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Page 1: mohamedrabeea.netmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/5f35f9dc-21aa-44bb-823b-9785bfa81b07.pdfThe Abstruct of the Research The researcher begins his research with a general introduction in

بسم اهللا الرمحن الرحيم ���ر� ا���دان

وزارة ا������ ا����� وا���� ا����������� ���� أم در��ن ا

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����� ����� � �� � ������ ������

����� ���� � ����� � ���� !��� "�# $%

&��'�� ���():�+,- ./( 0�-�(

1�� ) 2����� ���3���:4�,5� �67�7 0�89(

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Page 2: mohamedrabeea.netmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/5f35f9dc-21aa-44bb-823b-9785bfa81b07.pdfThe Abstruct of the Research The researcher begins his research with a general introduction in

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بسم اهللا الرمحن الرحيم

))������ ��� � ������ ��� ����� �� ��((����� � ���

����������� ��� !"�# $ % !"�# &'() � �*�� +,-� .�/��

01�"�#............ �#"31�.............

�4�""�#........... 5�6�� � 78-9 ��:6;< � '�

= >'"�'��? �;� @,": A'�B� ;,C 6�D

E�,F� G'�< � � 'H�I 6

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��*/� J/� � ��?

������ ��:���� KL-� ��� �6',�� '��? 5�MN .�/� KL-<$O�"� �

�"��� 7,�8� +PD Q�R ��4� � ST � �� �UV E'�W) XY� 5�-Z .�'R/�� � /4[� /R �? &�F< � �4� �\] �� 6'\^) ���� �� ��

6�-� ;�* G# +B ��_ $7�'C '"\��# `"��D a� 7F�/�� 7��'M�� 7��bN) �'�65 & 7��'I$�\�� '�/R� a� 7c/4� 7�':/��� � d�V

6�-� ;�9 +B ��_ eL,� �� 6�\�� ��bN) f'�� >'N 65$'�W'�Ng �'R/�� � /4[� /R �? &�F< h/[_ �i /4?'? 6��W�� i'�Ng

e"L,� �� j'k) 5'l6) � mY-� n�F<� oD'I G# QR���� p�;] $�7[�'-_ 7-] ��q: �i'�Nr� /4[� /R �? &�F< .

s�t6 u8?',� 5��N ;�;�� �,: /:'[� i'�Ng /4[� /R �? vC � w �?x� u8?',� 5��N ;�;�� �,: y;t'I 7�Nz� `�4� !�: �/�[�

'\�D �� a� .�� 5�"�� = 7�R'FU� 6��� � >',�4_ /Ng �'R/�� � /4[�'? QI�<

> 6'�) � '�6�N�.G#� 7��4? ��� oD'I G# �P�� ��� y�Cg �W7�5'� +�M[< .

E{N � � Q�B/� '_ 'D'8C 5���� '-FR�� � $��9 � 'D �:5 /C �u_'�� |6 �.

Page 4: mohamedrabeea.netmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/5f35f9dc-21aa-44bb-823b-9785bfa81b07.pdfThe Abstruct of the Research The researcher begins his research with a general introduction in

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بسم اهللا الرمحن الرحيممقدمة

u_'�� |6 � ��9 $'D��N u�g �5'( u_'��� 7J6 d��,_ !�: &b�� � ybY� � ��})��N� Q��: � !��(u�~ Q,L�� Q�� !�:�$Q"��� ���� �� $�"N � Q�-�?$��� &�� G# �5'\I �* � = ��'I� .��?� ........

�� � �-�? eL,� :)�� � ���� � � ��� � ���� � ���� �(��w�B�_ 7�� :

5�"��$ 7"P��� . �D � /:'[�'? ��'* a� 7���Y� G# w�B�_ 7�� 5��< 7\I �� 7�*/� �D'W e�* /:'[� '\�R /\^ a� 7�*/_ � ��6'�� h/�� G# '\q�?

D'�� '� +� 6'���N n�F�� ���F<� �\I� ��� � +��� Q� $6'N ��� �\-� G#� ��D� �t'�� �\-� ��'C e�* �/�l = /:'[� Q��: $6�"� ��6 'M\-� �� �F��

.�"�8� � 7"�( � �b� � ��g � y'�9 e?� /:'[� � /�[� 7�'N6 �FD !�: $/� G# �Y�� %/�� Q8�} � O'�D) QFR{? �F�D �f'�� h $h�/��� /�D 1��W�

/:'[� �?'� a� 7�LY� $/�"[�'? 7"���� '\"l': a� y@YF� /��� 7�*/�� �b� G# '�t 5 +�8�_ y'�9'? �?'-� $&b"�� � �"��� �"�6 y'�9 O'� G#�

�/_ � .��w�B�_ 6'��C |',N :

b? = y���I y/�'^ �'W /:'[� �g �/Y:� �5 $|'�Y� QI �� � w'8�N � '\��: `����� $7��D'��/� A /�l +� ��'-�_ � �5b? = ;��_ � ���] Q<�� /\���

$���� ���� `9 � y'�9 = 7�F�F* y'D'�� 7?/� : �6'�l 6��Y? �\-: ;���_ � &b�� � $Q-N /�� ��6 Q���� Q��,-�� $9 = `��� `*'� QDg� Q"� �': y'�

E'�] � @� � �9 `��� ��� Q��: >'�� $y�"�F�� "� ���"�� QM� �g� b� � b�:� 7\I �� y'�9 �/�� ���� �R/� �:�� e�* 7��bN) $���? 1����

�/�[? `�4�� :$7�/�"[� Q?6'� �F-� `�F� � � �I�� : 6�Y� �'W ��� �

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7�5'Y� Q<'D'��� $� �I� 1��� � KP� /:'[� f': G# E�C��� y;���� 7�� e*', �/�l = 7�-P� y6�Y� 7N 65 EbC $y6�Y� /�'-: !�: e*',� �,� � h���� �

��-: 7�-P� $@"� � �"9 �I � ��'�* �P�� ��� A'R/[�� '�bC#� Q-� A'R�&b�� � 7�D'�D) � 7J/� � $�� Q<'? �: j�'� /:'l QDg� �"~ �� : eL,�� Q��

": 'U*'? 5 �,�N � �\] � &b�� !�: '��'D �'4R �'4_ 5��* j�'� �'�Dx� �/[_ ��� � ���] .',Y� :� y'�9 .

/"�'-: : d�L�� �'W %'[� : `�W '� � QUV A'-� e*',� �* ��� Q<'D'��� /:'[� E�* 7�t;I $g ��? �F�� � � "� 7�/�"[� Q�?/� !�: A �B/C� /:'l +� Q�D6'F� EbC$% �"-: 7�/�"[� y6�Y� � �-�? |'�W G# 7R'B)'?

6',] ��} ��N �*�_ %'[� �N'F� $7"��4� 6�5 ": Q�R `<'4� d�� ��� 7�/�[� y6�Y� A'-? = ;�/� � y6'��N � Q�,[�� �$�F�N�_ `D'] �P� �.

 ��\-� eL,� :/:'[_ � `�F� G# |6'� � Q-: 6�Y� '� /:'[� +qC $6��[� � '¡�

7�/�[� 7?/M�� : X�< a� y6�Y� ��$))�/�[� E'Y< � 7��N� �� y6�Y�'R '� i �* = 7�'� ����� 5�} S�� ���((�$y6�"Y� : 6�Y< O'�_'R '-� ��

7?/� : X�< a� /:'[�.y6�Y� : /:'[� X�� 7��� ��/� :�$X�<� /:'[� �¢6 ��� y6�Y� �

Q<'D'��� �/:'[� :$7"?/M�� �"F-< a� 6�Y� � 7:��£ 1��? @Y< y��YF� � 7�/�[� .�

�N'F� % /�l = 7�-P� y6�Y� 7N 6�� ��F-� 6'�) 1�i � e*',� ��8D %'[� $%5g ���� !�: 5'��: � ��'4�_ �\-_'? Q� ;�� EbC � 1�i�$eL,��

7�-P� y6�Y� : Q�bC � $��6'�� ���� 6'�# = $/:'"[� > �"? Q��b: =�'� !�L�� a� 7�-P� Q���� j /?#� Q? 78�¤ 7��,� > /�z��$.

د:� ر�� �ردز.إ-١ � ا�د�� ،�������ط،")'&% ��وي،"!�دئ ا� �،د�م ١٩٦٣،ا���ه�ة، ا��/.-� ا��)��� ا�,�"� �+'!�*� وا�.١٧٣ص�،٧ط،ا�دب و<�=>;:*: ا���9 إ.��*78،د-٢ .م�8،١٩٧٨وت دار ا�&@� ا�,���٨ص،م١٩٩٢دار "���ز د" J،١ط،"�HI ا�!FG ا�د�� <� إ*�اد ا��.�7E ا�D�",�8:�=دت ا��آ���-٣

Page 6: mohamedrabeea.netmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/5f35f9dc-21aa-44bb-823b-9785bfa81b07.pdfThe Abstruct of the Research The researcher begins his research with a general introduction in

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��� ��Y-� !�: e*',� h��� G# 1�i �5 ��� 7"��? �"�{�� �"�? '\�]' 7�:�B��� $�\"-� &�� a� 7�/�-� sNg � �: �F� s��< e*',� E�'* ���

eL,� $�¢6 "� Q"�PD = '¥ ��� '�� /:'[� 7?/� EbC � y6�Y� G# /�-R.���� /<�<� $G# Q</�D� ¦�¤'? Q��b:� Q�� � s4�< a� w �?) 7���: : X��

R�/^� f'�� Q�R'F�� 7�<'�9 Q$Q�W 1�i : X�< a� 7�-P� y6�Y� = 1�i 7�b:� $7�-P� y6�Y� : @,��� = 7��� � !F�N�_ � E'�� 6�5 !�: e*',� ��� '�W.

+I /_ � 65'Y_ �� :) (�/:'[�'? 7�'� +I /_ � 65'Y_ :

/:'[� � ��5 !�: QUV = e*',� ���: %/"�� |/�_ 6 5 7�,�–sD�"< $�¨¨©&.5��� ��� 6�D 6��W�� n�F<� ��F� $;�;�� �,: y;t'I 7�Nz� 7�':/?

�/�[� w �?x� u8?',� 5��N$'\"�Nz�� '\�: 6 �'��? �-�: a� 7�Nz_ 1�< >6/"�� QU��*� Qc�� %/�� /�[� 7��C u8?',� 5��N ;�;�� �,: i'�Ng /:'[�

/?��W y6�5 ��4< � �¨¨© 7"-��� = ���� a� � %'[� �N'F� �? /:'[�� &%/�� |/�_ = ª'R$�"�F�� ���I n�F�? /:'[� >'P�z� 7R'W +,� y5':# 6/F<�

���'I�$'\��: +�� a� y����� >'�,8� u? � 7�,8� ��� e*',� ���: 1��� 7-N = G�g 7�,8� ��¨«« & /Cz� >6�� a� >'�,8� ¬*�$�F} &'� ���

'\P�"q� '\R�* Q�PD /:'[� 6/� a� �t'YF� ��? h�V 7N 6�� +B�� � ���� �/Cg � ���� >'�,8� �P�B '� ��6 $7,"N'-_ �t'"YF� �"�? 7R'B­? &'��

6�\����$y��Y� 7��� +?6 7�,8� ��� = � ���� �t'Y� ���? ��� $����"��i'\�?'�W ®�6'�?. ���# 6��W�� '\F�FL�? &'� 7�,� 7U��9 >'�,8� ��.¯ ',W�$6 5 >�@? ��] �©�°"���¨¨±&$O'"� � ��5 E�g �B ���£ = Q��: �'W�

'"� 5/P� ./l� �t'YF� !�: ��:� >':�B�_ `�* Q��j��? &'� y'�9 $�"B� E'�� � %'[� /UD O'U� ��� �/�[� $>'����� �$�t'N/� �.¦,"B �/C 7�,��

=M'N �� ا�د�� أP=�; و"Oاه!;:و .8��.٢٢٦ص،م١٩٨٣- ١٤٠٣دار ا� �وق ��8وت،٥ط،ا�

١-��� د >=ر ا����P 9=د،أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا� T����J8 و�G� ،,���،١ط�ب ا�V��دار ا–X<=ج،م �١٩٩٤ .صب٢-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.٩-٨ص،ا��)

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5 ./l�.¯ �P�/� ��,D ��}�$7�/Y�� 7,�4_ $>�@?�© �"���²²� Q,<6 &%'[� �t'N6 Q�� 56� � > 5/P_ ��? ./l� = �F� `�* .

E'"�� Q?'�W = �U��� ��� /:'[� �-: �/�-� `D'] !�: e*',� ����� �-: �/�[� |/�$5 �":# > /W�_ � ���_ &b�� �,: 6��W�� n�F<� 5 �:#

� /�: E'�W 6��W�� n�F<�$����9 ��} 5 �:# %'[� �t'N6�$%'[� /UD |'�W� �/W ��} �N'F� �? n�F<� 5 �:# �/Y: � QP� ��� $y�/"� = %'"[� |'�W�

�/W ��} �N'F� �? n�F<� 6'��C Q�/�'��$N6� �N'F� �? 5 �:# %'[� E�* �t' �/W ��}$�/�"[� w �?x� u8?',� 5��N ;�;�� �,: y;t'I 7�':/? ��,� '\�W�

$¯�$sD�< %/�� |/�_ 6 5$�¨¨© &.7³�D +� `�4� ��� !�: ��Y* ��� 7��\W %'[� �N'F� �? y6�5 y��D � .

��? Q? &'� '� !�: e*',� +�� ��� "� �/[_ � |/�_ = uN6 �� � 5'F-� u"? >'D6'F� �F�? /C´ ��,� &'�� �/�l� /:'[� y'�* � 7P��� `D �I 7N 65

�/C´ A /�[� ��?� /:'[� $7"N6�� = �6�5� 7�"�D'��/�'? /:'[� 7�b:� '�@�� ����? $ 6'�l �\R G# �l/_ `�8� � �,: 6��W�� |'�W E'U� � |/��

'\�:'-�� $��'9 '���# `�W� :/�'�_ %/�� /�[� |'�W–%'"[� �N'F� �? $%/�� � %/�� /�[� = 7��-��/� |'�W� .%'"[� 7�/�[� = >'N 65 |'�W�

5��� �5'�9 'Ii�µ.|'�W�)�/�"l = %'"[� �"N'F� �? (sI/"I ""����'D.y'�9 � `9 /:'l %'[� |'�W�¶�/R /�: 6��W��� .y@UW �/C `�W�

w�B�_ = eL,<.

7c�F� +I /_ ��?:/�'"F� �",: �"-: A'I '� EbC � 'c�� 7�-P� y6�Y� &�\P� e*',� u?

j'M:) �t5� 7�b,� 6 /N Q�?'�W = O'I/] $�,: ? �B'F�� 7�'N�� |'�W� O'I/] ;�;�� $ /8� |'�W� &j'9 A'?5g · /N� A'��,� ·'\-�� $ K��� ������ j

��@�� KI'�/F� .

Page 8: mohamedrabeea.netmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/5f35f9dc-21aa-44bb-823b-9785bfa81b07.pdfThe Abstruct of the Research The researcher begins his research with a general introduction in

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7U��9 +I /_ ��?:� 7�-P� y6�Y� w�B�� ���'-< a� 7U��9 �F-� `�W G# e*',� �P��

7�F�,8�� � 7�/�-� 7N 6�� EbC $'\"-��¸ 6�P"Y: /?'I 6��W�� `�W 1�i ��7�-P� y6�Y� |/�� �-: ��b,� � ��F-� d /�� =$/�"[� &�"\P� |'"�W�

$��F-� d /�� yA /� |'�W� $¦F� 65'F� �,: 6��W��� |'�W� $O �I�� �'� %/�� /�[� =$�:'¹# ��� ;: 6��W��� u?'�W���'�'"q� /"�'�_ %/�� /�[� 7�-P� �/� �^�$QD�-R� |5g |'�W� .� `�W� 7"��F� ¸ '\-�� ='�� ���D 6��W��

7�-P� y6�Y� 7N 6�� $7�-P� y6�Y� �$e��9 %/�� /�[� � .y6�"Y� |'"�W� !N�� �/[? y6��W��� %/�� �F-� = 7�/�[� .¸ ��B ���l 6��W��� u?'�W�

%5g �F-� =$/�'�_ /�[� = >'N 65�.� = E'�] � 7��� 7�/�D |'�W� /�[ &��N /�'< 6��W��� %/�� .'\"-� /�[� !F�N�� : ���� y@UW `�W�:|'"�W

5'�: �/4l 6��W��� %/�� /�[� !F�N��.y6��W��� 7�R'F� � �/�[� +�8F�� R� ����C A'P�.º'� .'�P� �,: 6��W��� �/�[� v-� = !F�N�_ 7��q: |'�W�

+R'D.`�4� G# e*',� �P�� '�W 7��D'��/� : ���� a� $a"� `"�4� � ���� a� � ����? A /�l� /M\_ A /�l E'U� � 7�?/�� 7��D'��/� A /�l ���'-<

/:'[� :$��'9 '���# `�W '\-��$'�@�� �I'PC ��-_ �,: ��} `�W� .P� y6�Y� ¸ '\-� 7���'] �t'N/� ��? !�: e*',� +�� ��� "? /�l = 7�-

'k 5��} h/l "� �\N $� �,: ��'C "� �I'D ��� /?# /�l = 7�-P� y6�Y� �'�@��.

w�B�_ E�* >'�6��� ��? = y56 �� >'N 6�� ��? �-: ���< '�W$'"�W 7�-P� y6�Y� : ���� 7~/�� 7�,-I `�W �-: e*',� ���$`"�4� �"�?�

7�,-Ig .�: '�W &�"\P� 6�8< '(bC � �� 6 '\U��*� '\c�� �F-� `�W !�: e*',� ��

7�-P� y6�Y� $'q� %/�� �F-� `�W = A'I '¥ ��P���.

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e�* ¸/:'[� �-: 7�-P� y6�Y�� 7��'l 7N 65 QD eL,� �� ;�c '� �� �����/�[� E'�� |'�W EbC � �/�-� `D'] 7N 6�� ���'-< Q�t'N6� |/�� �-:

Q< /W��� $�6'�l = A'I '_ 7R'B)'?$"� 7�-P� y6�Y� 7N 65 e*',� E�'*� 7"�¢6 Eb"C �� h���� 7��'}� �:'��I Q�� �� /:'[� 7��P-? '\��b: EbC

w �?#� 7�-R 6�� � ��Y-� = '� !�: 7�:�B��. �? �D'W a� 7�'�� 7��F_ ��� ��?� Q"M\-� e*',� '\�R 5�* a� � eL,� 7�

$�/Cg eL,� `D �I 7]'�_ e*',� ��8D ./:'"[� y'�* : ��\��? �? e�* 6�5� y'�9 � |5g = QM\-� u? '�W �:'��I � ='FU� � ��P-� Q�B�� ¸�/Y:�

/:'[� �-: 7�-P� y6�Y� = w �?) ��R Q�I�< = Q�W 1�i $,� 56� »��? e*' 7�-P� y6�Y� /�'-: �¼�4< E�YR 7�?6 1�i.

