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THAT ALL MAY EAT
BY
PROFESSOR GREGORY OBAWHAREVWO OKAGBARE
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, ABUJA
BEING THE 13TH INUAGURAL LECTURE OF NATIONAL
OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, ABUJA
1
INTRODUCTION Food is anything an organism ingests or takes to provide nourishment. Food
is made up of nutrients. Nutrients are essential constituents of food which can
be utilised by living organisms for the maintenance of its physiological
functions, growth and renewal of its cells or tissues. The act of ingesting food
is known as eating. All living things must eat in order to survive. The main
components of food can be classified as follows:
Food
Water Dry matter
Organic Inorganic
(i) Carbohydrates Minerals.
(ii) Proteins
(iii) Lipids
(iv) Vitamins
(v) Nucleic acids
(vi) Organic acids
2
FIGURE 1: COMPONENTS
OF FOOD
The food of livestock or farm animals are mainly plants and
plant products, although limited amounts are of animal origin
such as meat, milk, eggs and fish. Animals depend on plants
for their existence. Plants are capable of synthesising
complex materials from simple substances such as
carbondioxide, from atmospheric air, and water and inorganic
elements from the soil. Plants through the process of
photosynthesis, utilise trapped energy from sunlight to
produce chemical energy (nutrients) which is stored within
the plant. It is this energy when animal consume plants that
is utilised for the maintenance of life and synthesis of its own
body tissues. Animals on the other hand, after digestion and
absorption of essential nutrients, excrete waste products
which after decomposition provide nutrients for plants. The
survival of the ecosystem therefore requires the sustenance
of the symbiotic relationship between plants and animals.
3
FIGURE 2: SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
Animal Consume Eject undigested residues Absorbed and acted upon
Food and wastes by microbes to provide (Manure) nutrients for plants
Plants. (Absorb nutrients and Synthesise
Food for Animals).
4
ECONOMIC AND AGRICULTURAL IMPORTANCE OF LIVESTOCK
The livestock industry plays a significant role in the life of Nigerians. Livestock products such as meat, milk and eggs are the main source of animal protein supply to the populace. In order to live a healthy life, man must consume adequate quantity of animal protein in addition to plant protein. Most plant protein are deficient in one or more essential amino acids while protein of animal origin has a balanced amino acid profile and thus, superior to plant protein. In addition to proteins, meat, milk and eggs are rich in minerals (such as calcium, iron, phosphorus etc.) and vitamins. Animal products such as milk are also good sources of energy as it contains a reasonable quantity of carbohydrates and fats.
The livestock industry contributes immensely to the nation’s wealth. The sales of animals and their products generate income for both farmers and the nation. For example, the contribution of livestock to the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2016 was 1875.78 billion naira which constituted 1.85 percent of the gross domestic product, (CBN, 2016). However, between 2014 and 2017, the country spent 1.65 trillion naira in importing live animals and animal products. This suggests a huge deficit in domestic supply of livestock and livestock products.
5
6
The livestock industry plays significant roles in promoting crop
production through the use of animal traction and manure for soil
fertility.
Animals are also kept for sports and prestige purposes.
In scientific investigations farm animals are used. Chicks, goats, sheep,
cattle, rabbits and pigs are at times kept in laboratories and various
investigations (nutritional, reproductive, breeding etc) carried out on
them.
Products from livestock serve as raw materials for many industries.
These industries convert animal by-products into a vast number of
commodities useful to man.
In addition to its economic value, the livestock industry also plays an
important socio-cultural role, as it offers employment to millions of
Nigerians engaged in the various aspect of livestock production.
People engaged in animal agriculture are usually the rearers, extension
agents, scientists, traders and transporters, as well as workers in agro-
based industries which use livestock products as raw materials.
ECONOMIC AND AGRICULTURAL IMPORTANCE OF LIVESTOCK Continues………….
CURRENT STATE OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA
Nigeria is blessed with abundant livestock yet, the dearth of animal protein
in the diets of most Nigerians remains a major problem. Livestock
production in Nigeria as in many developing countries is not as efficient as
it is in the developed countries. The industry is bedevilled with a lot of
problems which has resulted in negative growth of the sector. Generally,
the constraints to livestock production in Nigeria can be summarized to
include: inadequate supply of day-old chicks, high cost of feeds and
Veterinary Services, high incidence of disease, low productivity of
indigenous breeds, poor management, inadequate finance and the dearth
of market information which has rendered
mobility of resources within the industry difficult.
7
OTHER PROBLEMS WE HAVE TO CONFRONT
• Inadequate data for planning. Data for Animal population, stock
productivity, reproductive and mortality rates are not quite available
• Inadequate commercial farms to absorb graduates of agricultural
institutions. Most of our graduates end up in government services
where they are involved in office work, where they formulate policies
that do not have practical livestock experiences to back them up.
• Research works not been adapted to the needs of farmers. Some of our
researches are too theoretical and not adapted to the needs of the
farmers, thus results of findings cannot be commercialised and makes
meaningful planning for improvements or adoption of new technologies
to boost production low.
• Government attempt to directly intervene in the livestock industry by
way of production have in most cases resulted in colossal failures. This
can be attributed in part to production inefficiencies as a result of poor
attitude to work by employees and greed. In some cases, proceeds
from government farms were expended on Public relations rather than
been ploughed back into development of the farms. For example,
Obudu cattle Ranch in Cross River State, Vom Dairy Farm in Plateau
State and Avutu Poultry Farm in Imo State and Ogwashi-Uku Piggery in
Delta State etc.
8
• The spate of insecurity in the country. Farmlands in the country are becoming unsafe. Reports abound of incessant bloody clashes between Fulani herdsmen and farmers, the activities of cattle rustlers and kidnappers have instilled fear in the minds of livestock farmers. This in turn reduces livestock production, reduces farmer’s income, and heightens malnutrition and poverty in the land.
• A review of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) annual report of 2016 revealed that there was a decline in the percentage contribution of livestock sub-sector (1.85 %) to the Gross Domestic Product. If the situation is viewed against the scenario of a rapidly increasing human population and diminishing disposable income, you will agree with me that unless effort is made to improve the livestock industry the future presents a grim prospect for animal protein supply.
