Th d f h l tiThe spread of human populations.

1

The Neolithic eraThe Neolithic era.

Pleistocene take-off (circa 50,000 B C E )B.C.E.)

Evolution of brain or voice box?or voice box?

Cro-Magnon enter Europe Cave painting (32,000-30,000e e u ope(circa 40,000 B.C.E.)

Cave painting (32,000 30,000 B.C.E.) from the Chauvet cave at Vallon-Pont-d'Arc in the Ardèche region of France.

2

Hunter gatherer societyHunter-gatherer society.

D d t l f d t ffDependence on natural foodstuffs: nomadism. Generate surplus with technologicalGenerate surplus with technological change.Common-pool problem.p pMigration when land abundant.Intergroup warfare when land scarce.g p

Hunter-gatherers maximize population.

3

Hunter gatherers and warfareHunter-gatherers and warfare.

Source: Adapted from L. Keeley, War Before Civilization: the Myth of the

4

the Myth of the Peaceful Savage. Oxford University Press, 1996.

Th d f h l tiThe spread of human populations.

5

Settled agricultureSettled agriculture.

First stage: defending naturally occurring foodstuffs.Women cultivate crops by whileWomen cultivate crops by while men hunt.Horticulture stage (cf. Pequots).

6

( q )

Settled agricultureSettled agriculture.

Population pressure creates “demand” for settled agriculturegWere hunter-gatherers healthier than farmers?than farmers?

Anthropometric evidence.Narrowness of farmer diet.But: farming could support a much

7

g pplarger population.

The first economic revolutionThe first economic revolution.

VMPLVMPHG

VMPAGR

8

N* Population (labor force)

Settled agricultureSettled agriculture.

Did climate change spur agriculture by reducing the food supply ofby reducing the food supply of hunter-gatherers?J b did (t di ) iti dJacobs: did (trading) cities precede and spur settled agriculture?

9

The Fertile CrescentThe Fertile Crescent.

Sites of food production before 7 000 B C E7,000 B.C.E. The geographical distribution of the seven Neolithic founder crops in the Fertile Crescent (yellow) of the Near East. Large map shows the distribution of wild chickpea (red line) in a core area (green line) within the upper reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (present dayreaches of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (present-day southeastern Turkey/northern Syria). Inset maps show the distribution of founder cereal crops — einkorn wheat (cross indicates the putative site of its domestication), emmer wheat, and barley — and founder legumes (lentil, pea, bitter vetch). Blue lines delineate the range of genetic founder stocks for lentil and pea, and red lines g p ,the range of emmer wheat, barley, and bitter vetch (no data are available on their genetic founder stocks). Red lines also indicate the distribution of einkorn wheat, lentil, and pea beyond that of their genetic founder stocks.

Source: Simcha Lev-Yadun, Avi Gopher, and Shahal

10

, p ,Abbo, “The Cradle of Agriculture,” Science 2(288): 1602-1603, June 2000

Guns germs and steelGuns, germs, and steel.

The major axes of the continents11

The major axes of the continents.

The advantages of EurasiaThe advantages of Eurasia.

Pl t d ti tiPlant domestication.Large connected belt of Mediterranean climate.Wider availability of domesticable varietiesWider availability of domesticable varieties (cereals).

Animal domesticationAnimal domestication.Coevolution of humans and animals.

Prevents mass extinctions during hunter-gatherer era.Prevents mass extinctions during hunter gatherer era.Evolved immunity to animal-borne diseases.

12

Diffusion of innovationDiffusion of innovation.

2000

1500

PLOUGH, CART

HORSE

WOOL

3500

3000

2500

MILKING?

,

4500

4000

6000

5500

5000Reconstruction of Ötzi the ice mummy (c. 3300 BCE), in the South Tyrol Museum of Archeology, Bolzano, Italy.

13AGRICULTURE

6500

Years BCE

The Indo EuropeansThe Indo-Europeans.

Common origins of European and Indo-Iranian languages (5000-2500 B.C.E).g g ( )

Germanic RomanceLatin Greek SanskritLatin Greek Sanskrit

English German French Spanish Italianfather Vater père padre padre pater pater pitar

14

Who were the Indo Europeans?Who were the Indo-Europeans?

Theory 1: pastoral nomads from the Caucasus.the Caucasus.

Mobility of domestic horse, wheeled cartscarts.

Cf. Huns and Mongols.

E i d t f t liEconomic advantages of pastoralism.Capital intensity.

15

The secondary-products economy.

Who were the Indo Europeans?Who were the Indo-Europeans?

16

Who were the Indo Europeans?Who were the Indo-Europeans?

Theory 2: farmers from Anatolia.Theory 2: farmers from Anatolia.Genetic and linguistic evidence.Settled agriculture spread not bySettled agriculture spread not by emulation but by demographic movementmovement.

17

Who were the Indo Europeans?Who were the Indo-Europeans?

18

Origins of agricultureOrigins of agriculture.

Sites of food production before 7 000 B C E7,000 B.C.E. The geographical distribution of the seven Neolithic founder crops in the Fertile Crescent (yellow) of the Near East. Large map shows the distribution of wild chickpea (red line) in a core area (green line) within the upper reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (present dayreaches of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (present-day southeastern Turkey/northern Syria). Inset maps show the distribution of founder cereal crops — einkorn wheat (cross indicates the putative site of its domestication), emmer wheat, and barley — and founder legumes (lentil, pea, bitter vetch). Blue lines delineate the range of genetic founder stocks for lentil and pea, and red lines g p ,the range of emmer wheat, barley, and bitter vetch (no data are available on their genetic founder stocks). Red lines also indicate the distribution of einkorn wheat, lentil, and pea beyond that of their genetic founder stocks.

Source: Simcha Lev-Yadun, Avi Gopher, and Shahal

19

, p ,Abbo, “The Cradle of Agriculture,” Science 2(288): 1602-1603, June 2000

Th d f i lt t EThe spread of agriculture to Europe.

The arrival of wheat from the Middl E t tMiddle East to various parts of Europe fromEurope, from 9,500 years to 5,000 years ago. , y g

Source: L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, Genes,

20

Peoples, and Languages, tr. Mark Seilestad. New York: North Point Press, 2000, p. 109, figure 5.

Th d f i lt t EThe spread of agriculture to Europe.

The similarity of gene

Atlantic Ocean

of gene frequencies across E

BalticSea

NorthSea

Europe.

Source: L L Cavalli-l k Source: L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, Paolo Menozzi, and Alberto Piazza, The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton: Princeton

Black Sea

21

University Press, 1994, p. 292, figure 5.11.1.

Mediterranean Sea

Who were the Indo Europeans?Who were the Indo-Europeans?

Source: Tandy Warnow, Donald Ringe, and Ann Taylor, “Reconstructing the evolutionary history of natural languages,” Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM-SIAM symposium on Discrete algorithms 1996algorithms, 1996.

22

Bronze Age EuropeBronze Age Europe.

Baltic

Celtic

Germanic

Baltic

SlavicCeltic

Italic Greek

23