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AP Biology Rapid Learning Tutorial - 02
© Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: http://www.RapidLearningCenter.com 1
Rapid Learning CenterChemistry :: Biology :: Physics :: Math
Rapid Learning Center Presents …p g
Teach Yourself
AP Biology in 24 Hours
1/37 *AP is a registered trademark of the College Board, which does not endorse, nor is affiliated in any way with the Rapid Learning courses.
Th S i f Bi lThe Science of Biology
AP Biology Rapid Learning Series
Rapid Learning Centerwww.RapidLearningCenter.com/© Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved.
AP Biology Rapid Learning SeriesWayne Huang, PhD
Andrew Graham, PhDElizabeth James, PhD
Casandra Rauser, PhD Jessica Habashi, PhD
Sara Olson, PhDJessica Barnes, PhD
AP Biology Rapid Learning Tutorial - 02
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Learning Objectives
What biology is.
By completing this tutorial, you will learn about:
Basic theories of biology.
The diversity of life.
Branches of biology.
Scientific methods used to study biology.
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y gy
Biology Concept Map
Biology
Study of LifeOrder
Observations
StructureFunctions
2 DomainTheory 3 Domain
Theory
Prokaryote Eukaryote
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Archaea
BacteriaEukaryota
Reproduce Respond to Stimuli
Organized
Homeostasis GrowDevelop
RequireEnergy
Evolutionary Adaptation
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Objectives of BiologyBiology is the study of life. What are some of
its objectives?
Biology makes observations about organisms from tiny like bacteria to large
like trees.
It includes noncellular organisms like viruses,
single cell organisms like bacteria and multi cellular organisms like humans.
Biology attempts to understand how
organisms function on all levels of order from the
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order from the molecular level to
organ systems.
Levels of Organization Biology
Studies Life
Biology
Bacteria Amoeba AnimalsPlants
Levels of Organization.
Mushroom
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Molecular level Organism level Multi-organism levelCell level
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Branches of Biology
Biology
Microbiology
Classified
morpholo g Botany
Microbes
Anatomy
Classified by function
Genetics
by gy
Physiology Anthropology
Zoology
Plants
Animals
Human beings
Structure of living things
H b d f ti
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Ecology
Genetics
Cell Biology
Marine Biology
g
Things living in ocean
Cells
Flow of information
How a body functions
Interaction of living things and the environment
Life Sciences: Biology
What are the common features of “living” organisms?
Ability to reproduce
Able to respond to stimuli. Maintenance of homeostasis,
which is to have a stable internal environment.
Living organisms d d l
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Living organisms requires organization.
Requirement for energy. The energy can be in different forms depending on the organism, e.g.
phototroph or chemotroph.
grow and develop.
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Four Basic Theories What are four of the major
theories that much of modern biology is based on?
Cell TheoryLiving things are made up of cell(s).
Gene Theory: Genes are coded for inheritable properties.
9/37Theory of Evolution
Survival of the fittest.
HomeostasisOrganisms have the ability to maintain a
relatively stable internal environment.
Cell Theory Cell Division
Cell Differentiation
Cell theory states that all living things are
d f ll
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made up of cells.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.
The cell is the structural and functional unit of all
living things.
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Gene Theory
Genes are the unit of inheritance.
All genetic information is stored in DNA as genes.
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Traits are passed from one generation to the next in discrete units or genes.
DNA may be transcribed into RNA and translated into protein.
Theory of Evolution
“Living organisms have descended with modifications from species that lived
before them.” Evolution VS. Creation
Natural selection is the driving
force for evolution. All living organisms
struggle for existence.
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All organisms can adapt to their environment.
Better adapted individuals or species survive (survival of the fittest).
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis – Ability of the living organisms to maintain a constant (balanced) internal environment.( )
In the human body examples of homeostasis include: blood glucose level, body temperature, pH of blood,
ionic strength of body fluids.
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Purpose of homeostasis is to ensure the proper functioning of
the body.
Loss of homeostasis could result in illness or even
death.
The Diversity of Life
Classification and nomenclature
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Diversity of LifeLife takes many forms.
Warm
Small and big
and cold
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Warm
Moving Red
And much more……
and cold
and still and Green
Classification StrategiesTwo Major Categories
ProkaryoteNo membrane bound
nucleus or organelles.
EukaryotesMembrane bound
organelles.
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Three Domains of LifeSo originally life forms were
categorized into two types, Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes based primarily on the
presence or absence of membrane bound organelles within a cell.
Yes! With DNA technology, a previously classified prokaryote
was found to be genetically different from both prokaryotes and
eukaryotes.g
This required a new category called Archaea which is thought to be the most
ancient and least evolved life form.
