THE 10TH - Karibu · 2016-04-04 · i FROM THE VICECHANCELLOR Let me take this opportunity, on behalf of Egerton University, to warmly welcome all of you to this year‟s International

1

THE 10TH EGERTON UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL

CONFERENCE AND AGRICULTURE SUMMIT

THEME:

RESEARCH AND INNOVATION FOR THE

ADVANCEMENT OF HUMANITY

PROGRAMME AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

30TH

MARCH – 1ST

APRIL 2016

FACULTY OF EDUCATION COMPLEX

EGERTON UNIVERSITY

NJORO, KENYA

i

FROM THE VICECHANCELLOR

Let me take this opportunity, on behalf of Egerton University, to warmly welcome all of you

to this year‟s International Conference, Research week and Agriculture Summit. This is the

10th

conference since we started this series and we are pleased by the developments that have

taken place over the years. We are happy to receive and welcome international visitors to

Kenya and to Egerton University in particular! Egerton University marks 76 years of its

existence this year after its founding as a Farm School in 1939 by Lord Maurice Egerton of

Tatton. It has remained a Centre of Excellence in training, research and outreach, particularly

in Agriculture and related fields. The institution has grown in all dimensions as physical

infrastructure, academic faculties, human capacity and student numbers. Armed with its

Vision of being a “Word Class University for the Advancement of Humanity”, Egerton

University is upbeat and committed to enhancing its role in community, regional, national

and international development through training, research, outreach, networking and provision

of consultancy services. The faculty, graduate students and their partners endeavour to make

significant contributions to knowledge through disciplinary, inter- and trans-disciplinary

research. Their works are shared and efforts made evident in this year‟s Research Week and

International Conference being held at Egerton University. With the participation of renown

regional and global scientists and Research for Development (R4D) experts, I am confident

that this forum forms an excellent platform for exchange of knowledge and will inspire new

ideas and encourage collaborations among researchers – all with a goal of contributing to

growth and transformation in developing countries particularly Sub-Saharan Africa and

Kenya, on whose soil we now stand. I would like to congratulate the Division of Research

and Extension, together with the Technical Committee organizing this event. Let me reiterate

that Egerton University is driven by the passion to serve humanity, hence our running call,

“Transforming Lives Through Quality Education”. I wish you all an enjoyable workshop and

a memorable stay at Egerton and encourage our international visitors to sample and visit

some of our country‟s heritage.

Prof. Rose A. Mwonya

Vice Chancellor

ii

WELCOME MESSAGE

The Division of Research and Extension will be your host during this conference on Research

and Innovation for the Advancement of Humanity and is pleased to welcome all of you to our

beautiful Njoro campus. During this Conference, 106 scientific papers and 4 keynote

addresses will be presented under the following six sub themes:

a) Agriculture and Food Security

b) Climate Change and Natural Resources

c) Governance and Socio-Economics

d) Education and Culture,

e) Science and Technology and

f) Health and Environment

The purpose of the conference is to share and disseminate research and innovation outputs

with potential benefits to humanity as widely as possible. The Conference has attracted

scientists, exhibitors and students from Africa and Western Europe, who will make oral

presentations and also present posters and exhibitions. I am confident that you will find some

of the presentations to be relevant to you, your organization or community in terms of

offering practical/ innovative solutions to societal and global challenges. I encourage you to

share your experiences with other scientists so that at the end of the Conference all of us will

have learnt from one another. I also encourage you to give us some feedback on how we can

organize future conferences better. Please feel free to contact me or any of my colleagues if

you need some help any time during the Conference.

Professor John Gowland Mwangi, PhD

Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research and Extension)

Email: [email protected]

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

MESSAGE FROM THE VICE CHANCELLOR i

WELCOME MESSAGE ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

CONFERENCE PROGRAMME iv

AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY 1

CLIMATE CHANGE AND NATURAL RESOURCES 44

EDUCATION AND CULTURE 55

GOVERNANCE AND SOCIO-ECONOMICS 66

HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT 86

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 103

CONFERENCE COMMITTEE 109

iv

CONFERENCE PROGRAMME THEME: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF

HUMANITY 30TH MARCH – 1ST APRIL 2016

FACULTY OF EDUCATION COMPLEX, EGERTON UNIVERSITY, NJORO, KENYA Programme Coordinators:

PROF. R.M.S. MULWA/ PROF. J.O. OGENDO

CONFERENCE DAY ONE WEDNESDAY 30TH MARCH 2016

THE AGRICULTURE SUMMIT DAY 8.00 - 8.30 am REGISTRATION: PROF. N. KITAKA/ DR. J. MBURU

VENUE FACULTY OF EDUCATION THEATRE TWO (ET 2)

CONFERENCE OPENING SESSION

COORDINATORS: DR. THOMAS KINYANJUI/ DR. PERMINUS MIGWI

OPENING PRAYER: PROF. FR. S.N. MBUGUA CHAIR PROF. NANCY MUNGAI, Associate Professor of Soil Science & Director, Board of

Undergraduate Studies and Field Attachment Programmes.

CO-CHAIR PROF. JOSIAH O. OMOLLO Associate Professor of Organic Chemistry, Egerton University

8.30 - 8.40 am WELCOMING REMARKS: PROF. JOHN GOWLAND MWANGI, Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research & Extension), Egerton University

8.40 - 8.50 am OPENING REMARKS: PROF. ROSE A. MWONYA, Vice Chancellor, Egerton University

8.50 – 9.25 am KEY NOTE 1: “GMOs: ACCEPTABILITY, SAFETY AND FOOD SECURITY” DR. JOEL OCHIENG’, Research Fellow and Lecturer, Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (CAVS), University of Nairobi.

9.30 – 10.00 am CONFERENCE OPENING SPEECH: CHIEF GUEST: DR. MOSES RUGUT, DIRECTOR GENERAL, NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION, KENYA.

10.00 – 10.45 am KEY NOTE 2: “LAND TENURE SECURITY AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY IN KENYA” DR. FIBIAN KAVULANI LUKALO, Director, Research and Advocacy, National Land Commission, Kenya.

10.45 – 11.00 am QA with Keynote Speakers

11.00 – 11.30 am GROUP PHOTO/ HEALTH BREAK COORDINATORS: Dr. A. W. Muia and Dr. G. Obwoyere

11.30 – 12.30 am EXHIBITION/ POSTER SESSION

12.30 – 1.30 pm LUNCH BREAK

SUMMIT DAY AFTERNOON SESSION

CHAIR PROF. BOCKLINE O. BEBE, Professor of Livestock Production Systems, Egerton University

CO-CHAIR PROF. JOSEPGH MATOFARI, Associate Professor of Food Science

2.00 – 2.45 pm KEY NOTE 3: “GUM ARABIC AND DRY LAND AGRICULTURE PROSPECTS” PROF. SIMON MAHUNGU, Professor of Food Chemistry, Egerton University

2.45 – 3.30 pm KEY NOTE 4: "CLIMATE SMART INNOVATIONS IN AGRICULTURE: IMPACT IN THE ESA REGION”. DR. KARUTURI PURNA CHANDRA RAO, Principal Scientist and Country Representative, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) – Ethiopia.

3.30 – 4.00 pm QA WITH KEY NOTE SPEAKERS

4.00 – 5.00 pm EXHIBITION/ POSTER SESSSION

v

CONFERENCE DAY TWO: THURSDAY 31ST MARCH 2016 MORNING SESSION

8.00 – 8.30 am REGISTRATION: PROF. N. KITAKA/ DR. J. MBURU

SESSION COORDINATORS: DR. T. KINYANJUI/ DR. P. MIGWI/ DR. D.G. KWEYA/ DR. A. OTARA

VENUE FACULTY OF EDUCATION THEATRE 2 (ET 2)

CHAIR PROF. F. WEGULOH, Professor of Geography, Egerton University

CO-CHAIR PROF. PETER F. ARAMA, Associate Professor of Plant Pathology, Rongo University College

8.30 – 8.35 am OPENING PRAYER: REV. S. NDUATI, University Chaplain

8.35 -8.55 am INFORMATION SESSION: “RESEARCH ETHICS: WHAT RESEARCHERS NEED TO KNOW” PROF. JULIUS KIPKEMBOI, Associate Professor, Egerton University.

8.55 – 9.30 am KEYNOTE ADDRESS: DR. JOSEPH MUREITHI, Deputy Director General (Livestock), Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization.

9.30 – 9.40 am QA Session with Keynote Speaker

9.40 – 10.00 am POSTER/ EXHIBITION SESSION 10.00 - 10.20 am HEALTH BREAK

BREAKOUT SESSIONS

VENUES ROOM 2: ET 1

ROOM 1: ET 2

ROOM 3: ED 14

Subtheme CLIMATE CHANGE and NATURAL RESOURCES

AGRICULTURE & FOOD SECURITY HEALTH and ENVIRONMENT

CHAIR/ CO-CHAIR

DR. S.M. MAKINDI/ DR. G. OGENDI

PROF. P. MSHENGA/ PROF. J.O. OGWENO

DR. R. MAWENNZI/ DR. E. KIBARU

10.20 - 10.30am Anthony Ichuloi, A Philosophical Reflection on the Reconstituting Nature of Modern Technology on Environment

António Jaime Manhique, Anthony Kingo’ri and Abdi Guliye, Influence of Climate and Environmental factors on Nutritional Composition of Prosopis juliflora Pods from Baringo, Garissa and Kajiado Counties of Kenya

A.G. Misati, G. M.Ogendi and E. Kumpel, Can Sanitary Surveys Replace Water Quality Testing? Evidence from Kisii, Kenya

10.30 -10.40am Arnold Kipchumba et al., Effects of Water Abstractions on the Flow Regime in River Turkwel

Asiko G.A., Mochorwa J.M. and Koech C.J., Increasing Bee Forage for a Sustainable Bee Industry

Alfayo Koskei, Influence of Grazing Intensity on Cyanogenic Toxicity in Baringo Savanna Grasses, Kenya

10.40 - 10.50 am

Audrey Tsisiche et al., Effect of changes in Land use

and Tree Species on Litter Decomposition in Streams

Atieno, J. D.O., Matofari, J.W. and Muliro, P.S., Milk handling Practices and Microbial Contamination Sources of Raw Milk in Rural and Peri-urban Farms

Alice W. Njue, et al., Anticancer compounds from Edible Mushrooms

10.50 - 11.00am Cyriaque-Rufin, N. and Didier, O., Hydro-climatic variabilities in Tomi at Sibut, Gribingui at Kaga-Bandoro and Fafa at Bouca Basins, Central-North and Central-South of Central African Republic

Benard O. Oloo, et al., HACCP Plan for Indigenous Chicken Slaughter House in Nakuru Kenya

Velma W. Nasimiyu, et al. Screening for Bioactivity of Endophytic Fungi against Selected Disease causing Pathogens

11.00 - 11.10 am

Moso, D.C. et al., Pastoral Adaptation Strategies against Climate Variability in Turkana Central

Bett, P. K.,

Spatial and Intra-plant Variation in

Chemical Composition of Essential

Arama, P.F., et al., Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby

vi

Oils of Kenyan Cupressus lusitanica

Miller and Eucalyptus saligna Smith

and prospects of Pesticidal Potency

11.10 - 11.20 am

Jebiwott, A., Ogendi, G.M., and Makenzi, P.M., Forest Cover Dynamics and Ecosystem Services of Katimok Forest Reserve, Baringo County, Kenya

Kariuki, C W., et al. Relationships between Selected Soil Physico-chemical Properties and Bacteria Counts in Nzoia Sugar Company farms, Kenya.

Chepkemei, J. K., et al. In vivo Anti-leishmanial activity of Mormodica foetida Extracts against Leishmania major.

11.20-11.30 pm M’Erimba, C. M., Ouma, K. O. and Wangari, P., Effects of Disturbance and Exposure Time on Macroinvertebrate Drift Densities in two Kenyan Highland Streams

J. J. Cheboi, et al., Evaluation of Selected Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) Genotypes for Resistance to Insect Pest Complex in Dry Areas of North Rift valley, Kenya.

Kurui, E.J., et al. Microbiological Contamination of Water Pans in Arid and Semi Arid Lands: A Case Study of Central and South Baringo, Kenya.

11.30 -11.40 pm

Oduma F. Omondi, et al., Effect of Forest type and Stream size on Leaf Litter Processing in Six Kenyan Highland Tropical Streams

Chepkwony, E.K., et al., Effects of Weeding and Planting Methods on Performance of New Rice for Africa (NERICA) in Kerio valley and Marigat, Kenya

Okebiro, G.N., Ekai, M.B. and James, K.L., Environmental influence on family planning: A case study of Lelan Sub-county West -Pokot County, Kenya

11.40-11.50 pm Onyancha, F.M., et al., Current Population of Hinde’s

babbler (Turdoides hindei), In

MNP, Ngaya Forest and its

Agricultural Sites.

Evelyn Cheramgoi, et al., The Distribution of Tea Weevils

(Curculionids) in Eastern Kenya Region.

Okullo J .O., Moturi W.N., and Ogendi G.M., An Assessment of

Contribution of Faecal Disposal Practices on the Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water Sources in

Isiolo County, Kenya.

11.50- 12.00 pm

Peter Musembi, Benjamin Cowburn and Robert Sluka,

Future for Coral Reefs in a Changing Climate: A Case Study of Watamu Marine

National Park, Kenya.

Christine T. Nyabayo, Lippia kituiensis, Salvia nilotica and Pittosporum viridiflorum Acaricidal Secondary Metabolites

Kimutai, J.J. and Moturi, W.N., The Burden of Faecal-Oral Infections in Isiolo County, Kenya

12.00 -12.10 pm

Mwangi, R.W., et al., Substitution of Plastics with Organic Tubes in Tree Seedlings Production for Sustainable Environmental Conservation.

F.J. Toroitich et al., Susceptibility of Geographically isolated Populations of the Tomato Red Spider Mite (Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard) to commonly used Acaricides on Tomato Crops in Kenya.

Kirianki, P.R., et al. Physical, Chemical and Microbial Quality of Drinking Water from selected sources in Njoro sub County, Kenya.

12.10 -12.20 pm

Amuok O. Emmanuel, et al., Litter Processing of Exotic and Indigenous leaves in Njoro River, Kenya

Eric O. Gido, et al., Demand System for Fresh African

Indigenous Vegetables among Rural and Urban Consumers in Kenya

Makau Caroline, et al. The Prevalence of Mycotoxin contamination of Animal Feeds and implications on Milk Safety in Rural and Peri-Urban Small-holder Dairy Systems of the Dairy Value chain in Nakuru County, Kenya.

12.20 - 12.30 pm

Elisha O. Gogo, et al., Improving Shelf-life and Carotenoid Content of Vegetable Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) cv. Olevolosi using short-term Pre-harvest UV-B application

Makau Caroline, et al. Assessment of Prevalence and Risk factors to Bovine Brucellosis in Small holder Dairy Farms in Nakuru County, Kenya.

12.30-12.40 pm Justice K. Rono, et al., Cane Yield and Juice Volume are

Joseph Mwaniki Wambui, et al.

vii

Significant Determinants of Ethanol Yield from Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum

bicolour L. Moench).

Hygiene and Sanitation Training Needs for Meat Handlers in Kenyan Small and Medium Enterprise Abattoirs

12.40 - 12.50 pm

Miriam Karwitha, et al., Sub-cellular Localization and Hypersensitive Reaction Analyses of the Hsp70 Gene of Tomato Chlorosis Virus

Peter Amwoga Ayeka, et al. Immuno-modulatory and Anticancer Potential of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.); Potential for Cancer Immunotherapy in new Drug Development

12.50 – 1.00 pm Kimani, I.M., Muthamia, J. M. and Otaye, D.O., Control of chickpea root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Nakuru County, Kenya using poultry manure

Nehemiah Mogoi Rindoria,

et al.

A Morphological Analysis of

Gill Monogeneans infecting

the Red belly Tilapia, Tilapia

zillii (Gervais, 1848), from

Lake Naivasha, Kenya: New

Species and Bio-geographical

Records

1.00-1.10.pm Kisinyo Peter Oloo, Effect of Agrochemical use on Soil Fertility and Contaminants on Tobacco Smallholder Farms in Migori County, Kenya.

Wanjala, J.N., et al. Adequacy of Child Nutrient Intake among the Pastoral and Farming Pre–School Children: A Case of West Pokot, Kenya

1.10- 2.00 pm

POSTER SESSION / LUNCH BREAK

CONFERENCE DAY TWO: THURSDAY 31ST MARCH 2016

AFTERNOON SESSION

BREAKOUT SESSIONS

VENUES ROOM 2: ET 1 ROOM 1: ET 2 ROOM 3: ED 14

Subtheme EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGRICULTURE & FOOD SECURITY GOVERNANCE and SOCIO-ECONOMICS

CHAIR/ CO-CHAIR

PROF. FRED U. NGESA/ PROF. S. WACHANGA

PROF. A. MUSANDU/ PROF. S. MWONGA

PROF. FUGICH WAKO/ DR. ERIC BOR

2.00 – 2.10 Pm Limo Alice, et al.

The Role of Principals in

Curriculum Supervision and

Academic Performance of

Students in Teso North Sub

County, Kenya

Korir, H, Co-inoculation of Rhizobia and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria

effects on Common Bean Production in a Low Phosphorus

Soil

M. Abdoulah Mamary KANE, et al., Technical Efficiency and its Determinants in Sub-Saharan Africa’s Rice Production: Case in Mali.

2. 10-2.20Pm Benjamin M. Kinyanjui, The Educational and Cultural

Francesca N. Lusweti, Dairy Cattle Feeding for Product

Rono B. J., et al., Attitudes and Perception towards

viii

role of the Media in Kenya: the Ideal versus Reality

Quality and environmental resilience: Literature Review

Ecotourism among Pastoral Communities in Laikipia County, Kenya

2.20 – 2.30 Pm Kanja, V.W. and Wambugu, P.W., Effect of ICT Activity-based Learning on Students’ achievement in Communication Skills in Public Universities, Kenya

Asiko G.A., et al., Enhanced Productivity of Tomato (Corazon variety) through the Greenhouse Technology and Bee Pollination

Brian Onyango Moses, Proper Public Participation in Policy Formulation

2.30 – 2.40Pm Patrick W. Karangi and Lydia A. Mareri, Influence of Internet Sourcing of Information on University Students’ Academic Writing: An Exploration of Egerton University, Nakuru Town Campus Students

Justice K. Rono, et al., Adaptability and Stability Study

of Selected Sweet Sorghum Genotypes under different Environments using AMMI analysis and GGE Biplots

Chepkwony E.K., et al., Analysis of Technical Efficiency of Irish Potato Production in Eldoret East Sub county, Kenya

2.40 – 2.50 Pm Kyule N. Miriam, et al., Challenges in the Implementation of Secondary School Agriculture Curriculum in Kenya’s Arid and Semi Arid Counties: the Students’ Perspective

Makau Caroline, et al. On-farm Feed Handling Practices and their association with growth of Mycotoxin Producing Molds in Animal Feeds at Rural and Peri-urban Dairy Sub-value Chains in Nakuru County, Kenya.

Evans Erick Otieno Ochieng’, Phylis Bartoo and Furaha Chai, Implications of Nation Newspapers Peace Reporting in the Run up to 2013 Elections in Kenya

2.50 – 3.00 Pm Muge C. Josephine and Nkurumwa O. Agnes, Effects of Culture on the Learning Styles of Secondary School Agriculture students in Eldoret East Sub County, Kenya.

Korir, M., et al., Economic factors affecting Smallholder Maize Farmers’ Adoption of Fertilizer use in Uasin Gishu County

Everlyne Kataka and C.A. Onyango, Factors influencing Sustainability of Cereal Banks among Maize Farmer Groups in Kimilili Sub-county, Kenya

3.00 – 3.10 Pm Omoro, J. A., Udoto, M.O., Kibett, J.K., In-service Training Needs of Kilifi County Secondary School Agriculture Teachers for preparing them to be Effective in the 21st Century

Wambua Milka, et al. Effect of Cassava Variety and Substitution level on Rheological and Sensory characteristics of Wheat-Cassava Composite Bread

Florence Chepkorir, The Role of Media in Agriculture and Food Security

3.10 – 3.20 Pm Rosemary Kagondu and Simmy M. Marwa, Effectiveness of Quality Assurance Practices in Kenya’s Higher Education Institutions

KO Moseti, An Outlook on the Utilization of Tea Waste as a Livestock and Poultry Feed – Local, Regional and International Perspectives

Gitundu Esther Wanjugu, et al.,

The influence of Ownership Structure on Financial Performance of Privatized Companies in Kenya

3.20 – 3.30 Pm Immaculate Kiliswa, et al., Tracer Study of Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Education and Extension Graduates - Class of 2008 - Egerton University

Augustine M. Muthiani, et al. Potential use of High Value Kenyan Teas in Development of Diversified Products

Jackson Karanja Kinyanjui, Good Governance as a Tool for Development of Humanity

3.30 – 3.40 pm Kingori Eshphan, Relationship between Vocational Training Institutions category and Parents’ Financial support in Nyandarua North Sub-county, Nyandarua County, Kenya

Johnson K. Mwove, et al., Preparation and Quality Evaluation of Beef Hams containing Gum Arabic from Acacia senegal var. kerensis

Janet Muthoni Kinyua, Relationship between Performance Contracting and Procuring Resources in Technical Training Institutes in Mount Kenya region in Kenya

3.40 – 3.50 Pm E. Ngenoh, et al., Ex-post Coping Strategies to Production and Marketing Shocks among African Leafy Vegetable Farmers in Kenya

ix

3.50 – 4.00 Pm Muriuki R. W., et al., Morpho-Physiological Traits linked to Drought Tolerance in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

4.00 – 4.10 Pm S.O. Ochanda, et al., Utilizing Sucrose, Agar and Wheat Starch as source of Carbon

4.10 – 4.20 Pm Matey, N. J., et al., Evaluation of Cropping System on Growth and Yield of Pigeon Peas (Cajanus cajan L.) and selected Cereal Crops in Semi-Arid Regions.

4.20 – 4.30 Pm Jeptanui Lilian, et al., Characterization of Head Smut (Tolyposporium. Penicillariae Bref.) Prevalence from major Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum) growing areas in Kenya

CONFERENCE COCKTAIL PROF. N. KITAKA/ DR. J. MBURU

x

CONFERENCE DAY THREE: FRIDAY 1ST APRIL 2016




CHAIR PROF. NGETICH, Dean Faculty of Arts and Social sciences, Egerton University

8.30 – 8.35 am OPENING PRAYER: REV. S. NDUATI, Egerton University Chaplain

8.35 – 9.20 am KEYNOTE ADDRESS: PROF. LIZE KRIEL, Associate Professor, Division for Visual Culture Studies, Department of Visual Arts, University of Pretoria, South Africa.


9.30 – 9.50 am POSTER/ EXHIBITION SESSION

9.50 – 10.20 am HEALTH BREAK BREAKOUT SESSIONS


Subtheme GOVERNANCE & SOCIO-ECONOMICS

AGRICULTURE & FOOD SECURITY

SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY

CHAIR/ CO-CHAIR DR. S. KIPROP/ DR. H. MURENGA

PROF. A. FARAJ/ DR. A. OPIYO PROF. J. KIPKEMBOI/ DR. D.N. KAMAU

10.20 - 10.30am Cherono, E., Wako, F. and Kweya, D., Culture, change and continuity in Riddle and Riddle Performance among the Kipsigis, Kenya

Ng’ang’a, J.N., et al., Efficacy of Foliar Fungicide and Seed Treatment on Percentage Disease Incidence (PDI) Disease Severity Index (DSI) and Area Under Disease Progress Curve of Ascochyta Blight (Ascochyta rabiei L.)

Kallen Mulilo Nalyanya, et al., Effect of chrome-tanning process on bovine hide using Dynamic Mechanical and Thermal Analysis (DMTA)

10.30 -10.40am Lumadede Japheth, Margaret Ngigi and Anthony Sang, Citizens’ Perceptions on the Status of Governance in the Counties: the case of Migori County, Kenya

Mwangi Nixon Njau, Indigenous Agricultural Knowledge and Food Security: Prospects and Challenges

Luke Toroitich, W.K. Cheruiyot, and K.O. Odhiambo, Colour and Texture feature Extraction in Image Retrieval using KNN Algorithm

10.40 - 10.50 am Lydia A. Mareri, Transformational Leadership in a University Setting? A case of Heads of Academic Departments in the Kenyan Public University Setting

Njeru, P. W., Wagara, I. N., and Kariuki, S. T., Cultivation of Indigenous Oyster Mushrooms using different Agricultural Wastes.

L. Toroitich, W.K. Cheruiyot, and K.O. Odhiambo, Techniques used in Content based Image Retrieval (CBIR): Enhancing Image Retrieval in Digital Multimedia Databases

10.50 - 11.00am Muraguri Michael, D. Odero and M. Ngigi, Effects of Women Enterprise Fund’s Training on Sales Performance of Women Grocery Micro-entrepreneurs in Thika Sub-county, Kiambu County, Kenya

S.O. Ochanda, et al., Optimization of Processing

Techniques of selected Coloured Tea Clones in Kenya.

Eliud M. Manyinsa, S. Musyoki and H. Tarus, Implementation of IEEE802.11 (Wi-Fi) in NS-3

11.00 - 11.10 am Mumbi E. Ndunda, Contribution of Collective Action Groups on Socio-Economic Wellbeing of Agro-Pastoralists in Makindu Sub-County, Kenya

Ooro, P.A. et al., Identification of the Crop Management Constraints effects of Climate Change in the Potato Value Chain in Mauche Ward in Njoro Sub-County in Kenya.

Samuel Kimutai, et al., Determination of Residual Catechins, Polyphenolic Contents and Antioxidant activities of Developed Theaflavin-3, 3’-digallate rich Black Tea.

11.10 - 11.20 am Nthenya Kinyumu, Tim Njagi and Lilian Kirimi,

Rael Taiy, et al., Potato Value Chain Analysis in

Yegon K. Philemon, et al., Chemical Composition and

xi

Farm Household’s Participation in Governance: Lessons from Devolved systems in Kenya

Mauche Ward of Njoro Sub-county, Kenya.

Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oil from Lippia javanica (Verbenaceae)

11.20-11.30 pm Nyandoro Omuria, E Bor and B Onasrigo, Influence of Social and Economic factors on Implementation of Childrens’ Rights Policy in Nakuru County, Kenya

Regina Chepkorir, Josphat C. Matasyo and Isabel N. Wagara, Activity of Secondary Metabolites from Hagenia abyssinicca against Plant Bacterial Pathogens, Xanthomonas campestris pv .phaseoli and Pseudomonas syringae pv. Pheseolicola.

11.30 -11.40 pm Kennedy Obumba Ogutu, M. Okere and E. Bor, Influence of Community Policing on Criminal activities in Low Income areas of Nakuru Town, Kenya

Virginia Wanjiku Njuguna, et al., Evaluation of the New Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L) Hybrid for Malting and Brewing across Selected Agro-ecological Environments in Kenya

11.40-11.50 pm Odock Kizito and Boaz Onyancha, Insights from the Good Samaritan: A response to Governance in Kenya

Masinde J. Wanyama, et al., Effect of Variability in Rainfall Intensity on Maize Yield in Trans Nzoia County, Kenya

11.50- 12.00 pm Gilbert Nyakundi Okebiro, A. K. Nyambane and K. Otiso, The Military tactics of Otenyo and Sustainable Political Development leading to Advancement of Humanity among the Abagusii in the Colonial era

Waswa J and Ngugi L.W., Promotion and Utilization of Niche Foods for Food and Nutrition Security

CLOSING SESSION VENUE FACULTY OF EDUCATION THEATRE 2 (ET 2) Session Coordinators


12.00– 12.10 pm

CLOSING REMARKS: PROF. ROSE A, MWONYA, Vice Chancellor, Egerton University

12.10 – 12.20 PM PRESENTATION OF AWARDS: PROF. BOCKLINE BEBE/ PROF. NZULA KITAKA 12.20– 12.30 pm

VOTE OF THANKS: PROF. ALFRED C. KIBOR, Director (Research & Extension), Egerton University

12.30 pm CLOSING PRAYER: PROF. FR. STEPHEN MBUGUA

TEA and DEPARTURES

xii

CONFERENCE DAY THREE: FRIDAY 1ST APRIL 2016




CHAIR PROF. NGETICH, Dean Faculty of Arts and Social sciences, Egerton University

8.30 – 8.35 am OPENING PRAYER: REV. S. NDUATI, Egerton University Chaplain

8.35 – 9.20 am KEYNOTE ADDRESS: PROF. LIZE KRIEL, Associate Professor, Division for Visual Culture Studies, Department of Visual Arts, UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA


9.30 – 9.50 am POSTER/ EXHIBITION SESSION

9.50 – 10.20 am HEALTH BREAK BREAKOUT SESSIONS


Subtheme GOVERNANCE & SOCIO-ECONOMICS

AGRICULTURE & FOOD SECURITY

SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY

CHAIR/ CO-CHAIR DR. S. KIPROP/ DR. H. MURENGA

PROF. A. FARAJ/ DR. A. OPIYO PROF. J. KIPKEMBOI/ DR. D.N. KAMAU

10.20 - 10.30am Cherono, E., Wako, F. and Kweya, D., Culture, change and continuity in Riddle and Riddle Performance among the Kipsigis, Kenya

Ng’ang’a, J.N., et al., Efficacy of Foliar Fungicide and Seed Treatment on Percentage Disease Incidence (PDI) Disease Severity Index (DSI) and Area Under Disease Progress Curve of Ascochyta Blight (Ascochyta rabiei L.)