E�g �YP� :7�-P� y6�Y� >':�B�� : E�g �YP� d�L�� :�"YP� e"*',� �?

7�/�[� 7?/M�� : @,��� � w �?) ��R = 7�-P� y6�Y� 6�5 : ��\��? $�"�?�� ��� y'�9 7P��R w�B�� : e��9 �? 1�i � QP"��� : /:'[� Q�R d�

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y/C´ 6 �� =$&b^� ��^ 6 5 '�D�� �I��$!"�: �"� /< � ;"* 1�i �R �� A'4,� � � ;*g 6 5 '�D�� �D'4R |��� |�* �W � /:'[� $": d�"� »

'�D) +�� ��/< a� 7�D'�D) �� �_ �"L�� 6'"Y�Db� �:�"�� Q��"[*�� �7\I ���� 5 ���N �$'��P�� ���� � �/_ � �\] ��6 A'���� � �� : �? 'U*'?

6'Y�D � E'�´ ��F� G# +� �� &� j�'M��� 1�i �W !�:$y6�� : d�� »`"q�� �"� � �;*� ./R � /:'[� �J '� ��J a� 7��,8� y6��� &g $»

`"9'? ·;��_ h'P[� �*�/� E'�]'? �UT ���I !L-� �C ��� `9 y6��

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O'�D) $Q"��*� `�"[� � /:'[� ���¡ �U��< a� � ��� y6�� >A'I »7�/9 m-T a� `�[� y�� : 'U*'? &b�� � �,��_ � �b�'? .

O'U� �YP� :�YP� = e*',� d�L�� 7�-P� y6�Y� : O'U� $�"�\��? e"*',� �"?

���M�� � ���F�� u? 7�-P� y6�Y� : d�L��$&�\P� : E�g eL,_ = d��� u��D'��/� �-: 7�-P� y6�Y� $'"�W 7�-P� y6�Y� &�\P� O'U� eL,_ = 56� »

7P��³_ Q<'?'�W EbC � %'[� �N'F� % /UD = >56� |'�W 7�'C� 7�/�l� 7�/UD y�*�� !F�N�_ � ¾'P�g � @,��� 6�5� KP� E'�� : d�� e�* �/�[� E'��

KP� ���� = 6��[� $y6�Y� = 7�/�[� 7��� 6�5 : e�'U� eL,_ = d��� >/"\^ e"�* Q�?/� : X�< a� Q���� /:'[� �t'Y� EbC � 1�i u?� 7�-P�

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56� '�W $/:'[� �-: 7�-P� y6�Y� = y56 �� 7����� `�W /�� � ¿�Y� �� :F� Q�R �F: '��'C 'UL,� e*',� O'M��� � �/[�( � /:'[� u? 7D6'$|6'F< Q�R u?

A /�[� Az� �-: .��8� � &��( � �¢/� � 6'�:g $7W/�"[_ >':�B�_ ¼�?� �\-�? $�\-� �W 7���YC� .

e�'U� �YP� :7�-P� y6�Y� = E'�� 6�5 : e��9'? e�'U� �YP� v�� $e*',� �¼/R

� w �D u? X"��� ��"� ��D'��/� E'�� G# �6�8<� d /�� = A'I '� �R� E'� 5�I�� y�*� �� y���] '�¢/� $7�@,�< y6�Y� >6'�� $y��YF� ��[�� ��T ���

'\��W{?$�,� ��� /:'[� �-: 7�-P� y6�Y� = Q: �D � Q�,[�� 6�5 : d�� »�t'�� ¦�-� �R� /�[� � Q-4T$: »�"��� � ��? y���] 7�-P� y6�Y�'? X

·6'� +� /:'[� �C 5 = '� +��� sP-� : 6�Y��$6�5 ": d�"� '"�W = �"���� �'W ��� y6'��N &�\P� 6�8�� �/: ��� 7�-P� y6�Y� = y6'��N

�F�� � �8-��� +q�� 7�'[_ !�: ��F-� d /�� $� � y6'��N &�\P� @�< »m,

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��D'��/� /�[� = /��Y�� � @,��� = �:'P� 6��� '($6�5 ": /:'[� d��� �/�[� E'�� Q?'�W = E'�� $y�"��] O'"�_ �R'B � /:'[_ 7��,8� ��J�

7�-P� y6�Y��$EbC � j��6 ¾'P�g ��? ��J e�* ;�/� 6�5 : d�� '�W:'[� ��* : X��� '\� �³�N Q"���� � ¢6 ��L��� /$�\"-_ ": d�"��

/:'"[� '�¢6 �R� . À< �D'W a� 7�6�8Ng >'�Y³[� ��? /Wi� �6�8Ng QD'c# : X���$7�-P� y6�Y� S� ��;���$!�: 1�i m�B�< = e*',� ���: ���

/:'[� /�l = A'I '�.+? /� �YP� :

��? +? /� �YP� e*',� �? 7"�-P� y6�Y� = !F�N�_ 6�5 : d�L�� ��\ �"�� a� ¾'P�g ��/_ Q�V /qL�N � y��YF� = !F�N�_ � %'[� �����

�F��_ = 7�-P� y6�Y� /� � ��;< a� � 7,N'-_ >':'F�) $e"L,_ d�� ���� u? '�W `��g !�: 7�'�� /Vr� /:'[� & �³�N : E�g 6�L,�� Q� �³�N 7�

yA�;� $�"* � �B�/: �j� EbC �� 7P��� >'* : X: '�W $d�"� »7�-P� y6�Y� = � j�g 6�5 :$7�R'F� 6�5 : O'U� eL,_ d�� '�W$��6�

�;* � ./R � Q�PD : 6�Y� '_ 7,N'-� >A'I� /:'[� �-: 7�PF��� 7P��� ': �D $D ��,���F�N�� w'F�# � ��,� = '�� 7�R'F� u? 'LB � �F�N�_ &'M�$�Á f�

: d�L��� e�'U� eL,_ A'I� $ %/�� /�[� � j� !�: 'I�/C /:'[� /�l =!F�N�� �D'W 1��� 7P��³_ QP� �� : /:'[� '� X: a� > ��g !F�N�� 6�5

+,8�� 7FR �� ¾'P�g $W6g �* �D'W� �"�J a"� y'�9 O'� �t'YF� 7�'( �' '\�� �:'P��� �F��_ �[<� /:'[� sPD = '�: X�< '\�,8� $e"L,_ = d�"� »

+8F� � 7��W � h/* 6 /4< � 7�-P� y6�Y� = 6 /4�� 6�5 : +? /� .7N 6�� ��� '\��# ����< a� �t'�-� ��{? eL,� e*',� ��C »$'"\R56 »

��� ¦Â `�W '� ��?� /:'[�� 6�� �q�� �L�¡$�"q�� '�,� 56� 1�i ��?� 7�,-Ig � 7�?/�� +I /_ � 65'Y_ �� .

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ستخلص البحثQ��YR� eL,� �\-� '\�R 5�* 7�': 7��F¡ eL,� e*',� �?$d�� 7��F� »

��� � 7�:'��I h�/�� � /:'[� y'�* : '\�R Q"? 78�¤ 7��P-� � 7�R'FU� � 7�N' Q<b�{<� �'�¢6 EbC � '\-: X:� '\�� �:'P< a� � $/�"[� � QP��� u? �F��

7�D'�D) � .�/� +� �R ��_ +,8� : X�< �6'�l >A'I� y'�9 �./:'[� /�l = 7�-P� y6�Y� >':�B�� : E�g �YP� = d�� ».

9 A'I� %/�� /�[� = '\��\P�� '�6�8<� 7�-P� y6�Y� : O'U� �YP� = e�� 7�'�? $¿�"Y� �"�?� /:'"[� 7�� : d�� '�W �/�l� �/UD = /:'[� ����

7����� $O'M��� � �/[�( � /:'[� u? 7D6'F� �F:�.= eV� 7�-P� y6�Y� = E'�� 6�5 : e�'U� �YP� d�� »y6�Y� /�'-:

/:'[� /�l = 1�i /\^ � y6�8N � ;�6� Q�,[<� y6'��N �.�t'Y� 7N 65 EbC � 7�-P� y6�Y� = !F�N�_ 6�5 : +? /� �YP� d�� »

Q���� /:'[� $�"B�/�� �j�� !�: /:'[� 7�R'} e*',� /\^ �$= ��"����/� � sP-� >b�{�� 7�B'� !F�N�_ .�.

7"�R /�<�P� 6�"Y� ��?� eL,�� v�³���� eL,� �t'�D e*',� �/: »65'Y_ � +I /��� '�,� 1�i +,< � /:'[� ¦Â 7�/U-� � 7�/�[� >'��8³_ � .

@C �:7�'* ��4� � 7�D'�Dx�� Q���� Q,*� �5'\�I � ��I� �XY? %'[� w'8�N �F�

/P<� '\����YC '('�5 $Q-R `* ��: &'� QD# ��-: �F� � �W Ã6��$Q� v�C � y;�I� y'�* =$�: �F� !N6 � ��P�� |',N{? �Cg ���� ��,� /��� Q? ��� ���

|',[� �,D '�/\^ $�� '*�B� /UW Q? '�'C 'F�/� Q��/F,: >�Cg �.

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The Abstruct of the Research

The researcher begins his research with a general introduction in which he defines the methods of the research and its chapters. In the introduction the researcher illustrates the life of the poet, his social, political, cultural and psychological situations which affected his life. Then the researcher describes all that through his own points of view and his contemplations. The researcher demonstrates his situation from poetry and life and that occurred through the similarity between the soul and the humanity.

The researcher illustrates in the first chapter different imagery in the poet’s poetry. Then, the researcher demonstrates in the second semester the imagery and its development and its defination in the Arabic poetry in general and in the poet’s prose and poetry .After that the researcher talks about the poet’s poetry and he illustrates the linguistic formula in which the poet was famous in. In this chapter, the researcher mentioned a comparison between the poet and Al-Hamshari and Al- Tejani.

The researcher illustrates in the third chapter the role of

imagination in the imagery and the researcher looks for the

elements of an image , for example (metaphor, symbole and

epic) and that was clear in the poet’s poetry.

The researcher mentioned in the forth chapter the role of

the music in the imagery through studying the poet’s poems and

his language . therefore the researcher illustrated that the poets

keeps on metric and its renewal in the music which submitted to

the soul and inspiration.

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The researcher displayed the results of , the abstruct ,

some of the photographic images, the poetry manuscript and

prose which were written by the poet. He used the references to

demonstrate all of that.

Finally, Al-Shabi became a special case which has its

uniqueness through his patience, hardworking, effort and his

love to his community and to the humanity. Those who sit with

Al-Shabi will be aware that they are standing in front of a poet

who loves his poetry and he was sincere for all of that . If Al-

Shabi lives a long life , he will take in the reasons of excellence

and he will stable the principles which are appeared in youth’s

genuis .Therefore, his genius will take a special way which is

more comprehensive.

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متهيد:تعريف بالشاعر

�y{[-� � ���_ ".

.ـ *)�~٢

.ا���.T ا� ���ـ ��)�8 أ��٣

٤�, .ـ أ�= ا���.T ا� ��� وا�

.ـ ا� ��� و"��*M ا�8G�ة٥

.ـ ا� ��� <� ���8 ا�,�ب٦

٧��� .ـ ���ر ا�

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�y{[-� � ���_ ":

%'[� ��� /?# ? �N'F� % ? ��} ? �N'F� �? �� $�* �B ��*# 7�?'[�'? ��� &�� sD�< � 6j�< 7-����Æ/�/�¨²¨ &$�R �� ���  //P�� �±"��.� ���

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�:/[� A'qF� = ��� � $��� u-N = �N'F� �? {[D �"-W = �F�� � �/4P� Q-��4< Q? 5�� Q��: � s,�F� 79'Y� Q��':6 $�?/B 7-N �/[: y/Ng 7��I ��/��N ���

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��� آ�و١�� �� ��ة ������:ـ أ�� ا� ����١٧ص،م ١٩٩٤'�&%–دار ا��!�ب ا�����،١ط،ا�٢���� ا��� ٩ص،م ١٩٥٥دار ا�234 ا���0.1 ،'�&%،١ط، أ/�&� ا��.�ة:ـ أ�� ا�

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��/Y: "

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���� $7�?/�� 7��� � |/�� 7?6'} = ����D/P� �� � )) 7��D/P� 7��� �L,� ���? 7��/< y 5 7"������ 7"P�^�� 1��? �'L�� = u,� /� u��D��� +��] 7,�-�'((�$

/���"�_ "� &5'F� ���� �R6 �R/� = �b� �/� O'�D) � K��� Q�V �'W� �,��_ $A'���g � A'�:5g �� $�9 � `�[� u? ��:'? ��� 7�\] � $))+��£ �

= %/�� |/�_ 7F8-� �"D'W $ 7�/�[� � 7�?5g ·i'�-� � $ 'P�³�� �'W $ y/�P� ��� y@FR� 7P��B 'q� ((�Q�PD 6�-R $"P� � +���'? ��\-�� Qt'��� ��? +�$ ��'"� �

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�* '�-� � �'W '� 5 �,�N E �j 7���*$g m�Y< QP� �� ��I '¥ � �'�j �g ��4< �'4��$/:'[� � �<6 ��� O'�D) |�U� QD#$a"� �6'�"l = 'FR�<� y'�* `4�D'R

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١�.٢٩٦ص،م ١٩٨٦ا� �آ� ا��=>-�8 �+�=ز�� �=>X،١ط،)�,��M ���دي ا�-��+�(،��ر�� �=>X ا��,��P: )�بـ أ��� ا��� ا�"�>� ا�,�"� �ـ�/.-� ا�E�D:ة <� ا�@=��،دورة أ�� ا���.T ا� ���:ـ "/.-� ��E:ة *!� ا�,:�: .,=د ا�!��'O8ن ����اع ا� ,�ي٢"

. ٢٢٦ص،م ١٩٩٦

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&´ � s�"N'*g � /:'"[_ : '�6�Y? X��� �/�l = yj6'? /\�< >�* '¡ 7��,8� E'�´ �$'� �N � 7�;�/� !�: +�� 1��W� $7-N �-���¨�± �"?� �"��F�� Ã/< &

Q"? '�'C '�?'� ��É �/�l ·/³R $ Q�'�PD � Q<'D'�� EbC � `�4� $Q"��� >/"\^��/�[� Q? ;�T ��� �/�[� Q�M�� � Q? 7�'� 7«.

Q? �� |5g = `��� `*'� %'[� �'W$Q��# �A'��� +R5�$�/"� �'"W �? /�[� = y���] 7\I�� ))'?bFD 7W/�� '�#>�"�g � |��"[� `�Y< a� �X4�

١-* � ا�&��7 �9�G" ط: ��=ر ، X<=� �> ���@&�آ� ا�د��8 وا�G�ت٣ا ب � �.١٩٤ص،، ا��ار ا��=>-�8 �+8� ا��G،د-٢D��ا �!* :��� .م١٩٩٤دار ا�&@� ا�,��� ��8وت،١ط، أ�= ا���.T ا�� آ�و-٣�G" T.���ا~ <� ا� �ق: أ�= ا�Pو ��� =رات ا��@�M ا��D�ري �+'!�*�،١ط،���ر ا��.١٣ص،م�8�١٩٦١وت،".١٥ص،م�8�١٩٨٤وت،دار ا�@��ب ا�+!��>�،٤ط،ا� ,� ا�,��� ا��,��P أ�= ا���.T ا� ���:إ�+8� ا�G�وي-٤٥-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.٧-٦ص، ا��)

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7���¤ Q< 6�5 ®�6'�� '\�R 6����(�( 7P�L� Ã/�� f 1��� 7"�£ �$'\��"Y? /�"[��Y� '� �*�6>'"N 65� 7~/<� /�l � QD�:�,� '� �/[-�� �A'��� �:��� # '\-:

7F9 7�?5g y'�9 A'-�) '�'LP� !�:$7"?'U¡ �D'W a� 7��D'��/� �� 1�<))�"�R Q-: w/P��� Q,LY� '�� ����F�� �F�� A j# �FD� 7�/*(�(��"Y� >�"� +P<@��

>�� f'�� � ¦�¤'? > �� '8? 6 '��': A'PY� $G# E����� '}'�� b�P-�� b:'R� X�� �~g � �qRg �È @���� $'\�b: �� �*{W 7�?5g ����? 7:'~ G# �qD »$�"Y< �

����? 7�£ ��/� : �/[�'? $'�'LP� !�: ��t'Y� � +t �6 /[D �$'�W 7��F� `�W-�� � ��5 �5'l %g w�, .

