap fill: Fill in the gaps in the text below with the words from the box

is, level, where, and, focused, continues, benefits

An increasing …………………………. of attention is now………………………. on the quality of pet feeds, in

particular for dogs ……………. cats. Pet owners realise the health ………………….. of feeding their animals

to the highest standards. In cat food, wet food ………………………… to dominate the market. The

opposite is true in the dog food sector, …………………….. it is dry dog food that ………………….

dominating.

4. Lexis Write the proper word form and translate the new word into Czech

Noun Verb Verb: Czech

food

consumption

harmony

application

cover

division

leader

VOCABULARY

account for /əɑkaʊnt fə(r)/ tvořit, podílet se

accurate /ɑækjʊrət/ přesný, správný

additive /ɑædətǺv/ přísada, aditivum

alternative /ǤəlɑtǬə(r)nətǺv/ alternativa, alternativní

antibiotics /ɕæntibaǺɑǢtǺks/ antibiotika

attention /əɑtenʃ(ə)n/ pozornost, péče

barley /ɑbɑə(r)li/ ječmen

bone meal /ɑbəʊnɕmiəl/ kostní moučka

bran /bræn/ otruby

cattle /ɑkæt(ə)l/ dobytek, skot

component /kəmɑpəʊnənt/ součást, složka

composition /ɕkǢmpəɑzǺʃ(ə)n/ skladba, složení

concentrate /ɑkǢns(ə)nɕtreǺt/ koncentrát, soustředit se

consider /kənɑsǺdə(r)/ uvážit, zvážit

creature /ɑkriətʃə(r)/ tvor, stvoření

customize /ɑkȜstəmaǺz/ upravit dle potřeb uživatele

digestibility /daǺɑdȢestǺbǺləti/ stravitelnost

encourage /ǺnɑkȜrǺdȢ/ povzbudit, pobídnout

equine /ɑekwaǺn/ koňský

feedstuff /ɑfiədɕstȜf/ krmivo

focus on /ɑfəʊkəs/ zaměřit se na

fodder /ɑfǢdə(r)/ píce, krmivo (hl. seno, sláma)

forage /ɑfǢrǺdȢ/ píce, krmivo

graze /DZreǺz/ pást se, spásat

hay /heǺ/ seno

implication /ɕǺmplǺɑkeǺʃ(ə)n/ důsledek, dopad

legislation /ɕledȢǺɑsleǺʃ(ə)n/ zákonodárství, zákony

legume /ɑleDZjuəm/ luštěnina

livestock /ɑlaǺvɕstǢk/ hospodářská zvířata

maize /meǺz/ kukuřice

majority /məɑdȢǢrəti/ většina

nutrition /njuəɑtrǺʃ(ə)n/ výživa

oats /əʊts/ oves

overwhelming /ɕəʊvə(r)ɑwelmǺŋ/ převážný, naprostý, ohromný

silage /ɑsaǺlǺdȢ/ silážové krmivo, siláž

stem /stem/ stonek, kmen

storage /ɑstǤərǺdȢ/ uskladnění, sklad

straw /strǤə/ sláma, slaměný

supplement /ɑsȜplǺment/ doplněk

vitamin /ɑvǺtəmǺn/ vitamín

yield /jiəld/ výnos, tržba

7. ANIMAL PROTECTION AND ANIMAL RIGHTS

Legislation & Organizations

“Animals, like humans, are living beings and are capable of experiencing various degrees of pain

and suffering, and hence they deserve attention, care and protection by man”.

These are the first words of the Act No 246/1992 Coll., on the protection of animals against cruelty,

the basic law on animal protection in the Czech Republic, which regulates activities of state

authorities such as the Ministry of Agriculture, including the Central Commission for Animal Welfare,

and the veterinary administration authorities.

The Act prohibits the cruelty to animals. The purpose of this Act is to protect animals, which are living

beings capable of experiencing pain and suffering, against cruelty, damage to their heal