Kallen Mulilo Nalyanya, et al., Effect of chrome-tanning process on bovine hide using Dynamic Mechanical and Thermal Analysis (DMTA)

10.30 -10.40am Lumadede Japheth, Margaret Ngigi and Anthony Sang, Citizens’ Perceptions on the Status of Governance in the Counties: the case of Migori County, Kenya

Mwangi Nixon Njau, Indigenous Agricultural Knowledge and Food Security: Prospects and Challenges

Luke Toroitich, W.K. Cheruiyot, and K.O. Odhiambo, Colour and Texture feature Extraction in Image Retrieval using KNN Algorithm

10.40 - 10.50 am Lydia A. Mareri, Transformational Leadership in a University Setting? A case of Heads of Academic Departments in the Kenyan Public University Setting

Njeru, P. W., Wagara, I. N., and Kariuki, S. T., Cultivation of Indigenous Oyster Mushrooms using different Agricultural Wastes.

L. Toroitich, W.K. Cheruiyot, and K.O. Odhiambo, Techniques used in Content based Image Retrieval (CBIR): Enhancing Image Retrieval in Digital Multimedia Databases

10.50 - 11.00am Muraguri Michael, D. Odero and M. Ngigi, Effects of Women Enterprise Fund’s Training on Sales Performance of Women Grocery Micro-entrepreneurs in Thika Sub-county, Kiambu County, Kenya

S.O. Ochanda, et al., Optimization of Processing

Techniques of selected Coloured Tea Clones in Kenya.

Eliud M. Manyinsa, S. Musyoki and H. Tarus, Implementation of IEEE802.11 (Wi-Fi) in NS-3

11.00 - 11.10 am Mumbi E. Ndunda, Contribution of Collective Action Groups on Socio-Economic Wellbeing of Agro-Pastoralists in Makindu Sub-County, Kenya

Ooro, P.A. et al., Identification of the Crop Management Constraints effects of Climate Change in the Potato Value Chain in Mauche Ward in Njoro Sub-County in Kenya.

Samuel Kimutai, et al., Determination of Residual Catechins, Polyphenolic Contents and Antioxidant activities of Developed Theaflavin-3, 3’-digallate rich Black Tea.

11.10 - 11.20 am Nthenya Kinyumu, Tim Njagi and Lilian Kirimi, Farm Household’s

Rael Taiy, et al., Potato Value Chain Analysis in Mauche Ward of Njoro Sub-

Yegon K. Philemon, et al., Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of the Essential

xiii

Participation in Governance: Lessons from Devolved systems in Kenya

county, Kenya. Oil from Lippia javanica (Verbenaceae)

11.20-11.30 pm Nyandoro Omuria, E Bor and B Onasrigo, Influence of Social and Economic factors on Implementation of Childrens’ Rights Policy in Nakuru County, Kenya

Regina Chepkorir, Josphat C. Matasyo and Isabel N. Wagara, Activity of Secondary Metabolites from Hagenia abyssinicca against Plant Bacterial Pathogens, Xanthomonas campestris pv .phaseoli and Pseudomonas syringae pv. Pheseolicola.

11.30 -11.40 pm Kennedy Obumba Ogutu, M. Okere and E. Bor, Influence of Community Policing on Criminal activities in Low Income areas of Nakuru Town, Kenya

Virginia Wanjiku Njuguna, et al., Evaluation of the New Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L) Hybrid for Malting and Brewing across Selected Agro-ecological Environments in Kenya

11.40-11.50 pm Odock Kizito and Boaz Onyancha, Insights from the Good Samaritan: A response to Governance in Kenya

Masinde J. Wanyama, et al., Effect of Variability in Rainfall Intensity on Maize Yield in Trans Nzoia County, Kenya

11.50- 12.00 pm Gilbert Nyakundi Okebiro, A. K. Nyambane and K. Otiso, The Military tactics of Otenyo and Sustainable Political Development leading to Advancement of Humanity among the Abagusii in the Colonial era

Waswa J and Ngugi L.W., Promotion and Utilization of Niche Foods for Food and Nutrition Security

CLOSING SESSION VENUE FACULTY OF EDUCATION THEATRE 2 (ET 2) Session Coordinators


12.00– 12.10 pm

CLOSING REMARKS: PROF. ROSE A, MWONYA, Vice Chancellor, Egerton University

12.10 – 12.20 PM PRESENTATION OF AWARDS: PROF. BOCKLINE BEBE/ PROF. NZULA KITAKA

12.20– 12.30 pm

VOTE OF THANKS: PROF. ALFRED C. KIBOR, Director (Research & Extension), Egerton University

12.30 pm CLOSING PRAYER: PROF. FR. STEPHEN MBUGUA

TEA and DEPARTURES

1

AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY

1

Influence of Climate and Environmental factors on Nutritional Composition of Prosopis

juliflora Pods from Baringo, Garissa and Kajiado Counties of Kenya

António Jaime Manhique, Anthony Kingo’ri and Abdi Guliye

Email: [email protected] Tel: 0725646573

Abstract

Chemical analysis to determine the quantity of nutrients in feed-stuff is very important in diet

formulation for animals. In general, proximate analysis is one of the methods used for

evaluating different components of the feed. In this study the aim was to determine the

influence of climate and environmental factors on nutritional composition of Prosopis

juliflora pods from Baringo, Garissa and Kajiado Counties of Kenya. Samples from these

three Counties were dried, milled and analysed in triplicate for proximate composition: Dry

Matter (DM), Gross Energy (GE), Crude Protein (CP), Ether Extract (EE), Crude Fibre (CF)

and Minerals (Ca, P, Mg and Na). Data were analysed using SAS (version 9, 2002) and

means separated with Tukey test showed that chemical composition was significantly

affected (P<0.05) by environmental factors. DM was, 94.4%, 92.2% and 89.3275 % from

Baringo, Kajiado and Garissa respectively. Gross Energy was high (P<0.05) 4134.06 Kcal/kg

4095.3 Kcal/kg in sample from Baringo and and Kajiado respectively and lower 3873.72

Kcal/Kg from Garissa. CP and CF were significantly high, 13.29 % and 33.91% in sample

from Garissa and lowest in sample from Kajiado, 10.9% and 19.159 % respectively. Samples

from Kajiado were significantly high (2.85%) in EE followed by Baringo and Garissa with

1.89% and 1.66% respectively. Minerals Ca and Mg were similar in three Counties (P>0.05)

except P where samples from Garissa had concentration of 0.063 mg/kg (P<0.05) followed

by 0.055 mg/kg for Kajiado and Baringo respectively. Sodium content was 30.257 mg/kg

(P<0.05) compared to 26.898 mg/kg from Garissa and 26.448 mg/kg Baringo. In conclusion,

the nutrients composition of P. Juliflora pods is affected by environmental factors of each

region.

Key words: Prosopis juliflora pods, proximate composition, mineral content, environmental

mailto:[email protected]

2

Increasing Bee Forage for a Sustainable Bee Industry

Asiko G.A., Mochorwa J.M. and Koech C.J.

National Beekeeping Institute

Email: [email protected]. Tel. +254 722594013

Abstract

Growing bee forage can profitably contribute to the sustainability of the beekeeping industry

in Kenya. A variety of crops and vegetables are known to be suitable forage, since they are

visited by most bee pollinators. In a pollination program at the National Beekeeping

Institute, Lenana, various crops were selected to boost the bee forage range, after it was

noticed that the prevailing honey bee colonies were dwindling drastically due to drought and

other visible causes. The Kales, sunflower and strawberry, were planted for the purpose. It

was observed that the Kales attracted most pollinators, ranging from insects to birds. The

predominant insect species was Apis mellifera scutellata. Butterflies as well as sting less bees

and bats were observed. Sunflower and strawberry, too attracted bees, besides butterflies and

other pollinators, but the former was better than the latter. There was an increase in honeybee

colonies from 5 to 11. The pollinator activity which had ceased, revived as was physically

observed from the „buzz of the bee,‟ to the „hoot of the wood pecker,‟ signifying revamped

activity. The Honeybee turned out to be the predominant pollinator species, adapted to the

task.

Keywords: Growing, bee forage, pollination, sustainability


3

Enhanced Productivity of Tomato (Corazon variety) through the Greenhouse

Technology and Bee Pollination

Asiko G.A., Oketch J.A., Mochorwa J.M., Koech C.J., , Momanyi D.B., Nzano P.N.,

Palla D.O., Mc’ligeyo S.A., Okinyi B.P. and Kibe K.K.



Abstract

The green house was installed from 2nd

to 6th

of October 2014, as part of the collaboration

between the National beekeeping institute and the EU-AU Sponsored Bee Health Project at

ICIPE. The aim was to increase tomato productivity through the greenhouse technology,

complemented by the honeybee. The plant health (girth vs. plant height) was noticeably

almost twice in the greenhouse than in the open field plants. Likewise, the fruits inside were

healthier (maximum weight of 410 gms), than those in the open field. Thus, productivity was

higher in the greenhouse plants, expressed in the number of fruits per branch (11 fruits

maximum). There was fluctuation in the weights of the first fruits, both in the greenhouse and

in the open field.

Key words: Productivity, greenhouse technology, plant health


4

Enhancing Strawberry Productivity through Bee Pollination

Asiko, G.A., Oketch, J. A., Mochorwa, J.M., Nzano, P.N., Momanyi, D.B., Okecha,

T., Okinyi, B.P., Koech, C.J., Yego, R.J. and Palla, D.O.



Abstract

Bees play a vital role in strawberry pollination, for fruit quality and increased productivity.

Greenhouse experiments conducted at the National Beekeeping Institute, in collaboration

with EU- AU Sponsored ICIPE Bee health Project, using honeybee pollinators, revealed an

increase in super quality fruits (over 80% total). Harvested industry fruits were absent in the

open field plants, outside the greenhouse, with multi-pollinators, but greatly reduced in the

harvested fruits, inside the greenhouse (4.3% total), with the honeybee as the sole pollinator.

Results indicated an 80.3 percent total increase, with honeybee pollination.

Key words: Bees, pollination, fruit quality, increased productivity


5

Milk handling Practices and Microbial Contamination Sources of Raw Milk in Rural

and Peri-urban Farms

Atieno, J. D.O.1, Matofari, J.W.

1 and Muliro, P.S.

1

1Department of Dairy, Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture Egerton

University, Kenya


Abstract

Handling practices and microbiological contamination sources of raw milk was assessed in

both rural and peri urban farms. Assessment of farm practices was done by use of

Questionnaires while microbiological analysis of contamination sources was done by

standard procedures. Milk handling practices assessed include pre milking and post milking

practices, farm management in terms of infrastructure, water sources and treatment. The

sources of contamination sampled for microbiological analysis were udder, hands of milking

personnel, milking containers, bulking containers and water sources. None of the farms

visited practiced pre dipping and post dipping in both locations.Only11% in rural and 50% in

peri urban practiced hand and udder drying before milking while water treatment is practiced

by 9% and 30% in rural and peri urban respectively. Udder swabs recorded the highest

(8×103cfu/ml) in total viable counts (TBC), coliform counts (CC) (3×10

3cfu/ml) and

Psychotropic bacterial counts (PBC) (2×103cfu/ml). A correlation between farm gate milk

and the contamination sources revealed that hands in the peri urban was 50% while milking

container rinse, hands and udder swabs in the peri urban had a 40% correlation in TVC to the

farm gate milk. Milk at the farm gate had a significant (p≥ 0.05) increase in CC and PBC in

peri urban compared to milk drawn directly from the udder. Total viable counts increased by

0.5 of alog cycle between the udder and farm gate in rural while an increase of 0.4 log cycle

was recorded in the peri urban. Therefore the evaluated contamination sources of the study

can be treated as critical control points in reducing microbial load in raw milk.

Key words: raw milk, handling practices, contamination sources


6

HACCP Plan for Indigenous Chicken Slaughter House inNakuru Kenya

1Benard O. Oloo.,

1Mahungu S.,

1Gogo L., and

2Kahi A.

1Department of Dairy and Food Science and Technology, Egerton University, P.O Box 536,

Egerton, Kenya; 2Department of Animal Science, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Egerton,

Kenya. P.O Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya.

E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 0725817520

Abstract

Chicken meat is a delicacy in almost every household in Kenya. It is a common food in

restaurants and hotels that serve fast foods in urban areas. Demand for and consumption of

indigenous chicken meat in Kenya has been on the rise. Many slaughterhouses have been set

up in strategic locations close to towns or in towns to allow for quick supply of the dressed

chicken carcass to consumers. Poultry meat is a low acid food and has been associated with

the presence of foodborne pathogens such as Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, Salmonella

enteritidis, and Staphylococcus aureus, especially when processing conditions are not

hygienic. HACCP stands for Hazard Analysis and Critical Control point. HACCP is based on

a scientific verifiable process to identify, control, reduce or eliminate any potential hazards to

guaranty food safety. This study was conducted based on the actual production conditions of

the slaughter house. Design of a model for the application and operationalization of HACCP

system was undertaken as an important step in ensuring consumers enjoy safe products from

the indigenous chicken meat prepared from the slaughter house. The studyaimed at

developing a HACCP system; based on the seven HACCP principles. Four Critical Control

Points (CCPs) were identified and a HACCP plan, complete with perquisite programs was

presented to deal with the identified hazards and therefore present the consumers with high

quality and safe products.

Key words: HACCP Plan, Critical control point, hazards, food safety


7

Spatial and Intra-plant Variation in Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Kenyan

Cupressus lusitanica Miller and Eucalyptus saligna Smith and prospects of Pesticidal

Potency

1Bett, P. K.,

1Deng, A. L.,

2Ogendo, J. O.,

1Kariuki, S.T.,

3Kiplimo, J.J.,

1Kiplagat, A.J.,

4Mugisha-Kamatenesi, M.,

5Mihale, J.M. and

6Torto, B.

1Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, Kenya.

2Department of Crops,

Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University, Kenya.3Department of Physical Sciences,

University of Kabianga, Kenya.4Division of Medical Ethnobotany and Product Development,

Department of Biological Sciences, Makerere University, Uganda.5Department of Physical

Sciences, Open University of Tanzania, Tanzania.6Behavioural and Chemical Ecology

Department, ICIPE, Nairobi, Kenya


Abstract

Cupressus lusitanica and Eucalyptus saligna extracts/whole plants are used by smaller-holder

farmers tocontrol insect pests in the East African region without knowledge on chemical

composition, dosage rates, bioactivity and biosafety. Plant part (leaf, fruit and bark) essential

oils of C. lusitanica and E. saligna growing in three geographic locations in Kenya were

obtained by hydro-distillation with leaves yielding the highest amount of oil (0.13-0.38 %).

GC/-MS analysis of C. lusitanica leaf oils showed monoterpenes -phellandrene α-

3-careneand α-pinene (14.5 %) dominated in Busia, Kericho and Njoro,

respectively. Fruit oils from Busia, Kericho and Njoro were α-pinene (38.1%), -3-carene

(45.4%) and α-pinene (64.5 %) chemo types, respectively. Bark oils were dominated by α-

pinene (23.9-70.1 %) in all regions. In E. saligna p-cymeneo-

cymeneand o-cymenedominated in Busia, Kericho and Njoro,

respectively. Similarly, in fruit oil sabinene dominated in Busia, o-

cymene in Kericho and 1, 8-cineolein Njoro. As for bark oils, -terpineol

(5.1 %), o-cymene (13.8 %) and camphenilone (16.4 %) were the main constituents in Busia,

Kericho and Njoro, respectively. Essential oil yield and concentration of chemical constituents

varied across plant parts and geographic locations. Oils contained 1, 8-cineole, terpinen-4-ol

,-pinene, -pinene, p-cymen-8-ol, p-cymene, -terpineol and borneol known to have contact

and fumigant toxicity and repellent properties against pests of stored products. Results of

present study point C. lusitanica and E. saligna as potential candidate plants for the

development of newer natural insecticides to be used in management of stored product insect

pests.

Key words: Essential oil, GC-MS, hydro-distillation, Cupressus lusitanica,Eucalyptus

saligna, pesticidal


8

Relationships between Selected Soil Physico-chemical Properties and Bacteria Counts in

Nzoia Sugar Company farms, Kenya.

Kariuki, C W.1, Muia, A. W.

1, Moturi, W N.

1 Ngigi, A N.

2 and Karanja, R.W

3

1Egerton University,

2Multimedia University of Kenya,

3Jomo Kenyatta University of

Agriculture and Technology.


Abstract

Bacterial communities largely influence decomposition, nutrient mineralization and nutrient

cycling and thus contribute to soil and vegetation patterns. Subsurface bacterial communities

may sequester nutrient limited plants. Although studies on examining the factors that

influence the soil microbial communities in various ecosystems are substantial, the factors

driving this biotic community in the Nzoia Sugar company farms have not been studied. In

this study, the importance of soil physico-chemical properties in driving soil bacterial

communities in the Nzoia sugar company farms in Kenya was examined. Soils were collected

from five Sugarcane farms of Nzoia Sugar Company. Results show a large range of variation

in the total bacterial colony counts (6.1 x 105 to 18.7 x 10

5 cfu

-1g of soil). Soil moisture

ranged between 16% and 21%; pH 4.6 to 5.5 and soil temperatures were between 16oC and

28oC. Data of the present study revealed that number of total viable bacterial count was

significantly and positively correlated to pH, with r = 0.549, indicating that pH was a major

driving factor of bacterial communities in Sugarcane farms of Nzoia Sugar Company. Results

also showed significant differences in viable bacterial counts among the farms. Such

differences in the bacterial population size between these farms might be related to change in

soil properties due to human activities mainly agricultural practices.

Key word: Bacteria counts, Physico-chemical properties, Nzoia Sugar company farms.


9

Evaluation of Selected Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) Genotypes for Resistance

to Insect Pest Complex in Dry Areas of North Rift valley, Kenya.

J. J. Cheboi1, P. K. Kimurto

2, M. G. Kinyua

1, O.K Kiplagat

1, B. K. Towett

2, S. C. Kirui

3,

and N. V. P. R Gangarao4

1Department of Biotechnology, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125-30100 Eldoret, Kenya;

2Department of Crops, horticulture and Soils, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115

Egerton, Kenya; 3Department of Biological Science, Maasai Mara University, P.O. Box 861

Narok, Kenya; 4International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT),

P.O Box 39063 – 00623 Nairobi, Kenya


Abstract

Pigeon pea is an important pulse crop that has gained importance in semi-arid tropics,

although its yield potential has not been fully realized due to biotic and abiotic stresses that

limit its production. Insect pest complex of pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera), sucking bug

(Clavigralla tomentosicollis) and pod fly (Melanagromyza cholcosoma) are the major

limiting factors to its production causing up to 100% yield loss. The objective of this study

was to evaluate resistant genotypes to insect pest complex in dry parts of North Rift Valley

Kenya. The study was carried out in three sites (Kenya Agricultural Livestock Research

Organization- Marigat, Agricultural Training Centre-Koibatek and Fluorspar-Chepsirei) for

one season during long rain of April-November 2014 growing season. Sixteen ICRISAT elite

genotypes were evaluated in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 75cm inter and

25cm intra spacing. Significant (P≤0.05) differences in grain yield performance, incidence

and severity of the insect pests were revealed in all sites. The damage was more severe in

Marigat (Pod borer-37.2%, Sucking bug-39.3% and pod fly-5.9%) than ATC- Koibatek (Pod

borer-1.9%, Sucking bug-8.4% and pod fly-5.9%) and Fluorspar (Pod borer-3.6%, Sucking

bug-6.8% and pod fly-2.9%). Genotypes ICEAPs 00850R, 00902, 01541 and 1154-2 showed

potential levels of resistance to the insect pest complex and high yields. Grain yield

associated negatively (P≤0.05) with pod borer and sucking bug damage correlated non-

significantly with pod fly damage. The potential genotypes identified in this study need to be

further evaluated in two seasons and in other multi-locations to validate these findings to be

used in breeding.

Key words: Pigeon pea; insect pest complex; resistance; yield potential; yield loss


10

Effects of Weeding and Planting Methods on Performance of New Rice for Africa

(NERICA) in Kerio valley and Marigat, Kenya

Chepkwony, E.K., Bii, W.K., Ngode L., and Auma, E.O.

University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125 - 30100, Eldoret, Kenya


Abstract

The New Rice for Africa (NERICA) which is an upland rice developed to solve the food

crisis has been adopted by farmers in Kerio Valley and Marigat. However, the yields are low

due to poor weeding and wrong choice of planting methods and varieties. As a result their

effects on performance of NERICA varieties have not been documented. Attempts have been

made to control the weeds but effectiveness of the methods used is not well understood. The

experiment is being carried out in two sites; Kerio Valley in Keiyo South Sub-county and

Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) - Perkerra in Marigat Sub-county. The

objective is to investigate the effects of weeding and planting methods on performance of

NERICA varieties. The two areas are classified as Arid and Semi-arid Lands of Kenya

(ASAL‟s). Two planting methods (Drilling and Broadcasting), two levels of weeding (No

weeding and weeding done) and two varieties (NERICA 4 and NERICA 11) are used. The

trial is a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experiment laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design

(RCBD). The treatments are replicated 3 times and each plot measures 4 m x 3 m. The

parameters being monitored include scoring of weeds, plant height, number of tillers and the

grain yield. The data obtained will be subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the

means of effects of treatments compared using Dunnett or Tukey‟s HSD Test. The expected

results of the experiment will be used to assess the effects and the need for proper weed

control and the right choice of planting methods and varieties for Kerio Valley and Marigat,

Kenya. Hence reduction of food insecurity in the two areas and other ASAL‟s.

Key words: upland rice, NERICA, weed control


11

The Distribution of Tea Weevils (Curculionids) in Eastern Kenya Region.

Evelyn Cheramgoi1, Fred M. E. Wanjala

2, Vincent Sudoi

3 John Wanyoko

4, Simon

Ochanda1, Henrick Ruto

4

1Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization-Tea Research Institute, P.O.

Box 820-20200, Kericho; 2School of Science Department of Biological Sciences, School

of Science, Moi University, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya; 3School of Environmental

Studies, Department of Environmental Biology and Health, Moi University, P.O. Box

3900, Eldoret; 4Tea Processing and Value Addition Programme, Kenya Agricultural and

Livestock Research Organization-Tea Research Institute , P.O. Box 820-20200, Kericho.


Abstract

Two curculionid weevils namely: Entypotrachelus meyeri [Micans/Kolbe] (Kangaita weevil)

and Sphrigodes mixtus [Hustache] (Nyambene weevil) defoliate tea bushes and affect tea

production. Studies were conducted on these pests on prevalence and distribution. In this

regard, a modeling exercise was undertaken to determine weevil distribution and determine

potentially risky areas using Geographical Information System (GIS) with reference to

rainfall, temperature and agro-ecological zones (AEZ) as parameters which influence weevil

incidence. A digital 1:50,000 topographic map sheet of the tea growing region, which has the

study area, Global Positioning system (GPS), Computer hardware and software (Esri‟s

ArcInfo ArcGIS software at Version 10.1) were used for mapping and developing a digital

tea weevil distribution map. Data on Annual average rainfall, Annual Average mean daily

temperature and Agro-ecological zones data (the spatial reference data) was derived from a

research done by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 2005

under the AFRICOVER Project. These data sets were layered to show all potential weevil

prone areas. To determine the coverage or extent on the ground and the surrounding areas, a

survey was conducted on the ground. Farms were sampled within at least a radius of 1000m

from where they have been reports of tea weevil occurrence. Coordinates of the boundaries

where weevils are found were recorded and inserted into a digitized Eastern region map. The

risk assessment made to determine whether the weevil species can enter and establish in new

areas indicated that based on agro-ecological zone I and climatic conditions, (temperature

(13.5-23.5oC) and rainfall (1000-2700mm)), 266,399 ha of tea were at risk to weevils

infestation in Eastern tea growing region of Kenya (East of Rift). The study found that the

weevil species distribution was site specific for E. meyeri while S. mixtus was not. The most

prevalent weevil was the S. mixtus found in an estimate of 5,135 ha against E. meyeri in

1,231 ha.

Key words: Weevils, rainfall, temperature, ecological zone.


12

Lippia kituiensis, Salvia nilotica and Pittosporum viridiflorum Acaricidal Secondary

Metabolites

Christine T. Nyabayo1, Josphat C. Matasyoh

1, Charles M Mwendia

2

1Department of Chemistry, Egerton University;

2Department of Biochemistry,

Egerton University

Email: [email protected], Tel: +254718965950

Abstract

East Coast Fever, a very challenging disease vectored by ticks is associated with losses

amounting to US$34 million among the smallholder farmersin Kenya annually. Furthermore,

the synthetic acaricides are costly, have reduced activity because of resistance, and reported

residues in food.Therefore, most pastoralists have resorted to the use of plant-based

acaricides that are biodegradable and offer a reliable and cheap alternative. In this research,

we sort to determine the acaricidal activity of secondary metabolites from Lippia kituiensis,

Pittosporum viridiflorum and Salvia nilotica against Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. From P.

viridiflorum, three pentacyclic triterpenes; Oleanolic acid, 3, 22, 28-Trihydroxyolean-12-ene

and Amyrin acetate were isolated andshowedlarvicidalactivity with LC50/LC90values of

89.9/150.9, 88.4/148.1, 96.6/164.7 at 48h and 64.0/106.4 , 53.1/81.8, 56.2/90.5 at 72 h

respectively. From L. kituiensis, two lupane type molecules; 1, 2, 18 Trihdroxylupeol and 1,

2, 6, 18-Tetrahydroxylupeol were isolated and showed larvicidal activity with LC50/LC90

of38.9/58.3, 34.2/54.4 at 48h and 29.5/49.1,24.8/40.8 at 72 h respectively. Analysis of S.

nilotica essential oil was found to be dominated with monoterpenes (39.4%) and

sesquiterpenes (27.2%). The essential oil was active against the larvae and the adults of R.

appendiculatus with LC50/LC90 values of 1.84/3.31, 1.67/3.09, 1.47/3.02, 1.37/2.85, 1.37/2.55

mg/ml and 3.87/5.82, 2.67/4.65, 2.20/4.10, 2.08/3.77 mg/ml at 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours

respectively. These results validate the use of these compounds as leads in the development

of effective and target specific acaricides.

Key words: Acaricidal, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, secondary metabolites, oleanolic acid


13

Adoption and Impact of Maize Technology Bundles on Household Production and Food

Security in Kenya

Njue Eric, Timothy Njagi and Mary Mathenge

Egerton University, Tegemeo Institute, Nairobi

Email: [email protected]; Tel +254725276822

Abstract

While agriculture remains the mainstay of Kenya, her food systems faces a myriad of

challenges hence food security has remained on top of development agenda. Extreme weather

events coupled with rapid population growth have exacerbated food insecurity status thereby

increasing the burden of malnutrition. Nonetheless, persistent food insecurity is largely

attributed to low agricultural productivity hence there is no doubt that farmers will rely more

on technology to boost productivity. While it is agreed that agricultural innovations are

needed to stimulate crop productivity, empirical evidence in Kenya show that maize

productivity per acre has stagnated overtime while output has been declining against the

increasing demand for the commodity despite past efforts to promote adoption of modern

farming technology. This has transformed Kenya into a net maize grain importer. Our study

sought to provide a link between food security and adoption of technology bundle(s) that

have high probability of increasing household‟s food availability and access. We use two-

year panel data from 1800 households in a randomized evaluation of mid-altitude hybrid

maize in Central and Western Kenya. Our findings show the key drivers of adoption of

different maize technology bundles are education (both formal and extension-led training),

credit access and altitude. Furthermore adoption of both improved seed and fertilizer has the

greatest impact on household food security but fertilizer component is critical even without

the improved seed. Increasing food available per capita will therefore necessitate a paradigm

shift to overcome yield stagnation. Policy options need to be evaluated well when promoting

interventions that aims at raising productivity and these include promotion technologies that

complement each other to boost crop yields and diversification of technology options.