� P��� ا�D���ي-١�G" :�P�,��=>-� ا��ا �, ط،ا� .٢٦١ص،م١٩٧٤ا� �آ� ا��=>-�8 �+�=ز�� �=>X،ب.١١ص، ��� ا��,��P ا� ,� ا�,:إ�+8� ا�G�وي-٢ ٢٢٩-٢٢٦ص.أ�= ا��-T ا� ���، دورة: "/.-� ��E:ة *!� ا�,:�: .,=د ا�!��'98 ����اع ا� ,�ي-٣

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©"% 7�Y³l %'[� �N'F� :Q-N /�� �-� ���� 'D/:'l �� $7D���;� +�'I = Q�N 65 +?'<� $`�W !�: `W �

7�-��� `�4� � |5g $>/"\^� $ A �"N �* !�: '\U��*� '\c�� A /�[� �� �5� 7�/�[� Q�,���$� = ��� �t'YF� ��-� �C �'W $ |',[� E�7�/:'"l '"*�6 ��É

7P�/�$5',�� +� �� 5b,� +� � �'�: G# y�R'-� Q<@Y? u�? /�D� $�"�³�� �"I�R |',Ng'? �Cg &�:� $y'�9 >'�/�� Ã/�R /t'�Y� � '�'D�� : Q�P-? '¹ �$Q-P? ���<�

$|��F� = y'�9 e�? y'�9 = QR�� ��I� $ Q� v�C �$�9 E�"� +R�"< a"� y'w�-� ��.� /D 1���:

�Q��'N6 �¹� QM� A'P� G# �P��� f ��� `�[� �'� QP� �� = h/8�� $�'4R &b"�� � ���� G# �/� A 6´ Q:�-C� �\] &b^ = Q��F�� Q��: 7�F-� G# {M�� $=�

F��Y� Q�t'N6 ��*# = E�F� 1�iQ����9 )) :� >�4l `�"[� 5�~ � �F��� '$|5g 5�W6� $'-� �* �� X� a� y'�9 Q<'� y��� � >�4l� `�5g &b* >���

w':/� � 7���� y'�* '�É � !�: $a� 7F�q� A'�Y� y5'_ y'�* 5��] � 7R'³�� y'�* $ '�C � 7P�': � /4R �*/< (�($ : eL,� '�t 5 /:'[� �# y'"�9 $y'"�*

��',� � �9 u? w /� 7�F�F9 y'�9'R .�/� $��� �7�'"-P� ��'�� 7�'N6 ���? P�� �"9 � @"� ��"� 7�B'P� ��F� S,�< a� y'�9 e?� y@� 6'4Rg /[-? '(bC �

E'�] � $< a"� y5'_ = ��'�* ��I� ��� �-: ��F� >��� 5��] �/� 1��� �"�F 7P�'�� � /4P� $y'�9 : '�'L� ���,�R.= �"P�� ��� +� /���� w /� = ���

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Q��'N6� /�[� S�� m�LY<( ( /F� �C'R /M\_ A /�l $� X"I ���C � XI 7�'C� 5�W/� � 5��] !�: 5/��� � n�F� !�: Q<6�� =$Q�\I �_ Q<�� ����� Q<'�* 7��� �^�

١-;-&< J��-�ر ا�٣٠-٢٤ص، ا��)� ا�G+8=ي-٢�G" :��� .٩٨ص،م�١٩٩٤=>X–دار ا���Vب ا�,���،١ط،"/.-� ��E:ة *!� ا�,:�: .,=د ا�!��'98، ر.�7E ا�� ا��+8-�-٣�G" �&8+� :و�!�ان ��� .١٨٩ص،م ٤١٩٧٨ط، ��8وت-ا��ار ا�,���8 �+@��ب،٤ط،ا�

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� /�/� ='Y� +,-� 1�i � Q��YC.��� �t'�-? � XI `�� '�W %'[� `�� ��� y6�U� $��� !�: ·�/�'? ��'R."�"

·�*6 > �? "q9 �'"W ��� �� �� �FR ��? 7��I /\�< �;9 � &¢'[�� 7� �'c#� ��� � G�g y'�9 ª�65 ='Y� Q-��� � �� � ��? Q��# {M�� ��� ÌR �� .

| ��� Q�D'� QI� = ��� ��� �@Y� QI ��� $� |/� Q�D'� � 'LB � Q<�� ��4�R Q��� u?$6'�4D � &¢'[�� 4� f� +"R5 '"¥ 'B/R Q��: �/R �? QM\�D ��� QF�/�

| �Y� : ��,� G# �@U4� $/:'"[� y'"�* = o�"�� `D'] ��N �/� f e�*$�;9 � fg /�'�� '\�R >5'N a� >'�L�� ����Y�� ��{W� $'"-�c Q,"q� `YR

��',� !�: `q�� 6'��� $'} '��� /�D �F�� ���I � �\-� Q-4�� &�\P� /[D � `* � ST ��� y'�9 $| ��� � !Ng ��/R y@Cg ��t'Y� = 'LB � 1�i ��,��

� /_ �$y��Y� `�4�)6',] ��[D ($y��Y��)���] .',Y� ($Q"��P< '�\�R /\^ � � ;*g : ���?�$| ��� � fg � ��� ��L�� � 6'Y�D m,� � $1�i = /:'[� �

L�� 6'Y�D � E¢'P�� G# y'�9 h�/^ �'� 6'�4D � &¢'[�� ���� : E� $/W�"�� ®�6'�? ����9 ��} QF��Y� 7�'N6 = 1�i�¨/��/�¨   '\�R E'� e�* )) : 'µ#�

y'�9 &� �,F< �-W O G�g ��PD u?� K�? �/P� $7:6'B sP-? '\W �l s�� � $Ã'? +� 5 `��� $� 5�I�� E'�Z �[�-_ f'9 y/�D� /C'�� 7��,? '�'F� KD­R �´ '(�(7�?g Q�P-? 'D/:'l �/D �4�$6 ��� � y�F? . /] ��É $`"9 � y'"�9'? �z��

5�I�� �$Í't6'� Í'_': � ;*g f': �/�� $��g � 6�-� ¯��C : �? eL,� �'W QD ��6 >'�L�� 1�* =.

5�6�-� � y'�9 7�'N6 ��É $FP� ��-: �F�F9 �;9'R�¸`Y-� � �'I � E'� Q��'N6 7�5{< +8��� f QDg �F�F9 �;9 �?$'( �': a� 7�'N/� 1�< $5'-� ��� >'���

'� $����9 QF��Y� E�F� e�* �F�� � .�/� y'�* y'�L�� y�:�� '�# )) : KD;"É QD# � = A�l a"� '�D�� 7�'N6 �5¢ � �,� >�� KD = @4P�� KD;É '¥ /UW '�D�� ��

= '�@�� ��C f KD s* f'�� ��(( 

� آ�و-١�G" T.���ة، درا.�ت *9 ا� ���: أ�= ا���.٣٥ص،م �8�،١٩٨٤وت-ا��ار ا�,���8 �+@��ب،�!,� �� >!78 ���&�،د-٢�G" :;+E�.ور ��� ،، د�=ان أ�� ا���.T ا� 8�ا١ط،ا��@�!� ا�,)���،�!� ،دP–٢١٦ص،م�8�،٢٠٠٢وت.٣-J��-�ا �����٢٤٥،ص،ا.

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"����"� y'�9 f': E'�] � @� � `9 f': E'U_ f': u? & �Y� : ��D ��R ��� ��'] � �N'P� +� �� u?� Q� Q<'�* 6�D 7?�'-�� /:'[� /:'[� &b* � O'�

!Ng � 7?/�� � ��F� � $< /W�� � �6'�l = '��I 1�i /\^�QQ�t'N6 �$G# Q��R5 >�_'? 6�-< 7���I &� 1�i$7,*g �FP� Q�?'� 7�*�6 &�� $A �: u?� Q-�? & ���

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5��� f': 6�-� f':� y'�9 �'� 7�R�� 7:À� $�'W 1��� /�� Q-� w;D Q�PD �/� ��� >�_ = 7�F�F9 y'�9 �/�$I ��� 6�-� f': G# ����� 1�i �g a� y5'_ f': G# Q-� A'

'(b�{? Q*�6 >���$�/Y:� Q���£ = b:'R �'W� $Q,�l .'P4? ���l /�{< /�{< �F�� Q-�� = 7�6/L�� >'W/9 /�'D� $QD �: � 6'���N �B $7�/4P� � 7��'��� � 7�N'���

$F��� '( ':5 a� y /_ 6/� y�:5 /�'D '�W�Q5 �9 /�'8� $��� �k��1�� Q"�W �/�l =��� +�R6 O'�D# ����¡ ��< $�5'"� O'"�D# u�� � �\-� %'[� �'W�

$� sD�< Q-�� : +R ��� ��/����_ � �\] QI� = 6'�$O���;� ������ .b�­? �5'D ��/Y: =$sD�< = %5g �5'-�� u�Nz_ �* �'W '�W�$= sD��� Q,* : X:�

����9 ��} QF��Y� '\\I� 7�'N6 )): � w�-� �� �U� G# y@FR sD�< �D'W �# E�� �\-� ���F� /P-� !�: `Á '\t'-? $7"�J� y�"�� &;: � ���\I = '� �W ���,� �

|',l� $�/"N{? 5�I���� Q��g Q,I �? /:'l 'Y�� '�* '�[D �D�4� � ���8��� ¬*((�.

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7��6 $�5'l �? �Wi �J $��� '\I6'C� sD�< �C 5 ��@��))5�? 5� %'[� �(5'?bC­? '�bC#� /4P? /4R��(( $����9 QF��Y� E�F� ��'�� ��� 7?'�4� !�: QUÉ :

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� 7* /� h/�< f a� 7��'�� Q*�6 '� ���< A��( $/"9 �'�D) �,* a� Q*�6 u�g �5'Y� .

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�?'-� .��8� � +� �� u? Ä /P� �I� '\U��*� '\c�� 7P��P� � |5g � 7R'FU� 65'Y¡ y'�9 : 7U*',� sP-� 1��?$E'�� � E'�PD u? ��½�� ����$))'"�� 4� f %'[� �

$'�D'�� �?$Q* /I� Q��½� ���< $'�5� ':��5 # 4� f �/�l ���� � ¬*((.�1��"�� �/D7�/:'l '*�6 1��� %'[� � $�9 @�q� �,�'C $�"4? ��',� QI� �:6'��

Q�'4l $'"\UV = 7LB � 7P��R X: ��4� �t'F9 ���: �\R : 6�Y< �6'�l �D'W� E'�] � @� � �9 y6�� : |�¢�� $Q"<'�* = y�"* � 7"�9 'D/:'l ����� f�

� 7��C �� Q<'�* r� '� ��6 y@YF� 7,�"� w'B� � � /� � �I6'� Q8�}$�"C 6 ��� � y�F? '\:6'Y� $`*6 � �~ ��4� � S��� ��� y6�� �N@� $/:'l G# ���<�

��Q�F�N��� �P��R� ���� E'~ � �B'_ = '� !�: ����< a� $A /�l : � /� '��/M\_ � �/[� = e��9 /Y�� $))�*b_ .�6 1��? Q�R �µ� �"?/< ¬* 6',�: � 7

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����9 ��} )) : "F� >�"Y� 1�i @�� ��Y� � ��,-� �F��� '� �'-P� �# �� Q,�� �'�: = �� �� ����� .....(©(��� �'-P� 1�i �F�F9 �'-P�'? Q� 6 /:'[� �8��

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.١٦ص، ا� ,� ا�,��� ا��,��P: إ�+8� ا�G�وي–٢

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R 6�Y� ��4�� : ���? � �I�� = '�: Q-$�? `�4�� �I � Q-R ��Á � Q? �F</�6 /��N � y'�9 �� �: Q�R 'U:'? �X4� 7�D'�D) � /�g 7��C = Q��Á� .

`�4�� : ���? 'R5'� �/�l ��I $7�'"N6 �"�É ��� �� �9 /:'[� � 6�# �5�F< 7�'N6 y'�9 �'� �XWE'�] � ��Y� � �9 � @� G$7"�? sPD : 6�Y<� .

)) Q�� � �/Y:� Q�PD G# Q� � Q? �Y�� '�� m��_ �6 � v�� �FR $ 6��"l /�"l� E'�4� � E'�] � �9'? 'LB � $+"8F-� '�R�-� 6'�< �/�l = �/Á 6��[� �� �^�

'\��-� 7:�8F� � � y��Y� � : �YP-� �((��e"�* /�[� � QP��� �Wz� y��Y� = E�F�)�/�l(�:

Ï��D 3/�[� 0Q? �I6 @�g A'B6 Ï< A'""�6 � 7*�¡Ð|/� ��\ /�/��

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'��R Ò/�� Ò/�� '�� �5b? p'�_ p'�C >'FR'C � �6��l @U� '��

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�'-P� /:'[� $+-Y� � ��,-� 1��W� $�8��� �\R+Q�,-I u? a� Q�PD : ·/� � $f � y�� � /LN � f'�� �� = '�� $�5� � 6� R � 7�D'�D) Q�P�C '��$Q"-4��

�L�� �6'�� = 1��? '-��# d�L�� u*dQ,�� = '�É � ��? # $"��� Q"<'�* = ���

١٤٣ص،م١٩٧٩دار ا��,�رف ا���ه�ة،٧ط، درا.�ت <� ا� ,� ا�,��� ا��,��N=� :�P ��8–د-١

٢-��� ،ط: أ�= ا���.T ا� ��T >=ر ا����P 9=د،١أU�>� ا�8G�ة��J8 و�G�،98'��!�,:�: .,=د ا�ا �–دار ا���Vب ا�,���،"/.-� ��E:ة *!X<=٢٦صم �١٩٩٤.

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$7�/[_ Q�PD A �B{? ·/q��� $Q¹�? 7��N�� '�D�� G# �6'�� jX�R $Q"�?'8? 7:�,8��E�;� ��� .m�LY� mB �� �'-�¡ ���M�� �� 1�i�(�(�/"� 1��"? /:'"[�'R

'�'�'q� +� Ó��< � � y'�9 �\P< � ���M�� $7�D'�D) Q�W/< '_ 1�\R ��? 4�� ·/�1�i 1�C 5 = '�É � ��? 6�-� G# .5'"D '� +� 1�i = �P�������"�D'��/� Q"?

$))6�\^ �-: '��I /\^ `���W '�6'��C � 7��D'��/�'? �:�� 4��)%5g f'"�� 7�£(����? 7�M¡ ����9 � %'[� E'Y< �(�($bC ��E��t'YF� 7��/�� y/�-� $+�8��D

[� �� � 6 u,�D � �P� /:'$�/�[� Q,���� $7"��4� ��� Q��� '¡ y'�9 `��� QD#� '� >'�� '\��: �':$ �bC � ���� Eb^� >5$�i = '���"� Q<�"� +P<@�

A'�~ 7�D'�D) $B �� = /�[� � QP��� u? ���+Q",��� '\�R '-�,� ��t'Y� � 7P���Q�Ig Q�PD 6�D ��� $y��Y� 1�i � �))/�[�� ���( : (

3�D Ï/�l '� Ôy��R ¼-��< �5 zR � !$Ô7�8�� �5�I� � 31�R Õu-* � �È �I = '� Ö��? Ð���� G# 5�I��

Õ&b^ � �_ �: = '� 1�R ¼���/N Õ.',� �� ���� G# y6�� � '-�F-� �\R Q��# !�N ��� Q,��� '\�R �N/� ¸y���I y6�� $Q�b* �

'� �� a� )). &'": �"-� 7�"�D��� �L"Y� = /\�< >�C �FR �/�l @W �? '� |�¨�Æ|/�{"< '�W�$7"L-£ 7�/:'l � �6�� �� � Q��� '_ Q��# 6'�Dg ��P� �F��

�I/�_ %/�� |5g'? @UW $�g �6'�� = �/�{< /\^� G$��? Q-4��/[�� �/"�: � 7�F��_ 7�?5g Q��Y³[? �F�N $e��"9 %/�� /�[� A'¹ = '�b�: +P<6 �(©.(

|'�W = �6'�l � 7:��£ XW >/\^� $/"[: +? /� �/F� = ��D��� |5g �/M( $&': =�¨�± $�/�: � �/[�� ��5 %'[� �'W�.�"� &'": = �7����<� � �-�? y/B'} !F� �/[:� 7��<�:|/"�� �-: �/�[� E'�� $�"��

�F��� |'�W = ��,� $�/"[� 6'8� = 7R'LY� = ��� '( �'W� $1��"?� sD�< = A /�[� 7��F� = /:'[� m,� .�5b? = �5�� 6'YD � /:'[� �'W�

� آ�و-١�G" T.��.٣٠ص،م١١٩٩٤ط، >�� ا� ��� و"=اN&; "9 *)�~:أ�= ا�� P��� ا�D���ي-٢�G" :ط .٢٢٥ص،م١٩٧٤ا� �آ� ا��=>-�8 �+�=ز��، ا� ,� ا��=>-� ا��,��P ،ب٣-��� . ١٢٧،ص،م ١١٩٩٤ط،اU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�� آ�و-٤�G" T.���ا~ <� ا� �ق ���ر ا� : أ�= ا�P١٥ص،��� و.

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= ���� ��� ))7��5'Y� A'��� 7��~ (( $'W� `"I �� y/4R ª�F� �$�"�����/C´ �'� Q,I � $���M�� y/4P? y 5'-_ G# u�',�� A /�[� � ���$Ã/"< ���

'�@�� .��� A'M� � 7����F�� /�[� >':�B�� /:'[� $Q"*�6� Q,�� = �J� '"\I �� y'"�9 � 6�-� : &b�� ¦N� 'U*'? Q? �\�� �/�: !q� �,F��_ y6��

�³�����.

8� ا��G،د-١D��ا �!*:J��. ���"،١١٨ص.

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Æ"�N'F� �? y'�9 `:'��� %'[� Qt',: � Q,:'�� = ��;< >�C 6�F� �� 4��$����<� �� 7-N = ��� � =�< �F�R7

�/[:� +�<� $Ãb� � 6'�� y�C � & � y/N : �z�� 1��? 6'��.`�F� ���B /:'[� �'W�$��? A',�g QLYD� · �;� &$7"-? � · �;� Ø Q-4�

Q�? y'�* = '\�,8C �T �� �'W a� Q�: $����<� �� &': '\-� QI �j Ø ���7u�b�� '� ���� Q� �,k �"��}"EbI��$'���?�5 5;< 7�,�F� Q<'?�D > �? $&'": �-� 1�i�

����<� �� 75b���� u�b�� �* �� $'��?'? A',�g QLYD� � ���I �'�6# �W : 5+8��� f Q-4�� $7��D��� Ù'[_ � �t'Y_ �~ u? Ó��� � � $ ��F: ": w'"-��

�\� @4P�� � 7?'�4� $F���'�'"q� a"� dbU� > �-�� EbC ��t'Y� w�6 ��D '\-�� h'�6g u? bF-�� :7�t'q� 7-] $6',] ��[D $`9 �4�� = > ��� $O'�

y':/� $y'�9 y5 6# $���] .',Y� .�/_ Q��: ��l '� �':/N�$1�i� 7��'�� G# 5'�R–&�"��Æ/°/�¨ ©/� &

®�6'�? 1�i� p'8�) !P[��_ �C5 /�²/�¨ © /&$�6'"�? Q<'R� �D'W�®�¨7�D'U� �5'~� «  �R �_ "�¨/�²/�¨ © /&��� = R5� &¦F"�� = p'��

7�?'[� y��? = QN 6.�

� آ�و-١�G" T.���ا~ <� ا� �ق: أ�= ا�Pو ��� .١٦ص، ���ر ا�� آ�و-٢�G" T.��.٩ص،م ١١٩٩٤ط،>�� ا� ��� و"=اN&; "9 *)�~: أ�= ا�

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±|/�� @�B = %'[� �N'F� �? ":/�'� �'4� �W = �/�< Q*�6 ��F?� ���Z %'[� �*6 $y'�9 : eL,� $�/Wi �C

��bN) f'�� � %/�� ��� A'È �W = /[�-�$�/W��} 1�i = E�F� e�* )): /�"l �'W�%'[� 7P* ;� 7���F� > 6�U� +� 5'* �4[? &Ab�� /t'U� K��� ((. ��55/� |',[� �'W� Q��� :

6�F� 3 �M��� � ¼�?bR y'�9 35 6 'H��� Ï �[� i# /�4-� � 0��F�� ¼�? � ��""M-� � ���� ¼�?�

I = A'I� ���"�W y�"�/)L,ACTION (7�"�D/P� 7"���'? 7�"�D��� $5�":�/�/�¨«Æ &))"� ��/�'��_ '\��É a� > 6'�[� !�: �'��,� � �� `�W y/� � �W�

[< 6'W�� 5��� = &��/� G# �'��W',� =.b"J� 7"�D'?'�� 7��� G# �'��,� �I/< �F� �? �'?'�� 7��': ��W�� = 6'�l((��LY� � >b� = %'[�'? &'��� /UW �F��$/[D /UW�

�/�l ��� a� >'F_ $Q? �-�<� �/�l ��D'-P� 9� $7"D'4� ��"� !�: +�'� ���5 ���|/�� � �/[� = |/�� �-: /:'[� �*$>'"P�* � >'D'I/\_ = /:'[�'? &'��� /\^�

� = A �N %/�� f'�� =>': i) � �5 �-.'D/:'l y@N A /�[� � A'?5g E�'-<$Q"��P<� QF,N� Q��/F,�? �\[< �\P� �� `�� �D'W�

$Q�qP� ��B ���l 6��W��� � 6 '\-�� Q�R K��"� /�"[� = �/"[� A /�"l +�~ !�:�N'��� � .G# +���-�� 7�'N6 � 7���D ��t'³�� @,4� O'-,�� `�5g E�� ®�6'"�? 7�Y³l

�² / /�¨« &))�': ��W� �,D � ��6'8� �W = |/�� h/�� �{? /��I $ i'"�:� 7:'"[,� � �"��� !"�: y6�U�'"? 7"l'�] Q�É/� �F�P< $7"�/9 � E�"�� G# 7"� ��� �

E'�] �(.©(% �"�D��� `"�5g i'�Ng |'�W 6��� 7,N'-¡ Q� eV � �5'l �? E�F��} �N'F� %'[� : �/W ��...)) :'�Y³l È� `�LR 7�-P� Q��/F,�� %'[�'? '-��� .�"?