• It can therefore, be seen from the above discussion that livestock production in Nigeria is in a pitiable state and an urgent attention is needed to salvage the industry.
9
THE QUEST FOR FOOD FOR ALL
Today, Nigeria is faced with high-level malnutrition arising from very low animal
protein intake of our people. The consumption of meat and dairy products in Nigeria
is low. It has been estimated that we consume less than 10 kg/capita/annum of dairy
products as against 40 kg average for developing countries and 100kg for developed
countries. Meat deficit is estimated at over 500 million metric tons, (Udedibie, 2010)
Nigeria spent 1.65 trillion naira in importing live animals and animal products
between 2014 and 2017 (CBN,2017), despite the huge potentials for livestock
production in Nigeria. Inadequate feed for the animals is a major constraint to
livestock production in Nigeria, hence my decision to spend a large part of my
research effort on sourcing local feed resources for our animals. Also in the Holy
Bible, our Lord Jesus Christ recognised the essence of proper feeding of our
livestock when he said to Peter, “Simon Peter son of Jonah, do you love me?, Peter
answer, you know I love you, then he said “feed my lambs, (John 21:15), tend my
sheep, (John 21: 16) and for the third time, feed my sheep (John 21: 17). So as an
Animal Nutritionist, I was only heeding to a divine call. Thus, the chance of an Animal
Scientist and indeed a nutritionist making heaven is very high because we have
heeded the divine call. Although the clergymen here may think otherwise.
Mr Vice Chancellor, distinguished ladies and gentlemen, the quest for food for all
began in 1986, when I registered for a Master of Science degree programme in
Animal Science at the University of Ibadan, Ibadan. In order to achieve my objective,
I concentrated my research efforts on two livestock species. Viz: goats and chicken.
10
STUDIES IN GOAT PRODUCTION
Kid mortality in general and particularly just before weaning is high in Nigeria. Malnutrition and starvation have been reported as major factors responsible for mortality of pre-weaned goats. This can be attributed to low milk yield of does with the resultant inability to cope with demands of the kids. Available information (Akinsoyinu, Mba and Olubajo, 1977) showed that the West African dwarf (WAD) and Red Sokoto does produced 400g and 690g of milk per day respectively at the peak of lactation (3-4 weeks after parturition). The situation become more serious in case of multiple births and where does are unable to nurse their kids due to ill health or death. Results of preliminary study conducted revealed that blood glucose level of the kids were low between 6 and 13 weeks, an evidence of inadequate milk intake. This prompted our search for alternative system of feeding and management. We then decided to use soyabean and maize to formulate a milk replacer for the kids.
Soyabean is attractive because of its high nutritive value and it is locally available. Maize starch on the other hand has a high energy value and is well utilised by pre-ruminants. In order to find a solution to this problem, three studies were conducted to investigate the performance, nutrient utilisation and haematological characteristics of pre-weaned West African Dwarf (WAD) goats fed soyabean-corn starch (crude) based diet (SCS) as replacer for milk.
THE EXPERIMENTAL DIETS
Four isonitrogenous diets were prepared in such a way that dried whole milk, soyabean concentrate and corn starch served as the main source of protein.The dried corn starch and soyabean concentrate were analysed separately for their protein content and formulated into a 24 percent crude protein diet and was then used to replace the milk proteins at 0, 25, 50 and 75 percent levels. Each was then reconstituted with water to obtain a 14.5 percent total solid solution. This was done by making up 14.5 g of powder to 100g with water.
11
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Twenty eight early weaned West African dwarf (WAD) goat kids weighing
1 – 1.5 kg at birth were divided at random into four groups of four males
and three females per group. Each group was placed on each
experimental diet for a period of twelve weeks. The kids were allowed to
receive colostrum from their dams for the first 6 days and on the 7th day,
they were separated from the does and housed indoor in individual
metabolic cages. Another group of seven kids were allowed to run with
their dam.
Early weaned kids were bottle-fed daily from graduated glass feeding
bottles at 0800, 1300, and 1800 hours. Experimental diets were warmed
to 50 oC and fed ad- libitum. Kids were dipped monthly against
ectoparasites. Early weaned kids were weighed regularly first at birth, on
the seventh day of life before being assigned to the experimental diets
and thereafter at weekly intervals before the morning feed. Those
weaned naturally were also weighed weekly.
12
TABLE 1: INGREDIENT COMPOSITION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL
DIETS (%)
Constituents Diets
1 2 3 4
Soyabean Concentrate - 11.25 22.50 33.75
Corn Starch - 13.75 27.45 41.20
Dried whole milk 99.95 75.00 50.00 25.00
Vitamin/Mineral premix 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
13
Nutrient Diets
1 2 3 4
Dry matter (%) 96.90 95.66 95.4 94.7
On dry matter basis - - - -
Crude protein (%) 24.0 23.66 23.56 23.0
Nitrogen-free extract (%) - 46.56 50.65 56.12
Lactose (%) 42.96 - - -
Crude fibre (%) - 1.02 1.48 2.20
Milk fat (%) 28.0 - - -
Ether extract (%) - 23.81 19.71 14.34
Total ash (%) 5.04 4.95 4.60 4.34
Gross energy (K eal/g) 5.92 5.43 4.92 4.29
Iron (ppm) 50.0 79.0 97.0 120.0
Copper (ppm) 20.0 92.0 160.0 230
14 TABLE 2:CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL DIETS
Metabolic studies were conducted when the early weaned kids were 4, 6 ,9 and 13 weeks. Blood was collected from the jugular vein of the kids at the end of each metabolic study. Blood samples were taken from the kids reared with dams at 4,6,9, and 13 weeks to monitor blood glucose level only. Height at wither and length of body of the kids were measured at birth, 6 and 13 weeks of age.