Similarly, the policy framework must be sensitive to specific needs of the farm population

especially female farmers since they are a major source of farm workforce.

Key words: Food Security; Maize; Technology Bundle; Generalized Multinomial Logit;

Kenya


14

Susceptibility of Geographically isolated Populations of the Tomato Red Spider Mite

(Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard) to commonly used Acaricides on Tomato Crops

in Kenya.

F.J. Toroitich 1, M. Knapp

2, J. H. Nderitu

3, F. M. Olubayo

3, M. Obonyo

4

1Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, Kenya;

2Koppert Biological

Systems, Postbus, Berkel en Rodenrijs, Netherlands; 3Department of Plant Sciences and Crop

Protection, University of Nairobi, Kenya; 4Department of Biochemistry& Molecular Biology,

Egerton University, Kenya

E-mail [email protected]; Tel: 0722-274454

.

Abstract

Farmers in Kenya continue to raise concerns of difficulty in managing, Tetranychus evansi,

the most widespread dry season pest of tomatoes using commonly available acaricides. This

pest species is widespread in Africa, as well as parts of Europe and Asia. In this study, four

populations of T. evansi were collected from farms in representative tomato growing areas of

Kenya (Loitoktok, Kibwezi, Athi-River and Subukia) and their performance compared to a

laboratory culture (ICIPE) that had been maintained for three years without exposure to

acaricides. Susceptibility of T. evansi to Brigade (bifenthrin), Dimethoate (dimethoate),

Karate (lambda-cyhalothrin), Kelthane (dicofol), Omite (propargite) and Polytrin

(profenofos+cypermethrin) was tested in the laboratory using respective manufacturer's

recommended concentrations. Dimethoate resulted in variable ovicidal mortality while

Kelthane, Brigade, Omite and Polytrin resulted in high mortality across all populations.

Similarly, adult contact and residual mortality was lower than the other chemicals when

exposed to Dimethoate regardless of the location. On the other hand, Kelthane was most

lethal against mites from all populations follosed by Brigade and Polytrin in that order. Omite

caused significantly lower mortality on mites from Subukia while Karate produced variable

effects on mites from Kibwezi, Loitoktok and Subukia. The implications of these findings are

further discussed.

Key words: Tetranychus evansi, Susceptibility, acaricides, tomato


15

Demand System for Fresh African Indigenous Vegetables among Rural and Urban

Consumers in Kenya

Eric O. Gido1,2

, Oscar I. Ayuya2, Hillary K. Bett

2, George Owuor

2 and Wolfgang

Bokelmann1

1Department of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin,

Unter den Linden 6 10099 Berlin, Germany; 2Department of Agricultural Economics and

Agribusiness Management, Egerton University, P.O. BOX 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya.


Abstract

This study aimed at providing empirical evidence on the changes in demand and consumption

patterns for fresh African indigenous vegetables (AIVs) among rural and urban households in

Kenya. Using a multistage sampling technique a sample of 450 rural and urban respondents

from four counties in Kenya. A Linear Approximate Almost Ideal Demand System

(LA/AIDS) was estimated using a Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) method, to

generate vegetable demand elasticities and also evaluate the effect of household socio-

demographics on vegetable budget shares. For comparison purposes, exotic vegetables were

included in the analysis. Education and awareness of the healthy nature of AIVs, among

others, influenced vegetable consumption patterns. Cross price elasticities indicated that,

vegetables substituted each other more than they would complement while own price

elasticities indicated that the price effect contributes a higher proportion to changes in

demand than the income effect. However, vegetable consumption would still increase with a

future increases in household‟s income. Moreover, expenditure elasticities classified cowpea

and spider plant as necessary vegetables to the household diet. Therefore implementation of

price policies in favour of consumers as well as designing programmes that would effectively

improve consumers‟ awareness of AIVs, especially among more educated people, would

enhance their demand in Kenya.

Key words: African indigenous vegetables, demand elasticities, LA/AIDS, vegetable

demand system


16

Effects of Blanching time/temperature combinations on the Microbial quality and

storage quality of Solar-dried Indigenous Leafy Vegetables in Kenya

1Esther W. Njoroge,

1Joseph Matofari,

2Richard M.S. Mulwa and

1Joseph Anyango

1Department of Dairy and Food Science and Technology, Egerton University,

2 Department of

Crops, Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University

Email: [email protected] (+254) 723 370 852,

Abstract

There is glut production of indigenous leafy vegetables (ILVs) during rainy seasons and poor

storage systems leading toscarcity of the ILVs in the dry seasons. Currently limited

preservation is employed involving boiling of ILVs and open sun drying, a practice that is

inappropriate and done under unhygienic conditions. There have been no studies on suitable

combinations of blanching and solar drying protocols for preservation of ILVs. This study

was conducted to determine the effects of controlled blanching time/temperature

combinations followed by solar-drying on the microbial quality and on three months storage

of selected ILVs with a view to finding a suitable preservation technique. Three common

ILVs in Kenya, spiderplant (Cleome gynandra), slenderleaf (Crotalaria ochroleuca) and

cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) were used in this study. The Vegetables were grown at Egerton

University‟s horticulture teaching and research station and harvested after 4 weeks. Two

blanching conditions (80oC/10 min and 90

oC/5 min) followed by solar-drying were tested.

Boiling at 100oC for 30 min, followed by open sun-drying was used as a control, while

conventional oven drying of the ILVs was used as a standard for comparison. Analyses on

fresh, blanched-dried and 3 months stored ILVs were done to determine total viable, yeast

and mould and coliform counts. Microbial loads werelowest (log10 5.0-6.3 cfu/g) in solar

dried ILVs blanched at 90oC/5 min. Open sun-dried ILVs recorded higher levels (log10 6.4-

6.7 cfu/g) of microbial loads. Total viable counts for solar dried ILVs increased from log10

5.5 cfu/g to6.3 cfu/g during storage period, while there were minor increases in yeast and

mould counts (log10 1.2 to log10 1.4 cfu/g) for the solar-dried ILVs. This research indicates

that controlled blanching followed by solar drying reduces the number of microbial loads,

thus it is a potential preservation technique for ILVs in Kenya.

Key words: Blanching time/temperature, Microbial quality, Storage quality, Solar-drier,

Indigenous leafy vegetables.


17

Improving Shelf-life and Carotenoid Content of Vegetable Amaranth (Amaranthus

cruentus L.) cv. Olevolosi using short-term Pre-harvest UV-B application

Elisha O. Gogo.1,2

, Arnold M. Opiyo1, Christian Ulrichs

2, and Susanne Huyskens-Keil

2

1Egerton University, Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soils, P.O. Box 536, 20115

Egerton, Kenya.2Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences, Division of

Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Lentzeallee 55-57, 14195 Berlin, Germany

Email: [email protected] Mobile: +254 721 205 576

Abstract

Vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) has the potential of creating employment

opportunities especially for youth and women, in addition to its nutritional and health

benefits. However, the vegetable often suffer heavy post-harvest losses (˃50%). Physical

elicitors like UV-B are known to activate plant defense systems hence increasing antioxidant

compounds (e.g. carotenoids) in plant tissue. The study sought to evaluate response of

vegetable amaranth to short-term pre-harvest UV-B application. Vegetable amaranth cv.

Olevolosi were grown under greenhouse conditions. UV-B was applied to 4 and 6 weeks old

plantsat 0.54 kJm-2

and 1.08 kJm-2

whileplants with no UV-B application served as control.

The plants were harvested 8 weeks after sowing and stored at 20˚C and 60% relative

humidity (retailer‟s simulation condition) for 4 days. Dry weight, weight loss, carotenoids

(lycopene, lutein and β-carotene), and chlorophylls were evaluated. Both at harvest and 4

days after storage, lower UV-B (0.54 kJm-2

) resulted to significantly higher dry weight(7.7-

17.9%) content and reduced weight loss (7.6-17.8%)at 4 and 6 weeks of treatment application

compared to the control. At harvest, carotenoids and chlorophylls evaluated were not

significantly different among the treatments at 4 weeks of treatment application while at 6

weeks, moderate UV-B (1.08 kJm-2

) resulted to higher lycopene (11.8%), lutein (12.8%), β-

carotene (11.5%), chlorophyll a (12.5%) and b (20.0%) content compared to the control.

However, 4 days after storage, control had significantly higher lycopene (20.1%), lutein

(28.9%), β-carotene (28.1%), chlorophyll a (22.6%) and b (15.4%),at 4 weeks of treatment

application compared to the UV-B treatments. The findings demonstrate the potential of

using short-term pre-harvest UV-B dosage application to improve shelf-life and bioactive

compounds of vegetable amaranth. This could be a vital step in improving living standards

and food security in sub-Saharan Africa, especially Kenya.

Key words: Amaranthus spp., Vegetable Quality, UV-B Irradiation, Secondary Metabolites


18

Cane Yield and Juice Volume are Significant Determinants of Ethanol Yield from

Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolour L. Moench).

Justice K. Rono1, Erick K.Cheruiyot

2, Jacktone O. Othira

1, James Owuoche

2

1Egerton University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, P.O Box 536-

20115, Egerton, Kenya; 2Egerton University, Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soil,

P.O Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya


Abstract

Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolorL. Moench) contains fermentable sugars in stem which can

be converted to ethanol. The current study aimed at evaluating performance of three sweet

sorghum genotypes with five checks and contributes towards availing suitable sweet sorghum

for industrial ethanol production. Field studies were carried out in Kenya at varied locations

in randomized complete block design with three replications. Sorghum were harvested at

hard dough stage of grain and evaluated for cane yield, juice volume and fermented to

ethanol. Analyses of variance using SAS version 9.1 showed significant effect of genotype

for morphological characters and ethanol yield. Genotype EUSS10 produced highest cane

(27.4 T/Ha) and juice yield (7806.7 L/Ha) whereas ACFC003/12 recorded maximum ethanol

yield (423.1 L/Ha). In all sites, the maximum plant height and days to 50% heading

corresponded to EUSS10 whereas brix and total sugar corresponded to SS04. Highest grain

yield and non-reducing sugar was recorded by SS17 and SS21, respectively. The results of

this study show that though brix and total sugars are desirable for ethanol yield, cane yield

and juice volume of sweet sorghum determines the ultimate volume of ethanol.

Key words: sweet sorghum; genotypes; stalk juice; ethanol


19

Adaptability and Stability Study of Selected Sweet Sorghum Genotypes under different

Environments using AMMI analysis and GGE Biplots

Justice K. Rono1, Erick K. Cheruiyot

2, Jacktone O. Othira

1, James Owuoche

2, Virginia

W. Njuguna2

1Egerton University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, P.O Box 536-

20115, Egerton, Kenya; 2Egerton University, Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soil,

P.O Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya

Email: [email protected], 0722359310

Abstract

The genotype and environment interaction manipulates the selection criteria of sorghum

genotypes. Eight sweet sorghum genotypes were evaluated at five different locations in two

growing seasons of 2014. The aim was to explore the adaptation and identify best genotypes

for bioethanol production in Kenya. A randomized complete block design was employed with

three replications. Sorghum canes were harvested at hard dough stage of grain and juice was

extracted then it was fermented to obtain ethanol. Yield data was analyzed using the additive

main effect and multiplication interaction model (AMMI) and Genotype plus genotype by

environment (GGE) biplot. The combined analysis of variance of cane and juice yield of

sorghum genotypes showed that sweet sorghum genotypes were significantly (P<0.05)

affected by environments (E), genotypes (G), and genotype by environment interaction

(GEI). GGE biplot showed high yielding genotypes EUSS10, ACFC003/12, SS14 and

EUSS11 for cane yield; EUSS10, EUSS11 and SS14 for juice yield and EUSS10, SS04,

SS14 and ACFC003/12 for ethanol yield. Genotype SS14 and SS17 were low yielding and

showed general adaptability for both cane and juice yield whereas SS17 was widely adapted

for ethanol yield. The mean yield value of genotypes averaged over environments indicated

that EUSS10 had highest cane yield (26.91 t/ha) and juice yield (7807l/ha) while

ACFC003/12 had highest ethanol yield (423.1l/ha). Genotype EUSS10 exhibited specific

adaptation to favorable environments and is the promising genotype of superior performance

for ethanol production.

Key words: sweet sorghum, G x E interaction, cane yield, ethanol yield


20

Sub-cellular Localization and Hypersensitive Reaction Analyses of the Hsp70 Gene of

Tomato Chlorosis Virus

1,2Miriam Karwitha,

2Xiaojiao Chen,

2Yan Shen and

2Xiaorong Tao

1Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soils Egerton University, P.o Box 536-20115,

Egerton-Kenya; 2Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests,

Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University,

Nanjing 210095, China

E-mail: [email protected], Tel: 254 704 245 163

Abstract

Closteroviridae is the only viral family coding for a homolog of Heat shock proteins 70

(HSP70). Heat shock proteins belong to a subset of cellular proteins that have a broad

spectrum of functions including structural, transcriptional and enzymatic. HSP70 homolog of

Tomato Clorosis Virus (ToCV) is encoded by ORF 2 of RNA 2 and is conserved among

criniviruses. HSP70 likely associates with virion tails and is involved in virion assembly and

cell-to-cell movement based on homology with CTV and beet yellows virus. Synergistic

interaction between ToCV and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in tomato results in

dramatic increase in symptom severity was observed in plants of a susceptible cultivar after

simultaneous inoculation of both viruses, leading to a rapid death of plants. While, pre-

infection with ToCV of tomato cultivars resistant to TSWV resulted in loss of TSWV

resistance. Resistance in tomato to infection with strains of TSWV involves a local hyper-

sensitive response (HR). Previous studies indicated that NSm which is TSWV movement

protein and dominant resistance gene Sw5 in tomato are involved in HR induction. This

study analyzed the Hsp70 gene sub cellular localization and hypersensitive reaction of

Tomato Chlorosis Virus using Nicotiana benthamiana as a model. The study revealed that the

interaction of Hsp70 ToCV movement protein with Nsm and Sw5b could stop the production

of HR which is normally observed when Nsm and Sw5b interact. Also the addition of DnaJ

(a Hsp70 co-chaperone and plant protein) could not induce HR while the interaction between

Nsm, Sw5b and DnaJ induced HR in the absence of Hsp70. This is the first report for the

Crinivirus Hsp70 homology localization in the nuclear and endoplasmic reticulum based on

snapshots of representative confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images. The

intracellular localization of Hsp70 of ToCV in the endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus

provides clues as to the additional functions of Hsp70 and mechanisms of their interaction

with the cell components.

Key words: Crinivirus, Hsp70, Hyper-sensitive response, intracellular localization, Tomato

Clorosis Virus


21

Control of chickpea root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Nakuru County, Kenya

using poultry manure

Kimani, I.M., Muthamia, J. M. and Otaye, D.O.

Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya

E-mail: [email protected] Tel. +254729354550

Abstract

Chickpea is a source of food and nutrients to farmers. Chickpea growth and yield production

is affected by root knot nematodes. Loss of yields from chickpeas is estimated to be in the

billions annually. Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanese) was used to study the control of root knot

disease in chickpea. The study was done in a glasshouse. Completely random design was

used. Treatments had eight replicates and uninoculated control was treated with distilled

water. The aim of the study was to control root knot nematodes using Sudan grass. There was

significant reduction of root galling, gall index and number of juveniles in the soil at P=0.05

in Sudan grass treatment. Inoculated control recorded highest gall ratings, gall index and

number of juveniles. There was a relationship between gall index and root weights. Roots

with highest and lowest gall index were associated with high and low root fresh and dry

weights respectively. The results of this study confirm the nematicidal effect of poultry

manure and Sudan grass.

Key words: Meloidogyne spp., Sudan grass, Sorghum sudanese


22

Effect of Agrochemical use on Soil Fertility and Contaminants on Tobacco Smallholder

Farms in Migori County, Kenya

Kisinyo Peter Oloo1, Chacha Joseph Sarima

2 and Opala Peter Asborn

2

1Rongo University College, Rongo, P.O. Box 103-40404, Rongo, Keny;

2Maseno

University, P.O. Box, Private Bag, Maseno, Kenya

Email: [email protected] / [email protected]. Tel: +254723320168

Abstract

Majority of tobacco production (80%) in Kenya are in Migori and Homa Bay Counties.

Tobacco production has led to deforestation, soil erosion and soil fertility depletion. Its

production requires a lot of agrochemicals, both fertilizers and pesticides. The study

determined the effect of tobacco cultivation on soil fertility and contamination by heavy

metals in some smallholder farms in Migori County, Kenya. In February 2014, soil samples

were taken from four sub-counties (Uriri, Suna East, Suna West and Kuria West), Migori

County on farms where tobacco was harvested in December, 2013. Nine sub-samples were

taken in a zig - zag manner from each farm, thoroughly mixed to make a composite sample

and about 1.0 kg was sent to the laboratory soil fertility (N, P, K, pH and C) and heavy metals

(Cd, Pb, Co, Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni and Zn) analysess. The soils had low pH < 6.0 and K (< 0.5

mg/kg soil due to leaching of the base cations by high rainfall. Both N (< 0.25%) and C (<

4%) were low due to leaching high rainfall, high rate of organic matter decomposition and

feeding food crop residue to livestock. Soil P was low probably due to its fixation by Al and

Fe oxides. They had heavy metals contamination with moderate levels (contamination factor

(CF) of 1 ≤ CF ≤ 3) of Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu and Co. Contamination from Zn, Mn and Ni was low

(< 1). Low soil fertility makes these soils unable to produce high crop yields. Use of

pesticides in tobacco may lead contamination of food crops normally planted after its

harvests which may cause health problems in animals consuming them.

Key words: Soil, fertility, heavy metals, tobacco

mailto:[email protected]%20/


23

Co-inoculation of Rhizobia and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria effects on Common

Bean Production in a Low Phosphorus Soil

Korir, H.1, Mungai, N. W

1., Masso, C.

2, Thuita, M.

2 and Hamba, Y.

2

1Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University, P. O. Box 536 Egerton,

Kenya; 2 International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nairobi, Kenya.

E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +254-725-018-115.

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) fixation by legume-Rhizobium symbiosis is important to agricultural

productivity and is therefore of great economic interest. Growing evidence indicates that

other soil beneficial bacteria can positively affect symbiotic performance of rhizobia. The

effect of co-inoculation with phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and rhizobium, on

nodulation and growth of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was investigated using a low

phosphorous soil under greenhouse conditions. PSB strains were isolated from common bean

nodules from Nakuru County in central Rift valley in Kenya. The PSB strains were

molecularly characterized using 16S rDNA partial gene sequencing. The PSB strains

Paenibacillus polymyxa and Bacillus megaterium as well as two rhizobia strains and one

reference rhizobia strain (CIAT 899) were used in this study. Common bean seeds of two

varieties were inoculated with Rhizobium strains singly or in a combination with PSB to

evaluate their effect on nodulation and growth parameters. A significant variation in plant

growth resulted from inoculation with Rhizobium strains. Further, co-inoculation of the

rhizobia with PSB significantly increased nodule number and weight, and shoot and root dry

weight. Co-inoculation with Rhizobium and PSB demonstrated a significant increase in the

proportion of growth of common bean. These results indicate that PSB strains have potential

to enhance the symbiotic potential of rhizobia. Testing of the PGPR under field conditions

will further elucidate their effectiveness on the growth and ultimate yield of common bean.

Key words: Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria

(PGPR), Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB), Rhizobia


24

Dairy Cattle Feeding for Product Quality and environmental resilience: A Literature

Review

Francesca N. Lusweti

Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Food Crops Research Institute,

Kitale. P. O. Box 450-30200, Kitale

Email: [email protected], Tel. 0722 633 140

Abstract

As the society changes its eating habits, farmers will have to respond and adapt to new

market needs. The approach to research will also have to change to address farmers‟ needs.

The implications on feeding of livestock are that nutrient composition of the final product has

to be kept in mind. Already these changes in the researchers‟ outlook are seen in the current

research publications. This review focuses on the effects of dairy cattle feeding on the fatty

acid profile of milk, and on methane production. Particularly, feed additives that alter the

fatty acid profile of the product have been investigated with the aim of reducing trans fatty

acids, which have been associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease, the

worldwide leading cause of death. The rumen fermentation and biohydrogenation process

can affect the quantities of trans fatty acids. Furthermore, the type of feed must take in

consideration the question of environmental resilience especially as regards greenhouse gas

emission. Ruminants, and especially dairy cattle have been referred to as the „big culprits‟

when it comes to greenhouse gas emission. The type of feeding regime preferred must

therefore reduce the greenhouse gas emission as much as possible. This is seen in some of

the papers reviewed here where several additives are being tested in their efficacy in reducing

rumen methane. The major approach seems to be to reduce the populations of methanogenic

bacteria in the rumen. Some promising additives identified include ionophores and other

antimicrobial substances that target the ruminal bacterial population, increasing production

efficiency, while reducing methane emissions.

Key words: feed additives, fatty acid profile, rumen methane


25

On-farm Feed Handling Practices and their association with growth of Mycotoxin

Producing Molds in Animal Feeds at Rural and Peri-urban Dairy Sub-value Chains in

Nakuru County, Kenya.

1Makau Caroline

1 Matofari Joseph,

1Muliro Patrick,

2Bebe Bockline

1Egerton University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Dairy & Food Science and

Technology; 2Egerton University, Animal Science Department, Box 536 Njoro, Kenya.

Email:[email protected]

Abstract

Smallholder dairying is dependent on stall feeding, using cultivated fodder and crop residues.

Due to seasonal fluctuations, farmers resort to formulating farm crop residues as animal feeds

using several methods and occasionally buy commercial feeds from local agro-vets of

unknown quality. The practices or methods used to make these fodder, store and feed the

dairy animal‟s on-farm may pose a safety risk of mycotoxins to the dairy cow and animal

products, hence a public health concern. This study aimed at documenting the farmers

practices of handling on-farm animal feeds and how the prevailing environmental physico-

chemical parameters influence the growth of mycotoxin producing fungi (molds).A

structured questionnaire was used to collect data on practices. On- farm environmental

physico-chemical parameters were taken, including; pH, aw, moisture content of feeds and

temperature of storage. Feed samples were collected to enumerate for the mycotoxin

producing molds. A total of 120 farmers were interviewed for on-farm practices and 97 feed

samples were collected for mold enumeration. Documentation data was analyzed using SAS

9.1.3 version and feed samples were cultured on selective media for the isolation of

mycotoxin producing molds and the cultural parameters were compared with those of the

environment where the feed samples were collected. Storage facilities in 18% of farmers‟

homes were in poor condition for use of storage of animal feeds with 12% of farmers keeping

animal feeds on the floor under humid conditions. Water activity negatively correlated mold

count (r= -0.388, p<0.001). This was because of the highest mold growth was obtained in

dairy commercial feeds that had low water activity levels of an average of 0.64. Results

showed that Aspergillus spp. 77%, and fusarium spp. 70%, the main toxigenic fungi were the

prevalent genera respectively. Feed contamination on- farm with mycotoxic fungi is primarily

due to poorly constructed storage facilities.

Key words: Aspergillus, Fusarium, Animal feeds, mycotoxins


26

Economic factors affecting Smallholder Maize Farmers’ Adoption of Fertilizer use in

Uasin Gishu County

1, 4Korir, M.,

1Ng’etich, N.,

1, 4Bor, E.K.,

2, 4Birech, R.J.,

1Murenga, H.M. and

3, 4Digo,

C.A.

1 Department of Peace, Security and Social Studies, Egerton University;

2 Department of

Crops, Horticulture and Soil Sciences, Egerton University; 3 Department of Human Nutrition,

Egerton University; 4

Smallholder Farmers Access to Phosphorus Fertilizer (SMAP), Global

TraPs

Email: [email protected], Tel: 0725720974.

Abstract

Majority of the rural Kenyans‟ especially the smallholder maize farmers, depend on farming

as their sources of livelihoods. Due to small sizes of farms and declining soil fertility, farmers

have been prompted to adopt the use of inorganic fertilizer to enhance high yields in their

farms as a source of food and income. Despite the use of fertilizer in maize farming, it has

been observed in the recent past a decline of maize yields per hectare, from about 5 tons to

1.5 tons hence affecting food security. To explore the economic factors that influence the

adoption of fertilizer use among the smallholder maize farmers in Eldoret west sub-county,

156 smallholder maize farmers‟ household heads were sampled. Both descriptive and

inferential statistics were used to examine the economic factors that influence the adoption of

fertilizer use among the smallholder maize farmers. The economic factors explored had an

insignificant relationship with adoption of fertilizer use by the smallholder maize farmers.

However, policy changes are required to (1) To educate the smallholder maize farmers on the

effects of soil acidity on maize farming (2) Government to continue Fertilizer subsidy

program to enable smallholder maize farmers purchase the recommended quantity by the

Ministry of agriculture and (3) reduce the interest rate on agricultural loans to encourage

smallholder maize farmers to use the loans in farming to improve rural livelihoods.

Key words: Economic factors, adoption, fertilizer use, Smallholder maize farmers, food

security and livelihoods.


27

Effect of Cassava Variety and Substitution level on Rheological and Sensory

characteristics of Wheat-Cassava Composite Bread

1Wambua, M.,

1Matofari, J.W.,

1Faraj, A, K. and

2Lamuka, P.O.

1Department of Dairy, Food Science and Technology, Egerton University P.O Box 536,

Egerton, Kenya; 2Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of

Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya

Email: [email protected], +254-724440045

Abstract

The increased cost of wheat flour has necessitated the search for alternative locally available

crop that may provide cheap flour that can be used in the confectionery industry. Cassava

crop has been identified because its flour has great potential to be utilized as a partial

substitution of wheat flour in the baking industry. This study investigated the effects of

variety and substitution level of wheat with cassava flour to have wheat-cassava composite

bread and to be bench-marked with common wheat bread in attributes on the market.

Different flour blends for the different cassava varieties namely; MH95/0183, MH95/0193

and Selele properties were prepared using wheat: cassava flour ratios as follows; 95:5, 90:10,

85:15, 80:20, 75:25 and 70:30, baker‟s flour was used as the control. The protein, moisture

content, water activity and gluten of the flour blends and alveograph properties dough

extensibility, dough strength and deformation energy of the dough blends were determined.

Baking was done using Pup –loaf method, the specific volume, form ratio was calculated and

sensory evaluation was carried out using 25 semi-trained panelists. The protein content,

moisture content, water activity and gluten content reduced with increase in cassava

substitution for all the cassava varieties. There was no significant difference in the proximate

composition of the different varieties at each substitution level. MH95/0183 had better

alveograph properties compared to MH95/0193 and Selele at each substitution level. Selele

had the highest specific volume and form ratio compared to MH95/018 and MH95/0193 at

the different substitution level. Bread made from 5%, 10% and 15% cassava flour didn‟t have

significant differences with the control in terms of sensory attributes. Generally bread baked

from 100% wheat was like most followed by bread baked from Selele. The external loaf

characteristics were the major factors the panelist used to rate the acceptability of the bread.

Key words: Cassava, bread, variety, substitution level


28

An Outlook on the Utilization of Tea Waste as a Livestock and Poultry Feed – Local,

Regional and International Perspectives

K.O. Moseti

Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization – Tea Research Institute (KALRO-

TRI), P.O. Box, 820-20200, Kericho, Kenya

Email: [email protected], Tel: +254 710 398 941

Abstract

There is a gigantic gap that exists between the demand and supply of animal feed and fodder

resources both in quality and quantity globally. This has resulted in livestock feed becoming

a major constraint, especially to small farmer livestock operation. To bridge this gap and for

making the use of unconventional feeds, several agro-industrial by-products, including tea

waste, have been tested for use as a potential source of feeds for the livestock and poultry.

Considering the large scale availability of tea waste locally, regionally and internationally,

the current literature survey examines in detail the extent of utilization of tea waste as a

source of feed for livestock and poultry.

Key words: Factory Tea Waste (FTW); Spent tea; Agro-industrial by-products


29

Potential use of High Value Kenyan Teas in Development of Diversified Products

Augustine M. Muthiani1, 2

, John K.Wanyoko2, Francis N. Wachira

3, Samson M.

Kamunya2, Richard M. Chalo

2, Kimutai Samuel

4 and Karori S. Mbuthia

1

1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O Box 536-

20115, Egerton, Kenya; 2 Tea Research Institute (TRI), P.O. Box 820-20200, Kericho,

Kenya; 3Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa

(ASARECA), P.O Box 765, Entebbe, Uganda; 4Department of Chemistry, Egerton

University, P.O Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya


Abstract

Tea industry in Kenya contributes significantly to the economy by being the largest

agribusiness and a major foreign exchange earner. However, significant revenue is lost

primarily when tea is sold largely in undiversified form. This has created a need to

characterize the available clones for suitability in high value tea product development.

