The 2007 Unesco Media Curricula and Its Role in Advancing Development Journalism: Summary, Critique, and a Reflection on Ethiopian Context

8/10/2019 The 2007 Unesco Media Curricula and Its Role in Advancing Development Journalism: Summary, Critique, and a Reflection on Ethiopian Context

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ZKN 4005 ^LNRBC HNJIM B^TTIB^FM MLJ IZR

TCFN IL MJQMLBILE JNQNFCPHNLZ

OC^TLMFIRH? R^HHMTY, BTIZI]^N, MLJ M

TNAFNBZICL CL NZKICPIML BCLZN[Z

Mhnyu Ntmlm

Ermjumtn stujnlt ca sbkccf ca Ocurlmfish mlj

Bchhulibmticl, Mjjis Mdmdm livnrsity

Mhnyu Ntmlm, Hmrbk 40=:Mjjis Mdmdm ^livnrsity, Ntkicpim

[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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ZMDFN CA BCLZNLZR

Bcltnlts Pmens

=. Iltrcjubticl...2

4. Ruhhmry ca tkn Hcjnf burribufm ..2

2. Britiqun cl ^LNRBC Hnjim Burribufm mlj m rnafnbticl cl Ntkicpiml

Bcltnxt vis--vis tkn burribufm...1

2.= Britiquns cl ^LNRBC Hnjim Burribufm...1

2.4 Ntkicpiml Bcltnxt (Tnafnbticl)..9

:. Zkn Tcfn ca ^LNRBC Burribufm il jnvnfcpile Jnvnfcphnlt

Ocurlmfish.=4

>.

Bclbfusicl.=:

Tnanrnlbns


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=. Iltrcjubticl

Zkn ^litnj Lmticls Njubmticlmf Rbinltiaib mlj Bufturmf Cremlizmticl (^LNRBC) prcpcsnj

burribufm acr jnvnfcpile bcultrins mlj nhnreile jnhcbrmbins. Zkn lnnj, ms ^LNRBC put it il

tkn 4005 snrins ca tkn Hcjnf Burribufm acr Ocurlmfish Njubmticl acr Jnvnfcpile Bcultrins mlj

Nhnreile Jnhcbrmbinsstnh arch tkn ilbrnmsnj rnbceliticl ca tkn brubimf rcfn ca ocurlmfish

il prchctile jnhcbrmby, mlj arch ml urenlt jnhmlj acr wnff-trmilnj ocurlmfists tc prchctn

jnhcbrmby. (p.=). Hcrncvnr, ^LNRBC smys, it is ilitimtnj dnbmusn ca tkn rnqunsts acr euijmlbn

arch ^LNRBC hnhdnr stmtns snngile tc nstmdfisk ocurlmfish prcermhs witkil tknir njubmticlmf

systnhs (Idij, p.1).

Zkn purpcsn ca tkis pmpnr is tc rnafnbt cl tkn hcjnf burribufm. It bchprisns tkn suhhmry ca tkn

enlnrmf mssuhpticls ca tkn burribufm mlj hy britiquns witk rnafnbticl cl Ntkicpiml bcltnxt mlj

jnvnfcphnlt ocurlmfish.

4.

Ruhhmry ca tkn Hcjnf Burribufm

Ms m rnsuft ca tkn ilbrnmsn il nhnreile jnhcbrmbins mbrcss tkn wcrfj mlj tkn jnhmlj acr

ocurlmfish tc prchctn jnhcbrmby, ^LNRBC ms m fnmj ^L menlby il prchctile arnnjch ca

nxprnssicl & mbbnss tc ilacrhmticl mlj glcwfnjen, prcjubnj tkis burribufuh il jnhmlj acr

kmvile wnff-trmilnj ocurlmfists, wkc wnrn jnnhnj tc kmvn vmst nxpnrinlbn, wcrgile il

jnvnfcpile bcultrins. Nxpnrts witk tkn hissicl ca jnsielile tkis burribufuh snfnbtnj arch mbrcss

tkn wcrfj, mlj snvnrmf jndmtns kmvn dnnl knfj.

Zkis burribufuh is mihnj tc jnvnfcp m strcle bcrn cr dmsn njubmticlmf strubturn witk m dmfmlbn

dntwnnl tkn prmbtibmf mlj tkn mbmjnhib.

It is rnstribtnj hnrnfy acr stujnlts tc prmbtibn ocurlmfish ms jistilbt arch prnpmrile stujnlts acr

tkn mbmjnhib stujy. Zkis burribufuh nxbfujns bchhulibmticl stujins (hmss bchhulibmticl cr

hmss hnjim stujins), aifh stujins, ilacrhmticl stujins, pudfib rnfmticls mlj mjvnrtisile ms

jnsielnrs dnfinvnj it skcufj dn caanrnj snpmrmtnfy.

Ocurlmfish njubmticl il ulivnrsitins is lcrhmffy cremliznj mrculj tkrnn burribufmr mxns cr filns

ca jnvnfcphnlt?


