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The 2006 California Disease Round Up
Frank P. WongCooperative Extension Specialist University of CaliforniaGCSASC/SCGA/USGA Green Section MeetingTustin Ranch Golf Club January 8, 2007
2006 California Disease Overview
• 2006 was a busy year for the lab > 450 diagnostic samples 1024 diagnoses Wet, cool spring Hot summer
• Turfgrass most affected Annual Bluegrass (361) Creeping Bentgrass (220) Perennial Ryegrass (166) Bermuda + Kikuyugrass (92)
2006 California Disease Overview
• Most common diseases Cyanobacteria/algae (158) ETRI/Root Diseases (181)
• Summer Patch • Take All • Spring Dead Spot • Decline
Heat Stress (82) Anthracnose (48) Rapid Blight (39) Waitea/Brown Ring Patch (38)
2006 Temperature - Riverside
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Tem
per
atu
re (
F)
Avg Hi
Avg Lo
'06 Hi
'06 Lo
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
3/24/2006 4/13/2006 5/3/2006 5/23/2006 6/12/2006 7/2/2006 7/22/2006 8/11/2006 8/31/2006 9/20/2006
Date
6-in
so
il te
mp
(F
)
Riverside
Santa Monica
Sacramento
San Diego
Pleasanton
Glendale
Long Beach
Max Cool Season
77 F soil temp is the upper limit for cool season root growth
2006 Rainfall - Riverside
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Pre
cip
itat
ion
(in
)
Avg RF
'06 RF
Annual bluegrass diseasesJan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Totals
Annual Bluegrass Diseases
Cyanobacteria 3 3 4 2 3 27 22 4 1 3 3 75
Summer Patch 2 28 34 3 67
Rapid Blight 3 1 1 1 2 10 3 8 7 3 39
Waitea Patch 2 1 4 4 8 12 1 1 3 2 38
Anthracnose 4 7 13 3 6 3 36
Microdochium Patch 2 2 11 8 1 24
Curvularia Blight 2 6 6 1 1 16
Fairy Ring 2 3 2 6 1 14
Pythium Blight 4 4 1 9
Dreschlera Leaf Spot 5 2 1 8
Dollar Spot 1 1 1 3 6
Sheath and Leaf Spot 1 5 6
ETRI 3 1 1 5
Rhizoctonia Brown Patch (in ryegrass mix) 3 1 4
Pythium Root Rot 2 1 3
Annual Bluegrass Whiteleaf Phytoplasma 1 1 1 3
Take-All Patch (in bentgrass mix) 3 3
Southern Blight 2 2
Rhizoctonia Yellow Patch 1 1
Ramularia Blight 1 1
Necrotic Ring Spot 1 1
Totals 13 9 21 17 14 29 97 100 18 15 20 8 361
Creeping Bentgrass Diseases Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Totals
Cyanobacteria 2 3 3 5 25 12 6 3 4 1 64
Take all Patch 2 1 2 3 6 8 20 8 5 1 56
Summer Patch (in bluegrass mix) 1 7 11 19
Fairy Ring 1 1 4 1 2 3 1 1 14
Anthracnose 1 1 2 4 4 12
Pythium Blight 1 1 3 2 1 1 9
Dollar Spot 1 1 1 1 4 8
Curvularia Blight 4 2 2 8
Dreschlera Leaf Spot 3 1 1 1 6
Rhizoctonia Blight 1 1 1 2 5
Microdochium Patch 1 2 1 4
Rapid Blight 1 2 1 4
Sheath and Leaf Spot 3 3
Rhizoctonia Yellow Patch 1 1 2
Pythium Root Rot 1 1
Red Thread 1 1
Ascochyta Leaf Blight 1 1
White leaf phytoplasma 1 1
Glomus 1 1
Southern Blight 1 1
Totals 3 3 6 11 14 23 74 45 19 7 13 2 220
Creeping bentgrass diseases
Perennial Ryegrass DiseasesPerennial Ryegrass Diseases Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Totals
Helminthosporium Leaf Spot 3 4 9 5 1 1 2 1 26
Brown Patch 1 5 7 8 1 1 2 25
Curvularia Blight 1 2 9 6 2 2 2 24
Cyanobacteria 1 10 3 4 1 19
Summer Patch 1 11 5 1 18
Red Thread 1 1 12 14
Grey Leaf Spot 2 2 5 4 13
Anthracnose 3 6 9
Pythium Blight 2 4 1 7
Rapid Blight 1 1 1 1 4
Southern Blight 3 1 4
Dollar Spot 1 1 2
Rust 1 1
Totals 0 1 6 1 2 13 70 40 14 9 8 2 166
Warm Season Grass DiseasesJan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Totals
Bermudagrass Diseases
Spring Dead Spot 2 4 5 1 1 2 15
Bipolaris Leaf Spot 1 3 3 1 2 2 2 14
Bermuda Decline 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 11
Brown Patch 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 10
Curvularia Blight 1 1 4 1 1 2 10
Dollar Spot 1 1 2
Cyanobacteria 1 1 2
Totals 3 0 7 4 1 11 4 14 6 4 10 0 64Kikuyugrass Diseases
Grey Leaf Spot 8 2 10
Kikuyu Decline 2 2 1 1 6
Brown Patch 2 1 1 1 5
Bipolaris Leaf Spot 2 1 3