'q� 7��'�� Q��-���� 7��R/� Q��D'�D)((...«.7���/_ 7D'4_ !�: E�< '�@�� A 6´ ��� �#� Q�R ��I� ��� u��}� Q� �/�'�� A /�[� � A'?5g �-: /:'[� '\��* a� y;��_ � '"��:

5�I�� h /� !�: !� /�< �¢6� E'�� � Q�PD = '�: X�� �C � |�: u�� � ��.

� آ�و-١�G" T.���ا~ <� ا� �ق: أ�= ا�Pو ��� ٤٥،ص، >�� *9 ���ر ا�٢*-MG�ات <� ه8@7 ا=+P ة�8(N %�U �!8+�'�ب ا��ا T��< T��وآ ، ��G" د�,. �I��U 8�ةG��8 إرادة ا�Uأ ��د �� ا�9 أ"�،"9 ذ=�G" وآ�رم T�8هUو.٥٨ص،درا.�ت <� ا� ,� ا�,��� ا��,��N=� :�P ��8–د-٣� آ�و-٤�G" T.��ط: أ�= ا� ، ��� ٤٠٦ص،م�١٩٩٤=>X–ا�,��� دار ا���Vب١ر.�7E �=ل ا�� ا���,T �&���-د-٥!* ��G" :=+�=ر.� أ��،ا� ��� و" ا�،١ط، �!* T��@�ا � ٢٧٦ص،م �١٩٨٦=>X- "/.-�ت *!

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±%'[� 6'�½":

7:�-��� y@UW 6'�� Ã/< $'\l': a� y@YF� > �-�� ��6$Q��/F,: !�: E�� '¥ y�P� .

�y'�9 O'� � ��5:;\I �F� : Q�FD &��¤ @Y_ 4� /Y� = Q�,� !�: &;:� y'�9 O'� QD ��5 %'[� /[,� '�D5 $�t'YF� ®�6'< ��? '��R Q-� w'B ��� ¸� ���� 7:',� = Q��* �FÉ � �,�

$�t'YF� `�</< w'B '�W$��? '��R � ���� +,� �$7��[� 7F�/8? 4�� $1"�i ��? >'�,8� >5��<$'�� ;<E�'"�D) �"� E'�: �I jX< Ã'-�� '-� |��F� � �5'�g

w�,_ $:',� � � ���� '��N�77�?5g �R'¤ ���� = �FD�.|�|/�� �-: �/�[� E'�� :

7���] 7:'� = /:'[� '�'F� y/B'} &�"� 7�D���� �²/�',�"l� ©± ""���¨�¨ /�PD &'�� = +,�� &Q$sD�< = y@,W 7MB 6'� �F�� $5'"F-� ���� `�i�

|/�� �-: �/�[� E'�� |'�W Q�B ��� Q� 6 = %'[� 7B6'�� G#.�

·�>'N 65� >'F� :�"t /] = >/"\^ a"� ¸>'N 6�� � >'F_ ��? Q��$%/�� ��� = 6�Y< �'W a� >b� �.'\-� �:7\t'�� sP-� $� 7��b"N) 7"�F�

y/B'9 $/�[� :Á '�`m�LY� QN'�F� �� '�� Q-� �\P� � $`�F� '\� $fg 7�-� $/:'l y'�* � 7�� 5 >'LP� $y/t'� .�6 $�F�7'�*) ª7":'�] � 5/P� = '�/� �

sD�< = /�[� E'F� !�: ����<$ $'D�-: /:'[� � /�[� $� ��W� 6'�� �FD !�: 56 Q?'�4)�/�[� E'�� ($�5'l %g w�,-�� � ��5 '� &�� 7N 65 $/�"[� 7���Y�$��"-P� $

7�?/�� sP-� �.�

5�%'[� �t'N6 :� sD�< = A /�[� � A'?5g � 5��? /:'[� ¦,<6 =7�?/�� 5b,� ����9 ��} E'U� � �\�N /� �'W e�* ¸$��/[,� ��} $��/C !P8Y� $��}

١-��� � ا�,�ب:أ�= ا���.T ا��ص�١٩٩٤=>X–دارا���Vب ا�,���،١ط،إ*�اد ا��آ�=ر *!� ا�-�م ا��-�ي،ا��8�ل ا� ,�ي * ١٤-٧م� آ�و أ�=-٢�G" T.��ط: ا� ~�(* 9" ;&Nو"=ا ��� ١٦٠-�٢٣=>Xص ١١٩٩٤>�� ا�

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sD�< � �\�W� ���\_ º'Y� $�5'l �? �Wj �J $���: ;�;�� �,: $ �I'D ��� /?#/Y� � .'�6�N � /�'-� ��: 6��W�� � ��@��.

"��%'[� >'����:&��? �,< 7:��£�/�/�¨ ² �\�-<� &��/�/�¨ ²&.��� /[D '",D'I

>b� = '\-� .��5��N ;�;�� �,: y;t'I 7�Nz� h /l­? E�g ��� = 7:��£ >56 �/�[� w �?x� u8?',� $� /�: E'�W 6��W�� 5 �:# $¯�%/�� |/�_ 6 5–sD�<

�¨¨© &.�–> /B'¤ :'\-� > /B'¤ � 7:��£ %'[�� :7���¤ y/M( $7-�U? ��~ $A /�l

!Y�g |/�_ .j�W�/C `�:

Y� � 7� �6 yXF_ =7� XI vY� ¦µ !�: $6'�� Q?'�W = �/W ��} /W���$ @4�� Q��� %'[� )) : 7R�/�� @� �/C 6'�� Q� � � 1l� ((�./"[D� +~ �� 4��

u8?'",� 5��N ;�;�� �,: y;t'I 7�Nz� >�F: '��-: Q-: ��� '�� �-: Q,�W '� `�� 7�'C y6�5 %'[�'?�¨¨©/'\�R Ø a� $ &))n�"F�? /:'"[� >'P�z� 7R'W /[D y5':#

���'I ��F�� ���I((...�.

آ�-١ ��G" T.���ا~ <� ا� �ق:وأ�= ا�Pو ��� .١٣٢ص،���ر ا�٢-��� � ا�ول: أ�= ا���.T ا�+D��!��'١98ط،ا�,:�: .,=د ا�ا �ـ �=>E�� �-./"،X:ة *! �ـ١٩٩٤دار ا���Vب ا�,��� .،ص

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الفصل األول%'[� �-: y6�Y� >':�B��

����\T.�E�g eL,_ ":y'�9 7P��R.

 O'U� eL,_ ":&��( �,F��_ � .��8� �.

©e�'U� eL,_ ":7��,8� .

«+? /� eL,_ ":y6�� 6�8< `9 .

Æs�'� eL,_ ":7�-��� � ��� .

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��\T:��C �� /:'[� f': �N6 = j6',� 6��� y6�Y�� $a"� �6'"4R � �/:'[� �FD�

7?/M�� � yX� 6'D y{�� �� �MqD $Q"<'�* /:'[� !�: �4��� � $= �"�:'P<�Q�'�: $A'I ¬* '\"[�': a� 7�D �I�� > /<��� � 7��P-� > /�z_ X: y5�� 7�9 >/:'[� $'\�� �:'P<�$a"� 7"�-P� y6�Y� X: 6�-� � y'�9 f': G# 6�\��� ��R�D �

/:'[� �� �� : >X: $y6�Y� sP-� >'D�-4� ·/� /:'[� � $/�"[� y�"� �g+�8��� ��� /��Y�� 7�/F,: = !�M�< 7"?/M�� 5'"�? ": @,��� 7�-P� Q<'D'4�# X:Q�'�: = /:'[� '��?'4� a� 7�6��[� $5'"�? '"(bC �� '\�R ��</< 6�Y? !�M��R

[��� 1�< �F��_ = ����� '(b�? A'É) � 7?/M�� 7�6 '� G# ��C{< a� !��6 = Q��#� �'�: = �MqD 7�:'��I � 7�D'�D# y/�'^ � �I�� = �l': a� 6�Y� X: > �

$�¢6 "� /:'[� sPD = /F�N '¡ ¿,8� H���I 'F�D ��J � ��? 6�-�� �I/C� &b* �.

7�'"[_ !�: ����< �D'W e�* n�F� ��b,� '�6'�# � 7�-P� y6�Y� ��F�D �F���*�/� ¯'FN) � 7�¢/� � y�*�� G# 5��] � 7�F8-_ � 6�8�� � $7�-P� y6�Y� >6'��

7��4[� 7�*'-� !�: y/Y�F� �D'W � ��? Q��:� /:'[� � �I� : @,��� 6��? &�F< u�;�� � $E'�PD � ��Y�'? 7��b,� E'4lg �8,<6 �.��8�"�� '� 6�F?�+/:'"[�

� $ s�N'*g � 6'4Rg u? $ 7�-P� �6�� EbC � �� ��� >'�b: ��CF��� ��� +�8��� ��� �F��_ �,� � 5�[-_ �1�i EbC ��7"?/M�� w�B�� +� �� ���

y�B'��_ 7�-P� 6�Y� � ���I f': = Q�q�R 'LB �� '-�? ��4� � /:'[� ���/� ��� '�zR5� y'�9 �,D Q�R $$5 6 '� 1��? /:'[� �F���'"� Q�PD �'�: = /F�N '��

�� '\_ �: G# '-�F-� a� 7�6��[� 7?/M�� w�B $Q"P� �: EbC � '-� '�6�� � ��?QD �I��.

7��D'��/� 7N6�_ 7�\� +� �M�-< Q��\� ��,< 1��?�))��-"� �"4? y/t'"U� m� ���'F<� !¹ ��D ��,N = ���'F�� �(�($�'"-��* /[�-< � '-�C 5 = >':�B�_ $

�را.� ا�)=رة ا�&�T8,< :�8 ا�8�<�-١� �"��" ،�"=� =رات وزارة ا����<� وا�ر��د ا��" ،J .٦٧-٦٦ص، ١٩٨٢د".٢٦ص، ١٩٨٣، دار ا����I ا�,���8،طد،ا��و"�>�8@�8 وا�=اN,�8 <� ا�دب: �+�� "�زوق-د-٢

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[� 4�� 7"�-� y6�"Y� f �": "� '-��# Q�F-� '� +� �:'P�D '-��Á ��� �� �9 /:'�� ���'? $��� 6'�# =� ¸ '-�'�: = '\R /� 5�I� ��6 G�g y/��� '\�� Ó�'��D '-D{W�

7�/�[� `��'Ng � �:;� 4c 7��'�] 7�¢/� "7�@,�< '��� '��W e�* � "y'W'}Q? �*5;< '_ 7�< i /:'[� sPD$s�N'* � /� �C � QD'�W = ��</� '�� $= '\"�FD�

"� y��"YF�� KP� A'-,� ��4[�? &�F� b:'R '���* @,��� ��4� � !�: ¸ y/�z� 6��7:��,_ 7��'�] >'D'F�� � 7:��£ EbC...�y'�9 /:'l $ �6'�l = X: '�W 'D/:'l�

. /Rg /:'l /:'[_ � ´ � &7�D'�D) /:'l �? $Q<':�B�� EbC � `�'� �\R 7�D'"�D) ��"F� � ��{�� >':�B�� � Q� ��,< '� u? �F-�R $ y'�9 Q� � �'�D) $

'��: 7��FW `9 � $'D/:'l �'�# '\�,� |�U? '-��: +�8�� �M�-< 6�� = 7��,8� ���<�$��{? �R/< 6�� �F-�� '�¢ ;I >/R'q< '�W��PD � /l#� �� y'�V �\-< | $�*�"�

�\� = ��� h'� � /�6 +,D � 6�Y� 1�i �W =� $ ��/R ��'-< EbC � y�R 7�/F,�? �5'Y� +,8� $/:'[_ Ah5� `�F� �,D � 7,�/F� 7��� �.

�W � A'B6# ��N �('� ·'�D �9 |'L� �g /�-_ Q��\�R Q��* '� G# �P������F* h�� � �\] Eb�{? ������ �\ $�4"N �5'\�� $ &/£ o-I +� &5'� ����'R

��"� Ó*�� +��F�� 5�:/�'W 5�:� �6�� >��R $ �/_ � �\] w6j� ��',� !�:9 y5 6# '�g /*�-�N�$j�'M�< 6�Y� �¢6 /[,� ��/: = |�< y6��� '�:� �,�/<�

�j �4� m�Y�� �'4_ � �'�;� ¦�} �'4�� �' $�'9g 7�D'�D# '�# $�'"�D) `�'� $7�R'� 7LB �.

FR �� 7�5'Y� �6�YR '\�PD y'�9'W A��� f': /:'[� f':7Q"�PD �I/"�< +,8�� '"�# $ `"q�� �F�� 'B/� ��6 ./P� h�I = �?'-� >�_ ��6 �� G# �? 7� ���

D '(� !B/D '� ��F� � Û5',_ `q�.

�� ا�,���8: *�>�ن �-T.�N 98-د-١�U�!� ����،ا��)=�� ا� ,�ي رؤ�� > ص، ، � وا��=ز���١٧-١٦ا��ار ا�,���8 �+

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E�g eL,_ y'�9 7P��R:

���;9 � ./P� u? > /�D� A 6�:_ QP� �: +,D � h/�� /:'[� �C �R��$/4? 6�Y? y'�9 7�� X: '-�F-�� $·;"�T

7B'�P� /:'[_'? $7��,8� �\-� = y'�9 `4���$f'": G# �t �"� '\��"l = ��</��� ��[-� ��� A'PY� �? /:'[� $�;9 � ./P� & z�� '\�*'-Z Ù{< ��-: y6�Y� �$�"F�

� �I�� � `9 � `�F� /:'l �V /:'[� �'W $6�"-� f': � '�5'� y'�9 A'¹ = ��*��g 7��[? �F< ��� E'�] � @� f': $A��� ��D ���I ��D = 6��g �/Á � 5 6{R

'�g � ��Y�'? ��P� y'�9'?7?��� O.A'"µ ���? '� A'µ� 'F�/? y'�9 6�� `\� 6��[�'R E'�] 7�t 6 7�N�� | ��{? �R/< $7q?'-� /:'[_ !�: 7�t'� '�D�� �/� �\R $7"��� �

/:'[_ ���? y'�L�� $� 1�i = E�F�� 6��[� 7L-I !�: 7�t'� '�6�� !�{? y'�9 ��'-P� y/4R y��Y�:�

Ð6��[�'? Ó: Ð6��[��� $3Ã'�D5 'µ­R 6��l� �� �: ��W 0�8�� !�: >��l Ï�M�� '�#� $ ����� $Ð@4P�� !�: >��l ��

y�F�_ /:'[_ f': !�: 7�t'� y'�9 y6�YR $�� ��� 6'D ���? y'�9 +�?'-� �� �N � y'�9 >'D�-4�� 7��,8� �'�: �\R = �R �t'� 6��[� 6�Y�� '�6 /.�

3Ã6��l ��I � 07��,8� =H�t'�Ï@,� �\R Ð6�L�_ '\\��? Q�'�� �'-�� Ã/��� $f'"�� h'[�W 1�i EbC � E����� y'�9 6�� = '-�F-��

Q* /R � QD ;*{? $y'"�9 � ��4� 6 /N G# E����� �6�� X: �*/-� �? $y�":5 '"�#-? /C;< a� /:'[��� y'�9 �, $;M: e�* y'�9 6 /N '� �[4�< 7�R�� 7�*6 '�# �? �F�� '\R'[�W :$|��F� &'� '� �? �L�P<� .�Q��F? Q<��Y� ����:

/:'[_ �F� /C j `�F? '�D�� = Ó���R $Õf'* 6�L��

١-��� ط،أU�>� ا�8G�ة:أ�= ا���.T ا� ١٨٤ص،١١٩٩٤ن٢-;-&< J��-�ر ا� ٢١٤ص،ا��)

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y�[D =$Ï@C �� 7�N�� 7�R�� Ðf'�� = '� Ð6��-_ y'�9'R /4,� 7��,8� �'q* = /:'[��� �D'�< '�6�� �~ =.�= �6�� 1�i �� y'�9 7�'�� 5�I�� /N : 7?'I) �'} ¬l �t'Y� = +?'��

y��Y� )=>�_ �5 � �^ (>�_ � y'�9 6 /N � QP��� '\�R ��,� e�*$�./8�\M�D a� y��YF� ��� = �6'4R /:'[� >'�"Y? /PL�� QD ;* Q��;D ��� � �I�� '