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=. Ml mxis bchprisile tkn lcrhs, vmfuns, tccfs, stmljmrjs, mlj prmbtibns ca ocurlmfish. Zkis

fnts stujnlts tc prmbtibn wnff mlj jnsiel tknh acr tknir bmrnnrs il ocurlmfish. Zkis

ilbfujns tkn pmrtlnrskip ca hnjim iljustry mlj mbmjnhy.

4. Ml mxis nhpkmsizile tkn scbimf, bufturmf, pcfitibmf, nbclchib, fnemf mlj ntkibmf mspnbts ca

ocurlmfish prmbtibn dctk witkil mlj cutsijn tkn lmticlmf dcrjnrs. Mt tkis fnvnf, ocurlmfists

bcllnbt tkn prmbtibn ca ocurlmfish tc rnfmtnj kuhml mbtivitins. Zkny skcufj nhpkmsizn

prcanssiclmf mlj ntkibmf mttitujns, mlj glcwfnjen mlj tkn ihpcrtmlbn tc jnhcbrmby ca

iljnpnljnlt ocurlmfish.

2. Ml mxis bchprisile glcwfnjen ca tkn wcrfj & ocurlmfishs iltnffnbtumf bkmffnlens. Zkis

nxpcsns stujnlts tc hcjnrl glcwfnjen. Zkis hnmls, ocurlmfish is lct stmlj mfcln

jisbipfiln, skcufj dn bchdilnj witk njubmticl il tkn jisbipfilns ca mrts mlj sbinlbns.

Zkn tkrnn mxns bml aurtknr dn nxpfmilnj ms bcvnrile tkn bcelitivn, maanbtivn mlj psybkchctcr

mspnbts.

Zkn bcelitivn? ml mxis bchprisile glcwfnjen ca tkn wcrfj mlj ocurlmfishs iltnffnbtumf

bkmffnlens. It acbusns cl jnvnfcpile tkn fnmrlnr glcwfnjen witk ctknr rnfmtnj jisbipfilns ca mrts

mlj sbinlbn tc hmgn tkn hufti jihnlsiclmf vinwnr.

Zkn maanbtivn? ml mxis nhpkmsizile tkn scbimf, bufturmf, pcfitibmf, nbclchibmf fnemf mlj ntkibmf

mspnbts ca ocurlmfish

Zkn psybkchctcr? ml mxis bchprisile tkn lcrhs, vmfuns, tccfs, stmljmrjs mlj prmbtibn ca

ocurlmfish. Zkis acbusns cl prmbtibmf mspnbts tkmt prnpmrns fnmrlnr tc rnpcrt, writn mlj njit acr

vmricus hnjim pfmtacrhs.

Zknrn mrn tkrnn bmtnecrins ca bcursns il ^LNRBC burribufm, bcrrnspcljile tc tkn tkrnn mxns?

prcanssiclmf prmbtibn, ocurlmfish stujins, mlj mrts mlj sbinlbns. Zkcuek, kcw hubk tihn tc

mffcbmtn acr nmbk bmtnecry jnpnljs cl tkn systnh ca tkn ilstituticl nxpnbtnj tc bmrry cut mlj fnvnf

ca njubmticl stujnlts mttmilnj dnfcw, mrts mlj sbinlbns, prcanssiclmf prmbtibn, mlj ocurlmfish

stujins wcufj skmrn >0%, :0% & =0% rnspnbtivnfy.


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2. Britiqun cl LNRBC Hnjim Burribufm mlj m rnafnbticl cl Ntkicpiml

Bcltnxt vis--vis tkn burribufm

2.= Britiquns cl LNRBC Hnjim Burribufm

Zkn ^LNRBC burribufm kmvn dctk strnletk mlj wnmglnss. Hy britiquns ca tkn burribufm mrn octtnj

mlj nxpfmilnj uljnr dctk strnletk mlj wnmglnss ms acffcws?

m. Rtrnletk

It mffcws afnxidifity il tkn usn ca fmleumen ms it nlkmlbns tkn fileuistib mdifity

lnbnssmry acr ocurlmfistib wcrg.

Fmleumen is m tccf tc mbquirn glcwfnjen. Ms amr ms m ocurlmfist is bclbnrlnj, tkn pcwnr cafmleumen is vitmf acr nxpfmlmticl, iltnrprntmticl, mlj mlmfysis ca issuns sc tkmt tkn pudfib bcufj

kmvn m bfnmr pibturn ca tkn issuns. Acr tkis tc kmppnl, kcwnvnr, tkn burribufm acr ocurlmfish

skcufj dn afnxidfn il tkn usn ca fmleumen bclsijnrile tkn pudfib tkn ocurlmfists hnmlt tc mjjrnss.

Ia lct, kcw bcufj m ocurlmfist brnmtn m hnmlile ca schntkile wknl rnpcrt ms it is tkn hnjiuh

dntwnnl kih/knr mlj tkn wijnr pudfib3 Zknrnacrn, I aculj tkn burribufm ms dnile eccj ms it

mffcws afnxidifity il tkn usn ca fmleumen.

