Thayer Nationalism in the Asia Pacific

8/2/2019 Thayer Nationalism in the Asia Pacific

1/39

Nationalismandthe

AsiaPacific:

Focus

ou as s a

EmeritusProfessorCarlThayer

CentreforDefence andStrategicStudiesMarch7 2012


2/39

Learning

Objectives

Nationsandnationalism

colonialism

Nationalismandnationalidentity

Nationalismandregionalco es on


3/39

.

nationalism

. mergenceo nat onsasterr tor a un ts

3. Developmentof

nationalism

4. Isnationalismtheproductofspecific

Europeanhistoricaldevelopmentsthat

spreadglobally

or

was

it

indigenously

constructed?


4/39

feelingstowards

territory,

historical

ties,

,

Nation

extends

beyond

tribal

and

clan

Imaginedcommunity acommunitythatis

soc a yconstructe

y

tsmem ers

w o

imaginethemselvesaspartofalargergroup

w omt ey avenot nteracte w t ormet


5/39

Nation political

authority

based

on

popular

Europeannationalism

product

of

Enlightenment

American&FrenchRevolutions

IndustrialRevolution printinginlocal


6/39

colonialism

movements

in

Asia

during

the

late

19

th

and

Ideologytounitethepeopleinacolonyto

see

n epen ence

rom

ore gn

om nat on


7/39

Drewon

indigenous

sources

of

belief

e g ous,cu tura va ues

Drewon

foreign

influences

Westernliberalism

Radicalideologies

Socialism,Marxism,

Fascism


8/39

2.WesternImperialismand

Colonialism

Philippines

India


9/39

authority S readofCatholicism

andpowerofclergy

Largelanded

estates

led

toalienationoffarmer

1863freecompulsory

educationin

Spanish

Mixedsocialstrata


10/39

Spanishspeaking

educatedelite

ImpactFrenchRevolution

PropagandaMovement

188995

JoseRizal,LaLigua Filipina

Promotedlocal

priests

overSpanishFriarsJose Rizal

executed1896


11/39

theNation)

secret

society

Ledanticolonialrevolt

bytenants

of

Church

ownedland

SpanishAmericanWar

Republicof

Philippines

proclaimed(June1898)


12/39

British Colonialisman n a


13/39

Indian

National

Congress

1885

Satyagraha movement

BiharandGurajat (191819)

GovernmentofIndiaAct(1919) dyarchy

on

oopera on

ovemen ,

Nonviolentboycottofgovernment


14/39

Civil

Disobedience

Movement

1929

32

GandhileadsSaltMarch(1930)

GovernmentofIndiaAct1935

Callforimmediateindependence,notroopsfor

DominionofIndiatoRepublic(194750)


15/39

Indian

Nationalism Historicalappeal Indusvalleycivilisation,

subcontinental

Sat a raha nonrevolution nonviolence

Democracyandbasicrights

qua y ora re g onsan cas es

Swaraj independencefromforeignrule


16/39

Western Imperialism

and Chinang ynasty,

1644-1912


17/39

Manchusas

barbarians

1911

Revolution RepublicofChina1912

NonHanpeoplespartofnationZhonghuaMinzu

ChineseNationalist

Party

KuoMinTang(KMT)/Guomindang(GMD)


18/39

1. Nationalismor

freedom

fromim erialist

domination

2. Democracy

governmentbythe

people

3. PeoplesWelfare

or

Livelihood


19/39

VersaillesPeace

Conference

1919

ofterritorytoJapan

Civilwar,194549

PeoplesRepublic

of

China

1949

Multiethnicstate


20/39

3.NationalismandNational

Indonesia

Burma

Thailand


21/39

Nationalismand National

ent ty n


22/39

1912:National

Indies

Party

1921:Partai Komunis Indonesia(PKI)

: n ono neseo n ones a

1929:Partai Nasional Indonesia(PNI)

YouthOath

1928

Onenation,onehomeland,onelanguage(Bahasa

Indonesia)


23/39

Euro eanruleoverthrown

Indonesiansrecruited

into

government,

Japansoughtsupportfromnationalists

Japanestablishedmassorganisations

CreatedMasyumi

1943createdauxiliaryforces PETA


24/39

Independence

August17,1945

PancaSila(Five

Principles) In epen enceo

Dutchterritories

1945 Constitution

JakartaCharter

dropped


25/39

NationalismandNationalIdentity

inViet

Nam

beforethe

19

th

Century?