Samples were obtained from 204 tea clones conserved in Kericho and Kangaita substation

and assayed for total polyphenols, catechins, caffeine, anthocyanins, chlorogenic acid and

theanine using reverse phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC). There

was a significant difference (P<0.05) in total phenolic (16.4%- 30.9%) and total catechins

(11.03%-25.42%). Thirty five clones recorded a polyphenol content higher (mean value of

28.45%) than that of the reference clone, TRFK 6/8 (27.4%), an indication of their suitability

in the development of high quality black teas. Fifteen clones were found suitable for the

manufacture of theaflavin-3, 3‟-digallate rich black tea based on their high levels of

Epicatechin gallate (ECG) and Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Clones TRFK 687/1 and

73/7 which had the least caffeine contents (1.96% and 2.04% respectively) were considered

in the manufacture of low-caffeine beverages. Kenyan teas have a remarkable diversity in

biochemical attributes and thus suitable for development of diversified tea products.

Key words: High Value Tea Products; Catechins; Total Polyphenols; Caffeine; Chlorogenic

acid.


30

Preparation and Quality Evaluation of Beef Hams containing Gum Arabic from Acacia

senegal var. kerensis

Johnson K. Mwove1, Lilian A. Gogo

1, Ben N. Chikamai

2, Symon M. Mahungu

1

1Dairy and Food science and Technology Department, Egerton University, PO Box 536 -

20115, Egerton, Kenya; bKenya Forest Research Institute, PO Box 20412 – 00200, Nairobi,

Kenya.

E-Mail: [email protected] Tel +254-714 273 101

Abstract

Beef hams injected with curing brines containing gum arabic from Acacia senegal var.

kerensis were prepared. Samples weighing 3.5 kg were injected at two injection levels (30%

and 35% over green weight) with curing brines containing gum arabic (1.0%. 1.5%, 2.0%,

2.5% and 3.0% of the final product weight) and a non-injected sample as a control. Soy

protein concentrate (SPC) at 3.5% of the final product weight was also prepared for further

comparison. Samples were boiled to a core temperature of 75oC and then cooled to core

temperatures of 4oC. Mean results indicated that the level of gum arabic from Acacia senegal

var. kerensis used in curing brines significantly increased the cook yield and reduced the

extractable moisture in cooked beef hams. The injection of beef with curing brine also

significantly increased the cook yield and the extractable moisture of beef hams as compared

to the non-injected beef samples. Both injection and gum levels had a significant effect on the

proximate composition of the resulting beef hams. Sensory evaluation revealed that samples

containing gum arabic at 2.5% were juicier and comparable to those containing SPC at 3.5%

injection level. Furthermore, these samples had the highest overall preference comparable to

samples injected with curing brines containing SPC.

Key words: Gum arabic, Water holding capacity, Beef hams, Curing brine injection


31

Efficacy of Foliar Fungicide and Seed Treatment on Percentage Disease Incidence (PDI)

Disease Severity Index (DSI) and Area Under Disease Progress Curve of Ascochyta

Blight (Ascochyta rabiei L.)

Nganga1 J.N., Kimurto

1 P.K., Muthamia

2 J.M. and Towett

1 B.K.

1Department of Crops Soils and Horticulture, Egerton University,

2Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University,


Abstract

Ascochyta blight, caused by Ascochyta rabiei L., is the most devastating foliar disease of

chickpea in the dry highlands of Kenya. The efficacy of Azoxystrobin, Difenoconazole,

Azoxystrobin+Difenoconazole and Metalaxyl+Mancozeb was evaluated in field experiments

conducted in two sites over two years. Preliminary studies in the laboratory to determine the

percentage of infection in two seed lots; symptomatic and asymptomatic seeds were

conducted. This was followed by laboratory, greenhouse and field screening of the efficacy

of the four fungicides to reduce incidence and severity of ascochyta blight. The experiments

were laid out as completely randomized design (laboratory assays), completely randomized

block design (greenhouse screening) and split-split plot design in the field trials. Data on

incubation period, percent infection and germination in the laboratory and greenhouse trials

and percent disease incidence (PDI) and disease severity index (DSI) in the field trials were

taken and subjected to analysis of variance using SAS version 9.1.3 (SAS Institute Inc.).

Significant means of the main effect were separated using the Fisher‟s Protected LSD while

significant interactions were separated using the standard errors of the LS means statement of

the PROC GLM procedure. Seed dressing with fungicides significantly increased percent

germination by up to 14.73% for and incubation period (days to development of first

symptoms) by up to 6 days (for asymptomatic seeds) compared to control at P≤0.05. Foliar

application of fungicides was more effective than application as seed dress in reducing

incidence and severity of ascochyta blight in all trials. Azoxystrobin and Difenoconazole

were more efficacious in reducing disease severity and incidence when used as seed dress or

foliar applied compared to Metalaxyl+Mancozeb. The findings suggest that seed dressing

may improve seed germination as well as reduce disease severity to compliment foliar

applied control which is more effective.

Key words: Ascochyta blight, seed dressing, fungicide control, foliar application


32

Ex-post Coping Strategies to Production and Marketing Shocks among African Leafy

Vegetable Farmers in Kenya

E. Ngenoh1, 2

, S. Kebede1, W. Bokelmann

1 and H.K. Bett

2

1Department of Agricultural Economics, Humboldt University of Berlin, Invaliden str. 42,

10115Berlin, Germany; 2Department of Agricultural Economics and Business Management,

Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, 20115Egerton, Kenya;

Email: [email protected] Tel: +254 721 538 378

Abstract

African Leafy Vegetables (ALVs) have a great potential in mitigating malnutrition and

source of households income. However, Production and Marketing Shocks (PMS) have

adversely affects its contribution to household poverty alleviation and food security.

Additionally, there is insufficient evidence as to why households choose to adopt specific

types of coping strategies. This study therefore used two-step Heckman selection model to

determine the factors influencing the decision and the extent of adopting various coping

strategies to PMS among smallholder ALV producers in Kenya. A comprehensive household

survey data from 1232 ALV producers in five counties was used.The results showed that

66% and 11% of surveyed households have reported to face at least one of the PMS,

respectively, while about 77% and 83% of households made the decision to cope with PMS,

respectively. The model estimates show that region, household size, high-valued market

participation, contact with extension services, occupation, access to market information, and

credit access significantly influence the adoption of coping strategies to PMS. Other

important factors include age and education of the household head, number of enterprises,

livestock value, and the type of irrigation system. The study concludes that providing access

to formal insurance, saving and credit to producers offers the opportunity to use market-based

coping strategies that are much more efficient in ex-post coping strategies. In addition,

policies should be put in place to facilitate participation of producers in high value ALV

markets. In addition, increasing access to market information and the number of extension

service contacts need to be encouraged as these increases the probability of undertaking

active coping strategies. Finally, promoting asset accumulation (in terms of higher livestock

value) plays a significant role in providing leverage for households‟ to use more than one

coping strategy that gives them enough option for a better welfare.

Key words: Agricultural Shocks; Ex-post; Coping; African Leafy Vegetables; Household

Livelihoods


33

Indigenous Agricultural Knowledge and Food Security: Prospects and Challenges

Mwangi Nixon Njau

Dept. Philosophy, History & Religious Studies, Egerton University, Kenya

Email: [email protected]; 0723332373

Abstract

Food security has been a major concern since the last century. This is especially the case with

the third world countries in Africa, parts of Asia, and Latin America. Many attempts to

address food insecurity through increased agricultural production for the ever increasing

population have been tried. However, the issue of food insecurity still remains a major global

threat to the livelihood of millions people from the poor regions. Attempt by the scientific

world to introduce crops and animals that are pest and disease resistant, drought resistant,

hybrid varieties and even the controversial genetically modified organisms (GMO) have not

really yielded the desired production levels. There has been almost a universal acceptance

among farmers of all calibers that agricultural production has to be guided by practices and

knowledge that originate from the Western world. This conviction is always done at the

expense of the local knowledge that has guided the local population for ages. As such

indigenous knowledge ends up being subordinated, marginalized and even destroyed yet it‟s

the knowledge that is communicated in the local languages which local farmers can

comprehend and identify with. This paper argues that, food insecurity in Africa as well as in

other third world countries can be addressed if the local people‟s knowledge would be

tapped. Indeed, an articulation of local with exotic knowledge would go a milestone in

addressing agricultural production in third world countries. The paper examines the potential

as well as challenges that face indigenous knowledge in attempt to increase agricultural

production.

Key words: Indigenous Knowledge; Food Security; Challenges; Prospects


34

Cultivation of Indigenous Oyster Mushrooms using different Agricultural Wastes

Njeru, P.W., Wagara, I.N., and Kariuki, S.T.

Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University P.O Box 536, Egerton, Njoro, Kenya

E-mail: [email protected], Tel. +254 710150734

Abstract

Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus species) have the ability to grow on a variety of agricultural

and industrial wastes. Access to affordable and good quality spawn is a major challenge for

the small scale farmers. The aim of this study was, therefore, to test agricultural wastes as

suitable substrates for spawn production of indigenous Pleurotus species. Different

agricultural wastes including straws of wheat, barley and beans, maize cobs and sawdust

were tested individually for spawn production. There was a significant difference at P<0.05

in mycelia colonization period when different spawn types were inoculated on bean and

wheat straw substrates. Bean straw spawn had the lowest colonization period of 23 and was

the best agricultural waste spawn. There was no significant difference on pinning days and

2nd

flush yields of the different types of spawn but there was a significant difference between

maize cob and wheat grain spawn in yields of 1st flush. The results of this study indicate the

suitability of the various agricultural wastes as substrates for indigenous oyster mushroom

spawn production. This will substitute cereal grains like wheat that are currently used as

substrates for spawn production thus increase food security.

Key words; Colonization, indigenous mushrooms spawn, substrates,


35

Optimization of Processing Techniques of selected Coloured Tea Clones in Kenya

S.O. Ochanda1, J.K. Wanyoko

1, S. Kamunya

1, E. Kipsura

1, H, Ruto

1, E. Kilel

2, A.K.

Faraj3, C.A. Onyango

4

1Tea Research Foundation of Kenya, P.O. Box 820-20200, Kericho, Kenya;

2Karatina

University, P.O. Box 1957-10101 Karatina, Kenya; 3Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-

20115, Njoro, Kenya; 4Taita Taveta University College, P. O. Box 635 – 80300, VOI, Kenya.


Abstract

Processing variables on the in-cup chemical composition of tea affects appearance, taste and

health effects which arise from the chemical components extracted from the leaf during tea

preparation. A study was undertaken to determine the effects of aeration, non-aeration, semi-

aeration and non-aeration & sweltering on the polyphenols, catechins, antioxidants colour,

theaflavins, and thearubigins contents of tea extracts. Selected tea varieties including TRFK

305/1,TRFK 306/1, TRFK 306/2, TRFK 306/3, TRFK 306/4, TRFK 6/8, C12, TN14/3 were

used in the research. Biochemical analyses of the quality parameters were done followed by

statistical assay to determine statistical differences. The results show that there are chemical

differences arising from effects of processing methods were significant (P≤0.05). Non-

aeration and sweltering method of processing registered the highest catechins, polyphenols

and antioxidants followed by non-aeration, semi-aeration and aeration methods. On the other

hand aeration method of processing resulted in the highest theflavin, thearubigin and total

colour. The research shows that for the processing of coloured clones non-aeration and

sweltering resulted in the highest catehins with a mean of 15.5%, against 14.6, 10.6 and 8.7

for non-aerated, oolong and aerated teas respectively. Antioxidants were also highest in non-

aerated sweltered teas at 86% followed by 84, 84 and 78% for non-aerated, semi-aerated and

black teas respectively. Liquor colour was rated highest of was highest in non-aerated

sweltered teas, then non-aerated semi aerated and aerated teas respectively. The research

therefore recommends non-aerated sweltered method for processing coloured clones.

Key words: aeration, non-aeration, sweltering, polyphenols, colour


36

Utilizing Sucrose, Agar and Wheat Starch as source of Carbon

S.O. Ochanda1, J.K. Wanyoko

1, AK Faraj

2, C.A. Onyango

3

1Tea Research Foundation of Kenya, P.O. Box 820-20200, Kericho, Kenya;

2Egerton

University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Njoro, Kenya; 3Taita Taveta University College, P. O. Box

635 – 80300, VOI, Kenya.


Abstract

The effect of tea (Camellia sinensis) on the biochemical activities of yeast was determined.

Three brands of saccharomyces cereviciae variety ellipsoidus yeast, 3 carbon sources and 3

types of tea were used. Assays included yeast cell proliferation, sucrose metabolism, alcohol

and carbon dioxide production. The results showed that yeast proliferation significantly

increased (P<0.0001) with the addition of tea and suagr carbon source in the liquid but not in

solid agar media. Yeast brands significantly differed (P<0.0001) in their proliferation rates

with Saf registering 67% followed by angel 39% and furaha at 37%. High sugar registered of

62% over low sugar 33% on proliferation. Tea types did not however significantly differ

(P>0.0001) in their action on yeast. Sugar breakdown-The yeast brands significantly differed

(P<0.0001) in sugar breakdown with Saf registering 61.4% against 60.2% for angel and

60.0% furaha. However teas did not significantly differ (P=0.0032) in their activity with

yeast during sugar breakdown. Ethanol production- There were significant differences

(P<0.0001) between sugar content and ethanol production with higher sugar registering 9.5

against 5.1% for low. Yeasts significantly differed (P<0.0001) in their sugar conversion rate

to alcohol with furaha registering 8.04%, angel 6.94% and saf 6.85%. Teas did not

significantly (P=0067) differ on yeast activity in ethanol production. Carbon dioxide

production significantly differed (P<0.0001) among yeast brands with Saf yeast 1629.5,

angel 1593.2 and furaha 1317.0mL/L. Teas did not differ significantly (P=0.1868) on yeast

activity in carbon dioxide production. Yeats brands differ in sugar breakdown and ethanol

production and tea enhances yeast activity. Tea is recommended for enhancing yeast growth

and activity.

Key words: Tea, yeast, cell growth, sugar, ethanol, Carbon dioxide.


37

Identification of the Crop Management Constraints effects of Climate Change in the

Potato Value Chain in Mauche Ward in Njoro Sub-County in Kenya

1Ooro, P.A;

3Birech, R.;

2Malinga, J.B.;

4Benhard, F.;

5Asch, F.;

5Germer, J.U. and

3Taiy, R.

1KALRO-Food Crops Research Institute, P.O. Njoro -20107;

2KALRO-Food Crops Research

Institute, P.O. Box 450- 30200, Kitale; 3Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton, Kenya;

4University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (Boku), Dep. of Sustainable Agricultural

Systems, Institute of Organic Farming, AUSTRIA; 5University of Hohenheim (UHOH),

Stuttgart Germany

Email: [email protected] Tel: +254-722-462-052

Abstract

Potato is the second most important food crop after maize in Kenya but its production is

currently facing great challenges due to climate variability and change. To understand the

effects of climate change on potato productivity, a baseline survey was conducted in Mauche

in Njoro Sub-County to identify the opportunities and challenges; and suggest possible

climate smart intervention strategies. Various tools were used in the study including

structured questionnaire, key informant interviews and focus group discussions to collect

data. Random sampling method was used to select the sample population of 150 smallholder

potato farmers for the administration of the questionnaires. Focus group discussions (FGDs)

were held with 10 input suppliers, 10 potato traders and 10 transporters. Key informants

interviewed were also conducted with other value chain actors including Agricultural

Development Corporation who is the major supplier of potato seed. Data was analyzed using

SPSS compute package. Results showed that most farmers in Mauche ward grow potatoes in

relatively smaller land sizes (0.1 – 1.0 acres) compared to maize (1 -2 acres). Results further

revealed that pests and diseases are the most frequently occurring as a major climate change

indicators (27.3%) followed by crop yield reduction (15.2%). Farmers mainly time of

planting (24.7%), disease control strategies (26%), crop diversification (16.7%) and planting

of drought tolerant and early maturing potato varieties (15.3%) as coping strategies to climate

change in Mauche area. The information generated from this study was used to develop

climate smart production technologies for implementation in the mother and baby trials at

KALRO Njoro and Mauche ward. Ultimately it is anticipated that the final research results

and innovations developed will used for the advancement of humanity.

Key words: potato value chain; Climate smart; Constraints; interventions


38

Potato Value Chain Analysis in Mauche Ward of Njoro Sub-county, Kenya

Rael Taiy1, Christopher Onyango

2, Agnes Nkurumwa

2, Kibet Ngetich

4, Rhoda Birech

5

Patrick Ooro6

1Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Agricultural Sector Development Support

Programme, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya; 2Egerton University, Department of Agricultural

Education and Extension, Kenya; 3Egerton University, Department of Sociology and

Anthropology, Kenya; 4Egerton University, Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soil

Chemistry, Kenya; 5Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO),

Food Crops Research Institute-Njoro, Kenya

E-mail: [email protected] Phone number: +254722271591

Abstract

A study was conducted in Mauche in Njoro Sub-County to analyse the potato value chain in

order to identify the opportunities and challenges and suggest possible intervention measures.

The study employed a structured questionnaire, key informant interviews and focus group

discussions to collect data. The questionnaire was administered to 150 smallholder potato

farmers randomly sampled. Focus group discussions engaged 10 potato input suppliers, 10

traders and 10 transporters. Key informants interviewed were a major supplier of potato seed

- Agricultural Development Corporation, fabricator of farm machinery - Agricultural

Technology Development Centre and 3 restaurants in Nakuru purposively sampled. The

survey showed that 60% of the farmers were smallholders owning 2-5 acres of land. A

majority of them (90%) used between 0.1 and 1 acre of their land to grow potatoes and

earned KShs 50,000 and 70,000 per year. The study revealed a complicated value chain full

of mistrust. Input suppliers complained of high cost of business licences imposed by the

County Government and credit purchases of inputs by farmers. Constraints cited by farmers

included rampant pests and diseases, high cost of farm inputs, shortage of certified seed,

inadequate potato storage, lack of market information and limited access to the market. These

were aggravated by lack of collective action in input acquisition and marketing, poor linkage

to processors and consumers. Transporters lamented about overloading by traders and high

parking fees imposed by municipal markets. Traders exercised a lot of power in dictating

farm gate prices of extended potato bags. They however complained of losses incurred when

unscrupulous farmers load rotten potatoes in the middle of the bag. Recommendations for

future interventions include formation of farmer cooperatives, contract farming, cottage value

addition and formation of Collective Learning Communities to bring all actors along the

potato value chain to address the constraints together.

Key words: potato value chain, Constraints, interventions


39

Activity of Secondary Metabolites from Hagenia abyssinicca against Plant Bacterial

Pathogens, Xanthomonas campestris pv .phaseoli and Pseudomonas syringae pv.

Pheseolicola.

Regina Chepkorir1, Josphat C. Matasyoh

1, Isabel N. Wagara

2


2Department of Biological sciences,

Egerton University


Abstract

Common bean (Pheseolus vulgaris L.) is an important legume in Kenya and is second only to

maize in importance as a food crop. Bacterial infection of beans severely constraints the

production in Kenya. Farmers for many years have used chemical bactericides for the control

of these diseases which has resulted in adverse effects on environment as well as human

health; there is need for a better and safe ways of controlling these pathogens. The eco-

friendly way of controlling this pathogents is by use of botanicals. This research investigates

the activity of methanol exctracts from the leaves of Hagenia abyssinicca against

Xanthomonas campestris pv. Pheseoli and Pseudomonas syringae pv. Phaseolicola. The disc

diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of the methanol extract

from the leaves of Hagenia abyssinicca. Different concentrations of the methanol extract

were prepared using DMSO. The extract showed inhibitory effects on the visible growth of

both pathogens. At concentration of 3.15mg/ml inhibition zone was visible against

Pseudomonas syringae pv. Phaseoli while Xanthomonas campestris pv. Phaseolicola was at

12.25 mg/ml. Positive control used was Chloramphenicol and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)

was used as the negative control. These results shows that extracts from Hagenia abyssinicca

can be used for the control of the bacterial pathogens.

Key words: Antibacterial, Methanol extract, Hagenia abyssinicca, Xanthomonas campestris

pv. phaseoli, Pseudomonas syringae pv. Pheseolicola.


40

Morpho-Physiological Traits linked to Drought Tolerance in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum

L.)

Muriuki R. W1, Kimurto P. K

1 and Vadez V

2, Towett B.K

1

1 Egerton University, Crops and Soil Science Dept P.0. Box 536 Njoro

2 International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)

Mobile: +254725582692


Abstract

Roots are among the first defence towards drought with other morpho-physiological and

biochemical mechanisms employed by plants. This study determined the root characteristics

associated with water stress tolerance in selected chickpea lines and grain yield performance

under water stress field conditions in ASALs of Kenya. The genotypes were evaluated under

rain shelter in Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cylinders (120 cm long x 20 cm diameter) in a

completely randomized block design. The field experiment was conducted at two sites under

rain fed for two seasons (2013/2014), in 3 replicates. Results showed a large variation in root

biomass (0.16 -077gms/plant). Genotype ICCV 92944 had the greatest root biomass followed

by ICC 283 and ICCV 97306 while genotype ICC 4958 had the highest root length density

(RLD) and longest roots, followed by ICC 283 and ICC 3325. Genotypes ICCV 92944,

ICCV 00108 and ICC 4958 had highest shoot biomass. These traits were correlated with

drought. Field results showed that genotypes ICCV 92318 and ICC 1882 had the largest

seeds in Marigat (irrigated) and Chemeron (rain fed) sites respectively. Grain yield ranged

from 112-867 kg ha-1

in both conditions. Genotype Cavir was the largest genotype. The

findings of this study showed that drought tolerance traits such as root biomass, RLD, shoot

biomass and root length of genotypes could be used for indirect selection for drought

tolerance. Genotypes ICCV 92944 and ICC 4958 are good sources of root traits for

improving susceptible genotypes to enhance water uptake and improve drought tolerance in

chickpea.

Key words: Genotypes, drought stress, Root length density (RLD) and root biomass


41

Evaluation of the New Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L) Hybrid for Malting and Brewing

across Selected Agro-ecological Environments in Kenya

Virginia Wanjiku Njuguna1, Erick Kimutai Cheruiyot

1, Samuel Mwonga

1, Sylvester

Ndeda2

1Egerton University, Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soil, P.O Box 536-20115, Njoro;

2East Africa Malting, P.O. Box 30161-00100 Nairobi

Email: [email protected], 0722359310

Abstract

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a drought tolerant crop with potential for industrial

use. The study aimed at contributing to increased sorghum production for industrial use

through determination and documentation of ideal environments for cultivation of the new

sorghum hybrid. The study was conducted in Mundika (LM 2) long rains, Sinyanya (LM 3),

Masumbi (LM 1), Sagam (LM 1), Nyahera (LM 3) and Mundika (short rain season) where

four sorghum lines were evaluated. RCBD with three blocks was used. Planting was done at

the onset of rains in each location. Data on the agronomic traits of interest was collected from

the two central rows per plot. All the data was subjected to analysis of variance using SAS

version 8.1 (SAS INS Cary., 2001). Means were separated according to LSD whenever the

genotypic effects were significant (P ≤ 0.05). ANOVA revealed significant (P≤0.05)

differences among sorghum lines for grain yield in all the sites. There was a genotype x

environment effect (P≤0.05) for the grain yield of the sorghum lines. Significant (P≤0.05)

differences among lines were observed for agronomic parameters, yield components and

grain yield. SDSAI x ICSR43 recorded highest yields in Masumbi which was 88.3, 36.0,

58.4, 73 and 87.2 % more than in Sinyanya, MundikaL, Sagam, Nyahera and MundikaS,

respectively. LM 1 was found to be the most stable agro-ecological environment for the

cultivation of SDSAI x ICSR43. LM 2 during the long rainy season, LM 1 and 3 during the

short rainy season are averagely stable environments for SDSAI x ICSR43 whereas LM 2

during the short rainy season and LM 3 during the long rainy season could not be

recommended for the cultivation of the new sorghum hybrid. Adoption of this genotype by

the farmers and cultivation in the recommended areas will ensure sustainable grain

production to meet the increased industrial demand and improvement of the livelihood of

small holder farmers through increased food and income.

Key words: Sorghum Hybrid, Malting and Brewing, LM.


42

Effect of Variability in Rainfall Intensity on Maize Yield in Trans Nzoia County,

Kenya

Masinde J. Wanyama, Morgan C. Mutoko, Benson M. Wafula and Dickson O. Ligeyo

Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization, Food Crops Research Institute,

KALRO Kitale, P. O Box 450-30200, Kitale, Kenya

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Maize is the main food crop in Kenya and other sub-Saharan African countries. Trans Nzoia

County is one of the net-exporting areas of maize to other parts of the country. However there

are concerns of declining maize yields. This is partially attributed to climatic variability (e.g.

rainfall, temperature and humidity). The effect of changes in rainfall distribution and intensity

over years have been perceived to pose significant effects on maize planting, growth and

yields. This effect has not been fully documented in Trans Nzoia County. This study was

designed to analyze impacts of rainfall variability on maize yields in Trans Nzoia County,

Kenya. Time series data on rainfall (from Meteorological unit KALRO Kitale) and maize

yield (from National Statistical abstracts) covering 1976-2015 period were utilized.

Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation), correlation and ordinary regression analyses

were applied. The results showed that there was a significant difference (p=0.01) in the

average number of days (166.9±38.6) when rainfall set in from the first day of the year.

Correlation analysis showed that total number of rainy days, the amount of rainfall from June

to august (when maize is at silking stage), and the amount of rainfall from September to

November (maize grain filling stage) had statistically relationships with maize yield. The

regression analysis revealed that the number of days rainfall set in, the number of rainy days

from March to May and number of rainy days from June to August significantly influenced

the maize yield. Subsequently the variability in these rainfall indicators has significantly

influenced maize yield in Trans Nzoia County. This demands for the need to develop and

apply maize technologies that efficiently utilize the available soil moisture after rainfall

events. Besides, effective maize predictor models based on rainfall factors should be

developed to forecast better the likely effect of variability in rainfall intensity on maize

production in Kenya.

Key words: maize yield, growth stages, rainfall variability, intensity, duration


43

Promotion and Utilization of Niche Foods for Food and Nutrition Security

Waswa, J. and Ngugi, L.W.

Karatina University, Department of Food Science and Nutrition

Email: [email protected]; Tel. 0719758589

Abstract

Food and nutrition security are both associated with food availability and accessibility. Each

ecosystem has foods adapted to the region. Niche foods have in the recent past been

neglected yet they have a great potential of solving the food and nutrition security issues

among communities. This paper takes particular interest in traditional vegetables and insects

that were popularly used in the past but are now being neglected by the current generation as

„overtaken by time‟. The traditional vegetables like black night shade, amaranth, cowpeas,

„mrenda‟ and many others are quite nutritious apart from possessing some medicinal

qualities. Insects like grasshoppers, termites, caterpillars are a good source of protein of high

biological value. FAO has in the recent passed advocated for the utilization of insects as a

way of combating food insecurity in the world. The purpose of this paper is to review the

importance of niche foods as used in parts of the world with an aim of promoting their use in

Kenya.

Key words: Food security, Nutrition security, Niche foods, Vegetables, Insects


44

CLIMATE CHANGE AND NATURAL RESOURCES

44

A Philosophical Reflection on the Reconstituting Nature of Modern Technology on

Environment

Anthony Ichuloi

Mt. Kenya University

E-mail: [email protected], Tel. 0717078514

Abstract

Our regard to environment has changed considerably as a result of advances in science and

technology. The paper discusses the transcendental nature and totalizing tendency of

technology, whereby technology has become the moving force, destiny of the modern

world, to the point where it has outgrown the ontological significance of the natural world.

Technology, today, is not simply a means, but has become an environment itself and a way

of life. The argument of the paper is that, even though technology enables a renewed

experience of nature by enhancing our appreciation and understanding of it, it also

constrains the way the same nature appears to us in a very particular and unique way. To

support this argument, paper underlines the reconstituting and manipulative tendency of

technology on nature. Technology has become a form of revealing where environment is

reduced to a hip of resources for human manipulation, thereby making it lose its ontological

significance; through technology we humans are divorced from our internal relationship to

our environment. We live according to an atomic conception of ourselves as independent

from our specific environmental contexts, with alienating results not only from each other

but also from our very environment. The enucleating philosophical question of the entire

article is: With all the material benefits of modern technology, do we ever stop to think of

its environmental consequences? The paper will employ the phenomenological method

taking the Heideggerian perspective of understanding modern technology. Heidegger

argues that modern technology has passed from being an instrument (machines, ipads,

smart phones, computers, genetic engineering, processes and invention) used by humans to

attain specific ends to a way of being-in-the-world.

