Thanks to:

CERN Directorate and

CERN – A&B Department and

especially to the authors of the feasibility study:

M.-E. Angoletta, M. Barnes, A. Beuret, P. Belochitskii, J. Borburgh, P. Bourquin, M. Buzio, D. Cornuet, T. Eriksson,

T. Fowler, M. Hori, E. Mahner, S. Maury, D. Möhl, J. Monteiro, S. Pasinelli, F. Pedersen, U. Raich, L. Soby, P. Strubin,

G. Tranquille, and T. Zickler

ELENA:

An Upgrade to the Antiproton Decelerator (AD) at CERN

a proposal to the SPSC from the AD user community

presented byWalter Oelert

Research Center Jülich, Germany

29. September 2009

ELENA:

Extra Low ENergy Antiprotons

Workshop on Physics at LEAR with Low Energy Cooled AntiprotonsErice, May 9 – 16, 1982

historical remark

first 11antihydrogen

atoms1995

Workshop on Physics at LEAR with Low Energy Cooled AntiprotonsErice, May 9 – 16, 1982

Tour de France

vs.

race around the town of Jülich

H and p Heprecision spectroscopy

gravitational force

we are asking the SPSC to help usfor a participation in the

Tour de France

CERN-SPSC-2009-026 (SPSC-P-338)

ELENA:An Upgrade to the Antiproton Decelerator

210 physicists

CERN-SPSC-2009-026 (SPSC-P-338)

57

M. Doser

ELENA is a small decelerator which:

a) slows the AD antiprotons to 100 keVb) cools them via integrated electron coolingc) delivers the p‘s to the various experiments via electrostatic beam lines

input acceptance of ELENA matches the AD emittance

electron cooling guarantees for high quality of the beam

ELENA can be located within the present AD hall with minor interference to the experimental operation

But after all:

WHY ELENA ???

structure of matter / of antimatter

• CPT invariance

high precision

spectroscopy

• gravitation

matter - antimatter

CPT invariance fundamental featureof local relativisticquantum field theories

gravitational forcebetween matter and antimatteris essentially unknowneven in its sign

Motivation to produce and study cold antihydrogen

General Motivations

Test CPT invariance in lepton and baryon systema) local, Lorentz-invariant quantum field theory CPT invarianceb) Need extensions to the standard model to get a CPT violation e.g. R. Blum, V.A. Kostelecky, N. Russell*, Phys. Rev. D 57, 3932 (1998)

Baryon-Antibaryon asymmetry in the Universe is NOT understoodStandard explanation: alternate explanation: CP violation CPT violation violation of baryon number violation of baryon number thermodynamic non-equilibrium thermodynamic equilibrium

CPT in String Theory no CPT theorem in general get CPT theorem the limit of a quantum field theory

Makes sense to investigate these fundamental symmetries in the few places that we can hope to do so very precisely.

* see invited talk by Russell at the LEAP-05 conference, please

1999/2000

May 2009

1999/2000

May 2009

AD-2: ATRAP Penning-Ioffe trap, 1.2 K plasmas, Lyman- source

AD-3: ASACUSAspectroscopy p He atoms, CODATA, MUSASHI, hyperfine structure

AD-4: ACEContributing to cancer therapy

AD-5: ALPHAMagnetic multipole trap for trapping H

AD-6: AEGISGravitational interaction to 1 %

Proposal PAXSpin-dependence of p-p interaction

LoIAcceleration of H in the gravity field of the Earth

LoIDouble-strangeness production with p

LoIp atoms X-ray from selected elements with low Z

Klaus Jungmann at the workshop “New Opportunities in the Physics Landscape at CERN“

16:45

Antihydrogen Potential and Challenges for CERN'S Unique Low Energy Antiprotons

ATRAP Gerald Gabrielse (Harvard University)

CERN not only leads the world in "high energy" physics. It has long also distinguished itself by pursuing fundamental particle physics at lower energy scales.CERN introduced the world's lowest energy antiprotons at 5 MeV. Antihydrogen is being formed at the AD. Antihydrogen spectroscopy will provide comparisons of antihydrogen and hydrogen at much higher precisions. The lowest-ever (1.2 K) electron and positron temperatures recently realized …….. are needed to realize the goal of trapping antihydrogen atoms in magnetic traps that have been demonstrated at the AD. The future is challenging and exciting. The long term goal, for which the AD was constructed, is extremely accurate laser spectroscopy of antihydrogen atoms. Steady progress continues on the needed laser systems needed for cooling and spectroscopy, and a second generation of magnetic trap is under construction. An upgraded AD, able to deliver many more antiprotons at lower energies to traps, would speed the progress.

