Upload
phamdung
View
216
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Thai Small Island Electrification
Stakeholder Consultation Roundtable
TGCP-Energy
30 April 2019
Outline
1. Island Status Report: Background & Objectives
2. Electricity Access
3. Thailand National Electrification
4. Thai Island Electrification: Overview
5. Thai Small Island Status
6. Microgrid Feasibility Studies
1. Island Status Report: Background & Objectives
Island Status Report: Introduction
Communities are not connected to the national grid have limited access to electricity.
‘the last mile problem’ – electrifying the final percent is hardest and costliest
Availability
ReliabilityAffordability
GIZ Past Projects
Project Development Programme (PDP)2016 – Koh Jik, Chanthaburi community microgrid development
Renewable Energy Hybrid Grid Systems for Thai Islands2017 - Feasibility study of PV/Diesel hybrid grid for 2 islands – Koh Mak Noi, Koh Bulon Don
Thai-German Climate Programme: Energy (TGCP-Energy) 2019 - project to support Thailand in reducing GHG emission from the energy sector
Island Status Report: Objective
“To develop status report and bring out policy recommendations for climate friendly electrification of Thai islands”
Publications:
1. Status Report
2. Policy Recommendation
2. Defining Electricity Access
“What does it mean to have access to electricity?”
Access is not a not a matter of yes or no….
… quantity and quality of electricity should also be taken into account
“How do we measure electricity access?”
-Multi-tier framework
proposed by ESMAP
Improved Electricity
Supply
1
Source: Energy Access Redefined, ESMAP, 2015 [1]
Multi-tier Matrix for measuring household electricity
access
Aim: Tier 4 & Tier 5
3. Thailand National Electrification
Recap of Rural Electrification Policy
1960’s – PEA’s establishment - rural electricity access rate stood at 2%, for people living outside Bangkok Metropolitan Area
1972 – 10% electrification rate - 45,000 villages located in 68 provinces
1973 – Approval of National Plan for Thailand Accelerated Rural Electrification, target to electrify 50,000 villages in 15 (25) years.
Source: Auther’s illustration with 1960-2011 data adapted from PEA
presentation [2] & 2017 data from PEA annual report 2017 [3]
Scheme for last mile electrification..
Policy: Solar Home System Schemes, 2004-2006
• Total budget: 5,625.282 million THB
• Target: 203,000 households in 73 provinces
• SHS Components:• 120 W PV
• 150 W inverter/charge controller
• 125 Ah, 12 V lead acid battery
• Light bulbs
Inverter Battery
PV Panel
Current National Electrification Status
PEA Status (2017) No. %
#Total Villages 74,304 100%
#Unelectrified Villages 7 0.01%
#Electrified Villages 74,297 99.99%
PEA Status (2017) No. %
# Total Households 21,460,000 100%
#Unelectrified
Households
49,472 0.23%
#Electrified
Households
21,509,472 99.77%
Source: PEA Annual Report 2017 [3]
IEA, 2017 [4]
2016 – IEA Regional Snapshot
4. Thai Islands: Overview
936Total Number of Islands
Phang-ngaProvince with most
islands
>200Inhabited Islands
>20Islands with submarine
cable connection
Source: Author’s Illustration, based on DMRC [4]
Summary of Electrification Options
Island Electrification
Grid-Connected Islands
Overhead cable Submarine cable
Island Microgrids
Diesel microgrids/centralized gensets
Renewable Energy Microgrids
Stand-Alone Systems
Personal gensets Solar home systems
Stand-alone systems
Household Use Commercial Use
• Personal Gensets
• Solar Home Systems
Household Use Commercial Use
Island Microgrids/Centralized Gensets
Three models of depending on operator
1) Utility Operated (PEA):
E.g. Koh Nok Pao
2) Governmental Operated (SAO):
E.g. Koh Bulon Don, Koh Mai Phai, Koh Panyee
3) Privately Operated:
E.g. Koh Mak Noi, Koh Lipeh, Koh Phayam
Case Study: Koh Jik, Chanthaburi- Community Microgrid
Renewable Energy Microgrid
5. Thai Small Islands
List of non-grid connected islandsNo. Island Name Province
No. of
HouseholdsPopulation Electricity Source
1 Koh Kham Yai เกาะขามใหญ่ Chonburi 55 203 Personal Genset
2 Koh Jik เกาะจกิ Chanthaburi 141 489 RE-Microgrid
3 Koh Sin Hai เกาะสินไห Ranong 305 1,116 RE-Microgrid
4 Koh Lao เกาะเหลา Ranong 108 212 Personal Genset
5 Koh Phayam เกาะพยาม Ranong 280 521 Private Microgrid
6 Koh Chang เกาะช้าง Ranong 145 313 Personal Genset
7 Koh Nok Thapao เกาะนกเภา Surat Thani 86 171 Centralised Genset (PEA)
8 Koh Taen เกาะแตน Surat Thani 30 126 Personal Genset
9 Koh Phaluay เกาะพลวย Surat Thani 180 438 DEDE RE Sources
10 Koh Lon เกาะโหลน Phuket 73 238 Personal Genset