Key words: Reflection, Reconstituting, Environment, Modern technology, Destiny,

Manipulative technologies, Alienating


45

Effects of Water Abstractions on the Flow Regime in River Turkwel

Arnold Kipchumba1, G.M. Ogendi

1, S. Makindi

1, J. Malala

2 and D. Moso

1

1 Department of Environmental Science, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton, Kenya.

2 Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P.O. Box 205-30500, Lodwar, Kenya.


Abstract

Water resource developments contribute immensely to a country‟s socio-economic

development and poverty eradication. Exploitation of these water resources is limited because

of high spatial and temporal variability in their availability especially in ASALs. The

challenge is further compounded by ambitious water resource development targets by

governments. Recently, River Turkwel basin has undergone severe expansion of existing

irrigation projects and establishment of new ones resulting to increased water abstractions.

Further water abstractions are also planned for the future which will pose a serious threat to

downstream users including the river‟s ecosystem. Therefore, the objective of this study was

to assess and compare the volume of water abstracted by water resource developments vis-à-

vis the maximum amount of water allocated for abstraction and its effects on the flow regime.

Both descriptive and inferential statistics were also used to analyze data. Spearman Rank

Correlation Test was used to examine the historical trend in river flows and agricultural water

abstractions. The study found out that the abstraction by the irrigation schemes along river

Turkwel exceeded the authorized amount of water allocated for abstraction. Therefore,

IWRM strategies focusing on water use optimization was recommended for further research

and implementation in River Turkwel Basin.

Key words: ASALs, Water resource Developments, Water abstractions, Flow Regime.


46

Effect of changes in Land use and Tree Species on Litter Decomposition in Streams

Audrey Tsisiche1, Charles M. M`Erimba

1, Nzula Kitaka

1 and Frank O. Masese

2

1Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Njoro-Kenya 2Aquatic Sciences Department University of Eldoret, P.0.Box 1125-30100, Eldoret-Kenya

Email: [email protected], Mobile: 0726225848

Abstract

Modification of riparian vegetation via different land use practices alters leaf litter processing

rates in streams. This study aimed at investigating the effect of land use on leaf litter

decomposition in the upper Mara River catchment. The study involved collecting, drying and

weighing leaves of Eucalyptus saligna (exotic) and Macrocalyx neubotonia (native). About

6g of each leaf species was enclosed in 288 litter bags measuring 11 x 11cm and mesh size of

10mm. The bags were exposed randomly in six streams; three draining agricultural and three

draining indigenous forests. They were later retrieved at intervals of 0, 1,3,7,14,28 and 48

days, dried and weighed. The difference in processing rates of Eucalyptus leaves were

statistically not significant between streams draining indigenous forest (-k = 0.039±0.009,

pooled data) and streams draining agricultural areas (-k = 0.045±0.009) (t = 0.404, d.f=4, p=

>0.05). Processing rates (pooled data) for Macrocalyx leaves were –k = 0.095±0.005 in

streams draining agricultural areas and -k=0.062±0.01 for streams draining indigenous forest.

The two values differed significantly (t = 2.892, d.f=4, p= < 0.05). Significant differences in

processing rates were also evident between Eucalyptus and Macrocalyx leaves in streams

draining indigenous and agricultural forests respectively (t-test, p<0.05). It would take 63 and

69 days for 90% of leaves of Eucalyptus to be processed in agricultural and forested streams

respectively whilst Macrocalyx leaves would take 24 and 53 days. Processing rates for the

two leaves were generally higher in agricultural streams than in forested streams most

probably due to differences in nitrogen inputs from agricultural land. Significant difference in

processing rates observed between the two leave species could be attributed to differences in

leave toughness. This study confirms that land use has an effect on litter decomposion.

Key words: Leaf litter, land use, Exotic, Indigenous, Processing rate, Mara River


47

Hydro-climatic variabilities in Tomi at Sibut, Gribingui at Kaga-Bandoro and Fafa at

Bouca Basins, Central-North and Central-South of Central African Republic

1Cyriaque-Rufin Nguimalet and

2Didier Orange

1Département de Géographie, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines (Université de

Bangui), B.P.: 1037 - Bangui (République Centrafricaine) – 2UMR210-Eco&Sols, IRD, Montpellier, France

Email: [email protected],

Abstract

This paper discusses the hydro-climatic evolution of three small catchments from central-

north and central-south of Central African (Tomi, Gribingui and Fafa), seeking climate

ruptures and homogeneous periods in the rain-hydrometric series. These basins divide the

Chad (Gribingui at Kaga-Bandoro: 5,680 km2, and Fafa at Bouca: 4,380 km

2) and Congo

(Tomi at Sibut: 2,380 km2) upper basins. Rainfall and discharges data were analyzed per

basin over 1950-1995 period. We stated a large climatic break on 1970, using different

statistical tests (arithmetic and interannual average, rainfall and flow indices, seek of

ruptures, R irregularity index and depletion coefficients). Since 1970, a 7% weak mean

rainfall reduction is noted into the studied basins. The interannual average rainfall varies from

1,407 mm (Tomi and Fafa basins) to 1,338 mm (Gribingui). The rainfall index shows the

hydrological year 1968-1969 as the drought starting point in Gribingui and Fafa basins, and

the hydrological year 1970-1971 for Tomi basin, which is the southward basin and the less

impacted by the hydroclimatic break. At the opposite, the northward basin of Gribingui is the

more impacted with a very severe rainfall rupture in 1971 of 39%. The interannual mean

discharge is 18 m3/s for the Tomi River, 22 m

3/s for Gribingui and 37 m

3/s for Fafa over

1950-1995 period. The flow index describes some ruptures periods over the Tomi River in

1970-1991, over the Gribingui twice in 1971-1980 and 1985-1995, and on Fafa in 1969-

1995s. Each of the rivers recorded ruptures periods, with respective homogeneous discharges.

We noted three dates and homogeneous discharges for the Tomi: 1951-1990 (16.325 m3/s),

1991 year (66 m3/s) and 1992-1993 (26 m

3/s), and two others for the Gribingui (1951-1983:

26.394 m3/s and 1984-1993: 8.4 m

3/s) and the Fafa (1951-1967: 48.882 m

3/s and 1968-1993:

28.615 m3/s) respectively. Thus, if 1970s is admitted as major disruption date in rain-

hydrometric, it doesn‟t be noted in these rivers series, except the Fafa whose rupture appeared

in 1968. Also, R irregularity indices present high coefficients since 1987 on these rivers.

Furthermore, depletion coefficients also are high, whilst the volume mobilized by the aquifer

per basin frequently is weak, varying from 0.2 to 0.4 km3. These results underline climatic

modifications with evident impacts over water resources in the Chari, draining Fafa and

Gribingui, and Congo (Tomi) upper basins. These changes are observed on water availability,

translated by rainfall regime shift, drought relative length and low-water levels severity in

these studied basins. Nevertheless, the lack of measurement since 1996 in these catchments

doesn‟t allow following this hydroclimatic dynamics up to date.

Keywords: Hydroclimatic variability, rainfall, discharge, climatic disruption, Congo, Chad,

Central African Republic.


48

Pastoral Adaptation Strategies against Climate Variability in Turkana Central

1Moso D.C.,

1Ogendi G.M.,

1Makindi S.M.,

2Malala J.O.,

1Kipchumba A.C.

1Department of Environmental Science, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton 2 Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Lake Turkana, Turkana County


Abstract

Climate variability is increasingly becoming a global challenge for pastoral production

systems in the arid and semi-arid regions and other natural resources-based livelihoods.

Turkana community in Turkana Central relies on pastoralism as their major source of

livelihood; availability of vegetation and water resources being crucial for sustainability.

Though traditionally the Turkana have in place indigenous adaptation strategies to cope with

droughts and floods, variability in rainfall and temperature has threatened to aggravate the

intensity and frequency of these disasters over the past three decades. This study was thus

conducted to assess both the indigenous and modern adaptation strategies adopted against

climate variability in the region. Questionnaires, with open and closed-ended questions, were

administered to household heads practising pastoralism in the study area. Focus group

discussions were also held with key informants from relevant institutions and village elders.

Data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics. The study findings revealed that

temperature had increased by 0.4 °C, the drought cycle had reduced from ten to two years

and the drought duration increased from two to five months. On the other hand, the frequency

of occurrence of floods had remained relatively the same; 51 % of the respondents cited an

increase. Thus, pastoralists had adopted more adaptation strategies against droughts than

floods; strategies to curb water and pasture scarcity during droughts. However, the adoption

of indigenous adaptation strategies was higher than that of modern strategies. For instance,

whereas, all the respondents migrated and 77 % of them diversified their livestock, only 29 %

provided fodder crops for their livestock and 28 % relied on boreholes as water sources. In

conclusion, migration and herd diversification remain the most effective adaptation strategies

in the region. It is therefore vital that more modern adaptation strategies are adopted to

mitigate effects of climate variability, to enhance advancement of pastoral communities in

drylands.

Key Words: Adaptation, Climate variability, Drought, Pastoralism


49

Forest Cover Dynamics and Ecosystem Services of Katimok Forest Reserve, Baringo

County, Kenya

Jebiwott, A., Ogendi, G.M., and Makenzi, P.M.

Department of Environmental Science, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Egerton

Email: [email protected], Tel: +254-726525794

Abstract

Katimok Forest Reserve in Baringo County is an ecosystem that contributes immensely to the

livelihoods of the communities living around it. Despite the several direct and indirect

benefits that the forest offers to the surrounding communities, the ecosystem is increasingly

threatened by deforestation, conversion to agricultural land, overgrazing and logging. This

study was conducted to assess the effects of forest cover change on the ecosystem services in

Katimok Forest Reserve with the purposes of contributing to an improved understanding of

the relationship that exist between forest cover changes and ecosystem services thereby

leading to sustainable utilization and management of the ecosystem. Social survey research

design was employed for this study. Household questionnaires, focus group discussions and

field observations were used to assess the land use land cover changes that have taken place

within the period of study, and also determine the impacts that the changes have had on the

ability of the forest to effectively provide the ecosystem services. Descriptive and inferential

statistics were used to analyze the data generated from the questionnaires. The study revealed

four major land uses within the forest with agriculture at 40.9%, logging at 41.8%, charcoal

production at 4.5% and collection of firewood at 3.6%. There was also a significant

association (X2 = 151.072, n = 80, df = 16, p<.05), between forest cover and ecosystem

services. Therefore, a decrease in forest cover and changes in land use correspond to the

sharp decline in ecosystem services that the forest provides. The study indicates that the

forest degradation is as a result of anthropogenic activities. It is therefore, important that the

relevant management authorities suggest and help the community to come up with alternative

livelihood options to avoid over reliance on forest resources.

Key words: Ecosystem services, Land Use Land Cover Change, Katimok Forest Reserve,

Forest Ecosystem


50

Effects of Disturbance and Exposure Time on Macroinvertebrate Drift Densities in two

Kenyan Highland Streams

M’Erimba, C. M., Ouma, K. O. and Wangari, P.

Egerton University, P. O. Box 536-20115, Egerton

E-mail: [email protected]; Tel: +254 728 543 191

Abstract

Although macroinvertebrate drift has been studied for over 5 decades in lotic systems, the

effects of anthropogenic physical disturbances on benthic macroinvertebrates are poorly

understood. This study aims to describe the effects of small-scale anthropogenic physical

disturbances and exposure time on macroinvertebrate drift densities which will contribute

towards biomonitoring of streams for conservation and management. Investigations were

conducted in a physically disturbed Kenyan Rift Valley stream, the Njoro River and a

relatively less disturbed Kamweti River in Mount Kenya catchment. Macroinvertebrate drift

was sampled in selected sites along both rivers during day and night at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25-

minute intervals using 100 µm mesh-size drift samplers. The macroinvertebrate drift at Njoro

River was dominated by 3 families; Chironomidae (Day – 102; Night – 34 ind.m-3

), Baetidae

(Day – 54; Night – 49 ind.m-3

) and Caenidae (Day – 23; Night – 2 ind.m-3

). In Kamweti

River, Baetidae (Day – 76; Night – 78 ind.m-3

), Chironomidae (Day – 10; Night – 4 ind.m-3

)

and Helodidae (Day – 3; Night – 2 ind.m-3

) dominated drift. The 5-minute exposure time

yielded the highest day and night drift densities of the dominant taxa in both rivers with 4 and

3 ind.m-3

at Njoro River, and 2 and 2 ind.m-3

in Kamweti River respectively. The mean day

and night drift densities at River Njoro were 2 and 1 ind.m-3

while R. Kamweti recorded the

same 0.8 ind.m-3

for similar periods. There was a significantly higher day and night drift

density in R. Njoro over the entire period (p < 0.05) indicating a higher level of constant

physical perturbation. Kamweti River is less impacted by anthropogenic physical

disturbances and measures to biomonitor and conserve its current status should be enforced.

The 5-minute macroinvertebrate drift exposure time is a rapid and cost-effective stream

biomonitoring technique that can be used in evaluating anthropogenic impacts on lotic

ecosystems.

Keywords: Anthropogenic, biomonitoring, disturbances, drift densities, macroinvertebrates.


51

Effect of Forest type and Stream size on Leaf Litter Processing in Six Kenyan Highland

Tropical Streams

Oduma F. Omondi, Charles M. M’Erimba, Samuel T. Kariuki and Amuok E. Obadha

Egerton University, Biological Sciences Department, P.O Box 536-20115, Egerton

E-mail: [email protected]; Tel: +254729661694

Abstract

The need to expand agricultural land results into increased pressure on indigenous forests that

form major water towers in Kenya. In parts of Southern Mt. Kenya region tea plantations and

Eucalyptus trees have completely replaced indigenous forests. It was hypothesized that forest

type and stream size influenced leave processing rates in this region. An experiment was

carried on 1st February 2015 in six streams. Three streams drained native forest (two big and

one small) and three (one big and two small) drained Eucalyptus forest. Mature leaves of

Syzigium cardatum were collected, dried and weighed into approximately 2.5g. In total, 150

litter-bags measuring 11 x 11cm, mesh size 5 x5mm were prepared and exposed in the

streams. Retrieval intervals were set at 0, 7, 14, 28, 42, and 56 days of exposure. There was

no significant interaction between forest type and the stream size on leaf litter decomposition

(Two-way ANOVA df = 1, F = 2.618; P > 0.05). However, a significant difference in mean

decomposition rates was evident between small and big streams (Two-way ANOVA df = 1, F

= 5.026; P < 0.05, pooled data). Leaves decomposed faster in larger streams (– k = 0.021)

than in smaller streams (– k = 0.0174). Though decomposition rates were slower in streams

draining exotic (– k = 0.0172) than native (k = 0.0213) forests, the difference was

insignificant (Two-way ANOVA df = 1, F = 2.915; P > 0.05). It would take twice number of

days for 50% of S. cordatum leaves to be processed in exotic forests than native forests.

Depletion and modification of native riparian vegetation through successive land use

activities and replacement with exotic tree species has negative impacts in stream integrity by

altering stream ecosystem functioning and small streams are severely impacted than big

streams.

Key words: Leaf litter, decomposition, processing rates, native forests and exotic forests


52

Current Population of Hinde’s babbler (Turdoides hindei), In MNP, Ngaya Forest and

its Agricultural Sites

Onyancha, F.M., Karanja H.T., Eshiamwata, G.W. and Njoroge P.

Email: [email protected]. Tel: +254 717 601 601

Abstract

Populations of avian species continue to decline worldwide due to the various habitat

disturbances and threats. This is the case with Hinde‟s babbler (HB) which is listed as

vulnerable under IUCN RedList and it‟s confined to some „parts of central Kenya‟. A study

to asses, determine and compare its current population across protection gradient, protected

sites (Meru National Park- MNP), partially protected site (Ngaya Forest) and unprotected

(Agricultural sites) was carried between June and August, 2015. Ecological surveys were

used to collect data and a playback device was used to play a recorded voice of HB to attract

attention of groups along predetermined transects. At each point of detection, total number of

adults and immatures were recorded. Descriptive statistics were employed for analysis and

determination babbler numbers. A total area 12.2 km2

was surveyed and 101 individuals of

Hinde‟s babbler sighted during the dry season, 92 were adults while nine were immatures.

The results indicated that there were 26 individuals/km2 in Ngaya Forest with a population of

2875 individuals, three individuals/km2 in MNP with a population of 525 babblers and 19

individuals/km2

with a population of 1938 babblers in Agricultural sites, totaling to 3395

Hinde‟s babblers. The study was carried out on the assumption that groups from the three

sites didn‟t mix and were found in the most suited sites, for instance areas with thicket cover

(Lantana camara) were factored. The results are crucial in underscoring the importance of

protected, partially protected and Agricultural Landscapes in the conservation of threatened

avifauna population besides promoting local awareness.

Keywords: Hinde‟s babbler, Ngaya Forest, Protection gradient, Population, confined


53

Future for Coral Reefs in a Changing Climate: A Case Study of Watamu Marine

National Park, Kenya.

Peter Musembi1, Benjamin Cowburn

1, 2, Robert Sluka

1, 3

1A Rocha Kenya, Mwamba Field Study Centre, Plot 28, Watamu, Kenya;

2Dept of Zoology,

University of Oxford, The Tinbergen Building, S Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United

Kingdom; 3A Rocha International, Marine and Coastal Conservation Programme, 89 Worship

Street, London EC2A 2BF, United Kingdom.

Email: [email protected], [email protected], Tel: 0714996571

Abstract

Coral reefs are earth's largest biological structures and have taken thousands of years to form.

They are vital ecosystems providing income, food and coastal protection for millions of

people worldwide. However, in recent decades, coral reef ecosystems have been declining at

alarming rates globally due to increased environmental pressures, exacerbated by therate of

climate change. Coral reefs have been severely impacted by climate change especially

increased sea surface temperature that causes coral bleaching. Coral bleaching occurs when

the symbiotic relationship between coral and microalgae (zooxanthellae) and their host coral

breaks down under certain environmental stresses such as increased sea surface temperature.

As a result the affected coral colony becomes white or pale in color and cutting out up to 80%

the coral nutrition source. The frequency of coral bleaching event has been increasing in

recent decades and altering the ecology of coral reefs. Mass coral bleaching is predicted to be

a more frequent event in the coming decades. Coral survival in a time of climate change will

depend largely on their ability to acclimatize and adapt to changes in their natural

environment. This project aimed at determining the ability of corals to acclimatize and adapt

thermal stress in a marine protected area. Corals were marked and monitored in patchy reefs

over a bleaching event and assessed their response to thermal stress. Coral species

assemblage in the intertidal zone, which experience very high variability of environmental

factors including temperature, were also surveyed to determine species that can tolerate high

temperatures. Some coral species showed a degree of adapting to periodic exposure to

thermal stress. This however, depends partly on the severity of the thermal stress.

Keywords: Climate change, Coral, Bleaching, Acclimatize.



54

Substitution of Plastics with Organic Tubes in Tree Seedlings Production for

Sustainable Environmental Conservation.

Mwangi, R.W., Kariuki, S.T., Wagara, I.N. and Ngure, S.M.

Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University

P. O Box, 536 Egerton, Njoro.

Email: [email protected] Tel: +254 722 922 454,

Abstract

In order to solve the problems related to deforestation and meet the ever increasing demands

of the growing population, conserving and wise utilization of the remaining forests re

afforestation is crucial. For many years, tree seedlings production in forest nurseries, flower

nurseries, botanic gardens and institutions polythene tubes are commonly used posing an

environmental problem. These tubes are made up of polyhydrocarbons which are non-

biodegradable. They accumulate and become a hazard both to the environment and living

organisms. They adversely affect seedling root growth in length resulting in coiling and

deformation. This study was conducted in Mau forest complex, to investigate whether small-

scale tree nursery operators are likely to adopt biodegradable seedling containers (baskets

made of plant fibre and bamboo tubes). It was hypothesized that biodegradable containers are

better for seedling growth and are more environmental friendly than the widely used

polythene bags. Three species were planted including, Haggenia abysinica in Gatimu,

Juniperus procera and Olea europea ssp. africana in Mwisho wa Lami. Basket tubes gave

the highest vigor (62.429 cm) with Haggenia spp in Gatimu while bamboo (58.048cm) and

control (52.667cm) did not show a significant difference at p=0.05 level. Olea europea ssp.

africana generally demonstrated higher vigor with all the applied treatments than Juniperus

procera in Mwisho wa Lami. Basket treatment gave the highest height and number of

branches for the two plant species while bamboo and control treatments did not have any

significant differences at p=0.05. In this study it was found that seedling bags made from

plant fibres can be adopted in tree seedling propagation to remove the synthetic plastics for

sustainable environmental conservation.

Key words: Fibre basket, bamboo tubes, Haggenia, Olea, Juniperus species.


55

EDUCATION AND CULTURE

55

The Role of Principals in Curriculum Supervision and Academic Performance of

Students in Teso North Sub County, Kenya

1Limo Alice and

2Omasete Gerald

1University of Eldoret, School of Education;

2Mount Kenya University, School of Education


Abstract

The primary responsibility of the principal in a school set up is to facilitate effective teaching

and learning with the overall mission of enhancing students‟ achievement. Instructional

leadership provided by the principal has been identified as a contributing factor to higher

student achievement (Lezotte, 1994). This study was guided by the following objective: to

establish the principals‟ role in supervision of curriculum and its effect on academic

performance. This study was anchored on Hackman and Walton‟s Functional Leadership

Theory (1986) which addresses how specific leader behaviours contribute to organizational

and leadership effectiveness. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative

methodology. The researchers sampled 20 (67 %) out of the total thirty schools in the region.

Census sampling technique was used to select one extra county boys‟ school, one extra

county girls‟ school, one county girls‟ boarding school, one sub county girls‟ day school and

purposive sampling technique was used to pick sixteen other secondary schools from the

categories of county mixed day/boarding and sub-county mixed day schools. The findings

indicated that most principals believed that the instructional practices of the principals

impacted positively on academic performance of their schools. Most of them also facilitated

acquisition of instructional materials, and helped in organizing the teaching timetable and

school routine, which qualified them as instructional leaders.

Key words: curriculum supervision, academic performance, instructional leadership,

organizational effectiveness, instructional practices.


56

The Educational and Cultural role of the Media in Kenya: the Ideal versus Reality

Benjamin Mbatia Kinyanjui

Egerton University, Nakuru Town Campus College

Email: [email protected], Tel: 0726 278 473

Abstract

The media particularly the newspapers and the radio have traditionally played a big role in

educating the public on development issues as well as in propagating national culture. Culture

and development are intertwined with education and communication. The role and practice of

communication in development has been informed and guided by changes in theoretical

perspectives over time. This paper discusses three theories which relate to media practice in

Kenya. The Duty Based Moral Theory of media touches on the ethics that guide the journalist

in their choice of the information to give to the public and how to source it without infringing

on other people`s rights. The theory of Utilitarianism deals with the culpability and

accountability of the journalists for their news gathering activities and the content of such

news, while the participatory paradigm is about the incorporation of the audience in two way

discussions. Radio and the newspaper have played a role in public education but this role has

been curtailed by some factors. For newspapers these factors include low circulation,

tabloidization and reader apathy. Radio`s role is compromised by the proliferation of

commercially run FM stations which concentrate on music and entertainment. Educational

programs like radio drama or cultural moral lessons are today only aired on the national

broadcaster, KBC whose audience base has been hijacked by the more popular FM stations.

The second constraint is the excessive time spent on call in discussion programmes whose

typical discussion topics are love and marriage relationships and political scandals. The paper

advocates for measures to be taken to make the radio and the newspaper better contributors in

educating the Kenyan public on development and culture.

Key Words: Participatory Paradigm, Utilitarianism, Duty Moral Theory, Tabloidization


57

Influence of Agricultural Extension Agents on Utilization of Monitoring and Evaluation

Results among Agricultural Projects in Kenya. A Case of Nakuru County

Duncan M. Taiti

University of Nairobi, Department of Extra-Mural Studies.

P.O Box 1120, Nakuru

Email; [email protected]; Tel +254 722 269 010

Abstract

Despite a wide range of reform initiatives in monitoring and evaluation of agricultural

extension services in Kenya in the past decades, the coverage of, access to, and quality of

information provided to small scale farmers is uneven. There exists a significant difference

between the intended and the actual project deliverables attributed to monitoring and

Evaluation results utilization in both crop production and livestock development projects.

This study evaluated the design of M&E system, participation by the stakeholders,

operationalising of the M&E results by the agricultural extension agents and the level of

integration of M&E with management information and action systems as the key factors

influencing utilization of M&E results. The study adopted cross sectional survey design,

multistage and simple random sampling was used to select a sample of 86 agricultural

projects proportionate to both crop production and livestock development projects within the

county. A self administered questionnaire, key informant interviews and focus group

discussions were used for data collection. Data analysis was done with the aid of Statistical

analysis system package (SAS) where measures of multiple correlation analysis at 0.05

confidence level was used in order to measure separately and collectively the relationship

between the dependent variable and the relevant independent variables. The fitted model

obtained revealed that there exists significant and positive influence on the design,

participation, operationalising and integration of monitoring and evaluation system on

effectiveness and efficiency in utilization of M&E results.

Key words: Agricultural extension agents, M&E results utilization, M&E design,

Agricultural projects,


58

Effect of ICT Activity-based Learning on Students’ achievement in Communication

Skills in Public Universities, Kenya

Kanja, V.W. and Wambugu, P.W.

Department of Curriculum, Instruction and Education Management, Egerton University

Kenya

Email: [email protected] Tel: 0724267261

Abstract

Good communication skills have a positive impact on the personal as well as professional life

of a person. Most Kenyan graduates demonstrate poor communication skills in the job market

making them less competitive. This state of affair is attributed to teaching methods adopted

by communication studies lecturers at university level. There is therefore need for an

instructional approach that would address the poor communication skills among university

students. This study was designed to investigate the effect of ICT Activity-Based (ICTABLe)

on students‟ achievement in communication skills in public universities. Solomon Four Non-

equivalent Control Group Design under the quasi-experimental research was used. The

accessible population was all first year students in public universities. Purposive sampling

technique was used to select four public university campuses. The campuses were randomly

assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental groups were taught using

ICTABLe while the control groups were taught using Conventional Teaching Methods

(CTMs). Communication Skills Achievement Test (CSAT) was used to collect data. The

research tool was validated and piloted before use to ascertain the reliability. The reliability

of the instrument was estimated using Kuder Richardson formula 20 (K-R20) and found to be

0.87. Data was analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA and ANCOVA at a significance

level of alpha (α) equal to 0.05. The findings of the study indicate that ICTABLe is an

effective instructional approach which lecturers of communication skills should be

encouraged to use in the teaching and learning process. This may go a long way to improving

graduates‟ communication skills.

Key words: ICT Activity-Based Learning, Student‟s Achievement, Communication Skills.


59

Influence of Internet Sourcing of Information on University Students’ Academic

Writing: An Exploration of Egerton University, Nakuru Town Campus Students

Patrick W. Karangi and Lydia A. Mareri

Communication & Media, Egerton University

[email protected], Tel: 0702 407 132

Abstract

Information Communication Technology has advanced and is used in all spheres of life.

Academic institutions have benefited greatly because scholars of all levels utilize it to access

information over internet. University students have embraced this communication technology

as an important source of information, which they use in completing written assignments and

writing academic papers. The students tend to heavily rely on the internet as their prime

source of the required information. However, not all the types of information accessed by the

students from different internet sites are scholarly evaluated. This means that individual

sources are not necessarily presented in academic format. Although undergraduate students

tend to rely heavily on internet sites, the influence of the internet as a source of information

on university students‟ academic writing in Kenya is a concern of many. Although there have

been various global studies addressing this phenomenon, Kenyan university students‟

situation is not obvious, and therefore requires to be established empirically. The purpose of

the study therefore is to evaluate the relationship between internet information sourcing and

students‟ academic writing. This is achieved by determining the characteristics of internet as

a source of information, establishing the degree of popularity of internet as a source of

information among Egerton University, undergraduate students and assessing the influence

that this usage has on the academic writing among undergraduate students. This study is

guided by the uses and gratification theory that shows the cumulative effects of information

need and how and user of a media will continue to use it provided it fulfills the need. Data

was collected by triangulation methods by questionnaire and interview on a stratified sample

of 30 Bachelor of Arts in Communication and Media students, Egerton University Nakuru

Town Campus College. The findings indicate that internet sources of information have great

influence on academic writing skills of undergraduate university students because of the kind

of vocabulary choice, sentence construction and plagiarism tendencies. These findings have

notable implication on the quality of undergraduate students‟ academic writing and eventual

scholarly communication in the era of ICT.