17:00

measurement of the gravitational interaction of antihydrogen

AEGIS

Gemma Testera / Michael Doser

The experimental program of AD-6 has been described as part of the documents submitted to the SPSC. In those documents, this program extends at least to 2016, which should allow to achieve the main physics goal of the experiment - a measurement to 1% of the gravitational interaction of antimatter. The program, however, is broader and potentially longer-term than that. “The attached time-line of the experiment covers the activities we intend to carry out over the next decade“.

alternative antiproton sourcesat low energies?

not within the next decade

FLAIR at FAIR at GSI

FLAIRhall

Astrid - Aarhus

TSRHeidelberg CRYRING

Stockholm

Challenges remain to be solved for the low-energy antiproton beams:

1. Intensity limit to low energy bunch compression2. Instrumentation for low energies and intensities3. Vacuum requirements at low energies4. Design and shielding of beam transport lines5. Electron cooling

Operation of ELENA will provide invaluableopportunities for the development ofmethods to be incorporated into improved low-energy deceleration ringsof the future

ELENA‘s Influence on the experimental progress

P(p) = 100 MeV/c( E(p) = 5 MeV )

spill : ~ 3 . 107 every ~ 100 sspill length ~ 100 ns

~ 3 x 107 ~ 3 x 107

~ 3 x 107

5.3 MeVantiprotons/

~ 100 sec

~ 1 x 105

ATRAPs very best value:

1.3x105

~4 keVantiprotons/

~ 100 sec

2.99 x 107 antiprotons lost efficiency 3 x 10-3

~ 2.5 x 107

100 keVantiprotons/

~ 100 sec

~ 1 x 107

~4 keVantiprotons/

~ 100 sec

2 x 107 antiprotons lost efficiency 3 x 10-1

~ 3 x 107

ELENA efficiency increase: factor ~ 100

~ 3 x 107

5.3 MeVantiprotons/

~ 100 sec

~ 1 x 106

2.9 x 107 antiprotons lost efficiency 3 x 10-2

~ 2.5 x 107

100 keVantiprotons/

~ 100 sec

~ 1 x 107

~4 keVantiprotons/

~ 100 sec

2 x 107 antiprotons lost efficiency 3 x 10-1

~ 3 x 107

ELENA efficiency increase: factor ~ 10

RFQD

<10 keVantiprotons/

~ 100 sec

~ 7.5 x 106

50 - 120 keVantiprotons/

~ 100 sec

coasting beam: 2.2 x 108 p´sbunched beam: 1.3 m / 300 ns:

1.1 x 107 p´s

4 bunches, each: 1.3 m / 300 ns:and 1.1 x 107 p´s

4.4 x 107 p´s to one experiment

Experiment I

Experiment II

Experiment III

Experiment IV

1.1 x 107 p´s to four different experiments

Experiment I

Experiment II

Experiment III

Experiment IV

four experiments servedsimultaneously24 hours/day

1.1 x 107 p´s to four different experiments

specific arguments of the experiments

ATRAP:currently using about 5 x 10 6 trapped p/day additional experiment 4 x 10 6 trapped p/day with ELENA: 500 x 10 6 p/day with ELENA and shared beam distribution mode more trials and 10 x more precise per time unit.

ASACUSAMC simulations teach: ELENA beam with higher intensity and lower emittance 10-fold increase in synthesized p He atoms and 10-fold lower back-ground large improvement on both statistical error and signal/noise ratio anda 10-fold increase in synthesising cold antihydrogen atoms in the Cusp Trap.

ACEELENA will continue to allow the extraction of higher energy beams, as needed by ACE Nano-dosimetry experiments and DNA level damage in individual cells will become possible.

ALPHAExpected number of p increase immediate impact on statistcally limited experiments,promising but at AD not viable experiments will become possible with ELENA especially in viewof promising p + e+ mixing experiments to produce trappable antihydrogen.

AEGISELENA will allow to reduce the beam time to scales which make the necessary controlof parameters of the AEGIS apparatus (stability < 1 m, temperature 100 mK) easier.

New ExperimentsMost of new experiments on the horizon will profit from ELENA but would need slow extraction.