It bclsijnrs dctk stujnlts witk ocurlmfish mlj lcl-ocurlmfish dmbgerculj mt HM

fnvnf.

Zkis is m pcilt wnff prcpcsnj. Zknrn is m fmgn dntwnnl tkn stujnlts witk ocurlmfish dmbgerculj

mlj lcl-ocurlmfish dmbgerculj. Zkis fmgn is aiffnj witk bcelitivn, maanbtivn mlj psybkchctcr

mspnbts ca ocurlmfish stujy il wkibk tkn stujnlts ca ocurlmfish dmbgerculj swmh mbrcss. Zkis

fmgn skcufj dn brcssnj dy tkn lcl-ocurlmfish dmbgerculj stujnlts ms wnff tc dn il tkn smhn

erculj witk tknir bfmsshmtn tc dn. Knlbn, it is vitmf tc mrrmlen m spnbimf snssicl acr lcl-

ocurlmfish stujnlts. Ia swihhile tmgns tihn hmgile m drijen witk mt fnmst m twc hcltk snssicl is

hmy dn maacrjmdfn. Zc hmgn m bfnmr sylnrey dntwnnl iljivijumfs ca jiaanrnlt dmbgerculj, eivile

tkn trmlsiticlmf bcursns is vitmf. Acr cln tkile, it fnt tkcsn arch lcl-ocurlmfish dmbgerculj swih

tc rnmbk tkn ocurlmfish dmbgerculj sijn ca tkn fmgn il tknir cwl pmbn witkcut mly ihpcsiticl cr

brnmtile strnss silbn fnmrlile is schntkile wn skcufj nlocy. Cl tkn ctknr kmlj, tkcsn wkc kmvn


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ocurlmfish dmbgerculj wcufj lct stibg tc tkn dmsibs wknl tmgile bfmssns witk tkn ctknr

bcultnrpmrt.

Zkn fist ca bcursns tc dn caanrnj mlj tkn jntmifnj syffmdus prcpcsnj bml dn mjmptnj

tc tkn pnrspnbtivn bcultrys burribufuh witkcut ihpcsile.

Zkn burribufm prcpcsnj dy tkn ^L menlby ilvcfvnj il njubmticl is cpnl-nljnj mlj put ms

rnanrnlbn rmtknr tkml ms stmljmrj wkibk skcufj dn acffcwnj. Zkis is fign eivile rnbceliticl mlj

mutclchy tc lmticls tkcuek schn ca tknh mrn ynt tc jnvnfcp jnhcbrmby. Zknrnupcl, tkny bml

skmpn it il mbbcrjmlbn witk tknir trmjiticl, bufturn, systnh ca njubmticl mlj ctknr ambtcrs tc drile

tkn iltnljnj ecmf.

d. Unmglnss

Jiaaibufty tc suit acr jnvnfcpile bcultrins ms it lnnjs mjvmlbnj mlj nlcuek

hmtnrimfs, ilarmstrubturn, nxpnrts, mlj tnbklcfcey acr fnmrlile.

Zkcuek ^LNRBC prcpcsns tkis armhnwcrg sc ms tc tmgn wkmt aits jnvnfcpile bcultrins, it is

quitn jiaaibuft tc mppfy it ms it is. Zkis is jun tc tkn ambt tkmt it lnnjs bcljubivn ailmlbimf,

nbclchib mlj pcfitibmf nlvirclhnlt. I.n. Nrib Arnnjhml mlj Tibkmrj Rkmanr put tkis il tknir wcrg

bmffnj ,Mhditicus il Zkncry dut ^lfignfy il Prmbtibn? M Britiqun ca ^LNRBCs Hcjnf Burribufm

acr Ocurlmfish Njubmticl acr Jnvnfcpile Bcultrins mlj Nhnreile Jnhcbrmbins ms enlnrmffy

mltibipmtmdfn cdstmbfns rnfmtn tc ambufty nxpnrtisn, mvmifmdfn tnbklcfcey, fmbg ca nlcuek

ilstrubticlmf hnjim, stujnlt qumfiaibmticls, ulivnrsity mjhilistrmtivn strubturns, maacrjmdifity, mlj

jnernn ca ecvnrlhnltmf bcltrcf cvnr tkn hnjim.

It bclbnrls prcanssiclmfish. Dut, it is jiaaibuft tc mttmil mlj prmbtibn il jnvnfcpile

bcultrins.

Ms stmtnj il tkn burribufm it is hnmlt acr ocurlmfish prmbtiticlnrs cr wcufj dn prmbticlnrs. Dut tkn

rcmj acr tknsn prmbticlnrs is duhpy tc mbt ms prcanssiclmfs il hcst ca tknsn bcultrins. Mt tihns it

is oust sihpfy prcjubile eccj ocurlmfists mlj fnttile tknh wcrg il ml nlvirclhnlt tkmt kult


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tknh. Hcstfy, nfitns ca jnvnfcpile bcultrins fnmvn acr jnvnfcpnj wcrfj acr dnttnr fian mlj acr tkn

smanst pfmbn tc prmbtibn tknir prcanssicl. Ia wn tmgn Ntkicpim ms ml nxmhpfn hcst ermjumtn

stujnlts ca ocurlmfish mlj bchhulibmticl jclt ec tc tkn hnjim iljustrins7 acr tkn hmrgnt is sc

lmrrcw mlj hnjim cwlnrs lnnj hcrn ca mhmtnurisk tkml tkmt ca prcanssiclmfs cr tknrn hmy dn

schn ctknr rnmscl. I.n. Fmbg ca arnnjch tc prmbtibn tknir ocd, Zkis lnnjs aurtknr rnsnmrbk

tkcuek.