11 Koh Mak Noi เกาะหมากน้อย Phang-nga 250 1,400 Private Microgrid
12 Koh Mai Phai เกาะไม่ไผ่ Phang-nga 164 696 Centralised Genset (SAO)
13 Koh Por เกาะปอ Krabi 120 200 Centralised Genset
14 Koh Hung เกาะฮั่ง Krabi 154 500 Personal Genset/SHS
15 Koh Lipeh เกาะหลีเป๊ะ Satun 900 1,300 Centralised Powerplant
16 Koh Bulon Lae เกาะบูโหลน เล Satun 79 170 Personal Genset
17 Koh Bulon Don เกาะบูโหลน ดอน Satun 81 300 Centralised/Personal Genset
Previous Site Assessments by GIZKoh Jik,
Chanthaburi
Koh Bulon Don,
Satun
Koh Bulon
Lae, Satun
Koh Mak Noi,
Phang-nga
Koh Lon,
Phuket
6. Microgrid Feasibility Studies (2019)
Koh Nok Pao, Surat Thani
Koh Por, Krabi
Koh Mai-Phai, Phang-nga
Microgrid Feasibility Studies: Approach
1. Load Profile Forecast
2. Techno-economic assumptions
3. Sizing 2-phase optimization with HOMER Pro
Scope:
- PV/ESS/Diesel Hybrid Microgrid
24-hour Load Profile Forecast
Koh Por, Krabi Province, forecasted load profile year 1
Koh Por Key Facts
Population 200
Households 113
Homestay 1
Island Area 2.24 km2
Distance from
Shore3 km
Electricity SourceCentralised Diesel
Genset
Techno-economic AssumptionsConstraints Parameter Value
Economic Constraints
Nominal Discount Rate 6%
Inflation Rate 2%
Diesel Price Escalation 3.1%
Project Lifetime 30
Technical Constraints
Load in Current Time Step 10%
Annual Peak Load 20%
Minimum Renewable Fraction 50%
Solar power output reserve 100%
Annual capacity shortage 0%
Parameters Values Parameters Values
Diesel Generator Battery
Technology Prime Power Oil Cooled
Battery Technology Li Ion
Minimum Load 70% Round-trip Efficiency 90%
Lifetime 20000 hours Battery Lifetime 10 years
Fuel Curve Intercept: 0.0417 l/hr Slope: 0.28 l/hr/kW
Initial SOC 100%
Capital Cost 400 USD/kW Minimum SOC 10%
Replacement Cost 280 USD/kW Capital Cost 500 USD/kWh
O&M 0.11 USD/hour Replacement Cost 350 USD/kWh
Diesel Fuel Price (2019)
0.88 USD/litre O&M 12.5$/kWh/year
Solar PV Battery Inverter
Module Size 330 Wp (STC) Inverter Efficiency 95.8
Derating Factor 80%
Lifetime 30 years Capital Cost Included in battery cost
Capital Cost 960 USD/kW Replacement Cost
Replacement Cost 960 USD/kW O&M
O&M (PV & Inverter) 20 USD/kW/year Battery Lifetime 10 years
PV Inverter Dispatch Strategy
Efficiency 98% Strategy Load Following
Lifetime 10 years
Capital Cost included in PV costs
Replacement Cost 135 USD/kW
Optimization Results: Kor Por
Phase 1 Phase 2
▪ Total capacity: ▪ Inverter type:
170 kWp
String inverter
360 kWp
String inverter
▪ Technology: ▪ Total capacity: ▪ Battery inverter:
Li-ion (LiFePO4)
400 kWh
120 kW
Li-ion (LiFePO4)
750 kWh
300 kW
▪ Total capacity: 3 x 40 kW 3 x 75 kW
Phase 1 Phase 2
Parameters Unit Year 1 Year 10 Year 20 Year 30
Total Electricity Production kWh/year 198,054 342,755 547,703 616,043
Electricity generation from diesel generators
kWh/year 3,276 115,067 101,220 191,389
Electricity generation from PV and battery kWh/year 194,778 227,688 446,483 424,654
Excess PV energy % 29.7 7.06 15.3 8.85
Total diesel operating hours hours/year 72 2055 964 1823
Total diesel consumption L/year 1112 39,073 34,371 64,990
Renewable fraction % 97.4 60.8 76 62.8
Cost Breakdown: Koh Por
LCOE Comparison – 30 Year Project Lifetime
LCOE (RE Microgrid) LCOE (100% Diesel)
Koh Nok Pao 11.467 THB/kWh 40.2 THB/kWh
0.362 USD/kWh 1.27 USD/kWh
Koh Por 12.267 THB/kWh 41.46 THB/kWh
0.388 USD/kWh 1.31 USD/kWh
Koh Mai Phai 11.58 THB/kWh 44.31 THB/kWh
0.366 USD/kWh 1.4 USD/kWh
*Li-ion ESS (incl. battery inverter) cost reduction from 750 USD/kWh in previous
study (2017) to average cost of 500 USD/kWh (2019)
References
[1] Bhatia, Mikul; Angelou, Niki. (2015). Beyond Connections : Energy Access Redefined. ESMAP Technical Report;008/15. World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/24368 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”
[2] Vechasart, R., & Suttisom, S. (2014). Rural Electrification in Thailand : Policy and Implementation. In Rural Electrification in Thailand: Policy and Implementation. Retrieved from https://www.iitk.ac.in/ime/anoops/for14/PPTs/Day - 5 Bangkok/RE in Thailand -Policy and Implementation - Mr. Reungvith Vechasart.pdf
[3] PEA. (2017). PEA Annual Report 2017. Retrieved from http://www.pea.co.th/Portals/0/Document/AnnualReport/PEA Annual Report 2017[S].pdf
[4] IEA. (2017). Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2017: World Energy Outloook Special Report. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12926
[5] DMCR. (2013). Central Database System and Data Standard for Marine and Coastal Resources. Retrieved April 3, 2019, from https://km.dmcr.go.th/th/c_52/d_7147