7"M��D >A'I y���] 7?/M�� �$ b�*6� 'U,: y'�9 @Y< e�* &´ .�� !�: &b*g Q�D'� &'� y���_ y'�9 | �? � �'-I ��� ª{��� $y'"�9'? �"R/< 6�"� '\-: X�<

$*6 = /:'[� sPD = /t �� w /Y� �FD = ��Y�'? ���<� h'"[4�N � eL,� 7�$'� �� a� QP� �� : X��� 7��,8� +,D � h/��R$�qF-� ��� ��g f': G# Q</�D�

�;� � +� �� y{�� �� ��;< �¢6 � Q�R '¡ $6�"� +"� y65'Y� 6�Y� ��5'Y<� +� �� $7q�'-_ 7�*/� 7?/M�� ���? Q,�� ':5 /�/� w /� $e"�* Q"��'� h/[��� �\R

�/_ w6'Y� ��� y��YF� ��� `�W $E�g +8F_ = E�F��:�

R�[µ L- $�[T � �Wg Q<'� '-��*� $Ü7�'� 7�g 4� @R'Y�� +� ��[D È s�[�� $Q�'D ®P-� +�?/� �� �

��4� 7� �6 ���D È �4�� >���� :&'�C i'� Ü7� �/� '\t'-� = 7��,8� � �'�D) ./R� y'�9 6�YR ��4� /N : EA'����>�_ y6�� '\,��

@} ;�� ��4�'R �'�D) /��-< a� $� ./P�� 7��� ��7"�*6 |/"M�� /:'[� ':5 1�� bt'� Q�5'-�� Q,�� /qL���R Q�/^'D &'� ��,�< a� >�_ :�

¼�I Ï/LN 3o�� '� y'�9 �W',� >�_ |/k '�\R ..'��!.. y'�9 O'�� h'PI h'P] y6�YR $>�_ 7?/� ��³�� ��:�� Qt'4? = `�F� �$/:'[� �

y'�9 `t'Y� � Q?'� '� y/U4� 4�� 7� �\W � ;*g `É .� a� y'�9 � �b³�� >�_ 7:;D = 7,� /� 6�Y� ��� /\�< 7F�F9 � '�W '\:6'Y

'\-� �/C �t'Y� = 1�i ��,�) :yXF_ e��* (A'"-R : '\�R /:'[� EA'��� a�

١-��� ٢٠٢ص،م١١٩٩٤ط، أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�٢-;-&< J��-�ر ا� ٢٠٤ص،ا��)

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7"FR��_ �6�"� X": �'} ��g � `9 � E'�] � y'�9 >'�� � � �* '�� ��4� 7F*b�_ A'-P� 6�� Ù{<� $ A'-P� /N� y'�9 ;�� !�: 7?'I) $�M�R�= @�� ��4�

��4� '� �* a� A'�lg @��< e�* /[,� 7�*6 |'W6 �G# 7W/9 A'"-P� � &��� E�F� e�*:�Þ�4� !�: �8�� ���� Ï>�_ '� �\��� A'-P� 3��C 5�I��

Ï6�-� �U�� bR 3/LN -< � 5��� Ï�Ð,Ï�6g 3�� 5�6�� '? ���< /:'[� 6�YR 7"��,8� �"�? = �M�D a� y6�Y� /�'-�� ���M�� � v�³[��

��4� �$y;���� 7W/*� y���I '�'R� ��� ��� $�:'P<� y'�* � /:'[� '\��: �Pq� '¡ s�N'* � /:'[� � Q< i = ����� '� �F-� $'�/��"Y< = wXR $'���� 'F* Q? ��'*

'\�'8-�N � $? � h����R .�6 /q� '� �':/N� > ��g u$v³��� Q*�6 /qL�N '"\��# m�8� a� y'�9 E�* Q<¢'��� >'?'I# +q�� y'�9 7�*6 QD'�� !�: �'"�D)

Y� a� O'�g ��FL���'\��'� G# QDg A'-P� ��� &��¤ @Y_'? /�'}$/:'[� �'�lg �/�A<'*��� �P��� '\qt'F-?Q�? A'�lg �5/N ��C :� �X4� Q�b* : y��

`* a� y'�9 6��$5��� ��,� 7� �< 7�/[,� sP-� $A'-P� y6�� ��Y<�$"F,�R!9 u? 'F����;y'�9 ',8� y5'��� � $'�D�� �/� 1��? 5���� A'-P� �*6 = y'�9 +�q<�

1�i = E�F� e�* A �C:�

u-9 ª�P-� = �P""8-� ��� 5�Î = '-� �l Ïm,""Y<� ÏsP-� m�8< bR 3��R E'�4� $��;_ ��,� 5��� ��R�Ü

Ï;� f i#���l E5��� = '\ $�/��� à �R $5��] A'Fl ß|/*� ߪ�/B$Ï>�\: �� '�W ß/YD� $ß/�W� $à��� ����

'\-: E j �#� A'-P� à �R $5��� >'�/: = �'W �#� �5�I�� /N E�* Q�PD = /t �� ���] n�F� O'�D) w /Y� �� +?'�� $7"��� �Á�

y/C´ = ¬* Q-: ���? �'�Dx� 7��� bR 5��� � .��8� = �'�D) .

١-��� . ١٩٨ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة:أ�= ا���.T ا�ا�-٢ .٢٠١ص، -��J >&-; ا��)�ر

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y��Y� = y5'��� w�B�� �-: �F�� )y5'��� (b�'? '�� '� @R $��"����� �� '�W '(�,F� �:��� y'�L�� $":� ª'-� : ���? |'�� = y5'��� 7�*6 G# +�8���

�� ;* .�

o�� '� y5'��� �I/< $f � �;* ���[� f ��4� = >�I� ��� /[,� K? u? ���[< � ;*g � &´ y6�� �@R $�I� bR y5'��� '� '�D�� ��� = '( 5

Y� � $�f': = y5'��� !F,<� !�: 7I65 G# /P< '\-� |/�� '��4R '��I/� � '\��#&b*g � O'�g .

y'�L�� '������ ���I +8F� = +?'�� �./P? E �*g �W =:�

H���,� 1<A'I '�W y'�9 �C '$áPW =6'�� '\ $&��� '\PW = � �7�D'�Dx� '� �qP�� $ Q,�F� '�6/F� 7M��D G# �Y $4����y'"�9 7\I �� = �'�D)

� /�� � j�P� ��-: ��'���R 6�/N� ./P? $6�� +?'�� »yu"? � y'�9 � |�/( /[,� $`* a� y'�9 e�* |'�� = y'�9 G# $A'I/� � A'PY� y'�*: 

Í'*�5 1<'�* ��I � ;�H/� $H/qD $��-� |'�� 7�;: =$Ï&��-� »5�I�� /N !�: ¸ ��4� 6 /N !�: 7?'I) E�'É QD# $7���* ¦N� �'�D) E'* !�:�

>'q�'-�_ ��-: ��'��<� '�6�@�� y'�9 $y5'��? '( �* +��Z y'�9 �,F< G# �:��R $�� ��� |'�� f': = �b� �/��'�'4* Q-� ���>y5�"�� # ��4< a� >�_

���I � .y��Y� = �/8��� )A'��� � >�� (�6g = 7� ��� y6�Y� $/"\�� e"�*

|'"Y�� � ��F* w'�B� |b�N � ��C � '�D�� = �* '� ¯/P� Q�� $�4"[�RA'É) |�/B �6�� = '��³��� '�R'l '? �I �Á '¡6 A'��� y6'��N � 7�'-4� � ;�/� �

$`W �4� �8-���$fg !�: ��g Q�R `��� A'��� � | �] Q�<{�R $/"MP� +�8��

١-��� ،ص: أ�= ا���.T ا� .٢١١أU�>� ا�8G�ة٢-J��-�ر ا� ٢١١ص: ا��)٣-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.٢١٢ص، ا��)

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&b�� `�� �$+"�8� ��� /MP� G# �P��� '¡6� A'F,� = `�/� �/_ ��6 /:'[�'R E�F� e�* y/�'¤ Q�D'�g '�D�W 5'�� ��4�� &b�� ¦N�:�

)) st /:� ���] |'�� ²²SI �4� �{�^ 7��;� $| /l �W�((/MP� = ��6 | �I Q�<{� /[� � &b�� ��� �,� � |b�N 6�� 6�\^ ��?�:

))'¹'? ���� /MP� $��4� = Íb�\�� $|',B� 7-I5 u?(($ Q�� /:'[� �:'P< EbC � '-�Y�� w�B�_ ��? y6�Y� >�C 1��?� 6�"-� �"?�

�'c) 7q�� $!Ng � � ;*g f': A'qFD A'I6�.F� /:'[� �����] � |',�� ��/� �? 6�[F� �-:$'"F* y'�9 /:'l QD#$e"�*

��"�� �"�/� s"*� �'�I �,-? '�6 /N � y'�9 �Nb� 1P� m�<'P_ /��� ���7��P:� $�_ |',�{? �C{< 7B'�R /:'[� '\-q��'R´ y���_ �6�Y� u�?' $Ã�"C{< '�W

= Q"��# �"Y< f ���I '-9 �qP�� '\�'� 1�P�� >5�I '��W 5�M�< f �: G# �6�� �5'l �? E�F� 1�i =� 7F?'�� > /_ )) : È '-D{l 1��W $/�"l '-"N65 '��4R

[_ � /� �� � ���] G# ��{�� '-�'N Q�R 'D/� �C 'D�5� %'[� /:' $"� �":/P<��/C y�[D '-<�[D((..�7�5'Y� /:'[_ � y'�9'? 7q?'D �6�� ��,< '-� ��.

= /:'[� � )�;9 A'�_ y��Y� (A'"�_ 7"�*6 EbC � y'�9 y6�� : X�� � ;"*g f': G# ./P� � y'�9 f': .',Y� f': � &5'F� $�"*6 = �6�"� �"F-��

> 6'��N A'���� ��4� Q? !qR ��� $ �;9 � >�_ w�B�� '\�R 6��� a� $4�� ": %'"[� Q? ;�T ��� ��L�� � ��P�� y6�� '�# &b�� ��6 �,-� ��g � ./P�

7�?/�� 7��D'��/� A /�l $y'�9 /:'l �V �\R $��g /:'l $Q? ¦�� a� � ;*g ��6

١-��� .٢٢٠ص،أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�� ا���,T �&���-د-٢!* ��G" :=+�=ر.� أ��.٢٧٨ص،ا� ��� و"٣-��� . ١٠١ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�

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$���� y6�? ��g !F,� e"L,� QDg y'�9 /:'l �V ��� 1��� &b�� ¦N� ./P� '\-� �? '( �:��� '\-::�

á�^ 35�I�� âA'�_ �;9 $ÞPW = �0� QÏ� h;�ãu, ä� =�u-�� > /�* QR/� =� ��M[� >'��? �/�

: '� ¦,</< a� y6�Y� ��� G# /�--�� = y'"�9'W �"* � ¦�"C = �;9 � ./P� �/ ���< b? y5�� � >�_ �*6 '\�F�F*:

ßÃ�LB á�? ��� w���� Q�� $ß|�/� á�^ ���ÏQ�� ��M[� y5�"�� 'J6 $ � ;*g � ��*/� !�: E��� Q<6�� Ù{< '� ',�'� ��� A'�_ ��M�R

��g � ./P� � $y'�9 /Y-: /\[�� `�� = ./P� y6�� ��</�� � ;*g &'� ��L�� � �;9 $ª�"P-� '\��: �,F< 7P�8� 7�5'� 6�� = �'�P� Q,�� = y'�9 ��[D 1��? '8? 6

/t'�q� '\YLP�<� $'D/t'�B� '-N�PD �'�: = '� /D e�* $�"�M��� Q,�� �:�� ��'��'�9 o8� X: ��4� G# Q</�D = Q��P< 1��? /\�� E�F� e�* �;9 � ./P� y:�

Ï&��� ��� Ï|'q�� A'�[� $¼qD '_3�Ï��/� 5�6�� 1�< Ï&b^ ��� 0y'�9 Ϫ�,�� $Ïm,Y� ��D '_ 5�X� 1�<

'\-: ��*/� ��� �D5 �-: ¬* '\-: �? e*',� y'�9 ����? @,� ��{�_ y/�D '�# $�'É /:'[� � � y6'"< � �L�� ��� �;9 !�: ./P� � y'�9 `���< � �t'Y� `�� = E

'� i y'�9 : 7��� � y6�� 1��? �N@� �/C y6'< Q� ������ $a� QMM* = Ì4��� ��4� � 7��,8� /�'-: !�: $ Q-: d�L�� '_ u� XW '\��F� $�;É �R Q�PD �'�D) �

!�: 6�F� � 'P��B ��4� � A'-,] � A'P�q� �*/< a� y'�9 7\I �� $'"-� &�"��'�/�'-:� 7��,8� .�/? �I;�� a� �6�� $��,� '�W '� i y'�9 �µ ��-< >�C e�*

y��Y� = 1�i )o�� '� >/UW .Ü &�/< i'�R (7"�?'Á) .�/"� G# '"\�R v�� a� .� = /\�< 7�?'Á) .�/� ��� �k 1��W y��Y )���] .',Y� (y'"�9 /LN @Y��

��'C$�/� � '\,*{R '\��: �': a� Q�P��R '\�R /:'[� �N/���'\W/�� � $E�"L�R

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Q"�/^'D &'� 7�* 6 �A /�< a� 7���D�� � ;*g !�: ��P��� '*/R �;9 � y'�* >�_ $'�D��� Q: 5� ���� QB/� &'� = ��� $a� Q���? '�'4,R jX�� �5'�� A'4,� !�: ���P<

5�"��� `��� ��� +�?/� +� �� QD{W� '�D�� y'�9 j�'M�� ��� ./P� � y'�9 = Q� 6��� �`>�_ � fg '��L�� E�F� e�* ���I � 5���� �*/� �? y'�9 ::�

å�# 3/LN ß��'C y'�9 ÑE�;� y'4[� &b�R E�É &b^ �

Ò/T� .',Y� Ù{� »Ü E�YP� +�?6 !¼qF< �# +�?6 Ù{� h�N.

'� Q�R j�'M�� ��� y'�9 �,_ /Y�-� '*/R �;9 � y'�* ��*/� �/� /:'[� �4� ª'-� y'�* = �I� '�� $ ª'-� Q��: h6'�< $,8� = �/�� `t'Y� � Q? f '_ 5'�� 7��

$Q��*6 /:'[� �/� �4�� $ ���I � '��� ��? e�,< e�* )>�_ (y'"�* '�D�� : �/C = y�I/� $+�?/� '\�R� .',Y� '\�R $1�i = E�F��:�

&b�� A 6� � Ð/��� ��'�_ O':5 ��Ï+�?6� .',Y� '�9 ã�

æ;� A':5 � Q� '� � �� o��!w'F,� ��� ��R A'F? p ��� f

y'�9 65'�� /:'[�'R $'\,t'Y�� '�D�� y'�9 !�: Í 6'Y�D Q��*6 = �Á ��� $1��? 'P�'�4�� ª'-� w',� "� f': G# ��*/� QD# $ h�Y�� f': G# Q��*6 = |/�� �� 1��? ��

y5� >�_ ��*/� y6�YR $ 6�D� y5'�N $1�* = ¬* /:'[� Ã/�� f ��� ��g QD# ���I f': = ���I .',�� y���I 7�*/� ���N QD#$ >'��g ."� Q?'[_ ���_ �/D�

y��Y� = /T a� 6�Y� EbC)&b^ = 7�?�j (QD ��5 = �/Cg �t'YF� ��?� $e�* y�":5 '�# $ &��� = !F�< � '� G�g �N½�� &� � '\�R '�� '�D�� y'�9 7�'P< �/�

+N� � `*6 �'R� G# '�D�� y'�9 5��* � ·�/³��.

١-��� .٢٢٦ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة:أ�= ا���.T ا�٢-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.٢٢٧ص،ا��)

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y��Y� = >�_ � y'�9 7F�F* : �@� >¢'�< : `�Á /:'[� � )@�Y� �?g ( +� �� j�'M�� '\�R y6�Y� w�B��R $Q<¢'�< : `�M�� Q-� ·/�� $7"?'I) Ù{<�

5��� G# '��8�� 7��,8� /�'-: � /Y-: ��4�� .�/� '\�R v�� a� 7�¢/� ��: ��;9 � ./P� u? w /Y� y/t 5 � 'I6'C $X"��� A'F,� 7�*6 G# A'-P� j�'M��� ":

E�F� e�* ��4� 6 /N &'� �'�D) 7[�5:�

`�� '�!Ô��W 1D# ßÓ��� 3:3Mß$Ï� �#�E{� Ϫ'-� 3� Q�'R� :ÐM �� Ï�?g 1D{W E�\� $3: ��3M3;ã>Ò-� 1-: !\ $ç�� 1��* >/\PW �ä��

� '�'��F� EbC ��T ��� y6�Y� /\�<� > 6'��N � 7�'-W� Q�,[< $�C �"? '"� �F-��y'�9 6 /N G# E���� 7��'} w6'Y�< �� �� � /:'[� $/"� �·": �6�"� =

Q<5':$y��YF� ��� = 7C6'� ��,< y'�9 /�'-: u? 7�t'-U� ��'��:�

`�� '�!å�T �� �Wã�y'�9 �$á�6 �W�3� '\�Y3/H*3� '� $ 'æ�31 Ï&{�� ¼l�< �W�ãL3��� �Õ�è��äPlÕ�$Õ.',� �� él�<äi �ã�ä�ÏQÒ�� Ï�Ï&

: X��� /R'q�< 6�� EbC � /:'[� X�� �4��= '� Q,�� $&5'� ./R : X�<� � ;*g ¦N� �$5'�/� $ A'-P� |65 = y'�9 /8: ��-��� $�"*6 = y5�"� Ù{<�

$ >�_ ��4� +� �I;�� a� .�/� '�# $�'8C = >6'N� $7�D'"�D# 7�*6 7�*/�'R �'�D) 5��* j�'M�< $��4� /�'-: +� ��</�� ��T� $�'4_ � �'�;� y/t 5 � ·/³�R

$'"\U,< a� >'q�'-�_ '\�'R� = �D'��< a� %'[� �-: y'�9 7P��R � ·/� A 6� '�#*� '�R5� y'�* 7��� $Q? ��'* a� Q�� � ·�/� ��/� �� '�� $7"�*6 = /"�-�R

A'-P� G# ��4� $�"�*/� /��-� ��� �@Y¡ Q,�'�� Q,�� G# 7�D'� �P���� $�"�*/� a� 7���] Q�� j�'M�� � y6�Y� ��� ��/� '¡6 QD# $ �;9 � ./P� Q�R ��'��� ���

,�R $ '�{�� �� .j/�E�F� e�* $ ��4� = '( E5'�� : eL: 

'\�B'¡ y'�9 �qT $'�/B'*� $��½8[� � s�[� `��<� Ï��F� �

١-��� .١٥١ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�٢-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.١٥٢ص، ا��)

٣- .١٥٢ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة:��� أ�= ا���.T ا�

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3�D �$3�D 0� Ï�q Ï */� $ß./R ��'8� 1L8N !�: !F,� $ä� ��a� y'�9 = �[4� 7�*6 +?'�� �7�,F� ��� '\l': $� '\�� w6'Y��� � �"I

y'�9 ��D� E'�� j�'M�< a� Q�'�� '\�R �N/� $|/"�F�� '�D�� ��� = A'I '� j�'M�< �? ª�5/P� y'�* �$y'�9 !F,<� >�_ � y'�9 7F�F* y{�� �� !lb��� y6�Y� |/��

&b*g �*/<�:�

3�¹6 �W� '��N6 $\�'[< '�f ��� ��� $Ï&b*g � ��-� �Ï�!� '�{Wä���Ъ�5/P� $Í7�R'* 6�9'?$�lb< »$�9 !P�C ���Ï�

E �;� G# �[T a� y'�9 7F�FV Q�� ·;c � ��/� /:'[� �{W� $Ù{"� '"� �':/N� ��g +�8<� /�'"? y5�M�_ � 7���9 � |',[�'? 7����_ &'�g +� y��'� y'�9 y6��+�? $

�Ng f': � 'I/� 1�i = �Á!R��4� +� ·;��� $y'"�* = 5�"M�� Q",�� @Y�� y/�����1�i = E�F� e�* 7��,8�'W 7P��� 6�� =:�

äy'�9 ��,< Ï�R '\���� '\��, $Ò�M��<� Íy'�* $ê'( '�Ï&�� ��'C |',l �D �D � $3D0qß/7��,8� �U�:l ß � 3/� �&

�"R �< !�: 7�5g � u� X� '\-� v�³���� y'�9 6 /N = ����� � /:'[� E�'É\-�?QD ;* � �/:'[� E�'-< 7F�/� = j�'M��R '� /[,� Q��: h6'�< '�$&´ !�: ��P���

� ;*g �$'"�# �"��I &�� �W +�8� +� 5�M�� ��� ��4� +� 7��? 7�*6 = ·;�c� y'�L�� y���] y6�Y�.