Curvularia Blight 1 1
Southern Blight 1 1
Spring Dead Spot 1 1
Fairy Ring 1 1
Totals 0 0 2 0 0 0 4 12 4 3 3 0 28St. Augustine Diseases
Grey Leaf Spot 1 1
Totals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
2006 Abiotic ProblemsJan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Totals
low fertility
creeping bentgrass 1 1 1 3
annual bluegrass 1 1 1 3
Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 0 6salt stress
annual bluegrass 3 2 6 1 3 5 20
creeping bentgrass 2 2
perennial ryegrass 1 1
Bermudagrass 1 1
Total 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 8 1 0 3 6 24drought / heat stress
annual bluegrass 9 17 21 47
creeping bentgrass 3 17 9 29
perennial ryegrass 1 5 6
Total 0 0 0 0 0 13 39 30 0 0 0 0 82
Above normal rainfall in northern CaliforniaAbove normal rainfall in northern California
Photo courtesy of PACE ConsultingPhoto courtesy of PACE Consulting
Severe Pink Snow Mold Severe Pink Snow Mold Development below 65FDevelopment below 65F
Photo courtesy of PACE ConsultingPhoto courtesy of PACE Consulting
Fungicide Resistance for M. nivale (Pink Snow Mold)
• Several locations reported reduced control with 26GT or QoI fungicides
• Dicarboximide resistance (26 GT) Reported in 1986 in Washington
(Chastagner) Resistance = tolerance
• QoI resistance (Compass, Heritage, Insignia) Not reported in U.S. as of 2005 Resistance = immunity
Sensitivity of M. nivale isolates to iprodione (26GT) and azoxystrobin (Heritage)50 isolates from 4 locations
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
100 ppm iprodione
100 ppm azoxystrobin0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Fre
qu
ency
in
po
pu
lati
on
% Relative Growth
Fungicide Resistance for M. nivale (Pink Snow Mold)
• Dicarboximide resistance present in CA populations 22% of isolates (4/4 locations) No new news
• Minimize curative applications• Preventive, high rate applications should still be
effective• Tank mixes with other systemics should be
effective SI-fungicides Medallion?
Fungicide Resistance for M. nivale (Pink Snow Mold)
• QoI resistance present in CA populations 30% of isolates (2/4 locations) 1st report in US Need to confirm molecular mechanisms
• No more curative applications
• Be careful with pre-mix products containing QoI-fungicides Tartan (Compass + Bayleton) Headway (Heritage + Banner MAXX)
Root diseases on putting greens
• Over 150 samples for take all on bent, summer patch on poa or heat stress on both
Waitea (Brown Ring) Patch on Waitea (Brown Ring) Patch on annual bluegrass, Palos Verdes, CAannual bluegrass, Palos Verdes, CA
Brown Ring Patch
• Appears that the majority of “Yellow Patch” in the west is actually “Brown Ring Patch”
• 60 to 85 F range, 75 to 80 F appears optimal (May-June)
• Fungicides Excellent: Prostar, Heritage, Medallion Endorse Good: Banner, Insignia, Compass, Daconil, 26GT
• Water in fungicides, apply preventively
Cyanobacteria/Algae on Annual BluegrassCyanobacteria/Algae on Annual Bluegrass
Photo courtesy of PACE ConsultingPhoto courtesy of PACE Consulting
Cyanobacteria & Algae
• Common on damaged greens
• Can cause “Yellow Spot” Nov. 2006 GCM article by Tredway, Stowell
and Gelernter
• Control by Reducing organic fertilizer use Increase shade and air movement Increased water infiltration Daconil Ultrex applications
Summer Decline/Take All on a Summer Decline/Take All on a mixed bentgrass/annual bluegrass greenmixed bentgrass/annual bluegrass green
Summer Decline/Heat Stress on a bentgrass greenSummer Decline/Heat Stress on a bentgrass green
Summer Patch on an annual bluegrass greenSummer Patch on an annual bluegrass greenPhoto courtesy of PACE ConsultingPhoto courtesy of PACE Consulting
Take All Patch on Creeping Bentgrass• Wet winter allowed for more pathogen activity
on roots • Under heat stress, many damaged root