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Archaea look like bacteria but have some genes found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This lead to the formation
of three domain system: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota.
Taxonomy: Science of Classification
Linnaeus System
King Philip Come Over For Good Sports
Kingdom
Phylum
KingdomPhylumClass
OrderGenus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
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FamilyGenus
Species
Species
Genus
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Five KingdomsFungi, e.g. yeast, mushroom■ single-celled or multi-celled■ absorbing nutrition from environment■ eukaryotic
Plantae, e.g. plantsh t th i
Protista: e.g., amoeba, sea weeds■ single-celled or multi-celled■ photosynthesis eukaryotic
■ photosynthesis■ multi-celled autotrophs
Animalia, e.g. animals■ multi-celled■ heterotrophs■ capable of movement
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Monera: e.g., bacteria■ single-celled■ prokaryotic■ Photosynthesis
Classification: Example
Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Ch d tPhylum: Chordata
Class: MammaliaOrder: Primates
Family: HominidaeGenus: Homo
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Human
Species: Sapiens
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Nomenclature & Taxonomy Binomial Nomenclature
H iHuman
Homo sapiens
Genus SpeciesSpecies
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Helianthus radula
Genus SpeciesSpecies
Sunflower
Branches of Biology
MolecularCell
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CellOrganismalPopulations
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Fields of Biology
Branches of biology are often based on the type of organisms or groups
of organisms being studied, although it may also be based on
th ki d f ti b i k d
Example a microbiologist will study microbes (very small forms of life).
An epidemiologist may study microbes as well but ask a different
question, like how a microbe spreads the kinds of questions being asked. or causes disease.
So an area or branch of biology can be defined by
the kind of question asked as well as the kind of organism
studied.
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Molecular Level
Molecular Biology■ Study of how bio-molecules interact with each other, particularly the molecules involved in transmission and translation of genetic information.
Biochemistry■ Study the chemical basis of life.
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Genetics■ Study of the inheritance at various levels (molecular, cellular, individual, population, etc).
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Cell Level
Cell Biology■ Study of the cell structure, cell cycle, cell function etc.function etc.
Physiology■ Study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms.
Anatomy■ Study of the structure and organization of
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■ Study of the structure and organization of animals or living organisms.
Histology■ Study of the microscopic anatomy of the cells and tissues.
Organism Level
Developmental Biology■ The study of how an individual organism grows and develops.
Botany■ Study of plants.
Zoology■ Study of animals.
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Microbiology■ Study of microorganisms such as virus, bacteria and others.
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Various Levels: Population Level
Population Genetics■ Study of the distribution and changes in genes among variouschanges in genes among various groups.
Ecology■ Study of a group of organisms interacting with each other and with their environment.
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Evolution■ Study of how organisms acquire and inherit traits from their ancestors.
Science and Biology
Theory
H th i
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Hypothesis
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Scientific Processes - Map
ObservationsScience is not a linear process…rather it is “loopy”
Questions
Data GatheringHypothesis
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Trend and pattern recognition
Conclusion formation
Communication & Validation
Model Formation
Defining Theory & Law
Do you know what a theory is?
A theory attempts to explain an observed behavior.
For instance, DNA transmits or carries all genetic information.
A law describes or
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What is a law?A law describes or
categorizes behavior, often mathematically.
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Comparing Theory & Law
A theory explains WHYy p
A law explains WHAT
A WHY can’t become a what.
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Defining Prediction & HypothesisWhat is a
hypothesis?A hypothesis is a proposal to explain certain facts or
observations.
Yes!
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So a useful hypothesis enables predictions by deductive reasoning!
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Prediction vs. Hypothesis
A hypothesis is more than “an educated guess” - it is also an attempt to explain why.
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Branches of biology are based on the organism
Branches of biology are based on the organism
Biology is the science of
Biology is the science of
Learning Summary
Hypothesis attempts to
explain “why”
Hypothesis attempts to
explain “why”
Domains of biology: Domains of biology:
as well as the questions being
asked.
as well as the questions being
asked.
life.life. explain “why” something happens.
explain “why” something happens.
Branches of biologyBranches of biology
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gyprokaryote,
eukaryotes and archaea.
gyprokaryote,
eukaryotes and archaea.
Branches of biology include: molecular, cell, organism and population levels.
Branches of biology include: molecular, cell, organism and population levels.
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Question: ReviewBiology is the science of _____. ___________Life
Th th d i f lif ___________
___________
Archaea
Why
The three domains of life include: prokaryote, eukaryote and _________.
A theory attempts to explain ______.
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___________Questions being askedBranches of biology are determined by the organism and the _____.
The taxonomic method of naming is called? ___________Binomial nomenclature
Congratulations
You have successfully completed the core tutorial
The Science of Biology
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