The 1st Industrial Revolution

& The Civil War

1st Industrial Revolution

• Between the late 1700’s – early 1800’s

• Begins in Great Britain• Based on

– 1. Steam power– 2. Textile industry

Steam Power• James Watt – British inventor; improves the steam engine (mower powerful & efficient)

Before steam engines, factories powered by river water.

Effects of Steam Technology

Factories not dependent on rivers/streams . . . Can be built anywhere.

Factories can be located anywhere More Factories

Makes bigger

machines possible . .

. Mass productio

n

Effects of Steam Technology

Revolutionizes Transportation

The steam-powered Locomotive

Textile Industry• New technology + steam energy = textile

factories.

“Spinning Mule”“Spinning Jenny”

Pre-Industrial RevolutionGoods made in small shops & peoples homes by hand.

Post-Industrial RevolutionGoods made in factories/mill by steam-powered machines

Transportation Revolution1. Canals

Ohio & Erie Canal - AKRON

Canals

Akron, Ohio

Erie Canal (completed 1825)

Ohio & Erie Canal(1820’s-30’s)Effects:• Connected major lakes & rivers into a transportation network• Linked western farms to eastern cities• Connected the nation & stimulated economic growth

SteamboatsSped up transportation of Goods & people via rivers

Railroads• Steam technologyleads to development of locomotives & railroad linesResults:• Businesses expand• Increase demand for iron.•Link remote areas of U.S. • Allows easier western expansion

First steam powered train

Typical 19th century locomotive

1st Industrial Revolution

divides AmericaMostly in the

North• Urban growth• Factories• Better transportation• No slave labor

The South = Not so much!•Mostly agrarian• Slavery• Fewer/smaller cities• Weaker transportation

The South (“King Cotton”)

• Textile industry in the North & Great Britain Increase in demand for cotton

• Cotton plantations grow across the South

Year Bales of Cotton Produced1830 720,0001850: 2,850,0001860: 5,000,000

Growth of Cotton Production in the South

Cotton transported

north by river & canal system

Railroads

Leads to expansion of what institution?

“The Peculiar Institution”

• Cotton “boom” leads to increase in demand for

slaves• 1800: 1 Million slaves• 1860: 4 Million slaves

Growth of Slavery in the South

Think & Review“Sectionalism” is one term historians

use to describe the state of the U.S. from 1800 – 1860.

“Sectionalism” describes the differences that divided the North & South that led to the Civil WarHow was the North and South

different?

North Sout

hIndustrial AgrarianFree states Slave states

More urban More ruralBetter transportation Weaker transportationMore nationalistic “States rights”

No western expansion of slavery Want western expansion of slavery

Take out paper for Notes

Brief Review of the Civil WarElection of 1860

Abraham Lincoln elected President of United States (Republican)• Pro-economic development of the North• For Restricting slavery in the western territories • For a protective tariff on northern industry

1860 Electoral Map

December 1860South Carolina Secedes

• Lincoln’s election leads to South Carolina leaving the Union

• By February 1861 6 more States secede from the Union• Florida, Georgia Alabama,

Mississippi, Louisiana, & Texas• Believed they had the “right” to

leave the Union because of the “Tyranny of the North”

Main Causes of Civil War

• Economic/social division between North & South

• The division over the spread of slavery in the territories

• The issue of States versus Federal rights

• Growth of the abolition movement in the North

• Election of Abraham Lincoln

February 1861 Confederate States of

America Formed

Main Characters

Abraham LincolnPresident of the United

States

Jefferson DavisPresident of the Confederate

States of America

Robert E. Lee Confederate Commander

of the Army of Northern Virginia

George McClellanUnion commander of

the Army of the Potomac Removed by Lincoln

Ulysees S. GrantCommander of Union

forces

April 12, 1861CSA Fires on Fort

Sumter;Civil War Begins

Major Battles• First Battle of Bull Run –

– 1st major battle. Civilians spectators/picnics– CSA army under Stonewall Jackson defeats Union

forces. – Ended the “short war” belief of the North.

• Battle of Antietam • Lee invades Maryland hoping for victory on Union soil.• McClellan had Lee’s battle plan and intercepted Lee’s

forces in Sharpsburg, Maryland• Bloodiest single day of combat: 22,000 killed/wounded.• Lee retreats to Virginia. • Britain decides not to recognize the CSA

• Battle of Vicksburg – Vicksburg: CSA fortified city on Mississippi River (in

Mississippi).– Gen. Grant lays siege to Vicksburg. 7 week artillery

attack.– CSA surrenders the city and 29,000 soldiers on July

4,1963.– Resulted in the Union controlling the whole Mississippi

River and cutting off Arkansas, Texas, & Louisiana from the rest of the Confederacy.

• Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863)• Lee invades Pennsylvania, looking for supplies & a CSA

victory on Union soil. • Union and CSA forces meet for 3 day battle in

Gettysburg, PA• Lee unable to penetrate Union lines. Retreats to Virginia.• Lee’s last offensive battle. Grant chases the rest of the

war.

Major Battles

Emancipation Proclamation

• January 1,1963: Lincoln signs executive order that frees all slaves in states in rebellion of the United States (C.S.A).

“…I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States and parts of States are, and henceforward shall be, free; and that the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, shall recognize and maintain the freedom of such person.”- Abraham Lincoln, Emancipation Proclamation

Effects of the Emancipation Proclamation

• Only applied to slaves in C.S.A. Did not immediate free any slaves.

• Formally committed the U.S. government to policy of abolition.

• Gave the war a moral purpose—Union soldiers were fighting to end slavery.

• Slaves gradually freed as Union troops defeated C.S.A.

• Authorized freed slaves to fight for Union

The Thirteenth Amendment

• To abolish slavery within the Union, Constitutional Amendment required.

• Passed the House of Representatives on Jan. 31, 1865. Ratified by States in December 1865.

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Sherman’s March to the Sea

• Grant sends Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman & 100,000 soldiers on a march to subdue the South

• Part of Grant’s tactic of “Total War”• Designed to “break

the will” of the C.S.A.

Sherman’s March to the Sea

• Burned cotton fields, barns & houses in their path

• Captured and set fire to cities of Atlanta, Savannah & Columbia.

Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse

• April 9, 1865: Gen. Lee surrenders to Gen. Grant.

• Grant treats Lee with respect; allows Lee’s army to return home.