It mvcijs bchhulibmticl il tkn ainfj cr it acbus hnrnfy cl ocurlmfish bcursns.

It mssnrts tkmt bchhulibmticl skcufj dn eivnl snpmrmtnfy. Zknrn is m prcdmdifity acr sbkccfs

caanrile oust ocurlmfish ielcrile bchhulibmticl. Ia sc, ermjumtns ca tknsn sbkccfs bcufj dn kmfa

bccgnj il tkn ambn ca bchhulibmticl caaibnrs tkny mrn rneufmrfy suppcsnj tc hnnt il tknir bmrnnr.

Zkny kmvn tc dn eccj bchhulibmtcrs sc ms tc dn uljnrstccj dy tknir mujinlbn wnff. Ia tknsn

sbkccfs jc lct caanr tkcsn bcursns, tknl wkc jcns3 Zknrnacrn, dnmrile tkis il hilj I bml

bclbfujn, tkn mdcfiskhnlt ca bchhulibmticl stujins cut ca sbkccfs ca ocurlmfish kms lc

wmrrmlty.

2.4 Ntkicpiml Bcltnxt (Tnafnbticl)

Fmbgs prmbtibmf mppfibmticl ca tkn tkncry? pmrtlnrskip dntwnnl hnjim iljustry

mlj mbmjnhy is rmrn

Ocurlmfish is ilvcfvns dctk glcwfnjen mlj sgiff. Kmvile clfy tkn glcwfnjen pmrt bmllct dn m

wmrrmlt acr mppfibmticl. Mppfibmticl dy itsnfa is vmst mlj lnnj tc dn mssistnj dy tnbklibmf

pnrscllnf mlj IZ prcanssiclmfs. Il Ntkicpim, ocurlmfish sbkccfs mlj hnjim iljustrins mrn lct

wcrgile tcentknr ms tkny suppcsnj tc dn wcrgile. Zkny rmtknr stmlj mpmrt mlj dfmhn nmbk ctknr.

Mjjis Mdmdm ^livnrsity mlj Dmkirjmr ^livnrsity kmvn stujics il wkibk stujnlts mrn nxpnbtnj tc

prmbtibn tkn sgiffs. Dut acr tkn rnst it is m fuxury7 fnt mfcln kmvile tkn stujics il tkn bmhpus

schntihns it is kmrj tc kmvn m visit tc tkn stujics schnwknrn nfsn. Mlj ynt, stujnlts arch tknsn

sbkccfs mrn nxpnbtnj tc ocil tkn smhn hnjim nlvirclhnlt il cur bcultry.

Njubmtcrs witk cln ca tknir fnes il tkn mbmjnhy mlj tkn ctknr il hnjim bml mjj tknir fivn

nxpnrinlbn tc tkn glcwfnjen mlj sgiff ca tkn stujnlts schnkcw aiffile tkn emp dntwnnl tkn hnjim


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mlj tkn iljustry. Hcst ca tkn njubmtcrs mt MM^ Rbkccf ca Ocurlmfish mlj Bchhulibmticl mrn

kmvile m stmgn tc pfmy il hnjim iljustrins, cln wmy cr mlctknr. Zkis is eccj ia wn snn it il filn

witk tkn pcilt wn mrn tryile tc hmgn knrn.

Zkn ctknr issun I mh bclbnrlnj witk is kmvile m bchhulity rmjic, tc fnt stujnlts prmbtibn wkmt

tkny kmvn fnmrlnj il bfmss witkcut dnile amr arch tknir bmhpus. Dy tkis tihn, 5 kieknr ilstituticls

il Ntkicpim kmj bchhulity rmjic. Acr nxmhpfn, tkcuek fmtn, MM^ fmulbknj its bchhulity rmjic

cl Andrumry 4:, 40=:. Rubk pfmbns bml caanr tkn smanst pfmbn acr stujnlts, wkc mrn il lnnj tc

kmvn tkn prmbtibmf bchpntnlbn il bmhpus dnacrn ocilile tkn cutsijn nlvirclhnlt, bkmrmbtnriznj

dy kiekfy bchpntitivn ocurlmfists.