Measurement of the Spin-Dependence of the p-p Interactioninternal AD experiment, but if ELENA provides higher luminosity easier to accomodate new users

A Measurement of the Acceleration of Antihydrogen in the Gravitational Field of the Earthif ELENA provides higher luminosity easier to accomodate new users

Double-Strangeness Production with Antiprotons at the AD-ringrequires a slow extraction of the low-energy antiproton beam

Antiprotonic Atom X-ray Studies at AD from Selected Elements with low Zrequires a slow extraction of the low-energy antiproton beam

Slow extractionnot foreseen in the presented feasibility study costs and spacein principle possible but new design study necessaryother options are thinkable, but here not intended since i) asking too much might kill a good suggestion and ii) a good opportunity for FLAIR

MUSASHIcaptures, cools and extracts antiprotons

Press release on MUSASHI:　独立行政法人理化学研究所（野依良治理事長）と国立大学法人東京大学（小宮山宏総長）の研究グループは、 2.5テスラという強い磁場の中で大量の反陽子の塊を捕捉し、その形状や密度を制御する方法を見いだしました。これにより、反物質研究の鍵となる「反水素原子※ 1（水素原子の反物質）」の“原材料”を制御することができるようになりました。この成果は、東京大学大学院総合文化研究科広域科学専攻黒田直史助教（元理化学研究所協力研究員）、理研基幹研究所山崎原子物理研究室の山崎泰規主任研究員（東京大学大学院総合文化研究科広域科学専攻教授）らの研究成果です。　ビックバンから始まったと考えられている私たちの宇宙には、物質と反物質が等量に存在するはずです。しかし、広く宇宙を見渡すと、“物質”ばかりからなっているように見えます。この不思議な現状を理解するため、研究グループは、反水素原子を実験室で作り出し、これを捕捉して、その性質を詳細に観測し、水素原子との違い（ CPT対称性※ 2）を明らかにしようという研究を進めてきました。本研究では、反水素原子の主要“原料”である反陽子を真空中に大量にため込むとともに、ため込んだ反陽子の雲を自在に操作することができる手法を確立しました。これまでは、反陽子をため込むことはできても、その空間分布をコントロールすることは至難の技でした。従って、今回の成果は、ほぼすべての低エネルギー反陽子研究にとって待ち望まれた技術といえます。

~ 106 antiprotons / 6 minutes = 2800 antiprotons / second

would improve with ELENA and shot by shot distribution mode to < ~ 105 antiprotons / second

however, antiprotons in low keV range and complexity of operation

will not satisfy the needs of general users, is not an open facility, to be discussed from case to case

modificationsto the experiments

I

shielded electrostatic beam lines< 100 Gauss

replace metal antiproton

energy degrader

parameters of steering elements

nu

mb

er

of

tra

pp

ed

an

tip

roto

ns

modificationsto the experiments

II

ELENA‘s Design and Construction

9.2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

tod

ay

ELENA‘s Funding

elsewhere

available

at CERN only

4.736 kCHF 37.9 MY

5.263 kCHF 17.2 MY

220 kCHF 2.9 MY

Make ELENA a project at CERN

with an authorized project leader,

please

ELENA white paper for acceleratorsamerica

Conclusions

There is a clear consensus among the AD experiments that further large improvements can only be achieved using a cooled antiproton beam from ELENA

Klaus Jungmann at the workshop “New Opportunities in the Physics Landscape at CERN“

Thanks to CERN`s unique low-energy antiproton facilities,there is an important and flourishing scientific programthat requires more antiprotons than AD can provide today.

There are not enough antiprotons for the scientific programthat is already approved at CERN.

The low-energy antiproton and antihydrogen community has reached a clear consensus upon the ELENA upgrade to the AD.

A substantially increased number of antiprotons will enableto make more rapid progress and to achieve much more sensitive and precise results.

H and p Heprecision spectroscopy

gravitational force

Nuclear Physics News 19(03) 2009 pp 5-13

alaboratory

portrait

Arthur SchusterNature, August 18, 1898, p 367

…………..If there is negative electricity,why not negative gold,

as yellow and valuable as our own,with the same boiling point and identicalspectral lines;different only in so far that if broughtdown to us it would rise up into spacewith an acceleration of 981.

………………………………… if it everexisted on our earth, it would long havebeen repelled by it and expelled from it.

Thank you for your attentionand

thank you for your consideration, time, support and help

which we need to get ELENA approved for good and fundamental physics.

We will do our best to face the challenge of racing Tour de France.