The results of this study showed that replacement of milk with SCS up to 50 percent level had no significant (P> 0.05) effect on dry matter intake, nutrient digestibilties (Okagbare and Akinsoyinu, 1998), nitrogen utilization and efficiency of feed utilization (Okagbare and Akinsoyinu, 1998), total serum proteins , urea nitrogen concentration and haematological parameters such as pack cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, red and white cell counts,height at wither and length of body of the kids (Okagbare, 1999)
A digestible crude protein (DCP) intake of 3.74 g/day/w0.75kg appeared adequate for maintenance of the kids between 0 and 13 weeks, while 0.28 g/day/w0.75kg of DCP intake was required per day/ gram live weight gain. Digestible energy (DE) and Metabolisable energy (ME) intake of the kids decreased (P<0.05) with replacement of milk SCS up to 50 percent level. Results showed that a daily DE (Kcal/day/w0.75kg) intake of 59.66, 64.35, 98.06 and 112.07 was required for maintenance, while corresponding values of 7.37, 4.50, 2.18 and 1.91 were required per day per g liveweight gain by kids at 4, 6, 9 and 13 weeks old respectively, (Okagbare, Nwokoro and Onagbesan, 2004)
15
Weight gain of the kids was reduced with partial replacement of milk with SCS up to 50 percent level during the first 4 weeks of the study. However, replacement of milk with SCS up to 75 percent level had deleterious effect, as all kids fed that diet died before the end of the third week. Kids running with their dam had lower weight gain when compared with those reared artificially on diets in which 50 percent of milk was replaced with SCS between 7 and 13 weeks of age, (Okagbare and Akinsoyinu,1997)
. In conclusion, results suggested that replacement of milk with 25 percent SCS will give adequate performance of pre-weaned kids without any adverse effect. This level can be higher from six weeks after parturition but must not exceed 50 percent level of milk replacement with SCS. The results also suggested that kids performance can be highly improved with artificial rearing.
Also, the cost per kg of feed decreased significantly as the level of SCS increased in the diet. While it cost only N302.72 to produce a kilogramme of diet containing 50 percent SCS, a kilogramme of whole milk cost N550.00. This price differential resulted in a 44.96 percent reduction in cost of feeding of the kids artificially. This will largely contribute to a reduced production cost of kids and increase farmer’s income, (Okagbare, Akpodiete and Bratte,1999)
16
STUDIES ON FEEDING ADULT GOATS
UTILISATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE, POULTRY WASTES AND GROUNDNUT
CAKE RATIONS BY WEST AFRICAN DWARF (WAD) GOATS
In the preparation of goat ration, the protein sources are the most expensive
ingredients. The prices of conventional source of protein in livestock ration, such as
groundnut cake soyabean cake and fish meal have risen exorbitantly, thus making
the search for alternative sources of protein imperative.
The utilisation of non-protein nitrogen by ruminants gives them a special advantage.
This study was carried out to compare utilisation of sewage sludge, poultry wastes
and groundnut cake rations by West African dwarf (WAD) goats. At the time of this
study, activated sewage sludge and poultry wastes do not attract any market value.
The dried activated sewage sludge was collected from the University College
Hospital, Ibadan Sewage treatment plant, while the poultry droppings were collected
from the Layer Unit of the University of Ibadan Teaching and Research Farm and
dried. Three isonitrogenous ration (14% crude protein) were compounded in such a
way that groundnut cake, sewage sludge and poultry wastes served as the source
of nitrogen
17
TABLE 3: PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF EXPERIMENTAL DIETS
INGREDIENTS DIETS
A B C
Cassava Flour 49.5 37.0 32.5
Dried Activated Sewage Sludge - 37.5 -
Poultry Droppings - - 42.0
Groundnut Cake 25.0 - -
Dried Brewers Grain 25.0 25.0 25.0
Vitamin – Mineral Mixture 0.25 0.25 0.25
Common Salt 0.25 0.25 0.25
Calculated Crude Protein (%) 14.0 14.0 14.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
18
TABLE 4: PROXIMATE CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS (g/100g DM) OF
EXPERIMENTAL DIETS
Diets Nutrient Composition
Dry Crude Crude Ether extract Nitrogen Ash
Matter protein fibre free extract
Diet A 94.0 14.4 9.5 2.0 68.1 6
Diet B 97.0 14.8 25.7 2.5 23.5 33.5
Diet C 98.3 14.2 18.8 3.5 55.0 8.5
Grass 62.1 6.8 51.9 1.5 34.9 5.0
Dried Activated Sewage 94.0 27.7 6.9 4.0 15.2 40.0
Sludge (DASS)
Poultry Wastes (PW) 90.5 25.4 1.8 20.8 22.2 20.3
19
The rations were fed to goats in three groups of six animals per group as supplement to grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis).
The result of this study suggests poor intake of ration containing dried activated sewage sludge by growing goats. However, inclusion of poultry waste up to 42% has no adverse effect on feed intake, nutrient utilisation and health of growing goats, as no adverse health problem was observed during the experimental period(Okagbare and Akinsoyinu,1998)
It should be noted that the inclusion of activated sewage sludge and poultry wastes in goat ration will serve as a means of disposing the huge amount of these wastes , reduction in environmental pollution , decrease feed cost, and increase the supply of available nitrogen and essential mineral sources.
OPTIMUM LEVEL OF INCLUSION OF RICE HUSK IN GOATS RATION.
This study was designed to investigate the possible utilisation of rice husk by indigenous goats and establishing the optimum level of inclusion of rice husk in goats ration. Rice husk is a by-products of rice production and valuable roughage source. The provision of roughage to supplement available forage during the period of scarcity could enhance the productivity of ruminants.