Zkcsn wkc kmvn/kmvn lc ocurlmfish dmbgerculj tmgn tkn smhn bcursn mt HM fnvnf

Kmvile stujnlts arch jiaanrnlt dmbgerculj il m ocurlmfish bfmss is bchhcl. Kcwnvnr, caanrile

tkn smhn bcursn acr stujnlts, wkc kmvn mlj kmvn lc ocurlmfish dmbgerculj mt HM fnvnf, kms its

cwl jismjvmltmens. I dnfinvn tkmt, tkis schntihns rnsufts il drileile its naanbt cl tkn qumfity ca

tkn ermjumtns ca ocurlmfish. Knlbn, it is vitmf tc eivn m trmlsiticlmf bcursns acr lcl- ocurlmfish

dmbgerculj stujnlts

Acr nxmhpfn, tkn bcursns fistnj uljnr ^LNRBC hnjim burribufm acr tkcsn witk ocurlmfish

dmbgerculj cr kmvn tkn nxpnrinlbn il tkn prcanssicl is jiaanrnlt arch tkmt acr lc ocurlmfish

dmbgerculj.

^lacrtulmtnfy, wn jclt kmvn tkmt il cur burribufuh. Uitkcut kmvile tkn dmbgerculj, hmstnrile,

acr tkmt hmttnr m drcmj jisbipfiln is rnmffy jiaaibuft. Knlbn, wn dnfinvn tkmt eivile m trmlsiticl

bcursn acr tkcsn wkc kmvnlt tkn dmbgerculj is m burn.

Fmbgs tkn snbclj mxis (it is wnstnrl bcpy mppfinj knrn)7 Fcbmfiznj mlj

bcltnxtumfiznj tnxts skcufj dn mvmifmdfn

It is cdvicus tkmt ocurlmfish kms ect m vnrsicl ca its eccj fian il tkn Unst mlj prnmbknj tc tkn

rnst. Bclsnqunltfy, Unstnrl sbkcfmrs tmgn hubk tkn stmgn il writile ocurlmfish dccgs mlj

aculjile tkn pkifcscpkins ca prnss. Rtiff, mt tknir kmlj. Zkrcuek dccgs mlj nxmhpfns wn mrn


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ermspile Unstnrl ijnltity, bufturn, trmjiticl. Dut, silbn ocurlmfish is mfsc m lmticlmf issun ms it is

iltnrlmticlmf, fcbmfiznj mlj bcltnxtumfiznj tnxts skcufj dn mvmifmdfn mt sbkccf. Zkis is nssnltimf tc

prmbtibn ocurlmfish il m eivnl bcultrys bcltnxt.

Un fmbgnj tkn priltnj PkJ tknsis ca cur ilstrubtcrs il tkn bfmssrcch. Rilbn schn ca tknh acbusns

cl cur bcultrys ocurlmfish bufturn, it bcufj kmvn dnnl m eccj tnmbkile hmtnrimf acr cur bcltnxt.

Lct clfy dccgs, nxmhpfns mlj rnafnbticls skcufj dn fcbmf sc ms tc hmgn tkn stujnlts glcw kcw

tc snrvn tkn scbinty dy kmvile tkn nssnltimf bcrn prilbipfns mlj ntkibs ca ocurlmfish.

Lnws writile mlj rnpcrtile bcursn is silefn mlj kms lc tinrs

Fnts tmgn MM^ ms ml nxmhpfn. Mt HM fnvnf tknrn is m silefn hcjufn ca lnws writile mlj

rnpcrtile. It caanrs lnws writile mlj rnpcrtile acr prilt & wnd mlj drcmjbmst (rmjic mlj

Znfnvisicl). Kcwnvnr, tkn tihn spnbiainj acr tkcsn ilbfujile tkn prconbt is lct nlcuek. I rmisn tkis

qunsticl? kcw bcufj stujnlt hmstnr lnws writile mlj rnpcrtile witk m silefn bcursn3 Mt uljnr

ermjumtn fnvnf, stujnlts tmgn snvnrmf bcursns ca lnws writile mlj rnpcrtile. Ms I smij nmrfinr, tkn

bcursn caanrnj mt HM kms lc tinrs cr mrn lct snvnrmf.

HM fnvnf fmbgs spnbimfizmticl wkifn it is m ambt mt DM fnvnf acr nxmhpfn il MM^

Ocurlmfish is m drcmj jisbipfiln. Il tkn DM fnvnf it is dnttnr tc eivn tknh m wijn rmlen ca

glcwfnjen mlj sgiff il jiaanrnlt jisbipfilns sc ms tc nlemen tknh il hilj duifjile. Rpnbimfizile

stujnlts mt dmbknfcr jnernn fnvnf hmy maanbt tkn auturn ca ocurlmfists. Rilbn tkny mrn nxpnbtnj tc

glcw schntkile ca nvnrytkile spnbimfizile mt dmbknfcr jnernn hmy kiljnr tkis. Cl tkn ctknr

kmlj, hnjim bclvnrenlbn ca wkibk nxpnbts hufti-sgiffnj ocurlmfists wcufj dmbg us hy mreuhnlt.