Key Words: Internet information Sourcing; Undergraduate Students; Academic Writing


60

Relationship between Vocational Training Institutions category and Parents’ Financial

support in Nyandarua North Sub-county, Nyandarua County, Kenya

Kingori Eshphan

School of Education, Department of Curriculum and Educational Management, Laikipia

University


Abstract

The study investigated the degree to which the category of a vocational training institution

was related to the parent‟s financial support which was exemplified through financial support

as well as provision of material things. Using an ex post facto research design data was

collected from 10 administrative personnel (administrators in charge or heads) though self

delivered and collected questionnaires. The hypothesis was tested through chi-square at .05

alpha level. The study indicates that parent‟s financial support was highest in boarding

followed by day boarding and lastly day vocational training institutions. This appears to

suggest that boarding vocational training institutions are likely to attract more parents‟

financial support than in vocational training institutions which are day and boarding or those

that are totally day. This seems to point that parents in vocational training institutions need to

refocus their view and contributions towards provision of support both materially and

financially. Further, those in administrative positions in vocational training institutions need

to further their academic as well as professional qualifications in an endevour to ameliorate

their administrative and management skills. This would go a long way in enabling them tap

parents‟ potentiality through management inclusivity.


61

Challenges in the Implementation of Secondary School Agriculture Curriculum in

Kenya’s Arid and Semi Arid Counties: the Students’ Perspective

1Kyule N. Miriam,

2Konyango, J. J. J. Ochieng’,

1Nkurumwa O. Agnes

1Department of Agricultural Education and Extension, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536,

Egerton; 2School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Machakos University College, P.O.

Box 136 – 90100, Machakos.

Email: [email protected]. Tel: 0727-972203

Abstract

Agriculture being the backbone of the country‟s economy, preparation of human resource to

take the sector to a higher height is inevitable. For this to be achieved, agriculture curriculum

implementation in secondary schools is paramount. Agriculture curriculum implementation is

expected to equip learners with scientific knowledge and vocational skills they can use in

their ecological environments. Despite the teaching of agriculture in ASAL secondary

schools, ASALs have remained agriculturally under-exploited experiencing persistent food

shortages. This could be partly attributed to challenges in implementation of the curriculum.

Although the challenges facing agriculture curriculum implementation may be many, this

study focused on agriculture learning resource availability, adequacy and frequency of use

from the learner‟s perspective. The study was carried out in Baringo, Makueni and Narok

counties. Five Sub counties were purposively selected from the three counties

proportionately. The target and accessible population comprised of 5,600 and 2,470 form

three agriculture students respectively. Multi-stage sampling was used to obtain a sample of

290 agriculture students for this study. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect

data. It was piloted in Laikipia West Sub County and its reliability coefficient was 0.79. Data

was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study found out that

agriculture textbooks were available, adequate and frequently used. The school farm was also

rated as available, adequate but rarely used. The agriculture work shop, laboratory and

models were unavailable in schools while all the other resources were inadequately available.

Unavailability, inadequacy and non-use of all the learning resources except the agriculture

text books compromise on the quality of agricultural skills and knowledge that these learners

acquire at secondary school level. This study recommends that the government through the

Ministry of Education and the school administration need to be committed in helping ASAL

secondary schools obtain agriculture learning resources.

Key Words: Challenges, Implementation, Agriculture curriculum, Arid and Semi Arid

Counties.


62

Effects of Culture on the Learning Styles of Secondary School Agriculture students in

Eldoret East Sub County, Kenya.

Muge C. Josephine1 and Nkurumwa O. Agnes

2

1Department of Agricultural Education and Extension, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536,

Egerton: 2Department of Agricultural Education and Extension, Egerton University, P.O. Box

536, Egerton.

Email: [email protected], Mobile 0726371417

Abstract

Culture strongly influences students‟ learning styles. Understanding and appreciating the

cultural differences of secondary school agriculture students in order to make the appropriate

instructional decisions will enhance their learning. Kolb (1985) developed the Learning Style

Inventory (LSI), an instrument used to assess student learning style as Accommodating,

Assimilating, Converging and Diverging. However little information is available whether

there is any significant relationship between culture and learning styles of secondary school

agriculture students. The aim of this study is to determine whether an individual learner's

culture, affect his or her learning. This paper describes the use of Kolb‟s learning style

inventory (KLSI) and experiential learning theory to identify students‟ learning styles in

secondary school agriculture classroom. The Kolb Learning Style Inventory (KLSI) was

administered to two hundred and ninety one form three agriculture students in Eldoret East

sub county, Kenya. Survey research design was used. The author adopted the proportionate

sampling technique. The Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the

results indicated that agriculture students possess all the four learning styles;

Accommodating, Assimilating, Converging and Diverging. The study contributes to best

teaching practices by the teachers in the sense that understanding the students‟ learning

styles, is essential preparation for facilitating successful learning in secondary school

agriculture classrooms, so as to adequately provide for learners' diversity.

Key words: Agricultural Education, Culture Learning


63

In-service Training Needs of Kilifi County Secondary School Agriculture Teachers for

preparing them to be Effective in the 21st Century

Omoro J. A1, Udoto M.O

2, Kibett J.K

3

1Department of Curriculum, Instruction & Educational Technology, Pwani, University,

P.O. Box 195 -80108, Kilifi – Kenya; 2Department of Agricultural Education and Extension,

Egerton University, P.O. Box 536 -20115, Egerton – Kenya; 3

Department of Horticulture,

University of Kabianga, P.O. Box 2030 -20200, Kericho- Kenya.

Email: [email protected] / [email protected] Tel: +254: 722642544

ABSTRACT

In-service training is crucial for teacher capacity strengthening. Technology in agricultural

education and extension is dynamic and this influences agriculture teacher teaching skills and

effectiveness. The purpose of this descriptive survey research study conducted with

agriculture teachers in Kilifi County was to determine their in-service training needs in order

to be effective for preparing students with the 21st century skills necessary for students to be

successful. This study reaffirms the need for continuation of leadership education as an

important skill and integration of reading, writing, and mathematics concepts into all

agricultural education curricula for preparing students to be successful in the 21st century.

The role of agriculture in global food security; application of problem-based learning;

planning and delivering lessons to utilize higher order thinking skills; teaching leadership

skills; and development of teamwork and student collaboration were identified as the five

most important in-service training needs for preparing agriculture teachers to be effective

educators. Findings of this study are limited to Kilifi County secondary school agriculture

teachers. This limitation of applying findings for other Counties should be addressed by

conducting a study with a diverse sample of secondary school agriculture teachers across the

47 Counties in Kenya.

Key words: Teacher In-service; Teacher training needs; 21st Century skills; Preparing

teachers.



64

Effectiveness of Quality Assurance Practices in Kenya’s Higher Education Institutions

Rosemary Kagondu and Simmy M. Marwa

Dedan Kimathi University of Technology, P.O. Box 657, 10100, Nyeri, Kenya

Email: [email protected] Tel: +254 -726970220

Abstract

The capability of Higher Education Institutions to serve as drivers of economic

competitiveness is reducing in different developing countries due to numerous constraints

which interfere with their quality. This research examined the effectiveness of Quality

Assurance Practices in Kenya‟s Universities with respect to educational inputs, processes and

outputs. Perceptions on eight dimensions of quality namely governance and management,

programme planning, infrastructure, curriculum development, teaching and learning,

assessment, research, publication and innovation and programme results were sought from

respondents. Response rates were 93 % for Students, 61 % for Academic Staff and 89% for

Quality Assurance Staff. Students and Academic Staff were used as the control group to

corroborate findings from the staff of the Quality Assurance Directorates who are custodians

of quality assurance in Kenya‟s Universities. Questionnaires styled on a 7 point Likert scale:

1= Strongly Disagree: 7= Strongly Agree and interviews were administered to respondents,

coupled with interviews and document analysis. Differences in weighted responses of

respondents were calculated to determine gaps in the Quality Assurance Practices in each

University. Results pointed to gaps in the 8 quality dimensions investigated in each of

Kenya‟s Universities hence room for improvement. The most challenged quality dimension

was research and publication. Amongst policy implications was fortification of the internal

quality assurance systems in the higher education institutions. The research further

recommends the need for operationalization and enhancement of periodic checks Kenya‟s

Universities by the regulatory agencies.

Key words: Quality Assurance Practices; Higher Education Institutions; Gaps.


65

Tracer Study of Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Education and Extension

Graduates - Class of 2008 - Egerton University

1Immaculate Kiliswa,

1Maurice O. Udoto and

2Jacob J.J. O.Konyango

1Department of Agricultural Education & Extension, Egerton University;

2Department of

Agricultural Education & Extension, Machakos University, College.


Abstract

The introduction of agricultural and other vocational subjects in the education system was

meant to address employment needs of students. In this respect, Kenya introduced vocational

agriculture in the secondary school curriculum, at post-secondary, and at university. Egerton

University is among the universities providing training in agriculture. Among the disciplines

offered is Agricultural Education and Extension at degree level. Many Students have

graduated from the programme since 1990 and joined the work force. However, there is no

documentation about career placement and the appropriateness of the curriculum they were

exposed to in relation to their careers. The purpose of this study was to generate information

on career placement of the 2008 class of the Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Education

and Extension (B.Sc. AGED & EXTN) graduates of Egerton University and determine the

appropriateness of the curriculum the graduates undertook. A descriptive survey of 126

students (2008-B.Sc. AGED & EXTN cohort) who graduated in 2012 was conducted with a

questionnaire. Face and Content validity of the instrument were established by experts at

Egerton University. The questionnaire was pre-tested on 30 B.Sc. AGED & EXTN 2009

Class to establish reliability and items revised until a reliability coefficient of 0.74was

attained before commencing data collection. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package

for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results showed that of the 81 respondents, 55.6% are in

agricultural education, and 37% in agricultural extension related careers. The non-agricultural

education and extension careers constituted 7.4%. In addition, 98.71% of the courses offered

in the programme were considered relevant to the careers of respondents, whereas 1.28 %

were considered not relevant. This suggests that there is need for review of the curriculum to

further align courses with career requirements.

Key words: Graduates, Knowledge, Curriculum, Career.


66

GOVERNANCE AND SOCIO-ECONOMICS

66

Technical Efficiency and its Determinants in Sub-Saharan Africa’s Rice Production:

Case in Mali.

M. Abdoulah Mamary KANE1, Bino TEME

2, Job K. Lagat

1, J.K. Langat

1

1Department of Agricultural Economics and Agri-business Management, Egerton University,

P.O.Box 536-20115, Egerton; 2Institute of Rural Economics (IER), Ministry of Agriculture

Rue Mohamed V, BP 258 Bamako- Mali.

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The use of general agricultural census data and economic survey of Mali, have evaluated the

production function frontier for growing rice. Technical efficiency and its determinant are

analyzed. The results suggest that one can be optimistic about the future of the grain sector in

Mali as the ability to output growth by injection of inputs and efficiency gains which happens

to be quite limited. Mali's rice policy can be declined in terms of sheer competitiveness. As it

exists in the land of critical issues in food security; economic growth and fight against

poverty. As noted, the Office du Niger has the distinction of having the advantages of weight

in these three areas. It added that the many uncertainties hanging over the long term evolution

of the global market, favour the development of a production of "control" of local rice, ie

with water control. Imports should play a regulatory role in a crisis, or to moderate price

increases. In short, the future of the Malian rice sector is optimistic as far as efficiency gain

and input injections are concerned. The other option obviously lies in shifting production

frontiers by promoting research and development (R&D) in agriculture. This prospect seems

not very encouraging as the estimated rate of technical progress in Malian rice production is

only about 0.65%. Given these findings and the random nature of scientific discovery and

technological breakthrough (Tom and Diarra), Mali may have to turn to the international

market for large amounts of rice or grain imports in the medium and long run. Mali has

abundant rice growing potential with a definite competitive advantage. In accordance with its

policy of liberalization, decentralization and dispersal, the State of Mali has profoundly

modified its role of “service provider” to that of “development promoter” by introducing the

Agricultural Framework Law (LOA) in 2006. Based on the results of the test with Frontier

Product Service (FPS), without the seed, all the inputs such as fertilizer, Area and Labor have

a positive and significant impact on rice production in Mali. As causes, we have a bad system

supply of seed and the poor quality of seed. The solution is to revise this system of input

supply by developing a good policy to procurement and distribution of inputs.

Key words: Mali, rice, stochastic frontier production function, technical efficiency, Women.


67

Attitudes and Perception towards Ecotourism among Pastoral Communities in Laikipia

County, Kenya

Rono B. J.1, Obwoyere G. O.

1, and Owuor G.

2

1Department of Natural Resources;

2Department of Agricultural Economics and Agri-

Business Management, Egerton University, P. O. Box 536, Egerton.


Abstract

The Kenya rangelands are characterized by low income, poverty, unreliable rainfall and

conflicts. Pastoral communities in these areas have developed land use diversification and

livelihoods mechanisms to help them cope with these challenges. Ecotourism is one of the

strategies these communities engage in with the aim of conserving the environment as well as

provide income for them. However it is anticipated that local communities benefit little in

terms of profit sharing and are rarely involved in decision making concerning tourism matters

in the region. This study was conducted in Laikipia County. The objective was to assess the

attitude and perception of local community towards ecotourism. The study used a

sociological survey research design with 232 community members. The research relied on

primary and secondary data for information. Primary data was collected through interviews

using structured questioners and focus group discussions. Quantitative data from

questionnaires was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), after

which it was presented using frequency tables, graphs and bar chats to illustrate the findings.

Interpretation, recommendation and conclusion were then done based on the results. Findings

suggested that there is positive attitude among pastoral communities towards ecotourism in

Laikipia as supported by 73.7% of the respondents, while 79.3% of them perceive it as

beneficial.Overall, community attitudes on ecotourism is affected by community and

motivational factors. The findings of this study contribute to the knowledge of community

ecotourism, and will help in understand the roles of the different stakeholders in the industry.

Key words: Ecotourism, Perception and Attitudes, Laikipia, pastoralism


68

Proper Public Participation in Policy Formulation

Brian Onyango Moses

School of Law, Kisii University, P.O BOX 408- 40200 KISII


Abstract

This legal study entails an assessment on the legal regime, from Constitutional provisions,

statutory enactments, judicial pronouncements and policy formulations in the principle of

public participation. This research has been informed by the existence of a great legal lacuna

as to what public participation entails, and its limitations, as to what is and ought to be done.

The theoretical aspect of this concept shall entail on what ought to be done by who, whereas

the practical dimension shall be, what is done by who and why. This rationale for citizen

participation in various phenomena, including formulation of agricultural- related policies is

that the members of the public are the ones who ordinarily and often interact with that given

phenomenon, therefore in a better place of contributing the most practical, progressive and

sustainable ideas in the advancement of human use. The principle has been practiced in

formulation of environmental law policies, and has thus proven effective. In the light of

research and innovation, this paper assesses the institutional framework in regards to public

participation, and its contribution towards workable governance policies that in one way or

the other affect the environment. This paper evaluates agricultural policies, the process of

their formulation and the legal implications therefrom. This paper therefore affords

governance agencies ideas and information on how the public participation process can be

applied practically and in an effective manner to ensure that there are policies which neither

infringes on the rights of consumers of agricultural produce, nor the environment. Based on

comparative jurisprudence, the paper upholds the need for effective public participation. A

more elaborate standard ought to develop in terms of public participation in Kenya just like in

other countries.

Key words: Governance, Participation, Policies, Kenya


69

Analysis of Technical Efficiency of Irish Potato Production in Eldoret East Sub county,

Kenya

Chepkwony E.K., Bii W.K., Mark korir, Mary Kipsat


Abstract

The Irish potato, Solanum tuberosum L., has a longstanding history in human nutrition in

Kenya. It holds position three relative to maize and beans as main staples, giving a high

potential for the potato production and consumption in the country. However, there is low

productivity due to the technical efficiency. The primary objective of this study was to

estimate technical efficiency of Irish potato production. The specific objectives were: to

investigate the relationship between the farm output and the inputs, given the assumption of a

specific technology; to identify the socio-economic factors that affect technical efficiency.

The study was done in Ainabkoi Division because it was the major Irish potato production

zone in the County. A survey research design was adopted to collect the primary data. Data

on socio-economic characteristics of farmers were used. The target population was the Irish

potato farmers in Eldoret East Sub County. Data was obtained with the aid of questionnaires

which were administered to 105 randomly selected respondents by the researcher with the

help of four enumerators recruited by researcher. Stochastic frontiers method was used in this

study to analyze the survey data. The first approach, called the two-step approach, first

estimated the stochastic frontier production function to determine technical efficiency

indicators. Next, indicators thus obtained were regressed on explanatory variables that

usually represent the firms‟ specific characteristics, using the Ordinary Least Square method.

In the stochastic frontiers model, the coefficients and the variance parameters are

simultaneously estimated by maximum likelihood method, using Frontier 4.1 software. The

analysis revealed that the sum of the partial output elasticities with respect to all inputs was

1.86. This indicated an increasing return to scale in Irish potato production. It further revealed

that Irish potato farmers could benefit from economies of scale linked to increasing returns to

boost production. The mean technical efficiency index was estimated at 0.789. This meant

that farmers have 21.1% scope of increasing the potato production by using current

technology. The inefficiency parameter estimate indicated three socio economic and

institutional factors (level of education; access to extension; and access to credit) as having

significant effect in technical efficiency of Irish potato production. In order to improve

technical efficiency, access to extension service should be enhanced by having more

extension providers closer to the farmer. This would increase frequency of farmer and

extension provider contact. Enabling farmers‟ access affordable credit facilities and Capacity

building of farmers would also improve the technical efficiency of Irish potato production.

Key words: Irish potato, technical efficiency, stochastic frontier, elasticity, economies of

scale, socio - economic


70

Implications of Nation Newspapers Peace Reporting in the Run up to 2013 Elections in

Kenya

Evans Erick Otieno Ochieng’, Phylis Bartoo and Furaha Chai

Department of Languages and Linguistics, Egerton University


Abstract

Peace reporting is a contemporary issue in journalism and newspaper reporting in particular.

In the run up to the 2013 general elections, Kenyans were constantly reminded of the

2007/2008 post election violence through newspaper reporting and since the media is

inextricably connected to elections, there is the need to interrogate the implications of peace

messages in newspapers and the coverage of the 2013 elections. This study examined peace

reporting from Kenyan newspapers in the run up to the 2013 elections. The objectives were:

to identify and analyse newspaper content that carried peace messages in the run up to the

2013 elections; to establish Kenyans‟ reactions to the peace messages from the newspaper

content; and to find out whether the content influenced people to maintain peace and calm

during and after elections. The study relied on descriptive research design and was premised

on Agenda Setting theory as espoused by McCombs and Donald Shaw. The study population

constituted of respondents from four marked newspaper-vending points within Nakuru town

and the selected content from leading newspapers, the Nation (Daily Nation, Saturday

Nation, and Sunday Nation) that carried messages advocating for peace before and after 2013

elections. Purposive sampling was used to select newspaper content with peace messages and

to select newspaper readers in Nakuru town. Focus group discussions were used as research

instruments to collect data from the selected respondents from Nakuru town. All data was

subjected to open, axial and selective coding for analysis purpose. For the data obtained from

newspaper content, Content analysis formed the main part of the analysis. The findings

indicated that newspapers in the run up to 2013 elections carried peace messages in news and

feature stories, in their editorial sections, opinion and advertisements. The findings also show

that Kenyans read peace messages and took them into consideration during the election

process. It was found that Kenyans were influenced by the peace messages to maintain calm.

However, the findings show that although experts and scholars accused media of „indulging‟

in peace advocacy and forgetting their watchdog role, the respondents praised the role media

played in ensuring after poll calm and peaceful coexistence and tolerance. The study findings

are useful to the media houses and media in their effort to use newspapers as a medium of

peace reporting and advocacy.

Key words: Peace Reporting, Peace messages, Elections


71

Factors influencing Sustainability of Cereal Banks among Maize Farmer Groups in

Kimilili Sub-county, Kenya

Everlyne Kataka and C.A. Onyango

Department of Agriculture Education and Extension, Egerton University, Kenya


Abstract

In Kenya, Cereal banks were started with the aim of enhancing local food security and

surplus for marketing. This approach to marketing maize allows farmers to sell their produce

for high prices to larger-scale buyers. Despite efforts by NGOs, Government of Kenya and

other civil society in establishing cereal banks, there has been perceived problems associated

with their sustainability leading to the collapse of cereal banks. The foregoing importance of

collective marketing, the track record of cereal banks in Kenya regarding their sustainability

has been poor. The study investigated factors influencing sustainability of Cereal banks

among maize farmer groups in Kimilili Sub-County, Kenya. The study adopted theory of

resilience postulated by Holling, 1986. A descriptive research design was used with target

population of 942 Maize farmers. Proportionate simple random sampling was used to select

188 farmers using 20% adopted from Mugenda and Mugenda, (1999). Data was collected

using structured interview schedule, questionnaire and Focus Group Discussions and

analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and presented in form of tables. Results

show there was statistically significant relationship of factors (access of extension service and

quantity of maize bulked) on Sustainability of Cereal Banks. It was concluded that these

factors yielded pressure on collective maize banking activities and most CBs did not endure

resilience which is the buffer capacity of a system to absorb perturbations, hence failure of

CBs which has the objective of creating and maintaining prosperous social, economic and

ecological systems and in this case food security during the off-seasons. These findings are

useful to researchers, policy makers and small holder farmers in management of cereal banks

to ensure sustainability. This paper outline policy recommendations to strengthen agricultural

research and extension services, stimulate production of value added products and urgent

need for demand driven extension approaches to be used by farmers.

Key words: Factors, sustainability, cereal banks


72

The Role of Media in Agriculture and Food Security

Florence Chepkorir

Egerton University, Nakuru Town Campus College

Email: [email protected], Tel: 0728 901 998

Abstract

Food security which entails food production, the ability for individuals to access it and proper

use of the same is of great importance in ensuring that human life is sustained. The concept of

food security has been termed by many governments in the world as a complex sustainable

development issue which directly affects human health, economic development and the

environment. This calls for a need to establish means in which adequate food production and

distribution can be achieved. Agriculture is the main tool which can be used maximally to

achieve this and with the increased need for food security in the current world, this sector

needs a lot of advancement so as to achieve its goals. It is believed that enhancing agriculture

can lead to increased economic openings, reduced poverty and malnutrition and ensure a fast

growing society. Adequate information and proper communication of the same to the

stakeholders in the agricultural sector which can help advance agriculture thus increased food

production and accessibility is very vital. Media is the most powerful tool in dissemination of

information and thus need to be fully utilized by the agricultural sector in the bid to achieve

its goal which is mainly securing food for sustenance of human life. With the advancement of

the media worldwide, there has been a lot of co-relation between the media and agriculture,

with food producers, distributors and receivers benefiting a lot from the same. This paper

therefore will explore means by which the agricultural sector has benefited from the media. It

will also explore what the media ought to do to ensure more productivity in agriculture.

Key words: Food security, agriculture, media


73

The influence of Ownership Structure on Financial Performance of Privatized

Companies in Kenya

1Gitundu

Esther Wanjugu,

2Kiprop

Symon Kibet,

2Kibet Lawrence Kangogo, and

3Sifunjo E. Kisaka.

1Division of Research and Extension, Egerton University, P.O Box, 536-20115, Egerton,

Kenya; 2Department of Economics, Egerton University P.O Box, 536-20115, Egerton,

Kenya; 3Department of Finance and Accounting, University of Nairobi, P.O Box, 30197-

00100 Nairobi, Kenya.


Abstract

This study investigated the influence of ownership structure on financial performance of

privatized companies in Kenya for the period 2007-2013. The study was informed by the

property rights, the agency and the resource based theories. Data was extracted from

prospectuses and financial reports of privatized companies, obtained from the Capital

Markets Authority (CMA) and the Nairobi Stock Exchange (NSE). A unit root test was used

to examine stationarity of data while a Hausman test determined the appropriate regression

model. This study used a Fixed Effects (FE) regression model with a robust standard error

option to control for heteroskedasticity and contemporaneous correlation which may lead to

spurious results. The study found that ownership structure has a significant relationship with

financial performance. Among individual variables, government ownership has a positive

influence on ROA and the Tobin‟s Q; but a negative effect on cost efficiency. Institutional

shareholders have a positive influence on ROA and technical efficiency. Large individual

investors have a positive influence on cost efficiency. Dispersed shareholders have a positive

influence on ROA but a negative effect on cost efficiency. This study recommends that the

Privatization Commission of Kenya should restructure ownership of privatized companies to

reduce government and dispersed ownership further to pass more control and decision

making to private investors. However, the government should retain some ownership in

privatized firms to enhance shareholders confidence, protection of investments and

managerial monitoring. A strategic institutional investor in each company should be

identified and be allocated adequate ownership to enable privatized companies attract

managerial and technical expertise crucial to improve governance and financial performance.

Key words: Privatization; SOEs; Ownership structure; Financial Performance, Kenya


74

Good Governance as a Tool for Development of Humanity

Jackson Karanja Kinyanjui

Egerton University, Nakuru Town Campus College, P.O. Box 536, Egerton, Kenya

Email: [email protected], Tel.: 0712 676 101/ 0733 209 671

Abstract

Good governance is essential to achieve development while true participatory democracy

ensures that development is equitable and sustainable. Public institutions need to be able to

manage public resources and conduct public affairs in a manner that is free of corruption and

abuse that upholds the rule of law and that protects and promotes the realization of the rights

of its people. The true measure of good governance is the ability of a government to realize

people‟s human rights and deliver sustainable and equitable development. Good governance

is derived through transparency, accountability, participation and responsiveness to the needs

of the poor, marginalized and underrepresented groups. The Millennium Declaration commits

the nations of the world to promote democracy and strengthen the rule of law, as well as

respect for all internationally recognized human rights and fundamental freedoms, including

the right to development. In it, world leaders resolve to strengthen the capacity of all our

countries to implement the principles and practices of democracy and respect for human

rights. The true measure of good governance is its ability to deliver development based on

realizing people‟s human rights. It entails transparency, accountability, participation, and

responsiveness to the needs of the poor, marginalized and underrepresented groups. However,

governance has been distorted and abused by elites who have captured public institutions to

advance their narrow interests. Moreover, globalization has created conditions for corruption

both in its broad and narrow senses to flourish. This paper will attempt to establish how good

governance can be a vital tool in the advancement of humanity.

Key words: Governance, Corruption, Human Rights,


75

Relationship between Performance Contracting and Procuring Resources in Technical

Training Institutes in Mount Kenya region in Kenya

1Janet Muthoni Kinyua,

2T.M. O. Ayodo and

2James O. Awino

1Nyeri Technical Training Institute, P.O. Box 465-10100, Nyeri, Kenya

2School of Theology, Education and Arts, Kabarak University, Private Bag – 20157,

Kabarak, Kenya.

E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Performance Contracting is a branch of management science referred to as Management

Control Systems and is a contractual agreement to execute a service according to agreed-

upon terms, within an established time period, and with a stipulated use of resources and

performance standards. Technical Training Institutes face pressure to improve efficiency in

performance of management functions. Before the study was conducted, it was unclear

whether the introduction of performance contracting had enhanced efficiency in the

performance of the function of procuring resources. The study, therefore, intended to

determine relationship between performance contracting and Principals‟ performance of the

function of procuring resources. For the purposes of conceptualization of the study, Agency

Theory, Douglas MacGregor Theory X and Y, and a conceptual frame work showing the

relationship between the variables were used. Using descriptive research design, data were

collected from a sample of 6 Technical Training Institutes. The respondents included 6

Principals, 30 Administrators, 66 Heads of Departments, and 165 Class-teachers. Saturated

sampling, stratified random sampling and simple random sampling techniques were used at

various stages of selecting the samples. An interview schedule and questionnaires were used

to collect data from the respondents. A pilot study was conducted to ensure validity and

reliability of data collection instruments using one Technical Training Institute which was not

included in the main study. In this regard, test-retest method was applied to estimate the

reliability of the instruments. All the reliability estimates were above 0.9. Descriptive and

inferential statistics were generated and analyzed through Statistical Package for Social

Science computer package. The resultant Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r = 0.067)

indicates that there was a positive and insignificant link between performance contracting and

performance of the function of procuring resources at 0.05 level of significance. The study

would be of great significance to educational managers, policy makers and planners.

Key words: Performance Contracting, Principals, Relationship, Procuring resources, Mount

Kenya Region


76

Culture, change and continuity in Riddle and Riddle Performance among the Kipsigis,

Kenya

1Cherono, E.,

2Wako, F. and

3Kweya, D.