systems collapsed• Factors associated with Take All
High organic matter and thatch Skipped fall aerification No preventive fungicide applications in the fall
• Banner MAXX 2-4 fl oz, 2 to 3 application in the fall at soil temps below 65 F
• Manganese above 35 ppm in soil
Summer Patch on Poa annua
• Heat stress on shallow root systems increased the impact of any pathogen damage
• Factors associated with high damage similar for TAP High organic matter and thatch Skipped fall/spring aerification
• 14-21 day Heritage/Insignia applications were more effective than 28 day
• 65 F is still the magic number to start fungicide applications Banner MAXX Heritage or Insignia
Turfgrass AnthracnoseTurfgrass AnthracnoseC. cerealeC. cereale
Cultural Inputs for Anthracnose Management (Rutgers University)
• Greatest cultural impacts adequate N
• - 18-36% disease with 1/8# urea every 2 wks
moderate cutting height • + 10-40% at 0.110-in vs 0.142-in
growth regulator use • - 10% with regular Primo MAXX use
adequate irrigation and cooling
Thoughts on Anthracnose Management
• QoIs Resistance still a problem Found at 3 sites in 2006
• Benzimidazoles Not as bad as QoI resistance Found at 2 sites in 2006 Still viable if not previously overused
Thoughts on Anthracnose Management
• SI-fungicides Banner MAXX and Lynx are the top choices No PGR effects observed in trials Be careful if temps are above 90F
• Contacts “Paint it white – sleep at night” Higher fall basal rot observed at some sites
where contacts were used 100%
Thoughts on Anthracnose Management
• Signature Tank Mixes Still look good in 3rd year of testing Mechanism unknown Tank mix with systemics to reduce fall basal rot
• Biologicals (Bacillus spp.) Humabalance, Rhapsody, Ecogard Variable results Not as strong as synthetics but can be effective
when integrated in control programs 7 day applications appeared more effective than 14
day applications
Thoughts on Anthracnose Management
• Others Medallion
• still looks good• 0.5 oz or tank mixed
Endorse • Good performance • Stronger when tank mixed with a contact
Grey Leaf Spot Grey Leaf Spot ((Pyricularia griseaPyricularia grisea))
2006 Distribution of Gray Leaf Spot2006 Distribution of Gray Leaf Spot
GLS on kikuyugrass was seen commonly in southern CaliforniaGLS on kikuyugrass was seen commonly in southern California
Figure 1C
• F129 L tolerant isolates found at 6 locations
• G143A at three locations
• No resistance to benzimidazoles
Resistance status
RR
R
R
R
R
R
K
K
SensitiveSensitive
ResistantResistant
0 ppm 0 ppm 1 ppm AZX 1 ppm AZX 100 ppm AZX 100 ppm AZX
2006 Gray Leaf Spot
• Kikuyugrass incidence common in 2006 Appears that some isolates can infect both ryegrass
and kikuyugrass• Fungicides
QoIs• Be aware of resistance
SI-contact tank mixes Clearys 3336 + Contacts
• Be aware of new label restrictions Fairway priced pre-packs may be a option
• Tartan (Bayleton + Compass)• Headway (Banner MAXX + Heritage)• Instrata (Banner MAXX + Medallion + Daconil)• Concert (Banner EC + Daconil)
Rapid BlightRapid Blight
Soil Salinity for Annual Bluegrass Greens Samples 2004273 RB (-), 84 RB (+)
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
Negative
Positive0
10
20
30
40
Fre
qu
ency
Soil Salinity (dS/m)
Soil Salinity and Rapid Blight
• Negative samples mean: 1.69 dS/m median: 1.61 dS/m range: 1.07 to 6.2 dS/m
• Positive samples mean: 3.13 dS/m median: 2.96 dS/m range: 1.07 to 9.1 dS/m
2006 Rapid Blight
• Sporadic all year long • Dominant in the fall this year due to lack of
rainfall• Still triggered by salt (sodium)
Regular monitoring with TDS-meter and leaching are your best defense
Calcium treatment to replace sodium in soil appears to be a good strategy
• Fungicides Insignia or Compass + mancozeb (Fore) Recommended to always tank mix with Fore for
resistance management