Ms it is mfrnmjy stmtnj, il ^LNRBC hnjim burribufm stujnlts mrn nlbcurmenj tc spnbimfizn mt HM

fnvnf. Zkis bchns clfy, matnr tkny ect hufti-jisbipfilns mt DM mlj ecile tc spnbimfizn it wknl

fnmrl tknir snbclj jnernn. Ms tkn dmsn kms tc wijnl, it is mjvismdfn tc kmvn tkn dmsn airst. Dy tkn

wmy wkmt I smij ca spnbimfizile ca MM^ mt DM hnmls tkmt ca drcmjbmst mlj prilt & wnd

jnpmrthnlt lct mbtile ms dnmt rnpcrtnrs.

Fmbg ca usile vnrlmbufmr fmleumen acr tnmbkile mlj fnmrlile mt sbkccf


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Ntkicpim is m lmticl witk hmly lmticls mlj lmticlmfitins witk jiaanrnlt fmleumens. Zkn dnlnait ca

vnrlmbufmr fmleumen acr ocurlmfish njubmticl is vitmf. Zkmt is tkn hnjiuh tc prcjubn hnjim

prcjubt. Cl cln wmy, it is lct clfy hnmlt acr prcjubticl clfy. Zknrn is m pcssidifity, hmilfy il

jnvnfcpile bcultrins, tkn usn ca hnjim acr fmleumen mlj bufturn jnvnfcphnlt. Zknrnacrn,

njubmtile tkn ocurlmfist witk tkn fmleumen ca kis/knr auturn ocd mjjs lct clfy tkn dnttnr

uljnrstmljile ca tkn jisbipfiln dut mfsc m rnspnbt acr tkn ijnltity ca tkn lmticls.

Zkn ilstituticls il Ntkicpim skcufj prcjubn wkmt tkn hmrgnt lnnjs

Il mly bcultry, cln wmy cr mlctknr, hnjim pkifcscpky bmllct dn arnn arch tkn pcfitibmf nbclchy

ca tkn lmticl. Il cur bcltnxt, tkn pcfitibmf nbclchy is jnhcbrmtib jnvnfcphnltmf stmtn. Zknrndy,

cur hnjim hcstfy tkn hmil strnmh mrn cvnrwknfhilefy jnmfs witk jnvnfcphnlt, jnvnfcphnlt

ocurlmfish.

Kcwnvnr, il sbkccfs ca ocurlmfish mlj bchhulibmticls ca cur bcultry mfhcst mff bcltnlts mrn

wnstnrl crinltnj witk fidnrmf pkifcscpky. It bmffs acr mttnlticl tc tkn ambt cl tkn erculj.

^lacrtulmtnfy, stujnlts mrn snlt tc tkn iljustry witk silefn bcursn glcwfnjen il jnvnfcphnlt

ocurlmfish. Zkmts wky cur ocurlmfists fmbg tkn mdifity tc nxpfmil mlj iltnrprnt ca m rnpcrt rmtknr

mbtile ms m bcljuit ca wkmt wms smij il ml nvnlt. Zknrnacrn, I jc dnfinvn tkmt stujnlts skcufj

fnmrl hcrn ca wkmt tknyrn ecile tc jc il tkn scbinty.

Zkn caanrile ca bchhulibmticl witk ocurlmfish il Ntkicpim is nssnltimf

Caanrile bchhulibmticl bcursns il tkn sbkccf fign il Mjjis Mdmdm ^livnrsity is rnbchhnljmdfn

il cur bcltnxt ms tknrn is lc ctknr mftnrlmtivn acr stujnlts tc glcw mdcut bchhulibmticl wkibk is

ca pmrmhcult ihpcrtmlbn il tknir ainfj. Ms tkn hmrgnt jnhmljs tkis, tkn sbkccfs skcufj hnnt tkn

jnhmlj. Dnsijn tkis, tkcsn ca PT, bchhulibmticl mlj ctknr ainfjs wkibk ^LNRBC prcpcsnj

skcufj dn caanrnj snpmrmtnfy lnnjnj fign tkmt ca ocurlmfists. Cln scfuticl acr tkis is tc eivn

bcursns uljnr tkn smhn jnpmrthnlt.

:.

Zkn Tcfn ca ^LNRBC Burribufm il jnvnfcpile Jnvnfcphnlt

Ocurlmfish


12/14

^LNRBC hnjim burribufm jnsielnj il 4005 is acr bcultrins il trmlsiticl tc jnhcbrmby mlj cl

jnvnfcpile stmen. It kms m fist ca bcursns tc prcjubn hnrnfy stujnlts wkc prmbtibn ocurlmfish mlj

tc put m dmsn cr bcrlnrstcln ca ocurlmfish njubmticlmf strubturn il jnvnfcpile lmticls. Zkis

iljirnbtfy hnmls, puttile m dmsis acr prcanssiclmfish. Cl tkn ctknr kmlj, jnvnfcphnlt ocurlmfish

is m hcjnf ca ocurlmfish wkibk jnmfs witk jnvnfcphnlt issuns il snvnrmf jnvnfcpile bcultrins.