Egerton University, Department of Literature, Language and Linguistics

Box 536, Egerton, Kenya.

Email: [email protected], Tel. No. 0722605491

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to interrogate contemporary riddles and riddle performance in the

Kipsigis community in order to illustrate the ways in which post-colonial social changes have

influenced Kipsigis riddles. Review of related literature reveals that the question of change

and continuity in riddles and riddle performance has not received much attention. The paper

is based on the theoretical stipulation that privileges cultural circulation and appropriation of

fragments from other cultures and genres in the process of cultural production as opposed to

the assumption that culture is stable and its constituent elements functions to maintain its

stability. Data was collected from the Kipsigis respondents aged eight years and above,

sampled from Kapsorok, Chepyegon, Barn‟goror and Kaplelartet locations in Soin Division

of Kericho County, Kenya. These areas are appreciably rich in oral traditions. Participant

observation method was used to collect riddles, while interviews were used for data about the

culture and historical background of the community against which the changes were assessed.

We conclude that formation of riddles is dependent on the cultural and political context. Thus

new figures of speech in contemporary Kipsigis riddles reflect change in Kipsigis perspective

of life during and after the colonial era.

Key words: Culture, change, riddles, Kipsigis, Kenya.


77

Citizens’ Perceptions on the Status of Governance in the Counties: the case of Migori

County, Kenya

Lumadede Japheth1, Margaret Ngigi

2 and Anthony Sang

1

1Department of Curriculum, Instruction and Education Management, Egerton University,

Kenya. 2Department of Agricultural Economics, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton.

Email: [email protected], Tel: 0701697732

Abstract

Governance is the process of decision-making and how those decisions are implemented.

Good governance involves quality public service delivery, accountable-decision-making, and

civic engagement. Devolution helps make good governance feasible. Kenya thus adopted

devolution to improve governance and catalyse development to the local levels. However,

since enactment of the new constitution of 2010, the status of governance in the local

governments has not been determined and documented especially from the perspective of the

citizens who consume the public goods. The purpose of this study thus was to determine the

citizens‟ perceptions on the status of governance in Migori County and recommend policy

options to enhance good governance. The study adopted a case study research design where a

diverse case of two sub counties (Nyatike Sub County and Suna West Sub County) was

selected purposively. Population of the study was 453,362 adult population of the county and

the target population (N) was164, 959, which is the adult population in the two sub counties.

From this a sample of 156 was sampled for the survey by non-proportionate random sampling

and simple random sampling where 78 citizens were selected from each sub county.

Structured questionnaire was the instruments of data collection. Quantitative data was

analysed using percentages, frequencies and Pearson chi square test at 5% significance level

by the help of STATA software. The findings of this study are of importance to the policy

practitioners and county government officials in their bid of enhancing good governance in

the counties, Migori County being one of them.

Key words: Governance, perceptions, Policy, Delivery, Citizen


78

Transformational Leadership in a University Setting? A case of Heads of Academic

Departments in the Kenyan Public University Setting

Lydia Ayako Mareri

Department of Literature, Languages & Linguistics (Communication Studies)

Egerton University

Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

Tel: 0721677045 / 0733850035

Abstract

Transformational visionary and inspirational leadership practices of departmental heads can

determine levels of organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) of the academic faculty

members in a public university setting. The organization and management of public

university activities depend on active involvement of academic faculty members because they

play a vital role in the university‟s survival. This implies that university management is

incomplete without notable participation of the academic faculty members, whose foundation

is laid at the departmental level and the results have implication for the overall governance

success of the university. Consequently, certain leadership styles have distinct bearing on the

levels of obedience, loyalty and participation of employees, which subsequently influence

organizational effectiveness. Based on this premise, this paper presents results obtained from

a qualitative case study conducted among academic faculty members of one faculty in one of

the public universities in Kenya. The purpose of this study was to determine how heads of

departments‟ leadership styles influence the degree of organizational citizenship behavior

(OCB) of the academic faculty members within their departments – and by extension – the

effectiveness of the university. Data was obtained through in-depth interviews with the

sample heads of departments and academic faculty members. The results obtained add

empirical support to the assertions that indicators of organizational effectiveness are

associated with employees‟ willingness to go above and beyond their job requirements as

indicated by the levels of OCB largely influenced by the leadership styles. Can this apply in

academic oriented settings?

Key words: Transformational Leadership; Academic Faculty; Organizational Citizenship

Behaviour



79

Effects of Women Enterprise Fund’s Training on Sales Performance of Women

Grocery Micro-entrepreneurs in Thika Sub-county, Kiambu County, Kenya

1Muraguri Michael,

2Dolphine Odero and

3Margaret Ngigi

1Department of Curriculum, Instruction and Educational Management, Egerton University,

Kenya; 2Department of Applied Community Development Studies, Egerton University;

3Department of Agricultural Economics, Egerton University.

Email: [email protected] Tel: 0721 293371 / 0737 867849

Abstract

There has been a great attention by the government of Kenya on women entrepreneurship

over the last nine years. Several policies have been enacted that could support the growth and

performance of women entrepreneurship in Kenya. The Women Enterprise Fund (WEF) was

established in 2007 to assist women in the development of their enterprises. This study

sought to bridge the gap by establishing the effects of WEF‟s training on sales performance

of women grocery micro-entrepreneurs in Thika Sub-County in Kenya. The study examined

the effects of WEF‟s training on sales performance of women grocery micro-entrepreneurs. A

cross-sectional descriptive survey research design was used. The sampling technique used

was simple random sampling, since it produced the most productive sample to test the

research hypotheses. A sample size of 111 women entrepreneurs was used out of a population

of 371 women entrepreneurs. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires from

the respondents. The study was guided by the human capital theory. One sample t-test (before

and after comparison) and multivariate regression was used to analyze data collected at 5%

significance level with the help of STATA software. The studyprovided useful information to

WEF‟s training policy makers, contributed knowledge on the role of women in

entrepreneurship and knowledge to scholars and researchers in the field of women

entrepreneurship.

Key words: WEF‟s Training, Sales, Performance, Micro-entrepreneurs, Grocery


80

Contribution of Collective Action Groups on Socio-Economic Wellbeing of Agro-

Pastoralists in Makindu Sub-County, Kenya

Ndunda Elizabeth Mumbi

Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Egerton university:

Email: [email protected] Phone: 0725505693

Abstract

Challenges in addressing policies and wellbeing of marginalized communities and a shift

from the top down approaches to pluralistic and participatory community development has

led to community groups taking a more active role in development. This requires

documentation of the contributions such groups are making towards development, in order to

align and address the needs of the community and the households within. The study focused

on the role played by Collective Action Groups (CAGs) operating in Makindu sub-county in

improving the socio-economic wellbeing of the community. A correlation research design

was used to determine the results. The study area was selected purposively due its climate,

number of agro-pastoral households and the existence of functional CAGs. Stratified random

sampling was used to select 204 households that were members of CAGs within the seven

locations of Makindu sub-county. Structured interviews were scheduled to collect both

qualitative and quantitative data. Seven Focus Group Discussions were conducted, one in

each location to triangulate the data collected from the survey. An index of socio-economic

wellbeing was developed from the household heads‟ subjective and objective responses on

the indicators of wellbeing. The data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential

statistics in SPSS version 21. The study revealed that: there were 159 CAGs involved in nine

different activities (financial, work sharing, training, marketing of produce, farm implements,

burial activities, building materials health care and peace initiatives), the CAGs were found to

be significantly (p<.05) useful in influencing the wellbeing of the community and that they

contributed highly to the socioeconomic wellbeing of the agro-pastoral community. It is

concluded that CAGs play a significant role in improving the socio-economic wellbeing of

the now settled Agro-pastoralists and that a majority of the problems faced by agro-

pastoralists can be managed sustainably through CAGs. NGOs and the government can find a

trustworthy and significant development partner in the CAGs within Makindu sub-county.

Key words: collective action groups, agro-pastoralist, wellbeing


81

Farm Household’s Participation in Governance: Lessons from Devolved systems in

Kenya

Nthenya Kinyumu, Tim Njagi and Lilian Kirimi

Egerton University, Tegemeo Institute of Agricultural Policy and Development, Nairobi.

Email: [email protected] Tel: 0721 321 558

Abstract

This paper provides empirical evidence on the level of citizen participation and constraints to

participation on development programmes in Counties after Promulgation of the new

constitution 2010. The new constitution provided a strong legal foundation for the

enhancement of participatory governance through devolved structures at county level. It

places the citizens at the centre of everything and promotes the aspect of participation and

involvement as a key factor to enhance successful implementation and good governance. The

study used both primary and secondary quantitative and qualitative data. Secondary data was

collected through literature review of existing documents and reports on governance and

citizen participation. TAPRAII data on devolution was used in this study to provide

information on level of citizen participation, the socio-economic characteristics of the

respondents and constraints to participation. The study finds that citizen participation in

development programmes after devolution has had minimal influence on the decentralized

service delivery. Factors like education, age of the household head, and availability of

subsidized fertilizer and distance to motor able roads had a great impact on citizens‟

attendance to development meetings. From the results we draw some policy implications that

can provide insights to policy makers to improve citizens‟ participation in development

programmes at County levels which include use of social networks to disseminate

information, provision of timely information to citizens, creating awareness to the public on

the County Integrated Development Programmes (CIDPs) and promotion of sharing

information through use of accessible channels of communication.

Key words: Devolved, Governance, Participation, Kenya


82

Influence of Social and Economic factors on Implementation of Childrens’ Rights Policy

in Nakuru County, Kenya

Nyandoro Omuria, E Bor and B Onasrigo

Department of Curriculum, Instruction and Education Management


Abstract

Children's rights are fundamental freedoms with particular attention to the rights of special

protection and care afforded to minors. This encompasses their right to association, the basic

needs for education, food, and, health care and laws appropriate for the age and development

of the child, and freedom from any form of discrimination. Kenya has many children policies

in place, the study sought to explain economic and social factor working against

implementation of these policies. This study, therefore, sought to find out the underlying

tensions within the existing policy. The study was guided by the fact that there are still

significant violations of children rights despite the existence of sufficient legal instruments in

place. The purpose of this study was to: establish the influence of social and economic factors

on the implementation of children rights policies in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study used

case study research design. This study was carried out in the Nakuru County through mixed

method research approach, qualitative and quantitative methods. The population of the study

was 70 policy implementers. The study used purposive and non-proportionate quota

sampling. Data collection instruments were unstructured interview schedule and focus group

schedule. The collected data was processed and analyzed using SPSS and NVIVO. The study

found that socio and economic factors affect implementation of children rights. It also found

that factors such as politics influence implementation of children rights. The study findings

may be beneficial to the government and children policy practitioners as they may be used to

formulate and implement better policies for the children.

Key words: rights, policy, implementation, evaluation, governance


83

Influence of Community Policing on Criminal activities in Low Income areas of Nakuru

Town, Kenya

Kennedy ObumbaOgutu1, Mark Okere

1 and Erick Bor

2

1Department of Curriculum, Instruction and Educational Management, Egerton University,

Kenya. 2Department of Peace, Security and Social Studies, Egerton University

Email: [email protected], Tel: 0723319047/0734319407

Abstract

Community policing was introduced in Kenya in 2003 to help in reducing criminal activities

such as theft, armed robbery, break-ins and terrorism among others that have mademany lives

to be lost, property destroyed or stolen, many homes and houses broken into and many people

displaced. Despite its introduction, it has been noted that criminal activities are still taking

place in Kenya and also Nakuru Town in particular. Thus, the aim of this research was

therefore, to determine the influence of community policing on criminal activities in low

income areas of Nakuru Town. This study employed explanatory sequential mixed methods

research design. This involved, using survey questionnaires to collect quantitative data after

which an interview schedulewas used to collect qualitative data that helped explain in a

detailed manner, the results obtained from the quantitative phase. The researcher had 156

respondents to answer the questionnaires. Purposive sampling was used to obtain one police

officer who was the heads of police station. Data entry was conducted using SPSS software.

Quantitative data obtained was then analyzed using Pearson‟s correlation coefficient.

Hypotheses were tested at 5% level of significance. Descriptive statistics such as mean,

frequency tables and percentages was also used. Qualitative data obtained by interview was

analyzed through thematic content analysis. The findings of this study are of importance to

the county government of Nakuru in that, it helped know whether community policing which

was introduced to reduce and prevent crimes has actually had an influence in the frequency of

occurrence of the most prevalent crimes in the town.

Key words: Community policing, crime, armed robbery, low income areas, Nyumba Kumi

Initiative


84

Insights from the Good Samaritan: A Response to Governance in Kenya

Odock Kizito and Boaz Onyancha

Department of Philosophy, History and Religious Studies, Egerton University, Njoro – Kenya

Email: [email protected] Tel: 0725 348040

Abstract

The Parable of the Good Samaritan in Luke 10: 25-35 is a call to public officials to alleviate

the suffering of the poor and disadvantaged by leading and engaging in efforts at systematic

and structural transformation. In this parable, Jesus responds to a question by a certain

“teacher of Law” about what he must do to receive eternal life. Jesus responds to the teacher

thus: „Love your neighbor as yourself‟ (Luke 10: 27). This Parable presents various

challenges to those who hold positions of authority especially public officials. The real

neighbor is one who shows mercy to those in need; especially the poor, the sick and the old

members of society. In Kenya, there are many in such persons need such as the poor and

disadvantaged described in the parable of the Good Samaritan. It remains the responsibility of

those engaged in public governance to alleviate their suffering. This paper explores the

challenges of corruption within the social, political and economic spheres in Kenya and how

these challenges hinder public officers from clearly seeing and responding to the „neighbor‟

especially in time of need. The challenges are a block to engaging in systematic and social

structural transformation. The paper is guided by virtue ethics; more specifically the

principles of beneficence and non-maleficence. The Principle of beneficence holds that we

should always strive to do good to others; while beneficence maintains that we have a duty to

others, it is a way of ensuring reciprocity in our relations and passing along to others the good

we have received in the past while non-maleficence teaches that we should not harm others

intentionally, popularly referred to as the “do no harm” approach. This paper is largely

descriptive and exploratory in nature and has used available literature on the subject to

generate and analyze required data and to make generalizations about the subject matter. It is

hoped that the discussions in this paper will benefit public policy makers in Kenya and

around the world.

Key words: Good Samaritan, Governance, Public Officials, Kenya


85

The Military tactics of Otenyo and Sustainable Political Development leading to

Advancement of Humanity among the Abagusii in the Colonial era

Gilbert Nyakundi Okebiro1, Anjela Kemunto Nyambane

1 and Kefa Otiso

2

1Kisii University –Kitale Campus,

2Department of geography, Bowling Green State

University, USA


Abstract

Sustainable political development was not possible if people feared the colonialists. That is

why brave men and women from all communities in Kenya used the military tactics to fight

imperialism. Among the Abagusii, Otenyo was one of brave men and freedom fighters who

resisted the colonial administration and led the Abagusii rebellion in Gusiiland. Otenyo was

be headed by Northcott the colonial D.C, when he tried to spear him in 1908. The problem

was the head of Otenyo was taken to Britain and has never been returned. It is important that

the head of Otenyo should be brought back. The objective of the study is to investigate why

the Abagusii community not demanding for the head of Otenyo. It is through Otenyo‟s

military tactics that the Abagusii rebellion was successful and led to sustainable development

of humanity in Gusiiland. The key finding is that Otenyo is not recognised as a national hero,

Like Dedan Kimathi, Samoei Arap Koitalel and others, who fought the colonialist in Central

and Rift Valley respectively. It is concluded Otenyo revolted individually killing the District

Commissioner Northcott and made an impact on the resistance reaction on the historical

perspective among the Abagusii. It is recommended that the head of Otenyo should be

returned to Gusii land and makes a milestone in political development. Also a statute should

be located in one of the streets of Kisii town to mark the heroism displayed by Otenyo.

Key words: Military tactics, political development, Dignity.


86

HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT

86

Can Sanitary Surveys Replace Water Quality Testing? Evidence from Kisii, Kenya

A.G. Misati1, G. M.Ogendi

1 and E. Kumpel

2

1Department of Environmental Science, Egerton University, Kenya

2Aquaya Institute, Nairobi, Kenya

Email: [email protected], Tel: 0712 825 926)

Abstract

Safe drinking water is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as water that meets WHO

guidelines or national standards for physical, chemical and microbial characteristics. Microbial

contamination of drinking water can cause waterborne diseases resulting in morbidity and even

mortality. Therefore use of sanitary surveys can highlight potential risks of contamination which will

help local authorities, develop corrective actions to prevent contamination and highlight key aspects

of water source improvements. The study focused on the use of sanitary surveys in complementing

water testing programs where faecal coliform concentrations were measured and specific risk factors

influencing microbiological water quality determined. This was achieved through a descriptive cross

sectional study design and a stratified random sampling to arrive at the three administrative divisions

of Kisii County (Keumbu, Mosocho and Kiogoro). A sanitary survey designed according to the WHO

1997 was used in collecting data and water samples were collected and analyzed in the laboratory

using membrane filtration technique. A total of 25 springs, 20 wells and 16 rainwater tanks were

sampled. Wells had the highest levels of contamination by faecal coliform (median=2.4CFU/100ml)

and highest concentrations of TDS and turbidity compared to other sources. The median Risk of

Contamination (ROC) score for wells was the highest at 59.5%. There were no significant

relationships between faecal contamination concentrations and increasing risk of contamination score.

The research study presented an up to date evidence based dataset testing microbiological water

quality against source type and potential risk factors of water sources. Use of sanitary surveys cannot

replace water testing but can help in identifying potential sources of pollution.

Key words: sanitary survey, drinking water, water testing, risk of contamination, risk factors


87

Influence of Grazing Intensity on Cyanogenic Toxicity in Baringo Savanna Grasses, Kenya

Alfayo Koskei

Egerton University, Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Environment

Email: [email protected] Tel: +254(0)727446720

Abstract

The potential role of anti-herbivory mechanisms involving use of qualitative and quantitative

compounds in minimizing herbivory is well known, however, synergistic responses to grazing and

interactive effects on herbivores are poorly known. The aim ofthis study was to quantify the

interaction between cyanogenic glycosides in grasses with grazing in Baringo County, Lake Bogoria

(00° 28' N, 35° 59'E). Data was collected from grass samples and tested for cyanogenic glycosides

using impregnated picrate paper. Grazing intensity was varied using clipping method to illustrate the

effect of grazing disturbance on cyanide concentration. Grasses were sampled using quadrats within

10 plots and classified into two classes; young and old and grazing intensities into; heavy grazing and

light grazing. The findings illustratedfive species are cyanogenic; Cynodon dactylon, Cynodon

plectostachyus, Digitaria scalarum, Sporobolus spicatus and Cyperus laevigatusout of 16 species

sampled. Cyanogenic glycosides decreased with increase inage of plants. Young cuttings yield more

Hydrogen Cyanide than older though there were no significant difference (C. dactylon p-value=0.503,

C. plectostachyus p-value=0.483, S. spicatus p-value=0.538, C. laevigatus p-value=0.103 and D.

scalarum p-value=0.447). Grazing intensity had significant effect on concentration of cyanogenic

glycosides in some species; C. dactylon (p-value=0.024) and C. laevigatus (P-value=0.021). However

in some varieties, the difference in concentration due to grazing intensity was not significant; D.

scalarum (P-value=0.551), S. spicatus (P-value=0.944) and C. plectostachyus (P-values=0.202).

Grazing regime of managed pastures should consider the age of pastures while allowing utilization of

pastures and a response to a more even grazing pressure on heavily grazed land although alternative

explanations such as selection by grazers for a lower cyanide concentration or a low palatability due

to plants being clonal relatives are possible.

Key words: Cyanide, grazing, grasses, glycosides.


88

Anticancer compounds from Edible Mushrooms

Alice W. Njue1, Josiah O. Omolo

1, Peter K. Cheplogoi

1, Moses K. Langat

2, Dulcie A.

Mulholland2

1Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya;

2Department of

Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH,

United Kingdom

Email: [email protected] Tel. +254721216710

Abstract

Incidences of cancer in the developing countries are on the rise and many patients in Kenya do not

have access to effective treatment. The increase is largely because of the aging and growth of the

world population alongside an increasing adoption of cancer-causing behaviors. As different types of

cancers emerge, there is need of more novel and target specific compounds which can either be a

possible alternative to anticancer compounds or increase the number of drugs controlling cancer.

Basidiomycetes have drawn significant attention in recent years because of their wide variety of

pharmacological activities. Tropical basidiomycetes comprise a vast and yet largely untapped source

of powerful new pharmaceutical products. In particular, some biologically active substances isolated

from basidiomycetes in fruiting bodies, cultured mycelium and broth exhibit promising activity

against tumours in vivo and in vitro. Some have been employed clinically as antitumour drugs. There

are advantages of using basidiomycetes as sources of bioactive compounds, rather than plants because

the biomass can be produced in much less time and the mycelia may also be rapidly produced in

liquid submerged cultures. In this work, the basidiomycetes investigated were collected from Mau

forest and Kerio valley and kept as agar slants in the Integrated Biotechnology Research Laboratory at

Egerton University. Compounds isolated were screened for activities against a panel of 60 human

cancer cell lines derived from nine cancer types. They were effective and can later on add to the pool

of drugs already in the market.

Key words: Basidiomycetes, tumours, cancer cell lines


89

Litter Processing of Exotic and Indigenous leaves in Njoro River, Kenya

Amuok O. Emmanuel1, M’Erimba M. Charles

1, and Cheplogoi K. Peter

1

Egerton University, P. O. Box 536, Egerton – 20115. Kenya.

Email: [email protected] +254 710 920 465

Abstract

Riparian vegetation provides litter that supports stream metabolism particularly in upper stream

reaches with dense canopy cover. In the Njoro River, exotic trees particularly Eucalyptus and

Grevillea species are replacing indigenous trees at an alarming rate probably owing to their fast

growth and commercial value. This poses the question whether replacement of indigenous trees by

exotic ones compromises stream functioning in terms of decomposition processes. It was

hypothesized that replacement of indigenous riparian vegetation with exotic trees interfered with the

normal leave litter processing rates in streams. To test the hypothesis, mature leaves of indigenous

(Pittosporum viridiflorum, Syzygium cordatum) and exotic (Grevillea robusta, Eucalyptus saligna)

leaves were picked, dried, weighed and enclosed into 140 litter bags measuring 11.0x11.0 cm and

mesh size 5 x 5mm. All the bags were randomly exposed in a 50m stretch in May 2013. Five bags of

each species were retrieved at intervals of 0, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 60 days of exposure. Remaining

weights of leaves were determined after drying at 600C for 24 hours. No significant differences were

observed between processing rates of exotic versus indigenous leaves (pooled data, exotic -k = 0.111,

indigenous -k = 0.04, t=2.20, P>0.05). It took between 23-33 days to process half (50%) of exotic

leaves and 19-32 days for indigenous leaves. It was concluded that replacing indigenous tree species

with exotic trees had limited effects on the rate of decomposition because the time taken to process

half of exotic leaves is insignificantly different from the time needed to process half of indigenous

leaves. This study forms a basis upon which stream managers can evaluate the effectiveness of

replacing indigenous tree species with exotic along tropical streams.

Key words: decomposition, leave litter, riparian vegetation, Njoro River


90

Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) H.S. Irwin &

Barneby

Arama, P.F.1, Jeruto, P.

2, Anyango, B.

3, Akenga, T

4., Nyunja, R.

3, Khasabuli, D.

5 and

Kamundia, J.6

1Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, School of Agriculture, Natural

Resources and Environmental Sciences, Rongo University College, P.O. Box 103 – 40401 Rongo,

Kenya; 2Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Eldoret University, Kenya;

3Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Jaramogi

OgingaOdinga University of Science and Technology; 4Department of Chemistry, School of Science,

Eldoret University, Kenya; 5Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Maseno University,

Private Bag Maseno, Kenya; 6Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Private

Bag, Njoro, Kenya

E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +254 721 345608

Abstract

Herbal medicines have been used for many years and it remains widespread in developing countries

while the use of complementary alternative medicine is increasing rapidly in developed countries.

Senn adidymobotrya is important for its medicinal use among many communities to treat a wide

range of ailments. The objective of this study was to assess, in vitro, the efficacy of different

concentrations of S. didymobotrya plant extracts on the fungal species Candida albicans and

Trichophyton tonsurans disease causative agents of candidiasis and tinea capitis respectively.Plants

were collected from a cluster in Siaya, Nandi and Nakuru counties (Kenya). Stem bark, root bark,

leaves, flowers and immature pods were obtained air-dried and ground into fine powder. Methanol

was used to extract the plant extracts. The extracts were reconstituted in water and incorporated into

growth media to obtain 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%. Bioassays were carried out on T. tonsurans

and C. albicans. The growth of cultures on the plates were measured over a period of sixteen days.

The area under disease progress stairs was determined and subjected to ANOVA and comparison of

means using LSD. Results indicated that the growth of C. albicans was not significantly affected by

the plant extracts. Growth of T. tonsurans was completely inhibited by immature pods extract at

10%, the leaves and flowers extracts inhibited the growth at 7.5%. The stem and root bark extracts

inhibited growth at low dosages of 2.5- 5 %. In conclusion, there is need to carry our more research

on root and stem bark extracts to identify the active phytochemicals that contribute to their high

efficacies as compared to leaves, flowers and immature pods extracts. On species conservation,

harvesting of roots may lead to depletion of S. didymobotrya.

Key words: Senna didymobotrya, ringworms, candidiasis, tinea capitis


91

In vivo Anti-leishmanial activity of Mormodica foetida Extracts against Leishmania major.

1Chepkemei, J. K.,

2Makwali, J.,

2Ngeiywa, M.,

2Anjili, C.,

3Chepkoech, I., and Rotich, C.

Department of Biological Science, School of Science, University of Eldoret.

P.O BOX 30100- 1125, ELDORET

Email: [email protected] Tel: +254721-230-394;

Abstract

Leishmaniasis, in its variety of visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous forms, a vector-borne parasitic

disease, is caused by the infection with the obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, Leishmania,

transmitted by about 30 species of Phlebotomine sandflies. The control of leishmaniasis remains a

problem, a zoonotic infection, except in epidemics where it is anthroponotic, interruption of

transmission is difficult, though not impossible. No vaccines exist for leishmaniasis and

chemotherapy is inadequate and expensive. Current regimes use pentavalent antimony as primary

therapy, which must be administered parenterally. Should this fail, a number of other drugs may be

employed, depending upon the species of Leishmania concerned and the resources available to the

health professionals involved. The most widely used of these is amphotericin B, which is highly

active but has toxicity effects. Based on splenic impression smears and lesion size progressions, M.

foetida extracts significantly (P < 0.05) protected the mice against L. major parasites infection by

demonstrating lower values of lesion diameters, infection rates and LDU compared to PBS.

Antileishmanial activities significantly (P < 0.05) increase with the increase in concentrations of M.

foetida extracts. The extracts had no significant toxicity (P > 0.05) against vero cells compared to

standard reference drugs and did not stimulate the macrophages to produce sufficient amount of nitric

oxide, hence the extract could be having active compounds that act directly on parasites. By showing

antileishmanial activities with no toxicity, M. foetida extracts therefore, supports its traditional use as

antileishmanial remedy and it should also be tested against other species of the parasites in different

models.

Key words: Leishmaniasis, Mormodica foetida, In vivo, Leishmania major, Amastigotes,

Machrophages


92

Microbiological Contamination of Water Pans in Arid and Semi Arid Lands: A Case Study of

Central and South Baringo, Kenya.

Kurui, E.J., Ogendi, G.M., Moturi, W.N. and Nyawanga, D.O.

Department of Environmental Science, Egerton University

Email: [email protected]; 0714166404

Abstract

Water pans constitute the main source of rural water supply in the arid and semi arid lands of Baringo

County. However, livestock and humans have the same watering points. These areas are also

characterised by poor disposal of human waste, thus compromising the drinking water and human

health. This study sought to assess the spatial-temporal variation of Total coliforms, E.coli, Faecal

streptococcus and Salmonella species in the water pans in relation to household drinking water

quality. Water was sampled from six water pans Agro-ecological zone IV and V in the study area for

a period of four months (June to October, 2015). A total seventy two water samples were sampled

from the water pans for microbial analyses. There was no significant spatial variation in

microbiological parameters amongst the sampling sites (F=1.409, 0.979 and 1.178 for Total coliform,

E.coli and Salmonella species respectively, df=5, 71 and P> 0.05). However, there was a significant

spatial variation in Fecal streptococcus amongst the water pan sampled sites (F=3.441, df=5, 68

P=0.008). There was a statistically temporal significant difference in Total coliforms and Salmonella

spp between seasons (H=11.14, P=0.001 and H=11.581, P=0.001 for total coliforms and salmonella,

respectively). E.coli and Fecal streptococcus did not show a statistical temporal significant difference

in mean densities between the seasons (H=3.710, P=0.058 and H=0.058, P=0.810). In conclusion,

there was faecal contamination of domestic water sources in Central and South Baringo. Protection of

water sources can be recommended to reduce feacal contamination of water at source.