Thirty growing WAD goats each weighing between 7 and 8.7 kg were used for the study. They randomly allocated into five treatment groups and fed the different experimental diets
20
TABLE 5: PERCENTAGE COMPOSITIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL DIETS
Ingredient Diets
A B C D E
Rice husk - 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
Maize 50.0 47.0 48.0 47.05 30.05
Dried breweries grain 47.0 45.0 40.0 36.2 32.2
Urea 2.75 2.75 5.7 8.0 9.50
Common Salt 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
21
TABLE 6: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EXPERIMENTAL DIETS
Nutrients (%) Diets
A B C D E
Dry matter 94.4 93.6 95.1 95.6 94.8
Crude protein 14.8 15.1 14.9 14.7 14.8
Nitrogen free extract 61.9 60.6 57.8 55.3 53.4
Crude fibre 9.5 11.1 12.3 13.6 14.9
Ether extract 3.6 4.7 4.3 4.0 3.8
Ash 10.2 8.5 10.7 12.4 13.1
22
The results of this study showed that dry matter intake, nitrogen intake, nitrogen balance and daily weight gains of the goats decreased (P<0.05) as the level of inclusion of rice husk in the diet increased above 5 percent level. It was then concluded that 5 percent level of inclusion of rice husks in the ration of goats would be adequate, (Okagbare and Aina, 1995)
STUDIES ON BROWSE PLANTS
The dearth of feeds during the dry season is a major problem facing livestock farmers in Nigeria. During the dry season which spans a period of six months (November to April) forages dry up and farmers have to take their animals on long distances in search of feed. The resultant effects are loss of weight and high mortality due to malnutrition. This calls for search for plants that can withstand the long period of drought characteristics of tropical environments and can be used as feeds for ruminants. One of such browse plant studied was Gmelina arborea.
23
24
Figure 3 Gmelina arborea
Gmelina arborea is a fast growing, non-leguminous multi-purpose tree that produces
appreciable amounts of foraged even at the peak of the dry season, thereby ensuring
a year-round supply of forage and fodder. The leaves are relished by WAD goats and
sheep (Adu et.al, 1996, Okagbare and Bratte, 1999; Obiazi and Ojeifo, 2000) and are
often relied on by local people as animal feeds.
Reports of our first study indicated that goats fed Gmelina arborea leaves alone
consistently lost weight (Okagbare and Bratte, 1999). This was attributed to
inadequate energy intake by the goats to meet their requirements for maintenance
and suggested that supplementation of Gmelina arborea leaves with grasses or
energy-based feeds might enhance its utilisation.
The second study was designed to assess the performance of WAD goats fed
Gmelina arborea leaves supplemented with grasses (Pennisetum purpureum and
Panicum maximum) as source of digestible energy. The results of this study showed
that supplementing Gmelina arborea leaves with grasses significantly improved feed
conversion ratio and turned weight losses to weight gains. Goats fed Gmelina
arborea leaves alone consistently lost weight even though the dry matter intake was
high. In all cases, dry matter intake from Gmelina arborea leaves was high, which
suggests acceptability of the browse plant by the goats but that a constituent of
Gmelina arborea leaves may be responsible for depressing its conversion when they
are fed alone, (Okagbare, Akpodiete, Esiekpe and Onagbesan ,2004).
25
Also 50 percent inclusion of Gmelina arborea leaves in the diets of
goats was considered optimum when supplemented with Pennisetum
purpureum, (Moemeka, Okagbare and Sorhue,2014).
In a third study, thirty growing WAD goats were used to determine the
level of browse intake and nutrient digestibility by grazing goats fed
varying levels of Gmelina arborea leaves as supplement. The goats
were randomly divided into five groups of six animals per group.
Goats in group A were fed commercial growers mash at 0.50 kg ,
group B were fed 0.25 kg of Gmelina arborea leaves, group C were
fed 0.50 kg of Gmelina arborea leaves, goats in group D and E were
fed 0.75 and 1.0 kg of Gmelina arborea leaves respectively. At 9 am
hour every day the goats were taken out for grazing in the paddock
planted to Pennisetum purpureum. The results of this study suggest
0.5 kg intake of Gmelina arborea leaves as optimum for grazing WAD
goats. All goats on this treatment gained weight. However, those fed
0.75 kg and 1.0 kg lost weight throughout the study, (Okpara,
Akporhuarho and Okagbare, 2014)
26
ALCHORNEA CORDIFOLIA
Another browse plant which we have studied and found to be a potential feed for ruminants is Alchornea cordifolia. Alchornea cordifolia is an evergreen shrub which grows extensively in the sub- humid zone of the tropics in Nigeria. The crude protein content of its leaves is fairly high, ranging from 16 to 21 percent depending on the time of harvest.
The leaves were fed alone and supplemented with grass. The results of our studies showed that Alchornea cordifolia leaves supplemented with guinea grass (Panicum maximum) can be a good feed for goats, (Okagbare and Uyofor, 2005 ; Okagbare and Eneruvie, 2009)
27
FIGURE 4 ALCHORNEA CORDIFOLIA
CURRENT STUDY
Despite the high nutritive value and acceptability of Gmelina arborea leaves by goats, its full potential as feed for goats has been limited possibly due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors. Hence the commissioning of another study to find a possible processing method that can reduce or destroy the anti-nutritional factors present in the leaves of Gmelina arborea. 100 percent feeding of Gmelina arborea leaves will ensure all year round availability of high quality browses for goats and other ruminants.
28
STUDIES IN POULTRY PRODUCTION
65 to 80 percent of the total cost of production of meat-type poultry especially
broiler chickens can be attributed to the cost of finished feed alone. This group of
birds eat voraciously and response to slight variation in nutrition. One ingredient
that has shown great indispensability in poultry feed is fish meal. However, the
limitation we have with the use of fish meal is that it is not locally available in the
quantity required. We therefore rely on importation of fish meal. This has resulted
in the high cost of finished feed and consequently high price of poultry products.
Inorder to reduce the cost of finished feed, we decided to explore alternative
animal protein sources, such as Poultry offal meal (POM) and dried maggot meal
(DMM).
POULTRY OFFAL MEAL (POM) AND DRIED MAGGOT MEAL (DMM) AS
INGREDIENTS IN POULTRY RATION
A total of 270 day-old chicks of Anak strain were used for the study. The
ingredients, poultry offal meal (POM) and dried maggot meal (DMM) were locally
processed, milled and used to replace fish meal (FM) at graded levels of 0, 25,
50, 75 and 100 percent in compounded starter diet containing 12.25MJ/kg M.E,
230 g CP/kg (5.7% of diet).