: كآبة وأحزان-٢'� �? �-� %'[� 6'�l = � ;*g � 7?½4� � fg y6�� �Lq< �F�>/�[�� Q�?'�W

$��³�� ¦�L¡ &�8� /:'[�'R $ /� '� G# Q? ·�/³�� Q�PD �\I �y�"��I �'R� � y@D� 7,�*6 $7��¢'[�� 1�< >/\�R $ ���I ��5 4�� =�6'�l A /�[� y5': !�:

�D'��/� u� $5 +�8�_ QD �I� = �?'-� ��g u? 6 5 w /� ��6 6�D � y'�* G# '�t $&'"�g y@�� X: ��'\�< a� Q�'�� |6'� Q�b* ��P� ��� +� ��'? &�8Y< '\-4��

.١٥٢ص، أ�= ا���.T ا� ��� أU�>� ا�8G�ة-١٢-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.١٥٣ص، ا��)

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E �;� � |�/�� �È $fg G# �: ��� j/? � ���� /:'[� y/�D �"� '\�R '�� y'�L� 7�/[,� !�: �,� &b^� ��^$'\��?/? Ó\-� �C �$= &�M-�'W +�8< a� &b*g &�\��

'�/8P? '\�,*{R y'�9 �,* ª�PD $7�D�_ 7�[*� : y���? '�g $�'"�D) Eb��N � 1��� Q�Cg�ky��Y� = %'[� )7��\� 7?½4� (7-N '\,�W a� |�¨�Æ|&�/"� $

Q��: @�� 'M� fg $ª'-� �-: 7R�/�_ '�6�� : ���� ��-: 7?½4�'R.E�F� e�*:�

Ô7��l ª'-� 7?½W $¬�� æ/�ã>ÕE'�� 3,Cã���g +�

Ô7:��R %'��W '� ã�-4N 0*�6 �$�?g G# '� !F,<�

�?g G# /:'[� .�6 = >�8D 7:�� 7?½4� y6�YR$ 7:��'qFD � A��( h/�< A�$+?'�� y��Y� =–w���� –'\,�W a� /�¨�±/&Q<6�� �Á ��� fg |',N : Í'U*'?

Q? ��'* a� y'�9 /�'-: = >��� ���1�i �: ��:'B a� Q�D'� /:'[� �FÉ � ��5 �qF-� ��� �;� y6�� E�g /Y-��

�* XY� � fg u?E�F� e:�

ª{�� ��l u? Ó��� �qF-� $éª{<� 7:�� u? S""_ � |�O'U� /Y-�� �:+��� 5'�R = ��Á:

ÏN ���æ-�7y'�9 .Ò5�< ��PD� Ð6 ª{W = ��*/� sI

âw ��'? /��� Ì��$å�B �� �4Rä�3ª'-� s�� &'�# � ·�e�* $ Q�*� /:'[� 7��P-? ����� fg /�'-: � e�'U� /Y-�� �6'� �"�',�

y'�9 = 'F* $��FL�� Q�bC � m�8� �5'� 6'�-¡ y'�9 G# /�-� QDg Q? &�8Y� ��'?

١-��� .٤٥ص،١١٩٩٤ط، أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�٢-��� ط:أ�= ا���.T ا� .٧٠ص، ١١٩٩٤أU�>� ا�8G�ة٣-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.٧١ص،ا��)

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`9 � @� $7",�� � �;"9 ª�zW w/M��� Q-: �<@R Q�'�� ��'� y'�9 +� � 4��y6 /_ � qF-< a� �$1�i = E�F� e�*:�

y'�9 ����R$Í 6 /� # $Ï��l'D Q? !lb�< �N{� H? �W 7N'��� � K�FN�Ï�:/� ''\$¼�l '�R ���<!

�QD;*� Q�?½W |',N '-�,� +?'��:�

7M\� w'I� 1�< $ã�?�:'\$Ïh'�� y'�9 ��LI =sÈ./R'q< 5�É 1�i = ��� $ Q<'�*� /:'[� sPD = fg y6�� mB��� dbU� /�'-�� >

fg �� �: $`�LR ��D'��/� /�[� = /\^ '_ ���F�� : �I'D �6��� 4� f ��� $�9 ��� G# �:�< �D'W a� ��� � 7N6�� = '�'?/< a� 7�-��� Q��?/< = Q?',N ��,< �?

�] � @� � E' .

:البكاء-٣'M� ��� ��� fg y6�� /�'-: !�: /:'[� �Wz� $y/�-� 1�< |',N �����

� ���� =$e,: 6 5 ����� Ab? 6 5 '�D�� �/� e�* Q�'�: = 7�D'c) 7L�_ /\�<��(� `��� $ = '��'N 'R�� A'4,� /:'[� �/�� y'�9 $/F�N a� Q�PD �'�: � '�?'D

� � 7�[�'?� �'c)'? A'4,� ¦,<6 e�* u-�z_ >'P� +� �P�� 1�i� $ �'c) '\��: |�"�F? �6',� A'F� G# '��l� '���� 'R�C � 7�[C � ��4,� � �� �� ���'R G'�<

7-��8� 7�l'C$-� �-: A'4,� 7P� QD'L,N � ��I� �"9 G# � �� �"� � �-:� u�, G'�<� QD'L,N � E�F� e�* 6'�Cg u,�� �5',: � | �Y� �:))��D ��� 1���

"¥� ��t /N#� ��� /?# 7�6i �� .�D +� '-�J ¥� &5� 7�6i � u�,-� � �\��: � � �MN �/C J/� >'�� �\��: !��< i# '-�,�I � '-��� '�4? (( �-: �;9 � A'4,� �$

5'�< a� 7�D'P� y'�9 �t'FV Q<XC ��? A'I %'[� E/��-� '� 7�t ;� � 7Pt ;� '�'�/�� =7�F�F9 y5'��� � A'F,� e�* �/Cg y'�9 =$= �"���� QD'c# : 7~'-� �t'F9 1�<

١-��� ا:أ�= ا���.T ا� �<�Uص أ ، .٧٠�8G�ة٢-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.٧١ص،ا��)٣-T��" ٥٨ا ��،.=رة.

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y/C´ 6 �� = S_ ��D.�/�� Q��# +���-�� A'4,� �� 7R/�� G# Q<5'� a� �6�� '-��: E'� e�*:�

æ�Nã>5 ��4� 7-�4N =$� '�:r�$Í'�9 ��PD 3���? Ò/� |�N Íy/�D ã��;� p'��� h'�l $ä( &b�� 7M\� > /R|��

'\���� = > 6�.Ï� G# ��� � � ;9 7:��|��F� ¶ / �'� E-< � �M[� /4$ÏC y'�9 >XC �� O#ã,3/`�,�

/:'[� 7?/� &'� �[4�<� /\�< y'�9 �t'F*$Q�,� `N'-< 6�Y? X��R $QW/< 6/F� 1����h6'C; '�D�� $Q�,�� ��� �b� ��/� G# ���� ��'c) � 7�49 �� :�

Ï��X�R 7""""Mq� � 7-�4��'? $Ï��/W �� �? �YD '\�R o... H,��W A'��� >A'l '�W WÒ� 'ëA�l Ü `�6g sPD /��

b�,N u-�z_ �� !q<6 QD#$w���� 7*'N G# Q�� �I/³R$y6�"� A'4,� ��I� 1��"?� � ;* � w��5 �,N '�D�� 6 �� = p'��� � &'�g ��'��$ ��4� /�'-�� 7�F�F*

+� �F��� ���� u��D'��/� $ fg ��N �F� � �= /�--�� Q��# �{�� � QFR � �� = 6'N E�F� e�* y6�Y� ���: 

æqCÏ|'��W `ä7L-I |�4Nâg &�� � $ +���'? & '�g p'��� �""""\W = ª'-� ./P� � `�M:� $|�,[_ '�;V!

�� >',�: !�: �� /< a� �;9 6�� �/D� +��D A'4,� 6��� | ��� {M�� QD{W� �� $/��� A j6{? �,�� � �\�,* ��FR _ ./�� QD{W� $��"� u"? �F� /:'[� ��'��

��4� � 7��,8� $���QD ;* 6�� +R��$. 6 a"� 7"-�;9 ���l'D{? E��� ���� �C{�R Q�B� ��� ���_ �P-� 7�'� = y'�9 = ��g : 'U*'? '�/8��Q�R 6�F� $®P-"� �C{R

¸ /F��< � �� a� Q��D /< � ;*g ��,? )) h�"���P� .�"�� = '-� /\�� ��� /"�R � �/C´ !�: '\-� �\,_ Q� mB�R |/� : y'�9 XC ��� 1N'-� w'�/"N

١��� .٧٤ص،أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�٢-J��-�ر ا�.٧٤ص، ا��)٣-J��-�ر ا�.٧٤ص،ا��)

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f � �i � '\�R '� s_�((�"� ��"4� 7�*6 v³��� 7�P��P� Q</�D '-� u,� �C � /�< a� �;9 6�� EbCA Q��� = Q� �:�

æ;� y/�D p'��� h'�l �� ä( &b�� 7M\� > /R|�� '\���� = > 6�$� ;9 7:�� $Ï� G# ��� �|��F� ¶ /

'�'��{? 'D ;* y'�9 '\�R � 6 a� Q�P��R� Q</�D +?'���$"P� 1"�< Q"</�-? `�FR���'ª�P-� = >/F�N a� y'�9 $Q"�PD >'D�-4� : 6'��� '� . j y���I 7�� �/I �

7-�;9 $E'�� � ���� � 6�Y�� ��P< a� �;9 6�� � f': &'� '-W/<� $+��"�-��= QD ;* ��l'D +?'�� Q��# �;"9 "� A'qR = 6��< ��� ����< f a� 6�Y� � f':

���/�� : 

Ï>�4N '� ß&�I� # A'��� `�È @� .',Y� ��[D '� ß/t'� /��� = s�� 3@� y'�9 h'PB = S��� `��W

�F� '�`�/� �'�;� E��I � y/_ 7:��� w/�`�!�?/[< A'4,� � fg � � ;*g � f': Q<'�* /�'�� !�: G��N � Q*�6 Q.

'\:��� �,� 7F�F* 6/� /:'[� $� ;*g �� /<� Q? 7?½4� ��'* e�* QN�* ���� Q��* ��W|�* = |��� KNy@"Cg �/�:$��'"��6 = �"�

$|',[� R �R 'I6 QI/< d �*g >�C � h�¢/� |g �FR G# 7,�,9 �F $7?/� +� 1�i �W

y/�'"F� h�/�� ��� �F�{R �D'W '�-� 6�D 7�F? � |6'É +��£ ¦N� Q��: �B/R'�* !�: '(b�?y/:'[� $Q�;T �:/l� $7q�� Q�b* �;T�$·/� : eL,� �C �

�� b? 4�� $�D) /�'� fg /�'��� E �j G# y'�9'R @"FR � K� u? ;��T ��5 �' 7�t'B ��4l y��Y� = E�F� e�*:©

Q�t',* � |/B >�_ 'µ­R $Ï� Ï��� ��P �l': '� $Ü/�-� '�R 6/"F� 1��"?� '�D�� y'�9 E �j G# ���_ fg � �;L�� ��� '\��'��� '\�'� = '�D��'R

Q��# ���< ��� A'4,� �,� y'�L�� Q</�D EbC �.

� آ�و-١�G" T.���ة، ا��ار ا�,���8 �+@��ب، درا.�ت *9 ا� ���: أ�= ا���.١٨٠ص،م ١٩٨٤، �!,� �ا�-٢ .٧٤ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة: ��.T ا� ��� أ�=٣-��� .٧٥-٧٤ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة:أ�= ا���.T ا�٤-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.٢٦٢ص، ا��)

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:مواقف إنسانية-٤7�D'�D) �� �_ ��? /:'[� y6�� ��/< $� �4"l e,� ��� ����� y6�� '\-�R

FPl � '?�* �Á Q�: 7��,8� /�'-��7��� ��? $w/M�� Q�PD G# �<@R ���I ��5 4�� '\��^� y'�9 y���$����� @�Y� ���$@£ � �`�£ .L,� /:'[� e� f': :

��C >{P4D a� ��F� _ �'/�5'_ �'"�/��I : �P�< y'�9 ���I a� 7$1"����R6�[F�'? '�¢'-? $�'�D) &;\� 1���$E�F� e�* �/�'� 7?/�� �Á�:�

Ï�?�D '_ �$Ð+P-� f �Ï��5'D� �� $Ð+��< ��R

G# O;V ��I6 Ù�*�$æ56�Ï>5 0*�D ����� !�: �$

�FD':� a:�� �*� =���� a4N'R ��P-�!

��"F� 7�4"[� = e"L,� � 7��D'��/� 7�¢/� EbC � 7�D'�D) Q��¢/? /:'[� ��/� 7�D'�D) >'�b�� � $+P-� 5��* �-: '\q,D ����� a� $7L�Y_ � $+8F-< �? ����<�

-: ��^ +R/� 7N'� 7I'9 ��4< '��$7��5 m�� � .A'"-,� 7� �( ��F� ��? = /�-�� '\LqP� � /:'[� 5 6 a� 6�/[� � �N'P_ � vt'F-� � �t'F-� !�: ��[_ 7�D'�D)

O'�D) +��� = ��P�_ ��',� 6�� EbC � $� A'��� � .b�# �W ��� ��� �6g $'LB�� y��Y� = 6�Y� 1�< )�'8�[� A'-? ('\-�:�

Ò��F� � 3� &���� ã�0YÏ/Íy�"� 5��� '\�� � '� �� �æ�L��Í4*'B �''..ÏC '� /� 0�äFå# 5�I�� = �'�'��!/[�D 5'�R = /�-� »$�'���� /�g mq�R �$@��< = �� � $��8< 7:5'C /�'�� �?

5'�P� /�'-: ���< � y5 �� b? 7��j/� �: 

Ï�,�* y'�R�3�,�� '\ é 9 $3,�� ��P�{RÏC'� '\ 6� !Õ��,D� Í',�� /MP� A'�B = Q<�I� H�D�� /�/l '!

١-��� .٤٨ص،أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�٢-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.١٧٦ص، ا��)٣-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.١٧٦ص، ا��)

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Õ��:j� Ϫ'-� Qá�I $æ^ ¬* Í(# Q�PD @�� '!:�:'��I � �F�� 5'�P� y6�Y� /�'- $'"�'* �"�/� y��YF� = �/C /�'-:�

7�/[,� y'�9 ���� a� 7��j/� � +�8� � O��� E'*� = O'�D) ¯�F�� y6�� �N@�6�/[� � �N'P_'?.