Key words: Faecal contamination, Water sources, Water quality


93

Environmental influence on family planning: A case study of Lelan Sub-county West -Pokot

County, Kenya

Gilbert Nyakundi Okebiro 1, Mana Brender Ekai

2 and Keyaa Longenge James

3

1,3Kisii University –Kitale campus;

2Mt.Kenya University- Lodwar campus


Abstract

The term environment means a number of things relating to home environment, man-made

environment, natural environment, social environment, local environment and cultural environment.

The paper focuses on the local environment with its immediate surroundings and the neighbourhoods

where people spend days and cultural environment which is the dynamic life shared by a group of

people, in relation to its influence on family planning in Lelan sub county in West-Pokot county. The

paper focuses how the environmental influence leads to compelled family planning. Family planning

refers to deciding how many children one wants and when one wants to have them. The problem is

environment compels the people Lelan to practice family planning without their consent. The

objective of the study is to investigate whether the environment influences family planning in Lelan

Sub- County. The paper adopts experimental method and in-depth interview is used to collect data

from the indigenous people. Therefore Ho; environment influence family planning and H1;

environment does not influence family planning. The key results indicate that Lelan is high place

where temperatures are below 16 degrees centigrade throughout the year and cannot allow women to

conceive. Therefore Chepareria is between Sook and Lelan highlands where temperatures are higher

and conception can occur. This makes the indigenous people during the conception period to relocate

to Chepareria and Kapenguria town and leave the children in homesteads in Lelan. It is concluded that

environment can influence family planning because the interdependence between humankind and its

environment and understanding of the ecological system must be developed together with a genuine

concern for environment and its influence on people. It is recommended that since its caused by

change, the people in Lelan should use Hot beverages like tea and coffee and contain temperature and

stimulate the body leading to conception and lead to sustainable development of humanity.

Key words: Environment, family planning, stimulants, Conception.


94

An Assessment of Contribution of Faecal Disposal Practices on the Bacteriological

Quality of Drinking Water Sources in Isiolo County, Kenya.

Okullo J .O., Moturi W.N., and Ogendi G.M.

1Department of Environmental Science, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton

Email: [email protected] Tel: (+254) 715647651

Abstract

The basic needs of people such as safe drinking water, improved hygiene and sanitation must be

fulfilled for a dignified life of human being. Isiolo County lies in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands

(ASAL) characterised with low poverty levels and poor sanitation coverage. Faecal disposal has thus

remained a key challenge. This research was conducted to establish the contribution of faecal disposal

practices among residents on bacteriological quality of drinking water sources in the County.

Questionnaires were administered to a sample of 150 households within the study area. The data was

processed and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics at α = 0.05 level of significance test.

According to the research findings, poor faecal disposal was largely attributed to lack of latrine

facilities with 43% of the households not having any sanitation facility. 68% of the households

fetched drinking water from unprotected sources majorly hand-dug wells, boreholes and river sources.

Bacteriological analysis of the sources indicated mean counts of 8.6 x 103, 1.9 x 10

3, 5.3 x 10

3, and

7.0 x 103

CFU/100mlfor Faecal streptococci, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Total coliform

respectively, falling below the WHO recommended guidelines. The study also revealed poor water

treatment, handling and storage practices amongst the households. The study therefore concluded that

poor faecal disposal practices among households deteriorate the bacteriological quality of household

drinking water. It is thus necessary to instil safe sanitation practices among households as this will

help realise better aspects human of health.

Key words: Drinking water, Household, Hygiene, Open defecation, Sanitation


95

The Burden of Faecal-Oral Infections in Isiolo County, Kenya

Kimutai, J.J. and Moturi, W.N.

Department of Environmental Science, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, EGERTON,

KENYA

Email: [email protected] /+254 712215549

Abstract

Approximately 215 million people in sub-Saharan Africa are engaging in open defecation which has

led to high transmission of diarrheal diseases. A large part of the populace (62%) in Isiolo County

lack access to a latrine facility at a household level, hence practice open defecation which enhances

transmission of faecal-oral infections. The objective of this study was to determine the burden of

faecal-oral infections in Isiolo County. The cross-sectional study that entailed random sampling of

385 households questionnaires were used to collect data on the common faecal-oral infections. DHIS

(Demographic Health Information System) was used to collect health related data from Isiolo District

Hospital. Data was analyzed through descriptive statistics. The study revealed that the prevalence

rates per 1000 of diarrhoea and intestinal worms among the under five were 142 and 21 respectively.

The prevalence rate per 1000 of diarrhoea and typhoid among the over fives were 20 and 20

respectively. Morbidity rate of diarrhoea among the under fives was higher 250 in the month of

January 2015. Morbidity rate of diarrhoea among the over five was higher 62 in the month of August

2014, whereas morbidity rate of typhoid among the over fives was higher 64 in the month of January

2014. Coverage of 66% of Burat ward had prevalence rate of diarrhoea and intestinal worms ranging

from 11-15 and 5-10 respectively. Coverage of 20% in Ngaremara ward had prevalence rate of

diarrhoea ranging from20-25, whereas 20% of the area had prevalence rate of intestinal worms

ranging from 11-15%.

Key words: Diarrhoea, intestinal worms, morbidity, prevalence, spatial distribution


96

Physical, Chemical and Microbial Quality of Drinking Water from selected sources in Njoro

Sub-County, Kenya.

Kirianki, P.R.1, Othira, J.O.

1, Muchiri, E.W.

2 and Potgieter, N.

3

1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, 536-21115, Njoro, Kenya;

2Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Egerton University, 536-21115, Njoro, Kenya;

3Department of Natural Sciences, University of Venda, South Africa.

Email: [email protected] Tel: +254722832008

Abstract

The importance of water for human and ecosystem existence cannot be overemphasized and at the

same time, many infectious diseases are transmitted by contaminated water through oral-fecal route.

About 2.2 million children below five years in developing countries die annually due to diarrhoeal

diseases associated with faecal contamination. The most appropriate remedy to this challenge is

adequate access to safe drinking water by all people. This study was undertaken to determine the level

of contamination of various drinking water both at the source and household levels in Njoro Sub-

county. The common drinking water sources are boreholes, wells, springs, dams and rain water. The

site was stratified into five administrative wards and representative samples were taken from each

ward. Both physicochemical parameters including temperature, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS),

electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

and microbial quality were measured and compared to the set WHO and Kenya National

Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) standards. Data was analyzed in SAS 9.2 and

showed that all physical chemical parameters across the locations were within the set standards except

for electrical conductivity (0.503± 0.213), turbidity (23.622± 11.925) and Escherichia coli MPN

(37.003± 8.007), which were above the set standards. Water quality was affected by location as well

as the type of water source/storage container. Water collected from rivers had a high level of DO

(6.984 ± 0.314) and turbidity (100.000 ± 0.000). Turbidity and E. coli were highest in gallons

(6.575±5.196) and pots (56.800±43.200) respectively. The mean total viable count and total coliforms

were ranged between 838±356.54 to 2638±592.795 and 22.75±8.684 to 211±66.926, respectively.

The

county government should adopt regular water monitoring to prevent occurrence of water borne

enteric diseases. Communities should treat stored water and practice safe water handling to minimize

contamination.

Key words: Drinking water; E. coli; Water quality


97

The Prevalence of Mycotoxin contamination of Animal Feeds and implications on Milk

Safety in Rural and Peri-Urban Small-holder Dairy Systems of the Dairy Value chain in


1Makau Caroline,

1Matofari Joseph,

1Muliro Patrick,

2Bebe Bockline

1Egerton University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Dairy & Food Science and

Technology; 2Egerton University, Animal Science Department, Box 536, Njoro, Kenya.


Abstract

Kenya smallholder dairying is dependent on stall feeding, characterized by a diet based on

cultivated fodder, crop residues and supplements. The methods used to make these feeds,

store and feed the dairy animal‟s on-farm may pose a safety risk of mycotoxins to the dairy

cow and animal products, hence a public health concern. The aim of this study was to

conduct a risk assessment by determining the prevalence and quantify levels of mycotoxins in

animal feeds and raw milk on small-scale farms and informal market agents in Nakuru

County, Kenya. In the study, 120 milk samples and 74 animal feed samples were collected

simultaneously from small scale dairy farms practicing intensive dairy production systems

and market actors in Nakuru County. Mycotoxin concentration was determined using enzyme

linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). Generally, levels of aflatoxin B1 and DON in animals

feeds was significantly (P<0.05) determined the type of feed either concentrate or forage and

source either commercial or on-farm formulated. The concentrates being used in both

systems reported the highest mean AFB1 47.84±36.81 µg/kg /kg and DON 86.95±51.70

µg/kg contamination. Forages used in both systems had the lowest mean AFB1 5.14±7.70

µg/kg and DON 17.83±30.66 µg/kg contamination below the EU regulation limits. The

results also showed that 25% of all milk samples had AFM1 above EU limits of 0.05µg/L.

The results obtained from this study confirm on-farm practices contribute to contamination

and measures to mitigate the high risk of mycotoxins in intensive dairy systems should be

adopted.

Key words: Animal feeds, Milk, Aflatoxin B1, Deoxynivalenol and Aflatoxin M1


98

Assessment of Prevalence and Risk factors to Bovine Brucellosis in Small holder Dairy Farms in


1Makau Caroline

1, Matofari Joseph

1, Muliro Patrick

1 and Bebe Bockline

2

1Egerton University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Dairy & Food Science and Technology;

2Egerton University, Department of Animal Science, Box 536 Njoro, Kenya.


Abstract

Consumption of unpasteurized milk through the informal market poses risk to infection with milk

borne brucellosis. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of bovine brucellosis and to

identify infection associated risk factors on small-scale farms in Nakuru County, Kenya. In the study,

milk samples and blood samples were collected simultaneously from 249 cows on 120 rural

(Olenguruone) and peri-urban (Bahati) small scale dairy farms practicing intensive dairy production

systems in Nakuru County. Farmers‟ on-farm animal contact practices, herd and animal data were

collected in a structured questionnaire comprising age, breed, parity, prior diagnosis before purchase

or raised on farm, breeding method and history of abortions. Milk and serum samples were screened

for antibodies to brucella using milk ring test (MRT) and Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT) respectively.

Rural on- farm (60%) milk samples were positive according to MRT and (18%) serum samples were

positive according to RBPT. Peri-urban on- farm (43%) milk samples were positive according to

MRT and (5%) serum samples were positive according to RBPT. For spread of brucellosis, the

method of breeding was a major risk for its spread whereby there were six times occurrence of

Brucella abortus when bull was used for breeding (OR=6.6 95% CI=6.0-7.2) than AI with a relative

risk for abortions at 51% (RR=1.51 95%CI=1.43-1.59). Natural breeding was a predominant 69%

breeding practice in rural system and AI was a predominant 82% in peri-urban. The results show that

on-farm practices on small scale farms are a risk to spread of bovine brucellosis and adoption of

control measures is critical to reduce the public health concern.

Key words: Brucellosis, Breeding, Abortions, Milk


99

Hygiene and Sanitation Training Needs for Meat Handlers in Kenyan Small and Medium

Enterprise Abattoirs

Joseph Mwaniki Wambui1, Peter Obimbo Lamuka

1, Edward Gichohi Karuri

1, Joseph W.

Matofari2

1Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of

Nairobi, 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya; 2Department of Dairy and Food Science and Technology,

Faculty of Agriculture, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya


Abstract

Personal hygiene of food workers and environmental sanitation contribute significantly to outbreak

and transmission of foodborne illnesses. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine the

hygiene and sanitation training needs among 207 meat handlers operating in five Small and Medium

Enterprise abattoirs in Nairobi City County and its environs. In addition, barriers to implementation of

basic hygiene and sanitation programs were assessed among 10 senior managers of the five abattoirs.

For this purpose, multiple-choice structured questionnaires were administered to the handlers and

managers. The results showed that majority of the meat handlers adhered to basic hygiene and

sanitation practices related to personnel clothing and prohibited habits such as smoking. The results

however highlighted low knowledge level in some hygiene and sanitation practices. These included,

regular hands washing with soap and sanitizer, use of disposable towels, reporting illness to the

management and general equipment and facility cleaning. Therefore, these practices were identified

as some of the aspects that need to be emphasized for training in the abattoirs. The need for training

was further emphasized by the fact that more than 60% of the handlers lack training in hygiene and

sanitation and their lack of basic hygiene and sanitation knowledge was regarded by the managers as

one of the barriers to effective implementation of basic hygiene and sanitation programs. In addition,

currently trained meat handlers had better practices than untrained meat handlers did in only less than

five practices (P<0.05). Management‟s willingness to take up measures to reduce identified barriers

shows a new or an improved training program has higher chances of implementation in the abattoirs.

To avoid the shortcoming of the current hygiene and sanitation programs, an assessment of such a

program require verification of its efficacy.

Keywords: Hygiene, sanitation, meat handling, training, Small and Medium Enterprise, Kenya


100

Immuno-modulatory and Anticancer Potential of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.);

Potential for Cancer Immunotherapy in new Drug Development

Peter Amwoga Ayeka1,3

, Bian Yu Hong3, Peter Githaiga Mwitari

2,3, Rosette Uzayisenga

3,4, Elick

Onyango Otachi1

1Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Egerton University, PO BOX 536-20115

Egerton, Kenya; 2Center for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research

Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya; 3International Education College, College of

Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 88 Yuquan Road,

Nankai District, Tianjin, P.R. China, 300193; 4School of Pharmacy, Kigali Campus, Mount Kenya

University


Abstract

Licorice, (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) is one of the commonly prescribed herbs in many parts of the

world, especially in Asia. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), licorice is prescribed for treatment

of various disease and disease syndromes including inflammatory diseases, antiulcer, antispasmodic,

immune modulation and cancer. In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory and anti-cancer

potential of Glycyrrhiza uralensis polysaccharides. In vitro, Intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC-6) and

Colon carcinoma cell line (CT-26) were used to evaluate cell proliferation and cytotoxicity, T

lymphocyte proliferation and relative expression of IL-7 gene. Cell cytotoxicity kit-8, Trypan blue

exclusion assay and Multicolor analysis Real Time PCR were used respectively. In vivo, CT-26 tumor

bearing BALB/c mice were used to evaluate tumorigenesis and immunomodulation potential. Effect

of the polysaccharides on immune cells and cytokines were evaluated using Flow cytometry and

magnetic bead panel assays. The results indicated that G. uralensis polysaccharides do not inhibit

proliferation of IEC-6 cells even at high concentration and ED50 was 100µg/ml. However, the

polysaccharides strongly inhibited proliferation of CT-26 cells at a concentration of ≤50 µg/ml. After

72 hours of polysaccharides treatment, expression of IL-7 gene was up-regulated by over 2 times.

Furthermore, freshly isolated T lymphocytes were stimulated within 6 hours and CD4+ and CD8

+

percentage population in mice was increased. After treatment period, tumor growth was suppressed

and there was an increase in thymus and spleen index. The serum levels of cytokines IL-7, IL-2 and

IL-6 were elevated in the polysaccharide treated subjects. The effect by the polysaccharides was

molecular weight depended, with low molecular weight having a profound effect qualifying licorice

polysaccharides‟ potential for new drug development in cancer immunotherapy.

Key words: Licorice; immunomodulatory; TCM; anti-cancer; polysaccharides


101

A Morphological Analysis of Gill Monogeneans infecting the Red belly Tilapia, Tilapia

zillii (Gervais, 1848), from Lake Naivasha, Kenya: New Species and Biogeographical

Records

Nehemiah Mogoi Rindoria1, Lewis Kamau Mungai

1, Michiel W.P. Jorissen

3,4, Maarten

P. M. Vanhove5,6,7

, Andrew Wamalwa Yasindi1, Annemarié-Avenant Oldewage

2, Elick

Onyango Otachi1

1Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University P. O Box 536-20115, Egerton,

Kenya; 2Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, P. O Box 524, Auckland Park,

Johannesburg 2006,South Africa; 3 Department of Biology, Royal Museum for Central

Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium; 4 Research Group Zoology:

Biodiversity & Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, B-3590

Diepenbeek, Belgium; 5 Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Biology

Department, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven,

Belgium; 6 Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University,

Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; 7 Capacities for Biodiversity and Sustainable

Development, Operational Directorate Natural Environment, Royal Belgian Institute of

Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium

Email: [email protected] Tel +254727442299

Abstract

A total of fifty specimens of the introduced species of Redbelly tilapia, Tilapia zillii(Gervais,

1848)were caught from Lake Naivasha, Kenya from December 2014 to May 2015,

andinvestigated with the aim of identifying and collecting the first data on the monogenean

parasites. Standard methods of parasitological examination were used in the identification of

the species of the monogeneans. Some of the collected monogeneans were preserved in

absolute ethanol (96%) for molecular analysis and others in 4% formalin for morphometric

analysis. SevenCichlidogyrus species wereidentified from the gills based on morphometric

features of the opisthaptor and copulatory organs using identification keys. These include:C.

sclerosus Paperna & Thurston, 1969; C. tilapiae, Paperna, 1960; C. digitatus Dossou, 1982;

C. aegypticus Egrens, 1981; C. vexus Pariselle & Euzet, 1995, C. arthracanthus Paperna,

1960 and C. yanni Pariselle & Euzet, 1996.Preliminary molecular data, using nuclear

ribosomal RNA genehas confirmed three of the species, namely: C. sclerosus, C. digitatus

and C. yanni. However, the putative identity of six other Cichlidogyrus species

remainsunknown. They may possibly be new species and their confirmation by molecular

analysis is underway. All these monogeneans form the first biogeographical record on the T.

zillii in Lake Naivasha. Prevalence % (P) and Mean intensity (MI) of these monogeneans

were calculated and C. digitatus was observed to be the dominant Cichlidogyrus species in T.

zillii in Lake Naivasha.

Key words: Cichlidogyrus, monogeneans,molecular, morphometric, Tilapia zillii.


102

Screening for Bioactivity of Endophytic Fungi against Selected Disease causing Pathogens

Velma W. Nasimiyu1, Josphat C. Matasyoh

2, Isabel N. Wagara

3 and Meshack A.

Obonyo1

1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University;

2Department of

Chemistry, Egerton University; 3Department of Biological sciences, Egerton University

[email protected] , Tel +254728486387

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance is still a global health threat worldwide. This has resulted in scientists going back

to natural product studies with the hope of finding new lead compounds that can be used in the

development of effective and affordable pharmaceutical products. Therefore, the aim of this project

was to screen for bioactive endophytic fungi isolated from selected medicinal plants. Primary

screening studies were done by growing the isolates on Mueller hinton agar plates seeded with 105 cell

forming unit per ml (CFU/mL) of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

ATCC87853. About 49 (81.7%) isolates showed good antibacterial activity (>10mm) against S.

aureus ATCC25923. Forty one isolates (68.3%) showed good antibacterial activity (>10mm) against

P. aeruginosa ATCC87853. Ethyl acetate extracts were subjected to disc diffusion assay and serial

dilution assay experiments. B. subtilis BCCM1735 and S. aureus ATCC25923 were the most

susceptible microoganisms with inhibition zones of 27 mm and 22 mm respectively with extracts

from Diaporthe neotheicola. P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae were resistant to the extracts. Extracts

from Aspergillus ochraceous exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity in the serial dilution assay

exhibiting minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 9.38µg/ml in YM6.3 media and a value

of 2.34µg/ml against B. subtilis DSM10. These results show that endophytic fungi have antimicrobial

potential and can be used as lead in drug development studies.

Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, endophytic fungi, antimicrobial, suscetible


103

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

103

Effect of chrome-tanning process on bovine hide using Dynamic Mechanical and

Thermal Analysis (DMTA)

Kallen Mulilo Nalyanya1,*

, Ronald K. Rop1, Arthur Onyuka

2, Odhiambo P. Migunde

1,

Richard G. Ngumbu1

1 Egerton University, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 536, Egerton-20115, Kenya;

2

Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute (KIRDI)-Leather Development

Centre, South C - Popo Road. P.O.Box 30650-00100, Nairobi, Kenya

Email [email protected], Tel.: +254712627620

Abstract

The study reports the Dynamic mechanical Analysis of leather at pickling and tanned stage of

processing. The study also discusses the effects of these two key processes in leather making

on the viscoelastic properties. The technique of analysis has enabled recording of changes in

the viscoelastic properties related to quality and hence functional performance as leather is

further processed from pickling to tanning. Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis of bovine

hide can be to qualify and quantify leather tanning processes. The results have shown the

possibility of using the technique to customize each leather tanning processes for specific

application fields. Tanning enhances the , σ, and thermal stability while decreases , loss

factor, viscosity and ε. All the viscoelastic properties exhibited dispersion with two distinct

frequency range: 0.1-30 and 30-100 Hz. The dominantly elastic nature of hides implies that

the majority of the mechanical energy is dissipated by elastic deformation. Tanning:

enhances at frequencies lower than 30 Hz but lowers at higher frequency than 30 Hz,

increases at all frequencies and temperatures. Viscoelastic properties become less

frequency-dependent at frequencies higher than 30 Hz. The viscoelastic properties

investigated showed to increase with temperatures before drastic drop at specific

temperatures. Tanned hide stores more residue stress and its molecular chains are easier to

slide over each other when shearing forces are applied than pickled hide while pickled hide

dissipates more than tanned hide at all temperatures and frequencies.

Key words: Storage modulus, Loss modulus, Viscosity, Shear stress, Dynamic Mechanical

Thermal Analysis, Pickled and tanned cowhide, Viscoelastic properties.


104

Colour and Texture feature Extraction in Image Retrieval using KNN Algorithm

L. Toroitich, W.K. Cheruiyot, and K.O. Odhiambo

Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakuru CBD

Email: [email protected] Tel: +254720358070

Abstract

Colour and texture are low level features that can be used to describe any image. To perform

image retrieval, these low level features can be used as a method of grouping images, then

ultimately retrieving the images that closely fit to the users query. In this paper, colour is first

used to obtain the first batch of pictures, then texture then reduces the number of images

further. KNN is used to form clusters such that the user has few images to choose from. The

combination of more than one low level image feature aids in reaching the desired image,

reducing computing time for the image retrieval process.

Key words: RGB, Colour Histogram, Content Based Image Retrieval, K-Near Neighbour


105

Techniques used in Content based Image Retrieval (CBIR): Enhancing Image Retrieval

in Digital Multimedia Databases

L. Toroitich, W.K. Cheruiyot, and K.O. Odhiambo

Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakuru CBD


Abstract

Multimedia databases contain data files that can take forms of text, audio, images and video.

With availability of internet and the penetration of smart devices in modern society,

challenges are experienced by the large amount of information that users handle, posing

greater challenges in the retrieval of these files. This research will focus on the retrieval of

images that are stored in digital databases and the techniques used for Content Based Image

Retrieval (CBIR). Results obtained from experiments conducted using different image

retrieval methods are discussed, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each technique.

Methods of enhancing CBIR are also explored in this research to overcome current

challenges.

Key words: Content Based Image Retrieval, Image features, Image retrieval, K-Near

Neighbour


106

Implementation of IEEE802.11 (Wi-Fi) in NS-3

Eliud M. Manyinsa1, S.Musyoki

2, and H. Tarus

3

1Telecommunication and Information Engineering, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture

and Technology, P.O. Box 27129-00100 Nairobi Kenya; 2School of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering, Technical University of Kenya, P.O. Box 52428-00200 Nairobi

Kenya; 3West Indian Ocean Cable Company Limited, P.O. Box 14137-00800 Nairobi Kenya.


Abstract

Computer networks technology is subject to constant change and innovation. New ideas and

concepts regarding the usage of internet networks demand new network protocol and

technologies. Due to its complexity many challenges arise from developing, implementing,

testing and understanding these technologies. This is where simulation comes into play.

Network Simulator is used to evaluate the performance of different wired and wireless

networks and their topologies without real world implementation. Network Simulators are

widely used by the research community to evaluate new theories and hypothesis. NS-3 has a

number of helper objects that assist in execution and analysis of simulation. The main focus

of this paper is to study the Wi-Fi performance when implemented on NS-3. This paper is

offering a closer look on network simulation by describing NS-3, its core functionality and

Wi-Fi implementation in NS-3.

Key words: Wireless Networks, Wi-Fi, Simulation, Network Simulators, NS-3


107

Determination of Residual Catechins, Polyphenolic Contents and Antioxidant activities

of Developed Theaflavin-3, 3’-digallate rich Black Tea

Samuel Kimutai1, Thomas Kinyanjui

1, John K.Wanyoko

2 and Stephen Karori

3

1Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Egerton, Kenya

2Tea Research Institute (TRI), P.O. Box 820-20200, Kericho, Kenya

Email: [email protected], Tel +254729038801

Abatract

This study was carried out to characterize total residual catechins and their fractions,

polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activities of black teas enriched with high levels of

theaflavin-3, 3‟-digallate. The made teas were processed from eleven selected cultivars. A

comparative study was carried out between the processed teas and those from commercially

grown Kenyan cultivars in relation to the above chemical parameters. A correlation matrix

analysis was also conducted to find out whether a relationship existed between the

antioxidant activities and the said chemical parameters. The the total residual catechins were

found to range between 3.10% and 8.08%. The total polyphenol levels varied between

19.00% and 28.90%, while the antioxidant activities of teas ranged from 82.70% to 91.70%.

There was significant p<0.001 correlation between the antioxidant activity and total

polyphenols (r2 =0.8948). There was also a high correlation p<0.001 between the antioxidant

activity and total catechins (r2

=0.8878). Out of the four catechin fractions, the antioxidant

activity correlated most with EGCG (r2 =0.8774). The total polyphenolic contents and

antioxidant activities for most of the cultivars were comparable to those of the green tea

reference standard. From the figures obtained, it can be concluded that the most of the newly

developed black teas of the selected cultivars have higher quality and enhanced antioxidant

activities and that they can be recommended for commercial production.

Key words: Total polyphenls, Antioxidant activity, Residual catechins, Theaflavins


108

Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oil from Lippia javanica

(Verbenaceae)

1Yegon K. Philemon,

1Josphat C. Matasyoh, and

2Isabel N. Wagara


2Department of Biological sciences,

Egerton University


Abstract

The food situation in sub-Saharan Africa is worsened by fungal infestation of field maize

crops. Among the most prevalent fungi on maize crops is Fusarium graminearum that cause

stalk rot and Grey leaf spot (GLS). The development of antifungal resistance and side effects

associated with synthetic pesticides has triggered intense research efforts towards natural

antifungal agents such as essential oilsbecause of their reported efficacy and safety. In an

effort to search for new antifungal agents, the essential oil from Lippia javanica was screened

for bioactivity against maize pathogen; F. graminearum. The research involved extraction of

essential oil from L. javanica. The chemical composition of the essential oils was

investigated by GC–MS and 22 components were identified accounting for 76.85% of the oil

composition. The oil was dominated by Monoterpenes as shown by the high percentage of

Artemisia ketone (49.52%), m-tert-Butylphenol (8.73%), Linalool (4.43%). The oil showed

inhibitory effects on the visible growth of F. gramenearum while there was no observable

activity of the oil against F. moniliforme. The extent of inhibition of visible fungal growth

was dependent on the oil concentration with aMinimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

value of 27.07mg/ml. These results show that the essential oil from L. Javanica can be used

to inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic fungi that cause maize diseases in the farms.

Keywords: Antifungal, essential oil, Fusarium gramenearum, Lippia javanica.


109

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Prof. Richard M.S. Mulwa Chairman

Prof. Joshua O. Ogendo Member

Prof. Nzula Kitaka Member

Prof. Isabel N. Wagara Member

Dr. Perminus K. Migwi Member

Dr. Amos Otara Member

Dr. Jane Mburu Member

Dr. Susan Mwaniki Member

Dr. Dishon G. Kwea Member

Dr. Gilbert O. Obwoyere Member

Dr. Elizabeth Mbuthia Member

Dr, Anastasia W. Muia Member

Dr. Thomas Kinyanjui Member

Mrs. Esther W. Gitundu Secretariat

110

Documents

THE 10TH - Karibu · 2016-04-04 · i FROM THE VICECHANCELLOR Let me take this opportunity, on behalf of Egerton University, to warmly welcome all of you to this year‟s International