29
TABLE 7: COMPOSITION (g/kg) OF EXPERIMENTAL DIETS (230g CP,
12.55 MJ/kg ME)
Ingredients 1 2 3 4 5
a b a b a b a
b
Maize 550.00 550.00 550.00 550.00 550.00 550.00 550.00 550.00
Fullfat
Soyabean 230.00 230.00 230.00 230.00 230.00 230.00 230.00 230.00
FM
(65% CP) 57.00 43.00 43.00 29.00 14.00 14.00 -
-
POM
(54% CP) - 17.00 - 34.00 - 52.00 69.00 -
DMM
(54% CP) - 17.00 - 34.00 - 52.00 -
69.00
Blood meal 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00
Maize offal 50.00 47.00 47.00 44.00 44.00 41.00 41.00 38.00
Fixed
Ingredient 68.00 68.00 68.00 68.00 68.00 68.00 68.00 68.00
68.00
Determined
CP(%) 23.10 23.05 23.08 22.85 22.90 22.50 22.50 22.58 22.60
30
FM – Fish meal, POM – Poultry Offal meal, DMM – Dried Maggot meal
a – POM, b – DMM, I- Control
It was concluded that:
1. Dried maggot meal appeared to be better utilised than either FM
or POM.
2. Fish meal as animal protein ingredient for broiler starter ration
proved superior to POM in terms of liveweight gains and protein
efficiency ratio.
3. However, higher savings will accrue to the farmer using either
DMM or POM than FM
4. Therefore the use of DMM or POM as alternative animal protein
ingredients for broiler starter diets should be encouraged with higher
preference for DMM, (Akpodiete,Okagbare and Isikwenu, 2001)
31
TABLE 8: COMPOSITION OF EXPERIMENTAL DIETS (g/Kg) FOR
BROILER STARTER
Replacement Levels
Ingredients 0MM 25MM 50MM 75MM 100MM
100FM 75FM 50FM 25FM 0FM
1 2 3 4 5
Maize 550.00 550.00 550.00 550.00 550.00
Full fat soyabean 230.00 230.00 230.00 230.00 230.00
Fish meal (FM) 57.00 43.00 29.00 14.00 -
Maggot meal (MM) - 17.00 34.00 52.00 69.00
Blood meal 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00
Maize Offal 50.00 47.00 44.00 41.00 38.00
Bone meal 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
Oyster Shell 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00
Premix 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
Salt 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 0.50
Methionine 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
Calculated:
M.E (MJ/kg) (12.67) (12.65) (12.62) (12.60) (12.58)
Determined (% DM)
Crude Protein 23.10 23.05 22.85 22.50 22.50
Ether extract 6.60 6.70 6.85 7.00 7.05
Crude Fibre 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.45 3.40
ASE 4.50 5.00 4.60 5.50 5.45
NFE 53.70 53.15 45.40 53.05 53.10
32
TABLE 9: COMPOSITION OF EXPERIMENTAL DIETS (g/Kg) FOR BROILER FINISHER
Replacement Levels
Ingredients 0MM 25MM 50MM 75MM 100MM
100FM 75FM 50FM 25FM 0FM
1 2 3 4 5
Maize 560.00 557.00 555.00 553.00 551.00
Full fat soyabean 240.00 240.00 240.00 240.00 240.00
Fish meal (FM) 45.00 34.00 23.00 11.00 -
Maggot meal (MM) - 14.00 27.00 41.00 54.00
Blood meal 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
Maize Offal 52.00 52.00 52.00 52.00 52.00
Bone meal 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00
Oyster Shell 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00
Premix 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
Salt 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
Methionine 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
Cal. ME (MJ/kg) 12.65 12.60 12.58 12.57 12.56
Determined (%DM)
Crude Protein 20.30 20.25 20.00 20.05 20.00
Ether extract 6.60 6.85 7.05 7.10 7.20
Crude Fibre 4.05 4.20 4.25 4.20 4.30
Ash 4.50 4.65 4.80 5.10 5.15
Nitrogen Free Extract 56.05 55.55 54.40 54.55 53.35
33
In another study, two experiments were conducted to assess the
effect of Maggot meal on the biochemical and haematological
indices of meat-and-egg type chickens. The meat type chickens
were fed the experimental diet for 7 weeks and blood samples
were collected weekly starting from the 4th week. The egg type
chicken experiment lasted for 12 weeks and blood samples were
analysed for biochemical indices on replicate bases. In both the
meat-and-egg type chickens experiments, maggot meal replaced
fish meal at graded levels of 0,25,50,75 and 100 percent.
34
TABLE 10: COMPOSITIONSOF EXPERIMENTAL BROILER CONTROL DIETS FOR
MEAT AND EGG-TYPE CHICKEN (%)
Ingredients 1 2
Maize 56.00 43.30
Full fat soyabean 24.00 18.00
Fish meal 4.50 3.00
Maggot meal - -
Blood meal 3.00
Maize Offal 5.20 14.50
Bone meal 3.50 3.00
Oyster Shell 1.50 7.50
Premix 1.00 0.25
Salt 1.00 0.30
Determined analysis
Crude Protein 20.30 17.03
Crude Fibre 4.05 6.50
Ether extract 6.60 3.80
Ash 4.50 6.35
Calculated metabolizable
Energy(MJ/kg) 12.00 10.98
35
The results showed that: Maggot meal does not affect the haematological and most of the biochemical indices, therefore, it stands a good animal protein source for poultry.
There was reduced cholesterol concentration in blood of meat type chickens. This is of nutritional and health importance. Maggot meal as an animal protein source for poultry birds may be a panacea to coronary disease patients associated with the consumption of eggs and meat.
Maggot meal can be incorporated at 4.5% of dietary composition of broiler finisher and laying pullets without harmful effect.
A reduction in egg yolk calcium concentration associated with the levels of inclusion of maggot meal was observed. This suggests the need to boost the calcium sources when maggot meal is used to replace fish meal in the ration of laying birds. This will be necessary to avoid deficiency when total calcium supply is below recommended value as this could result in soft shell formation and increased incidence of cracks. (Akpodiete, Isikwenu and Okagbare, 2007)
36
UREA TREATED AND FERMENTED BREWER’S DRIED GRAIN (BDG)
AS A FEED INGREDIENT FOR POULTRY
The effect of urea treatment and fermentation on the nutritive value of brewer’s dried grain (BDG) as a feed ingredient for poultry was also investigated.