� � /Y: 5��* �-: ¯�F�� ��F� ���6 = /:'[� �F� f�7�'"�D) �I� �?'�-� 1"�i � 4��� '�-�* 7��qP� � @� �:�� ��� /[� w6;� 5'�P�� '-��� �'W $

`*6 �'R� G# �6�� ��8-< 1��? /:'[� � $�'"4_ 5��"* ����< `YC `D �I� �'�;� � $a"� 7"PFU_ y�F� 7P��R '\�R ��6 a� 6�Y� A �I = ��D � E�'L-��

y��Y� = �'4� �W = '�/8�N �/P< )ª�F_ �',�U� 7P��R (7�/UD 7�8F? '�6�� a� '\�R E�F� )) : �'4� �W = 7PFU_ y�F� 7P��R �� ª�F_ �',�U� 7P��R $d�� '�W�

Ãb( Q� �;� � E�'* u* 7R�Y�_ 7P��P� 7��? 6�/L[� G# 7��'�� 7�8F� = �',�U� Q�R Q��� ��� $�'��R )) 7�Lq< ((��I�ª�F_ 5��³�� ��*�� ��,�� Q((..��/��

Q���*� �/4� = �',�U� y6�Y� /:'[� $6'4-�"N E�'"É ��"� 6�/L"[� y6�Y��¦FR Q��: �qF� � ��/� ��� �',�U� 7N'�N �'M\�N � $'*/R Ó��� � ��/� QDg $',}

'�5'�.A /�R �} '�D�� = 7� ��� � /:'[� �/�� $P� �/���'"*� y�F� QI� bt'� Q<��Y� = �8-_ �� ��/� e�* 7\I �_ � E5'��� ��N '( :�

))�y5'�N� êA'P�q� ß&/I $é��F� �-: Q� '� é�l ��N |'F:!(())æ-� a� '�D�� �\[���Ï��3��* '\ ä7:�6� |',[� |'M:) (()) 7?��4� 7F�F* &b�� � $%'� `�\�� 7P��R E��� �(())äE�: $Ñ�# # �F� ��5'�<3��$3&5'Y<� |'�6)'? |'�6) ((

5 6 i# Q"� �"?� |/\� � '\-� /P� a� y6�@Y� 6�/L[�� '-�X� �',�U� 5@R�q-� � A'F,� �/�{� '��R Q��8�� Q�� 6 �� $���q� 6�/L[� y6�� ��'[-�� �"��

A'P�q� �*/< a� y�F� 7P��P�� �',�U�� '������ �qF�$�"�/< @��"< �t'F*

١-��� . ٢٦٦ص،أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�٢-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.٢٦٧ص، ا��)

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yA X"� !"�: ;"\Á� 7J6 b? �F-� y�F� |',N 1�c '��-: �'�D) Ó*�� y6�� Q��: ;\Á� ���q� �* `����� $Q��� = 1�i /F-��:�

6�/L[� Q?'I{R $�5/� vY� =$�_ �Ï>QF-� :"% �I 1��#"..))3� 6 é�L�� ���q� $��� � $Ò� /� � $Ò� 6 |b�� /�'F� (())3��l �� a� 1���[� ��R'R '\ $ã�*6 � ä�bI31%'8C w'¹ �((

�f'�_ �³�< à �W� �N �P³�� '?�: 'F8-�Aäy´ | 6 7��'8� Q<6�� = /[� /Y�D $y'�9 = y'�8� 7-N ��� 4��$� A'"-,] �*/< a�

A'P�q� $u_'�� � y'��� 7\I �_ y�F� |',N{? �Cr� y�:5 1�i = �6 .7�D'�D) �*6 = 7J6 y6�� y���I y6�� +?'�-� �$/:'"[� '���6 a� &g y6��

7�'� '\�R �I�Rq-< a� �'-��� � 7J/� � 7N �F� `y��Y� =)7"���g &/"* (|��� +,-� 1�i � �R��� �'�g � /\8� �/� e�*:�

Ò&g Ï�U�< Ò�q<� '\�P� Q$ß&/* Ò��'¹ Ϫ�F� E'�] Ï6'4Rg Q�{�< ã��36 �I �Íy/�'� 5��<� ��PDg Ã'-�s

3/*Ï&? y'�9 �8'�'-*� '�/\ $3/* Q��R ��ß&ç�I Ü ª�� � 3�W6�? 3&/* '� 07���g ����4< 1�R �W ',Y� � �y'�9 Ï�F<� ª!

�6g = G'"�<� QD'L,N � '�5 6 a� 7J/� y6�� �-: >'�?g ��� = /:'[� �F� '\�P� +� &g y6�� = >��� ���.

7�D'�D# 6�� � ��? ��� @� ��F? S��< 7�D'�D) � `9'? �,-� `�� � �FR�< '\��# �:�<� E'�] �$�9 �{l Ab:) 7�: 5 '\qR/<� /[� /�'-: h�C b? mqP<�

`�� = �'c) ��: !�: /C� ���5 ��� �5',�� � 5 6 '� 1��? 'FR �� E'�] � @� � y'4[_ 1�< � � �:5 = 6�Y� e�* /:'[� /�Y� �-� Q*�6 '\�?/[< a�.

١-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.٢٦٨ص،ا��)ا�-٢ .٢٦١ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة: ��.T ا� ��� أ�=

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O'U� eL,_ :6'Y�D � .��8� � &��( y6��:

:هموم األسرة الطموح-١',* y�F�_ Q*�6 /� >�C � $ �6'P^ 7���D �-� /:'[� E�* &��( w �D >/�'F<

? ¦�É �\I� �N'P� G# 7,�,9 �FR G# �� �� y'R� �R 'D'c#� b� � `"D'I �"W � Q$|',[� y'�* ��/R 4��� f Q-4� $��� � ��*6 ��? 7�t'�� : 7���z�_ �F�� $�* 6

�/�'� � ;*g $�'* : X�� ����9 ��} QF��� G# 7�'N6 = E�F��y'"R� �"-: Q��� �)): # +"¹ f o"�� G# �³� � �4,� !Ng # �� f ��PD G# ����N �#L-� `� $>'��^ '\��R � !I��< >'��^ # /Y? f p�* '��R =/� �,�� � ((�sPD

Ng'? 7����! �\� f ��� �'�D) �� ��� ��� �� | �: � >'����'? A��� ¦�}� y{"�� "� ·/� bR &b��'W Q? ¦�� &´ � � ;*g ��< Q�<{< a� � ;*g �W ��6

9 �6�� 55/� � ;*g y/"�9'? m"P� `�� � ·/� >'�½? /�'�� Q�* |�-� 7-�; �;9 � fg � $E'��� `*� A'P� � ��� � �-W =� ',Y� �t � = �/? '� $>�"C

7,*g �FP� fg >b��� $Q? ¦�¤ &b�� �] = '��/N ���< $Q,�� >'D G# +���-��B � Q? �* '_ Q<@*� Q? /��N � Q�¢'�< =w'�B Q:6'q� w'� $y'"R� �"�? 1�i�

��� �$&b"^ = �/��$ �N',� ��g � /�� w5���� �FR e�* S�� b? Q<'�* >6'YR�'* �Y� !Ng �y��Y� = 1�< Q)>�� '� (bt'� :�

Ï>�� '� ¼;� ���/\^ A j6g'? ��Y�� �6�� �� �� � ��FP� 7��MP� � !Ng 6�� +?'��� �:

`* � = K��MR� $çe? Q��# �� �/N ��� �? Q��b: : '-��É »$y'�9 Ã/��� �6�5 bM���� >�_ +� 6�'L���:

>�� '� !'�D�� ��� ��PD $Ü �6�5 >{� f �\R ��"���_ st'�� 7��MP� &'� &�;\_ y6�� = ��� � ��*6 &'� QP�B : /:'[� X��

��*/�� $Q"�PD = |�"� @��"� �C{�� y'�9 .',� ��� �? b��� 1�i &�� f 4��

� ا�G+8=ي-١�G" :��� .٣٦ص،�=>X–دار ا���Vب ا�,���،ر.�7E ا�٢-��� .١٤١-١٣٩ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�

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Q"-��? E'"* !�: ����� h/�< a� y'�9 7-N `�*� y5�M�_ h�/�� `�* $'�D�� !�: E',�) y6�� G# Q�? !�: 5 �9 y6�� E�L�<�$ ��� &5� ? '( ��C a�

�k '��y��Y� =)h /�: : (�

�% '� 1<�� ��? `�* �-W '$"� ;*g'? A'��: �/:'[�� "y'�L�� {�^{N O $���* � � �[-� ����_ '�/� �

'�D��'? &5� ? 7�b: y��YF� 7�'� = 6/F� »:3? �# 3&5� $y6 /� =Q�PD $Ï�,: 0y'�9 Ï�5'Y� 0�'c)

S_ Ä��,� w6'Y�� Q<'�* '\�R +-Y� �'�Dx� /¥ y'�9 !F,<� $/:'"[�'R Ü1�i Q� ì �7�5'�� y'�9 y/t 5 : ·�/³�� .��� ��� y/8P� � ��Y� y'�* ��/� $�"�W 4��

�� �� y'R� ��? Q? �F��< a� y/Ng Ã/��$�/"� e�* $ Q*��� &'� 'Ft': �P�� a� �:'[� ��"R Q"-R� Q�P-? ���� � �W '\t'��: A 6� !��� 7��'N y'�* 7�F�F9 y'�9 /

7����� y'�9 >'�/�� $y��Y� = y6�Y� 1�< ��,<� )&b*g 5���('\�R E�F� e�*:�

/:'l y/4P? '�* � 5� � $35�I�� �6{R ��b* : ��q� �� 4�� P� y'�* >'�/�� 5���� 7�Lq��� 7�t 6 y6�� 1�i =� G� `I �� � +�

6'U�) �:+�8�N K-4� $'� p �­R $Ò�Y� ÏD'-*��'�� '\

36'��� � �C# $>'-t'4� = �\�bN ��/� $å���Í'F ��b�? H�N �F< '\,t'Y¡ y'�9 � '\�R �/� a� �6�� +?'���R &'� Q-: 

ã��8L�R æI{<� QD½8l !�: ��PDé�I = �M��� �

آالم وآمال: هموم احلياة-٢ �y'�9 = Q,���:

Q,�[�� Q��g v�³_ `¤ .��8� |'[� �N'F� �? '-R/: $��"F�� �R /"� � 7��',� $Q,�[? >�,�N a� $9 � �5/� >'�'�� = Q��/� � �'"�/ $�/"� 'D/:'"[R

�/Y? �,� Q<@Y,? $| �"�� � >b���'"? Ù{< a� 6 ��g '� 6��< a� 6��g �t'F* $

١-��� .٢٥٢ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�٢-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.١٦٩ص، ا��)٣-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.١٧٠ص،ا��)

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'\�W sD�< y'�* !�: ��C ��� ���� � �\] `,�? 1�i� $�;9'"? /�"[� Q��I '¥ ���,� +� �� �( fg � $A��_ � $ w�-� � �\]'?¤ � �"��� A'�:5 � /�' 7"R/�_

G# Q"�P-?� Q-P? !F<6 ��� ��� �\��# EÀ� � Q-� ��/< a� �\�'\N Q��# �\I� ��� �F�F9 �� � 55z�� e�* p':g )) .G# Q"� � Q? �Y�� '�� m��_ �6 � v�� �FR

Q�� � �/Y:� Q�PD.E'�4� � E'�] � �9'? 'LB � 6��l /�l� $6��"[� �� �^��l = �/Á '\��-� 7:�8F� � � y��Y� � : �YP-� � +8F-� '�R�-� 6'�< �/((�

.�/� � �� ��� : 6�Y� ��� /�[� y6�� 5�*� $> i "� �"�8-� /�[� �/��QD �I�� �'�D) $!"�: ��� ��D'��/� `��_ y':5 `W�� = 1��? /:'[� @���

.�/� � 5/P� �{l �$[� ¦µ : ���? � /"4* /�"[� �'"W e�* �4�Nb4� /� A'�-�g y5'�� � 6�YF�� $/�[� � QR�� '-� 6�Y��$Q* /R :� QD �I� : @,�< �\R

= 1�i ��,�� 5b,� 7�R6 �Ig ��,D h�( Q��-� �/�l� $ QD ;* � )�/�"l y��Y� ('\�R E�F� a� :�

ÏD �/�l �6�� 7�'P $�6��l Q�R �'I �# ���Ï��� K: |'k '� � @8� y'�9

Q? H-�;* O /< 'Õ+��? �4? /�;� Ï��D 3/�[� �I6 A'B6 Q? �g "@

��� i# o�* H/�l �@�B Q�q</� � /�[� '� #'qRAQ�R h/� 'F�p

'��R Ò/�� �5b? $'�� Ò/�� p'�_ `�F� : 6�Y� +,D ��-: /�[�'R $y'�9 `�'³�� $7�D'�D) `�'³�� $'��^ Q? +R@�

�5b? :$Q���� � �4l Q�bC � e,�� �.y��Y� Ù{<� )/�l '�(/:'[� '\��É a� �R �����< a� 7�D'c) Q<'LPD y6�"Y� /�'-: 7��,8� ���� E'�] /�'-: '\$�"8-<�

'9g |�: ��4� !�: '(b�?�'\��� � '\�,D �: 

١٤٣ص،م١٩٧٩دار ا��,�رف <� ا���ه�ة،٧ط،درا.�ت <� ا� ,� ا�,��� ا��,��N=� :�P ��8–د-١٢-��� ٢٦ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�

٣-��� ٥٢ص،أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�

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/�l '�$6��[� �R �D $�7C/�� ã ��4� .�/� y/*'�� |�/�� A �B E'~ �D /�l '� �/:'[� �W �³PD 1�R�$�"�PD >�8D 1�R

� '\�R d�L�� 7���� y��YF� � ��Y� � >�_ � ���� : /:'[$�;"� �/"Á e�* u-*� 7?/� = /:'[� � $y'�9 yA'B) y6�/B /�[� �@R$�"È @�"�< ��,N ��4���

�qRg $/[,� !�: �/Á '� ��L�� 7��,8� >A'I� $= �"F-�� /"B'* /�[� �'W� /:'[� '� �� a� 7�'N/� 7�t /� �6��.

|�� &b* 7��P8:�\"��'? 7"���� y'�*� $ `} h�8: | '\L-� a� 7-�D{�8�'? 7��P8� 7�*6 > �?

����� ��� ./P� �$� '\¹/� a� 6�Y� /R'q�<� 6�/�� � ./P� 6�Y? 7���� '�D�� = 'LB � 1�i /\��� 7: 5�� �(� ',* >r�� a� &'�g 1�< : X��� 7��,8� /�'-:

y��Y� 7�t'q� 7-] :�

3&'� Ò�� � h/�D f3� ��N '�D3/Ð.6�/�� 3�3<Ò,�Ð+0�8�� ��Dg �L-� 6��;� �'M�<

Ð���<� Ð�,] å�4_ 3-Y�'? �6�³Y� � /?� êA'-?� 6��8� �'[: �� 7��P8� ¶ �W

Í7R�F�� 56��'?$|'[:g �$@q-� �6�� � '� '\l': a� 6�Y� � ��? 1�< `�F� G# 7,�/F� ��4�� : y���,� 7��X� Q���P� &

$6�L�_ 7��P8� f': h'�� �N/< ��� $y��Y� = y6�Y� ��� m��D�)7��P8� (�a� '\�R E�F��:

ا-١ ٢٠٧ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة:���.T ا� ��� أ�=

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Ò;�� y/�j 7��P8� á�# Ð �� =ã+�?/� Ô7D'�6 +�5�� /MP� = A �Dg �¼�6 � g � ./P� '\�R 7��P8� y6�YRy'�9 Q� ���,<� 7��,8� Q�R 1Lq< ��� �� .

"I�6�� .��8� �´ E' ´ �&:E'�´ .��8� � �'�D) '� ����� 5�I�� /N $5�",<� &;: � �Y< &´ +�8<�

'\B'FD !�: �/C ��F<� /:'[� $� ;"*g Ã/"�� � '� ��/� a� y6�Y� 1�< +?'�-��:� ª�P-� .�D� y��Y� = �@R ��4� ª�, )/:'[� 7�-� (/�"[� 7?6 �� = �b�

y'�9 m�<'P� '��-: a� $# �\"-� Q"�'D '� ª'D u? sPD A'Fl �'��D� &��( AbI� `t'Y_ :�

Ð/�[� 7?6 '� !ßst'? O# ßs�< 0�:Ï�� Ò�� f'�� = ��6 '���01��� =� ß@� ;� A'��� �*� '\]'� $K�¼-� � '\�<'\R

7"T'F� y6�"Y� ��� �/� Q��I QD �: � /����_ �5'� 5'�R � +� �� = ��I� '� �y�N'P� 7�5'Y�� � 7�:'��I � 7�N'��� y'�9 >'����_ $Q"�P�'³_ '"\�� &5'Y< a�

'\��: Q<6��� 5'�P� ��F� Q�,8? $�Q�PD !�: '� ��P� ���N� A ;: /�[� = � 6 1�� $7��,8� � /:'[� u? ��� 7�� /�[�'R $y'�9 y6�� /�'-�? &'(# �W 6�Y��:�

0Ã�� ã��_ '_ '�D�� ��� =36'<� 3�*�6 Ï> �� uD'Rg Ï��-�< � Íi�C{� ..$3?�: �ã��y'�9 p��¼�� �u*'�/�

fg ��,N /W�� ��'�� $!"Ng � fg ¦N� A�B 7�F? = �� !�: 'M\-� ��� ��� $E�F� e�* ����9 ��} QF��Y� '\8C 7�'N6 =)):/t'N �^{N /�'D �^ � ���,N =

���] /�F� ��,� � !�: $ !Ng 6��? A 5/] E�F9 Q<'� =(( 

� = ��k� Q"��# 6'� ��� &´ � � ;*g f': = @�� y/�P� 1�< = ��t'Y� `� $�F� �6Q-: ��³�� !�: $bt'� 7�½�� y��Y� = Q��# +���-�R:©

١-��� .١٠٨ص،أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�٢-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.١٠٩ص، ا��)

� ا�G+8=ي-٣�G":��� ص١١٩٩٤ط،ر.�7E ا� .٢٧م٤-��� .٦٣ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�

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Ï���N y'�9 $y'�9 = '�� Ï>j�'� �# '�� 3/MR ã|',[� p'��� Ï��"�N$��*6 � ã�3�[ã�l '�� '\3:'"I� � |'Y?

á8LRÏ�� 0N{WÏ��F� � $ �| ��� ��LI� !Ng �5 �? '\ 3?�� !Ng '\��: !F� �3X� � QÏ��Y� '� |'��W �

Q<�*� 'P� � E�\� � &b�� G# | /�� G# >6'� a� O'�g : QU��* +?'���:�

`��W ��*� 0�½?� QQ�b* $|'L�D ���l >�i +�?/� =3�-R '�@� j $Ï\¼Y� ���æã| /��

��C �� fg ��6 /:'[� +?'��$·6'� G# Q? �F�-�� $!Ng � �;9 |�� 7��,8� s,��RQ�PD = �?'-� �;9'? 7�*�� y6�Y� Ù{�R u��D'��/� y5': !�:.

