The 1950s: The Cold War Heats Up. Defensive Alliances N.A.T.O.—North Atlantic Treaty Organization...
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The 1950s: The Cold War Heats Up. Defensive Alliances N.A.T.O.—North Atlantic Treaty Organization Three purposes: deterring Soviet expansionism, forbidding
Defensive Alliances N.A.T.O.North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Three purposes: deterring Soviet expansionism, forbidding the
revival of nationalist militarism in Europe through a strong North
American presence on the continent, and encouraging European
political integration. The North Atlantic Treaty was signed on
April 4, 1949. In the Treatys renowned Article 5, the new Allies
agreed an armed attack against one or more of them shall be
considered an attack against them all and that following such an
attack, each Ally would take such action as it deems necessary,
including the use of armed force in response.
http://www.nato.int/history/nato-history.html
Slide 3
Defensive Alliances N.A.T.O.North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NATO.int Dean Acheson
Slide 4
Defensive Alliances Warsaw Pact Signed on May 14, 1955 Why?
West Germany joined NATO on May 5, 1955, the Soviet Union declared
that West Germany's membership in the Western alliance created a
special threat to Soviet interests. The Soviet Union also declared
that this development made its existing network of bilateral
treaties an inadequate security guarantee and forced the East
European socialist countries to "combine efforts in a strong
political and military alliance."
Slide 5
Defensive Alliances Warsaw Pact Signed on May 14, 1955 Purpose
The formation of a legally defined, multilateral alliance
organization also reinforced the Soviet Union's claim to power
status as the leader of the world socialist system, enhanced its
prestige, and legitimized its presence and influence in Eastern
Europe. http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/WarPact.html
Slide 6
Defensive Alliances NATO and Warsaw Pact Nations
1-33rdar.org
Slide 7
Vietnam War French Phase (1946-1954) France tries to regain
Indo-China after world War II. Indo-China (Vietnam, Cambodia and
Laos) Opposition Nguyen That Thanh (Ho Chi Minh meaning Bringer of
Light) and the Viet Minh, they were a communist dominated
independence movement to fight the Japanese who invaded
Vietnam.
Slide 8
Vietnam War French Phase (1946-1954) The Viet Minh announced
the independence of Vietnam in 1946. The French refused to
relinquish control until 1954 they agreed to peace talks in
Geneva.
Slide 9
Korean War Previous Conditions Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895
Japan remains in Korea Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 Japan defeats
Russia, annex Korea in 1910 Post World War II Russia occupies Korea
August 10, 1945 Kim iL Sung invades South Korea on June 25, 1950
and calls for the heroic struggle to reunite Korea.
Slide 10
Korean War
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South Korea Syngman Rhee Non-Communist Kim Il Sung Communist North
Korea *Pyongyang *Seoul
Slide 11
Korean War Korea Personal.psu.edu
Slide 12
Korean War Countrystudies.usMtholyoke.edu Kim Il Sung Sygman
Rhee
Slide 13
Korean War Result Korean war ends in July 1953 as a
stalemate.
Slide 14
Central Intelligence Agency Background With the fall of the
Axis powers and the end of World War II in 1945, President Harry S.
Truman and Congress demobilized wartime agencies, like the Office
of Strategic Services (OSS ) the forerunner of the CIA. He
recognized the need for an organization that would correlate
reports and give him a regular and consistent intelligence product.
Truman decided to establish the Central Intelligence Group (CIG) in
January 1946 which was to provide the president with regular
updates on matters concerning national security in a timely
manner.
Slide 15
Central Intelligence Agency Background In September 1947,
President Truman recognized the need for a permanent, civilian
intelligence organization. The Central Intelligence Agency was
established with the signing of the National Security Act of 1947,
which charged the fledgling intelligence office with coordinating
the nations intelligence activities and correlating, evaluating and
disseminating intelligence affecting national security.
https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2010-
featured-story-archive/presidential-reflections-harry-truman.html
Slide 16
Central Intelligence Agency National Security Act July 26, 1947
Usa-anti-communist.com
Slide 17
Guatemala Jacobo Arbenz (1913-1971) --elected president of
Guatemala in 1950. --He was instituting socioeconomic reforms
Ceur.usas.edu.gt June 4, 1950
Slide 18
Guatemala C.I.A.s Perspective They believed that Guatemala had
an intensely nationalistic program of progress colored by anti-
foreign inferiority complex of the Banana Republic. Why overthrow?
Arbenz expropriated 234, 000 acres of land owned by United Fruit
offering compensation that United fruit called unacceptable.
Slide 19
Guatemala Carlos Castillo Armas The C.I.A. offers to overthrow
the Guatemalan government in collaboration with Nicaraguan dictator
Anastacio Somoza and disgruntled general Carlos Castillo Armas
Sellosmundo.com
Slide 20
Guatemala Operation PB Fortune --Authorized by President Truman
as early as 1952 Operation PB Success --Authorized by President
Eisenhower in August 1953. --They utilized $2.7 million for
psychological warfare and political action
Slide 21
Guatemala Result --Arbenz resigns on June 27, 1954. --Prior to
this the option of assassination was still being considered.
--After the C.I.A. installs Castillo Armas in power, hundreds of
Guatemalans are rounded up and killed. --Armas gave the land back
to United Fruit and abolished the tax on interest and dividends to
foreign investors and eliminated the secret ballot.
Slide 22
United Fruit Retroadverto.wordpress.com JonWilliamson.com
Guatemala Central America U.S. Influences Cla.calpoly.edu
Slide 25
Suez Canal Aswan High Dam Built for hydro-electric power Flood
control and Irrigation of crops Constructed from 1960-1970
CIA.gov
Slide 26
Suez Canal Pre-Construction Loans U.S. Britain World Bank $56
billion$14 billion $200 million July 19, 1956The U.S. withdraws
their loan offer. Why? Egypt recognizes communist China
Slide 27
Suez Canal July 26, 1956 President Gamal Abdel Nasser
nationalizes the Suez canal Marxist.org Nasser waving to a crowd on
August 1, 1956 after nationalizing the Suez canal
Slide 28
Suez Canal Perspectives United Kingdom Prime Minister Anthony
Eden views the canal as a theft. United States Secretary of State
Dulles states Nasser should have to disgorge it. U.S.S.R. Supported
by the Egyptians
Slide 29
Suez Canal Anthony Eden and John Foster Dulles CIA.gov
Slide 30
Suez Canal Tripartite Invasion The invasion of Egypt by
Britain, France and Israel October 28, 1956 --The plan called for
an attack across the Sinai Desert from Israel. Israel would not
attack unless Britain and France would destroy the Egyptian air
force. --Egyptians put up a fierce resistance. Ships were sunk in
the canal to prevent transit.
Slide 31
Suez Canal Tripartite Invasion U.S.S.R. Threatened rocket
attacks in Britain and France if they did not withdraw. U.S.
Unaware their allies were going to invade Egypt, put pressure on
them to withdraw.
Slide 32
Suez Canal Tripartite Invasion Result November 6, 1956British
agree to withdraw December 22, 1956final evacuation takes
place
Suez Canal Suez Canal from the CIA
https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-
studies/studies/vol51no2/the-art-of-strategic-counterintelligence.html
Slide 35
Space Race NASA 50 th Anniversary of the Space Age
http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/SpaceAge/