TwoTrungSisters

Independencefrom

China(939CE)

ResistancetoMongols

Resistanceto

Ming

Dynasty


26/39

1900

Indochina

pacified Mt Nc lossof

country

Coalmines

in

the

north

Plantationsinthecentre

Largericeandrubber

estatesin

south

Oppressivetaxandcorve

system


27/39

resistance Mei irestorationJa an

1912revolutioninChina

1927Vietnam

Nationalist

Party

Spreadofvernacular

quc ng MarxismLeninism

Chinesecommunism

PhanBi Chu


28/39

Red Soviets 1930-31

Nghe-Tinh Xo-Viet


29/39

Japanoccupies

FrenchIndochina

194045

Independenceof

Minh)


30/39


inBurma

Monarch abolished

Local

chieftans removed IncorporatedintoBritishIndia

Westernandvernaculareducation

introduced

Internalmigration

Agriculturecommercialized

Indianmigration

Burman v ethnicminorities


31/39

Saya SanRebellion

1930

WeBurmans Association 1930

Burman intellectuals

at

Rangoon

University Burman supremacy

Nationalist,proindependence

Assimilateethnic

minorities

Thakins (Master)astitle,formofaddress


32/39

Thirt

Comrades

and

Burmese

Independence

AntiFascist

Peoples

Freedom

Immediateelections,constitutional

conventionandselfgovernment

enera s r e ea s o r s

discussions

AFPFLwinselections,January1948

Burman orBurmesenationalism?

Aung San


33/39


inThailand,

1938

44

MilitarizedThai

society

pro

CulturalMandates

conom cna ona sm

Massmediapromoted

na ona sm

an

asc sm Territoriallyexpansive(Tai

peop esGeneral Phibunsongkhram


34/39

4.NationalismandRegional

Identity

Residueof

anti

colonialism/anti

westernism

Alignmentsafterindependence

ProWest,

neutral,

non

aligned,

communist

FivePrinciplesofPeacefulCoexistence

Non use of force territorial inte rit national

sovereignty,mutual

respect,

mutual

benefit

CoreASEANnorms


35/39

NationalismandRegionalIdentity

SouthAsia

Secular Indiav Muslim

Pakistan

India nonali ned but tilted towards Soviet Union

Pakistan:USallybuttilttowardsChina

(SAARC)1985

Indiassheersizedominatessubregion

1990sIndias

Look

East

policy

Nationalismanim edimenttore ionalidentit


36/39

Prowest,

non

aligned/neutral,

communist

Regionalconflict

,

,

Territorialdisputesfueledbynationalism

Anticommunismkeymotivatingfactor


37/39

NorthEastAsia

Legacies

of

colonial

past ChinaJapan,KoreaJapan,

Territorialdisputes

JapanChina,

Korea

Japan,

Japan

Russia

NorthKoreanhypernationalism?

Chinasriseandreassertionofnationalism

Reunification;anti

U.S.

primacy

Noregionalassociation


38/39

Postwar

U.S.

primacy

and

liberal

economic

order

AsiaPacificEconomicCooperation(APEC)

MahathirEastAsiaEconomicGroup/Caucus

ASEAN Plus 3 China Ja an and Korea

ChinasEast

Asia

first

approach

Emer enceofEastAsiano enre ionalism

EastAsiaSummitandADMMPlus


39/39

Nationalismandthe

AsiaPacific:

Focus

ou as s a

EmeritusProfessorCarlThayer

CentreforDefence andStrategicStudiesMarch7 2012

Documents

Thayer Nationalism in the Asia Pacific