BDG is a by-product of the brewery industry. Although the protein content of BDG is low (27.9 %), the amino acid profile of their proteins is fairly similar to that of groundnut cake (Atteh et al., 2000). Since their amino acid profile of their proteins is similar, it means the problem of substituting groundnut cake with BDG is a quantitative rather than a qualitative issue. The use of BDG has been limited by its high crude fibre content. The breakdown of the fibre component in BDG will thus release unavailable nutrients, particularly protein lock-up in the cell walls. Alkaline treatment has been shown to degrade the fibre content of other roughages such as cowpea and sorghum seed hulls, hence this study. We choose to use urea because it has been found to be the safest and easier to handle and its nitrogen is in a soluble and rapidly degradable form.
Several urea concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 percent) were used for the study. The results indicated 2% level of urea and 7 days fermentation period as the best treatment, as it resulted in marked degradation of crude fibre content, increased crude protein value and moderate increase in ether extract contents at least concentration, cost and time without toxicity problems, (Isikwenu, Omeje, Okagbare, and Isiorhovoja, (2006).
(ii) The effect of replacing groundnut cake with urea fermented BDG at 0, 25, 50,75 and 100 percent graded level in broiler chick starter diets was then investigated using 195 day-old chicks Anak breed. The result suggested that urea fermented BDG can replace up to 50 percent groundnut cake (16.70%) of the diet as a plant protein source in broiler starter diets. Based on the cost of production per kilogram weight gain, the use of urea fermented BDG is more profitable than groundnut cake in broiler starter diet with inclusion not exceeding 75 percent level, (Isikwenu, Akpodiete, Omeje, and Okagbare, 2010).
37
TABLE 11: PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF TEST INGREDIENT (UREA-TREATED
AND FERMENTED BDG)
Parameters % Urea -Treated FBDG Untreated BDG
Dry matter 88.76 93.34
Crude protein 38.52 24.21
Crude fibre 4.49 11.20
Ether extract 4.87 3.69
Ash 5.99 8.04
Nitrogen Free-Extract 34.89 46.20
Organic Matter 82.77 85.30
Gross Energy kcal/g 5.17 5.14
38
TABLE 12: COMPOSITION OF EXPERIMENTAL BROILER STARTER DIETS
Ingredients Dietary Treatments
D1(Control) D2 D3 D4 D5 Maize (Yellow) 56.20 55.00 53.75 52.37 50.90
Groundnut cake 28.50 21.38 14.25 7.13 -
Urea Treated BDG - 8.32 16.70 25.00 33.50
Fish meal 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50
Blood meal 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
Oyster Shell 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
Bone meal 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50
Palm oil 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
Premix (Starter) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Methionine 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
Salt 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Calculated:
Crude Protein (%) 23.38 23.28 23.18 23.05 22.99
Metabolizable Energy
(ME kcal/kg) 2986.89 2974.66 2961.96 2959.41 2954.36
Determined:
Dry matter 90.12 89.88 91.08 90.55 91.55
Crude Protein 23.13 23.44 23.48 23.62 23.85
Crude Fibre 4.24 4.47 5.40 5.69 6.30
Ether extract 2.45 2.85 3.02 2.93 3.17
Ash 3.26 7.07 8.16 8.33 8.62
Nitrogen Free Extract 56.86 52.03 51.02 49.93 49.61
39
TABLE 13: COMPOSITION OF EXPERIMENTAL BROILER FINISHER
DIETS
Dietary Treatments
Replacement Levels (%)`0 25 50 75 100
Maize (Yellow) 58.20 57.18 55.60 54.45 52.85
Groundnut cake 21.50 16.12 10.75 5.38 -
Urea Treated BDG - 6.30 13.00 19.32 26.00
Fish meal 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50
Blood meal 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50
Wheat Offal 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
Rice Bran 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Bone meal 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
Oyster Shell 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
Palm oil 2.60 2.70 2.95 3.15 3.45
Premix (Finisher) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Salt 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Methionine 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
TOTAL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Chemical Analysis (Calculated):
Crude Protein (%) 20.13 20.04 20.06 19.98 19.98
Metabolizable Energy
(ME kcal/kg) 3007.50 3002.89 3001.63 3001.49 3002.89
Determined:
Dry matter 90.55 91.07 89.95 90.48 88.95
Crude Protein 20.29 20.37 20.45 20.54 20.69
Crude Fibre 6.85 6.90 7.33 7.36 7.51
Ether extract 2.55 3.07 3.17 3.55 3.65
Ash 9.33 10.12 10.40 11.45 11.45
Nitrogen Free Extract 51.53 50.61 48.60 47.58 45.65
40
However, at the finisher phase, urea
treated BDG can completely replace
groundnut as a plant protein source in the
broiler finisher diets, as results obtained
from the study were comparable with
control in terms of carcass quality
characteristics, organ weights, nutrient
utilisation, low mortality rate and the
absence of gross morphological changes
as well as histopathological manifestation
in the organs of the birds ( Isikwenu,
Akpodiete, Omeje, and Okagbare,2010).
41
MORINGA LEAF MEAL (MOLM) AS PROTEIN SUBSTITUTE IN POULTRY DIETS
The performance of broiler chickens fed Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) was investigated to determine the effects of the leaf meal as a plant protein substitute in the diet of broilers.