Meermwmf (=95;?=5) stmtnj jnvnfcphnlt Ocurlmfish dmsibmffy rnpcrts tkn jnvnfcphnlt prcbnss

rmtknr tkml nvnlts. Zkn nhpkmsis is tknrnacrn lct cl wkmt kmppnls mt m pmrtibufmr hchnlt cr cl m

eivnl jmy dut cl wkmt is kmppnlile cvnr tihn.

Kcwnvnr, Unstnrl sbkcfmrs fmdnf it ms it is ecvnrlhnlt smy sc, kmljcut ocurlmfish mlj hcutk -

pinbn ca ecvnrlhnlt. Zknrndy, it is ml mjvcbmby Ocurlmfish wkibk hnmls ml nlj tc arnnjch tc

britibizn ecvnrlhnlts cr nxpcsile hmf-mjhilistrmticl cr bcrrupticl, ntb.

Ukmtnvnr is tkn bmsn, it is mppfinj il hmly jnvnfcpile lmticls ms tkn riekt pkifcscpky ca hnjim,

wkibk is bclbnrl hcrn witk hmss-hcdifizmticl mlj pmrtibipmticl ca tkn fmrenr pudfib il

jnvnfcphnlt. Jnvnfcphnlt ocurlmfish eivns nqumf nhpkmsis acr subbnss mlj amifurn, mlj rnljnrs

scfuticls. It mbts ms m drijen dntwnnl ecvnrlhnlt mlj tkn pudfib il pudfibisile pcfibins mlj

ctknrs arch tkn ecvnrlhnlt tc tkn pudfib7 mlj qunsticls, iltnrnsts mlj lnnjs ca tkn pudfib tc tkn

ecvnrlhnlt. It snts jnvnfcphnlt menljm mlj dnfinvns jnvnfcphnlt is dcttch-up.

Un bml smy tkmt ^LNRBC hnjim burribufm kmvn m rcfn il jnvnfcpile jnvnfcphnlt ocurlmfish ms

it is mppfibmdfn il jnvnfcpile lmticls. Arch tkn cutsnt, ^LNRBC burribufm is kiekfy ihprnssnj

il kmvile cr prcjubile wnff-trmilnj ocurlmfists wkc mrn dnfinvnj tc kmvn m sgiff mlj Glcwfnjen

il tkn ainfj.

Cl tkn ctknr kmlj, jnvnfcphnlt ocurlmfish is lct bclvnlinlt ocurlmfish. It is ilitimtile tkn

pudfib acr pmrtibipmticl ca kmvile dnttnr auturn dy rmisile kcpns witkcut nxmeenrmticl mlj il filn

witk tkn dmsib prilbipfn ca ocurlmfish.

Nrib Arnnjhml mlj Tibkmrj Rkmanr (400;) lctnj tkmt tkn lnw hcjnf kms lc bfnmr menljm cr

jisbussicl rnfmtnj tc tkn rcfn ca tkn prnss il lmticlmf jnvnfcphnlt ms it eivns strcle nhpkmsis cl

Unstnrl styfn.


13/14

Kcwnvnr, ms tkny stmtnj il tknir rnvisnj pmpnr tkn smhpfn syffmdus acr m spnbimfiznj ocurlmfish

kms m bcursn sudtitfnj Iltnrlmticlmf mlj Jnvnfcphnlt prnpmrnj dy m Drmzifiml prcansscr

jnvctns bclsijnrmdfn mttnlticl tc jnvnfcphnlt issuns. Prcpcsnj wnngfy tcpibs ilbfujn? Zkn

jnvnfcphnlt tkncry? Kistcribmf mpprcmbkns ca stujins cl lmticlmf jnvnfcphnlt7 Jnvnfcphnlt

tcpibs7 Hnjim cremlizmticls mlj tkn iltnrlmticlmf bcvnrmen ca jnvnfcphnlt issuns7 Zkn stmtus

ca tkn hmss hnjim il jnvnfcpile lmticls7 Jnvnfcphnlt issuns? kcw ocurlmfists hmy bcvnr

nlvirclhnlt mlj knmftk issuns7 Jisbussicl cl pudfib iltnrnst? jc pncpfn il jnvnfcp ile

bcultrins glcw wkmt jnvnfcphnlt issuns mrn mdcut37 mlj Jisbussicl cl tkn iltnrlmticlmf

menljm acr jnvnfcphnlt ocurlmfish (^LNRBC hnjim burribufuh 40057 91-9;).

Zknsn tcpibs bfnmrfy rnafnbt tkn lnnjs mlj iltnrnsts ca jnvnfcpile bcultrins mlj bcufj bcltridutn

tc ocurlmfish njubmticl il jnvnfcpnj bcultrins ms wnff. Rnttile kiek prcanssiclmf stmljmrjs mlj

prchctile dnst prmbtibns7 mlj ilbudmtile illcvmtivn hntkcjs, tnbkliquns, mlj ijnms. Nxbfujnj is

m bfnmr rcfn acr ocurlmfists ms bchhittnj mjvcbmtns acr scbimf bkmlen mlj jnvnfcphnlt, witk tkn

prnss mbtile ms m bchhittnj tccf il tkn jnvnfcphnlt prcbnss, rmtknr tkml ms m britibmf mlj lnutrmf

cdsnrvnr il tkn Unstnrl trmjiticl.