42
FIGURE 5: MORINGA LEAF
Broiler
starter
Treatments Finisher
Ingredients 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
(0% MOLM) (6% MOLM) (8% MOLM) (10%
MOLM)
(0% MOLM) (6% MOLM) (8% MOLM) (10%
MOLM)
Maize 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 55.00 55.00 55.00 55.00
Soyabeam
meal
20.00 14.00 12.00 10.00 18.00 12.00 10.00 8.00
Groundnut
cake
12.50 12.50 12.50 12.50 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
MOLM - 6.00 8.00 10.00 - 6.00 8.00 10.00
Fish meal 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.00
Wheat offal 6.50 6.50 5.50 5.00 7.20 6.70 6.00 5.70
Fixed
ingredients
6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 5.80 5.80 5.80 5.80
Determined (proximate) composition
Dry matter 89.64 88.96 88.90 88.93 87.75 88.98 88.91 88.80
Crude protein 23.28 23.12 23.10 22.98 19.62 19.58 19.55 19.50
Ether extract 4.37 4.32 4.28 4.15 6.70 6.62 6.57 6.55
Crude fibre 5.43 5.53 5.62 6.01 6.64 6.71 6.79 6.82
Ash
Nitrogen free
extract
56.56 55.98 55.90 55.79 54.79 56.07 56.00 55.93
43 TABLE 14: COMPOSITION OF EXPERIMENTAL BROILER DIETS (%)
MOLM- Moringa oleifera leaf meal.
Fixed ingredients:
Starter Diets; Bone meal 3.50, Oyster Shell 2.00, Salt 0.25, Premix
0.25, Methionine 0.25, Lysine 0.25.
Finisher Diets; Bone meal 4.00, Oyster Shell 1.50, Salt 0.25, Premix
0.25, Methionine 0.15, Lysine 0.25.
A total of 240 day - old Cobb chicks were used for the experiment which
lasted for 56 days. The birds were fed diets compounded to contain 0, 6,
8 and 10% of the MOLM as replacement for soya bean meal at starter
and finisher phases of growth. The results did not indicate any significant
difference among the treatments in all the growth parameters measured.
Abdominal fat was reduced as MOLM increases. The PCV and total
protein values were better for the MOLM diets which improved as the
quantity of MOLM increases. The use of MOLM in the diets of broilers
compared favourably up to 10%, (Akpodiete, Obakanurhe and
Okagbare, 2014)
44
Mr Vice Chancellor, distinguish ladies and gentlemen, all these and others were done that all may eat.
45
RESUSCITATION AND SUSTAINING THE NIGERIAN LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY
There are myriads of problems as highlighted above, confronting the livestock industry and unless we all make very bold and honest attempts to solve these problems, malnutrition associated with deficiency of animal protein that is plagueing our country will be on the increase. This section therefore seeks to address how the livestock industry in Nigeria can be resuscitated and sustained in order to meet the ever-increasing demand for livestock products by the populace.
Use of Local Feed Alternatives and Sources
There is the need for scientists to intensify research in the use of local materials as feeding stuff, browse plants and legumes pasture for the production of animal protein. All those concerned, should make effort to improve the quality of livestock feeds, reduce the cost of production and make them more readily available on a regular basis. Some of the feedstuff that should be considered include cassava meal (leaves and peels), cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, cocoa pod meal, groundnut cake, sun flower cake, oil palm slurry, palm kernel cake, cashew nut cake, African locust beans (Parkia fillicoiden Welw) meal, jack bean (Canavalla ensiformis) and sword bean (Canavalla) meal; residues of crops like maize, millet, groundnut, cowpeas, etc., and legume plants like gliricidia, leucaena, Acacia albida, Sesbanian sesban etc., and non-legume shrubs such as Gmelina and Alchornea.
46
New Management Packages
Management packages that are acceptable to the populace, increase productivity and rate of maturity as well as reducing mortality caused by diseases and malnutrition of small stock like sheep, goats, pigs, swine and rabbits, should be evolved. The unattractive labour-intensive methods of livestock production and the old pastoral methods continue to be the feature that characterise livestock production in Nigeria. In the production of ruminants, farmers should be encouraged to adopt the agro-pastoral system which has grown rapidly in recent years. It involves inter planting legumes such as gliricidia spp, Leucaena spp, cowpea etc with cereal crops. These legumes and residues from cereals are used as feeds for the animals. Figure 6 indicates possible improvement pathways from cereal legume inter cropping in the agro-pastoral sector.
47
FIGURE 6: POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENT PATHWAYS FROM CEREAL
LEGUME INTERCROPPING IN THE AGRO-PASTORAL SYSTEM
Selection Breeding Management
offtake
Flock Nutrition Flock Small Ruminant offtake
Lamb/kid survival
Milk Meat
prod. Prod.
Legume production Total food Prod.
Milk prod. Calf survival
Disease
Efficiency of work
ozen
Area cultivated
Rainfall Distribution
Yield per ha Meat Prod
Investment in livestock
Cattle
Herd offtake
Area of Legume
Legume
yield Soil Fertility
Held nutrition
48
Government Attitude
Government should develop the right attitude towards agriculture. Past leaders and planners of the economy have not sufficiently addressed the need for a scientifically oriented society in the pursuit and attainment of our economic and material goals for prosperity and improved standard of living of our people.
Agriculture in the past has been used as a conduit pipe for siphoning state funds to private pockets by government officials as the huge budgetary allocations never translated into increased agricultural production. The farmers barely benefit from the supposed good intention of government.
The days of subsistence livestock production are over. We should be able to target production for export of livestock products such as meat, milk and eggs.
Establishment of Cottage industries: Government should mobilise the citizens to establish cottage industries that will process livestock products into other food items and industrial raw materials thereby adding value and preserving the limited livestock products produce by our farmers.
The recent establishment of a Milk Collection Centre in Saki in Oyo State with a capacity to collect over 40,000 litres of raw milk daily from 1720 farmers by Friesland Campina WAMCO Nigeria PLC should be applauded. That is the way to go.
The underdevelopment of the technological potentials of the nation’s human resources has greatly hampered the growth of the livestock industry.
49
Effective Extension Package and Research Linkage
There is the need to evolve a comprehensive extension package that will ensure the dissemination of research findings from universities and research institutions to the peasant farmers.
Findings of research works on livestock improvement are stacked away in the library shelves of most research institutes and universities without getting to the farmers. As a result, the limited amount of research and technology on livestock improvement has no visible impact on the national herd.
At present the ADP’s (Agricultural Development Programme) in the different states of the country and Abuja seems to be responsible for most of the agricultural extension services and they tend to lay more emphasis on crop production. The activities of the Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (AERLS) and the Livestock Monitoring, Evaluation and Co-ordination unit (LIMECU), should be broadened as they cover the whole country and improved upon with a view to enhancing productivity and effectiveness.