Il m lutsknff, ^LNRBC hnjim burribufm kmvn its cwl rcfn acr jnvnfcpile jnvnfcphnlt

ocurlmfish ms fnmrlnrs mrn nlj up il bmrnnr il ocurlmfish. Zkis bml clfy dn mbkinvnj ia mlj clfy ia

fnmrlnrs nmrl tkn dmsib bmtnecrins ca bcursns7 prcanssiclmf prmbtibn, ocurlmfish stujins, mlj mrts

mlj sbinlbns.

Zc bclbfujn, I suhhmrizn tkmt ^LNRBC burribufm hcjnf is lct memilst jnvnfcpile jnvnfcphnlt

ocurlmfish, il ambt, tkn burribufm prcjubns tkn prcanssiclmfs wkc riektfy mppfy tkn dmsib bclbnpts

ca jnvnfcphnlt ocurlmfish hcjnf.

>. Bclbfusicl

Zkn ^LNRBC burribufuh is m hcjnf burribufuh acr nhnreile jnhcbrmbins mlj jnvnfcpile

lmticls tc mjmpt7 it is lct ihpcsnj. Bcultrins fign Ntkicpim bml kmvn tknir cwl burribufm

bclsijnrile tknir cwl bcltnxt il rnfmticl tc tknir bufturmf, pcfitibmf, nbclchib, scbimf, ntb ambtcrs.

Knlbn, rnanrrile tc it kms lc kmrh acr mly bcultry.


14/14

Tnanrnlbns

Mjjis Mdmdm ^livnrsity Rbkccf ca Ocurlmfish mlj Bchhulibmticl, Ryffmdus ca Ermjumtn

Rbkccf ca Ocurlmfish mlj Bchhulibmticl

Dilcj B., Meermwmf, (=95;). Jnvnfcphnlt mlj Njubmticlmf bchhulibmticl, spmbn

mppfibmticls bnltnr, Mkhnjimdmj, Iljim.

Arnnjhml, Nrib & Rkmanr, Tibkmrj (400;). Mhditicus il Zkncry dut ^lfignfy il Prmbtibn?

M Britiqun ca ^LNRBCs Hcjnf Burribufm acr Ocurlmfish Njubmticl acr

Jnvnfcpile Bcultrins mlj Nhnreile Jnhcbrmbins, Tnvisnj pmpnr prnsnltnj mt

tkn Iltnrlmticlmf Msscbimticl acr Hnjim mlj Bchhulibmticl Tnsnmrbk Rtcbgkcfh,

Rwnjnl. Mvmifmdfn mt kttp?//www.ismfnk.ubt.mb.zm/Mssnts/PJAs/^LNRBC-IMHBT-

Tnvisnj.pja

Lmruffm, ^hm (=99:). Jnvnfcphnlt Bchhulibmticl? Zkncry mlj Prmbtibn7 lc njiticl, Kmr-

ml mlj pudfibmticl, Iljim.

^litnj Lmticls Njubmticlmf, Rbinltiaib, mlj Bufturmf Cremlizmticl (4005). Hcjnf Burr ibufm acr

Ocurlmf ish Njubmticl acr Jnvnfcpile Bcultr ins & Nhnreile Jnhcbrmbins.Mvmifmdfn

mtkttp?//ulnsjcb.ulnsbc.cre/ihmens/00=>/00=>=4/=>=409N.pja

^litnj Lmticls Njubmticlmf, Rbinltiaib, mlj Bufturmf Cremlizmticl (40=2). Hcjnf Burribufm acr

ocurlmfish njubmticl7 M bchpnljiuh ca Lnw Ryffmdi. Mvmifmdfn mtkttp?//ulnsjcb.ulnsbc.cre/ihmens/0044/0044==/44==99N.pja
http://www.isaleh.uct.ac.za/Assets/PDFs/UNESCO-IAMCR-Revised.pdfhttp://www.isaleh.uct.ac.za/Assets/PDFs/UNESCO-IAMCR-Revised.pdfhttp://www.isaleh.uct.ac.za/Assets/PDFs/UNESCO-IAMCR-Revised.pdfhttp://www.isaleh.uct.ac.za/Assets/PDFs/UNESCO-IAMCR-Revised.pdfhttp://www.isaleh.uct.ac.za/Assets/PDFs/UNESCO-IAMCR-Revised.pdfhttp://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001512/151209E.pdfhttp://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001512/151209E.pdfhttp://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001512/151209E.pdfhttp://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002211/221199E.pdfhttp://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002211/221199E.pdfhttp://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002211/221199E.pdfhttp://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001512/151209E.pdfhttp://www.isaleh.uct.ac.za/Assets/PDFs/UNESCO-IAMCR-Revised.pdfhttp://www.isaleh.uct.ac.za/Assets/PDFs/UNESCO-IAMCR-Revised.pdf

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