50
Model Farms Also, the Federal and State Governments should establish model farms in each state where the unemployed graduates of agriculture, who are presently frustrated and roaming about the streets in search of jobs can be employed to earn a living for themselves and produce more of the needed animal protein.
Short Training in Livestock Production and Effective Teaching
Universities and Research Institutions should organise short courses on the management of cattle, poultry, sheep, goats, swine, rabbits and production of livestock feeds for interested farmers.
Moreover, the agricultural programmes in our tertiary institutions should be reviewed to make them more practical oriented and effective. At present, most graduates find it difficult to engage in practical farming because they do not acquire enough relevant practical skills to succeed in the business. It should be noted, that even where there is adequate provision for training in livestock production in some institutions, there is the lack of the proper use of the available facilities to enable the students receive sound training. The economic depression being experienced in the universities has created unfavourable condition for the effective training of students.
Mature scientists and teachers should be given encouragement for total devotion to more research without which little results would be obtained. The present situation, whereby scientists and teachers have to combine teaching and research with part-time jobs in other directions, in order to make both ends meet financially does not augur well for proper research orientation, training and education in animal agriculture.
51
Improving the Animal’s Environment
Our indigenous animals, which are well adapted to the local
environment, should be conserved. Results from our various
research centre suggest that substantial improvements in
productivity of our indigenous animals can be achieved through
improvement in the animal’s environment such as: regular and
adequate feeding, good housing, proper health care and
management, etc, the low genetic quality of the animals
notwithstanding.
However, milk production can be increased by taking advantage
of temperate-like weather in some areas of this country such as
Jos, Mambilla and Obudu to rear high milk producing cows such
as Friesian and Brown swiss. For example the Friesian cow have
been reported to be doing well in Vom, producing on the average
3000 kg of milk per lactation with new management by Peak
Company – producers of peak milk.
52
Feeding and Health Standards
A comprehensive feeding standards and health scheme
should be drawn up for the different classes of livestock
found in the country. This should be readily available to all
involved in the livestock industry.
Research Priorities and other needs
The Agricultural Research Council as a research advisory
body should identify the nation’s research priorities in
Livestock production on a continuous basis. The Council
should utilise scientists from the Universities, Research
Institutes the Federal Ministry of Science and Technology,
the livestock Department, Ministry of Agriculture and
Natural Resources, and relevant financial institutions such
as the NACB, etc.
53
In the allocation of resources within the Agricultural sector, Livestockhas continued to suffer relative neglect. For instance, there are 17 Agricultural Research Institutes in Nigeria, and only 3 are livestock based. As far back as 1997, Adu noted that in the approved Nationally Coordinated Research Programmes of the National Agricultural Research Project, 24 Programmes were recognised, out of these, crop had 14 while livestock had 4, (Adu, 1997). Also, the livestock industry failed to be accorded priority in a major governmental intervention, as the Petroleum Trust Fund (PTF), at a time when there was the clarion call for Health for all by the year 2000. This attitude of Government does not augur well for the livestock industry. This in-balance must be addressed if the livestock industry is to be sustained.
The Federal and State Governments should increase funding of researches in livestock production. The fund can be channelled through Universities and Research Institutes and coordinated by National Institute of Animal Science to enable scientists conduct adaptive research as well as own and manage their farms.
The few grazing reserves already put in place should be revitalized, and more reserve should be created in the six agro-geograpical zones of the country. In fact, every community should set aside areas within their communities for livestock rearing.
Basic amenities such as markets for the disposal of meat and milk, health centres and refrigerating facilitates should be installed for the storage of meat and milk.
Farmer groups should be encouraged to organise farmers markets in the locality where low income people can buy at farm gate prices or in peri-urban areas.
54
Veterinary services should be improved upon to convince
the international community that meat from Nigeria meet
the highest safety standards and can go into the
international market. Though Nigeria cannot be considered
to be self-sufficient in meat production for now, the export
of meat will engender more production and output to meet
domestic demand.
The consumption of kpomo or kanda should be discouraged to
make available hides and skin a major raw material for the
leather industry. Kpomo has very little nutritive value. Farmers
are surely going to make more money in sales of hides and
skin than kpomo.
A comprehensive livestock insurance policy should be put in
place to cover both the animals and livestock farmers
55
The Federal Bureau of Statistics in collaboration with the
Agricultural Research Council should conduct regularly
livestock population census to assist agricultural
establishments and researchers in planning agricultural
programmes.
Government should ensure that security operations are
strengthened in farming communities to enable people go to
their farms, cultivate their crops and rear their animals and
harvest their products as when due. A situation where farmers
are threatened, beating, rapped and even killed in their
farmlands must be prevented.
Government should consider empowering traditional rulers or
royal fathers to take charge of security of lives and properties
within their domain. This approach is cheaper and more
effective
56
CONCLUSION
Despite the resources at our disposal, the Nigerian livestock industry is still in a pitiable state. We have indeed recorded a sordid dairy of failure. Livestock farming must gradually move from the present traditional system where animals fend for themselves with minimum housing to a technology and business-oriented production system (Intensive and semi-intensive system of management). Every community should set aside areas within their communities for livestock rearing.
The livestock industry requires an urgent attention if the country is to be self- sufficient in animal protein and ensure that all eats. To this end, an inter-disciplinary approach is needed such that veterinarians, crop producers, bankers, feed technologists, transporters, sociologists, nutritionists, industrialists, security agencies and royal fathers should be mobilised for the overall growth and development of the livestock industry in Nigeria or else we abandon ourselves to the trammels of convention and remain the butts of political joggers.
57
GREAT IS THY FAITHFULNESS
Great is thy faithfulness, O God my Father
There is no shadow of turning with Thee
Thou changest not, Thy compassions, they fail not
As Thou hast been Thou forever will be
Refrain: Great is Thy faithfulness! Great is Thy
faithfulness
Morning by morning new mercies I see
All I have needed Thy hand hath provided
Great is Thy faithfulness, Lord unto me.
58
THANK YOU
59