9 5 5;�� � @R Q,�� '-� 6�Y�� �;��� >'���� í = /MP�� 7�-� .'�/� Q? ��6 $�@Y� s���� /:'[� �{W� $ �D �I/� Q<��Y� =� $�F� ��5 4��$'"?�/� �YÉ�

'��Á f E'�´ $�< >�C .�/� � >�FR '� s�L¥�8< 'm$A 6� �/"� '�# 'U,: 4��A'F� = Q�� ���� @C � $ | /�� �"� '¥ �b� '\�R �Á a� ybY�'? '4���� ��'¹

'_ 7��MP� � fg'? �8-< 6�� G# '(�L�R 7��,8� !�: �6�� = /:'[� Ì4�� � $Q�R +� � y��Y� � E�F�R Q?'� )Qt'�� o�� G#(�:

3o�� '� 1�'R´ '� H5�N $ã>'4�'* ÜÏ� Ã�[� u? Ã5 6�g�H/PÜ >'�� i

'��g�¼-� �{R Ü ���< Ã6Ü >'�� äF\[� @�? ��[� Ã6'�;_ '�Ü >'

Ã6'<�g� >'�W'l # �P� 1�'�Dg� 8-<�>'�W'? #

>'"���� 6'D;W /:'[�'? ¯'* ��� �;9 � fg y{�� �� .j/< 6�Y� �/D $Q"D#� �D'W a� 7��,8� /�'-: = �C��� >'��-� u? s�g .',$$ A'�lg 7��,� `�F��

١-��� .٦٤ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�

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>'����� y6�� &b*g'R $à �lg u? >/P� � ��?i 5�6�� � $�"FR O'"�g '"� A'4?� 'D ;* � ��4l >6'� $m"q�< y6�� '\-�? '��R ��z�� �� �< a� 6�Y� ��� +8F-< a� 7Y�� f'�� '\�R .¼J �l 7��,8� /�'-: /:'[� �w'",< y5'": !�: � �4

��D'��/� `��_ ¸ 5�FP� � /� �� : QUV +?'�� �$���< ��5 @�� �$Q�,�'� +?'�� �Q-� |/� a� y'�9 5 6 ��� Q,�F� �,< 1��� ���� '� �':/N ��� � /l)'? y6�Y�

�?��� $/UW � Q,�� !�: �P[� /:'[� �{W�y( ./P� w'�B �� � ;*g ��C |6'>'���� � 6�Á�� � 6'V:�

3o�� '� i �� /L,� $y'�9 · �� �!>'� Ü 1D'?6 � 4� Ì�'[� i ��!

y'�9 6 �[¡ Q�/�< Q,�� &'� 6�� /:'[� �/�� $= �/"[< y6�"� y'�L�� y�:5 '�# ��� {,-� y{�� �� 5�,�� '� �':/N ��� ��g '\�R �/� /:'[� �'�: 1"�i E;�;�

7�I6 @� G# y'�9 Q-� �?/� +� � &'� Q�q��$ m�'8� `�F� $'��� 7���] y6�Y�'R � ;*g ��$/:'"[� sPD �'�: = |6'B �;* G# E'�´ � . /Rg � &b*g ��'* �

QD �I��$bt'� � �4l� QU? +?'�� �:�

3� �D ß./ $y'�9 /� !�: `9 �5'l �[� >'-,�/..$>'�5'9 Q�B�� 4�

X� �D $>'R6 G�g ��'� � Q�R w�? '�R @� � `9 � A'8�� !�: ��-? a� 7F�F9 1�< �5�I� 7F�F* /:'[� 6/F�

y'�9 /� !�: '�'l 'D'�-? Q,�� '\�R /:'[� �/� a� y6�Y� ��� $7�/[� y6�� y'�9 = Q,��� '\�R u,� $� �\R ��"F� � �b"Cg 7��C = ��4� � `Á P� �# �/

y'�9 � $6�"Y� ��� Q: �?# 7��� 6 /��N = ',,N /:'[� '\�J a� ��F� 1�< = �6 � � �I�� � sP-� >'M�C : mq�� '�W./�< '� �':/N 4��|>'�5'* ��C &b*g

&'�g $./Y� ��F< a� $Ó*�� X� G# Q��� ¬*$É ����"N ���] �B'_ �

١-��� .١٣٣ص،أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�٢-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.١٣٤ص، ا��)٣-;-&< J��-�ر ا�،ا��) .١٣٤ص،

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>'R6 '�'F? $Q? �* '_ '_ r�� ��� Q,�F� QU��* /:'[� +?'��� $&�"�¤ �@Y� /��-�� bt'� Q,�� `�'�� $ �* t'W �W /��-� ��� @Y_ :�

'�D�� = ��$> /�9 @�? �? '�� á�� � G# o�� '� $>� >�_ �­R á�� Ïwj'-�'R � F,!ybY� @� Q�

�* � �� Q� �F? $ '�D�� = '� �'< a� Q��*6 ��? $A':�� � ybY� ��� $�"�g 1"�i � ;"*g ��"� ��"L�� y/"t 5 G# �;"9 y/"t 5 ": Q�bC � ·/³�N ���

&b�� � �/_ �$�"���� f ��"� /:'[� &b* '\:'��I'? �B�� a� dbU� /�'-�� 97�

y'�9 �[-� /:'[� �'W �F� Q<'�* � 7�9 /C ¬* ��~ �W : eL,� : y�* ��;9 ¦N� $� /P� � fg +� Q: /� = Q</M� a� y'�9 $��? Q� >/4-<� 1�i '�D��

7�R5 �;9 � 7?/�� �'�R ���\P� f ��� ª'-� 7�'�?� ��?6'* ��� '\N'-? >/4-< y�* � ))'�D��'R 7î'I .',lg ��� ��'[� �/Y?� >�_ .',l # '\�R s�� Q��* �

A�l �W 6�� !�:((�$�6�� ��,<� $y'�9 f'�� @�P< E�'� a� $�t'Y� = '\���� �F�R6 '� $ �U� � y@UW$!Ng ��[D �$&'�g ·'MR =$7�t'q� 7-] $'�@� =� $

�� � '-P�N '� +� �P�< e�* fg � ��g '� y'�9 = uq�'-�� uR/� : X�< 6.

5– .��8� &´ ����6'Y�D �:�,��� ��� !�: �,� f /:'[� 4��7�"? '� Q?{� f ���I .X< a� &´ ��/R

E�F� ����9 ��} QF��� G# '\U�? 7�'N6 = 7* /� 1�i ��� ��'�� +P<6 � '\��R 6'N '\�R )): y�F� �W ��PD = ��� ���: |bFD'? /�l O­R �´ '� $6�8�� �� Ã6��N�

��] ��t'Y� !�: +�8< '�-�* ��PD ="y�$�"*�/� |bFD �� : >X: ��� ��YF? )���] .',Y� (G# Q��N6 ��� �����? –��Y��)��[D"6',] (" ��

y6�� � = ��P-� 7�5'� ���] /B'9 '�6�((. 'D/:'"l ·/"� 7�t'P�_ 7�¢/� 1��?

١-�8� �N=� :�P�,��,��� ا�ا �, .١٤٣ص، درا.�ت <� ا�� ا�G+8=ي-١�G" :��� ص١١٩٩٤ط،ر.�7E ا� .٢٤٨م

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���I = |�� �C ��� >���� 7qR /� y'�9 G# 7}'8� 7�'[� Q*�/? $= Q? ¦�É� /� >'��^6��L�� y��� 6�-� ��,-� Q�W 1�i ¦N� '($!F,�N QD{? Q<A�,D ��Y<�� ;*g'? S��� $: �� e,����,8�� !Ng 7$|��� |�* �W � Q? ¦�� a� $¬"*

���I � /MP� Ä;,�$'\-� `* '� ��C �/Á ��� ��t'Y� = ï/�< y'�9 O'� !F,<� �bC) � ��Y� � `9'? A��� |65 =$}'�Í'p':g � 55z�� G# �? $�L,"� �

y���I A �I G# '-�F-< 6�Y� $'\��# '-��É � /:'[� w'8�N $��� Q_ �: G# '-�C�+",��- '"��C 5 h�/�� Q�?6'* |'l �-: |'M:#� & /�*'? �FD '-��� a� 7��P�� 6�Y� Q��

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�T '�# E'�Ig X: +8��<� A�q�'W /[�-�R>�g �? 'a"� '\��'"N6 = >�*�< �'�;� � �'4_ 5��* >j�'�$6'Y�D � ��L�� 6�� +?'�-��:�

3��6 Ó�:{N �� êAêA �:g � ¼-�'W07�F� ��R /� êA'�[� Õf'* .�/? �[� Õ����� �^ =A �5g � &´ 7�

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u4��� ��� $���� � A �:g'? ;\� �?.f': � /:'[� E�� ./"P� � E'�] � 6�-� f': G# &b�� � � ;*g $1��"?�

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'� i y'�9 $ @��<� >5'�_ `�F-< � �?bR ��"� �'�;� X: �/� a� >'?'�9/��h����� $� ;* � �N½� � Q? ¦�É '¥ ��/� !�: '\,* a� y'�L�� /Y�D'R$ ���

/:'[� y�� !�: mB � ���5 $./P� � y'�9 `��� Q,��_ /Y�D e�*.y/t 5 � ·/C '��-: '\��: /Y�D ¬* �N½_ � � ;*g ��� w6'Y� �?� h��{"_

�,"Y� ��� �'-��� � 7* /� '\�R �Á� '\��# �'�[� y���� 7?/� ��³_ >�_ �I��$Q��# $y��Y� = y5/P�_ y6�Y� ��� ��,<�)���] .',Y� (Q<'�* >'�/C = '\,�W a�

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��/?# �'��D =�¨  |7"�*6 |/"M�� '\l': a� &´ Ã/��R y��YF� ��� = '� &= y���I �/"� e"�* h��{_ : �'I/� y��YF� ��� = >�_ � �;9'R $ ���I f':

E�F� e�* '\��� '�D�� Ã/��� '\[��� � ��/� y'�* >�_ :�

ã. /I '� a4N Ñ��Ml '� a4N � Ï�\: >'� ã. �-� ��'�j ���-]

å�� � ã.',Y� ã� Ñ��/F� A 6� '\8N��� 7�*6 6�-� f': G# 6�-� f': � Ejg � �Y�� 5 ��� /:'[� �-: y'�9

Q� Q,* ��6 /:'[� Q? �\� ��� ���D�� | ��� $Q"�R 6 /F�N � Q� 6 /� Q-4�� $E'�] � @� � �� : /:'[� Q�R eL,� f': 6�4�'? |�[� f': �\R $��"N �Á bR

6�4� f': � 7�5'F� 7T'F� 6�Y� $�/_ &�� � ;*g �$/:'[� v�³�� 1�i ��6� ": 6�Y< 7�?'Á 6�� Q<'�* >'�/C = @Y< ¬* ��t'Y� = >/[�D a� 7�,��� �

A'���� � �� G# !��< �? � ;*g � !Ng ð{< .�6 $7"��?g y'�9 G# ����� �F</< =6�-� f':.

%'[� �N'F� % /�l = 7�-P� y6�Y� �µ = O{�_ e*',� �# $��I .�B�? �F� 7R�"Y�_ � 7PNbP� A 6� G# |/�g ��< a� y/�-� 1�< ¸y'�9 G# /:'[� y/�D !�: $

./P� y6�� � ml/� &b�� � !Ng � �;9 �/� �\R $�_ 6�Y� �D'��<� +R��� y5'q Eb�� � Ah�� � 7W/9'? 7q?'-� �6�� G# y'�9 $/:'[� sPD = /F�N '� ��� 6��

� ;* � E'��� &b* � 6'4R � �� �: � $"� @U"W ��L�� 7��,8� >'D�4� /PB'�< QD �I�� Q�PD rT a� 7�@,��� >'�'8� � �� ��� $y'�9 G# Q</�D : 1�i �[4��

��? � �:'�(� :`* � Q�PD = /F�N '� $¸'"��'U� '"_': �'4R E�g 6�-� � �? &�8� '� �':/NO'U� ��,�'?:�'"�/9 � 6�"�� � �\]'? A��_ +� �� = �/Á ���

�/4P� � �*�/� � �5'_ `��� �$� '"\F�C a"� '�/8R : y'�9 Q�R ���� e�* G'�<� QD'L,N$ >A'MR ��É �C � $ /:'[� sPD = �?'-� w /Y� 1�i ��/�� 6�Y�

/<�"�� 1"�i �"�C '¥ ¸ 7��': sPD = �³N6 a� 6'4Rg 1�< �6�� �*'-I !�:

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� $ 5 �Bg ��~ a� 6�Y� 1�< $ '� i y'�9 6�� '\R /� = ��< 6�� X: ��'� ®�6'�� X: 1�i : X: '�W �;* ��5 ./P�� S�� h /�g �� /�_ O'�D) $'"�W�

|/�� 6��{� = A'I)A'�lg ;�'��< '��q?� (A'"µ /:'"[� 6�� !�: !PB '� ��� 7W/*�.

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:املبحث الثالثÍ� :7��,8� y6��:

�"� 7"��,8�'R $ /:'[� ��� 7�/�[� y6�Y� = �'�N'N �'D�4� 7��,8� � ��4� ib_ �( �-: $7[*�� �-: sDz_ ��� $�'-9 � �8�� � 7J/� '\�R $���'P_ ���

��F� � $�?'F� /��-< � �8�<$65'-� � QD �k 1��� $ �;�� ./P< $y��Y� ��� � �"��� '"B/� =� �;"9 �-:� ./P� �-: '��~ /:'[� E �* = 7��,8� 6�� �

`q�� $6 /\�< e�* 7��,8� y6�� EbC � Q*� $7"P��³_ Q"� �* '"\�R /"FD/:'[� � )) 7��,8� = �*�/� Q�bC �Á $�/:'"[�� Q"N �*� Q�'� Ó��� �\R 1���

7��,8� = '\�W $/"C� A�"l � � '������ � �,� 7��,8� � 7�-P� �6�� ������((.�

� 6�Y� ��g � E�g 6�Y_ �� 7��,8�'R/:'[ $� ;"*g � &�"�( Q�� ��� y6'<$7,�[F� y'�9 | ��{? �R/< �/C y6'<�$/:'"[� 6�"� = 5'q�� 1�i !�: e:',� �

7�B/_ Q��'* `,�? 7��C 5 �� �:$| �"Y� ": ª'-� 7�P� `,�? 7�I6'C �� �:� $'�5��� � 1P-� � /:'[� +�8��� �� �: $7"��,8� G# {M�� '��-: Q-4� $&g '"�g

7�D'9 $Q� ��� a� $QD'Ml '\U,�R $7�R'�� � Ah�� '\�R �Á� $�"�8�� '( .'<@R '\�� $\L-� �� '*�6 '$y'�9 '\�R e?�$'\��# +��N �$&'"(# 6�Y� �D'4R$ '\�R ��{<�

7�D'�D) � 5�I�� �t'F9 /� '�,D� ))C 7��,8� �� 6 /��N'? &�F� /:'[� �# '"�-R 'F� .Q�R ��4� ��� ��P-� !L-_ `�* '\��Y� QD# .7R/�� �� /�[� = 7R/�_ �­R ���

4� = '� �4R 7�< i""/:'[� �'�: = Ó��� �� .�4[� `�* 7��,8� 6�� ��4<� sP-� Q¹/< ��� ((...�/:'[� �-: 6�Y� ��:

–6�� ./P� �'-��� � �'�g :7��,8� E'�� = >'4Lq� � y'�9 �/�< ��8<� sP-� �� '��-: $'¡ �R��<�

&b* � �¢6� E'~ � sP-� �'�: =$y'�9'? 7��,8� �\-�R$7�/"[� y6�Y� Ù{<� 5�I�� h /� = y'�9 � ./P� e,<.'"�'� '"N'N �4[< y5'��� � ./P� � ��g �

��ش-١�.٤٩ص،م�8�١٩٧١وت- دار ا��+T،١ط، أ�= ا���.T ا� ��� ��*� ا�MG وا��=رة: ر��ء ا�٩٥ص،م١٩٨٣وزارة ا����<� د" J،طد،ا�-=ري ا��,��P درا.� <� ا� ,�، ا��7G ا�!�ي وا�,-7 ا���: ��� *!=د-٢

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� �-: y6�Y� ��� /�'-�� y��Y� = 'LB � 1�i ��,� � $/:'[)y':/� O'� �($a� 7�/[,� y6'q9 Q��J '¥ '?6'� yA X� � �'�g '(bC � '-� �F-�$@"� ��"F� ��� �

E'�] � 7J/� � $7��D'��/� A /�l Q��: ·65 '� ���$ ib"� 7��,8� = ��I� ��� +��� = ��F� �5/< � �(O'�D) $y��YF� = A'I '¥ +,��D� ��Y-��:�

ä�,� Ïm,Y� 0y'�L�� K�� ãQ�:'-� Ò/� �Ï��� ðá�^ =0��Y�� ãQ�t'_

æY� �Ï< ',Ïv�/ 3� 6� Ð6��;� ãQ�?'�� 35'��Ï6�-� �0� 1�< =ãQ�� �� ·'MP ��D |�� = 6�Y� >A'I �F� $4[< 7��,8� /�'-�R 7"�t 6 y'�* '\�8��� 6�Y� ��� �

/"FD '"-��� 7�t /� .',Y� y6�� '�# ./P� � A'-( � y5'��� | ��{? �R/< 6�� $ 7�-� v�/"< ',Y� � '\,: �< a� ��Y�� Eb^ �� ��� '?/� � $ �,F� m,Y�'R ��4� >'��

6� 6��;� � $�5'\�� 6�-� � $6�� /C;< /MP� = 7��,8�� 7�t 6 y'"�9 /"�'-�? $E'�] � 7J/� � y5'��� �Á 7��,8� q* = /:'[� � .E'~ : 7�t /� �6�� +,��-��

E�F� e�* Eb9 '�/LN� 7��,8� :�

Í �l� H��* $N�"H/L $H�bN� '$ÑEb^� H���D�3/*'N '0y�8� $36�R�� ÑE��

HD�Y��Ïv�/� 'Ï6�-� '\��: $ÑE'�] � /qC �H6H��? '$ÏLT s��ÑE'��� ��

: QD#"] f'""E'� $/\8� � $�g � $y'�9 = y5�FP� 6�Y� ��� /�'-: ¸ 7* /� � �6�� !Y� = E'�]'R $/:'"[� '"�5 6 a� 6�Y� � G��< 7-�D{�8� � y5'��� � $

�,8� = Q� �F� ��� f'�� 1�i Q? ��É ��� f'��� 6�� A'P"� ·/� �D'4R 7�t /� 7�/:'[� �-: '\�?��:� .�/� $./"P� � y'�9'? 7���� 6�� 7�R'Y� y��9 '\�'�D{? ª/���

�'�g � ��Y� �$./P� � E'�] �F[: .�6 : >6�� a� 6�Y� 1�<.

١-��� ٢١٣،ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة:أ�= ا���.T ا�٢-;-&< J��-�ر ا� ٢١٥ص،ا��)

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y5'�"�� !�: E�YL�� ���� �t 5 /:'[� �$E'"�Z s"Dg � 7"* /� �"�F��y'�9 $X��R |'�� y6�� = 1�i :$/:'[� ��? ���$7"* /� � "�g ��,� =�

��( �A$Q��� QD;* |',N !�-� Q�R� $y��Y� = y@Cg Q�-N = 7�'9 ��� 6�Y�� '\�R E�F� a� |'�� :�

ß��? 3?3-ã�ÏQ�y'�9 pæ[� �� Þ��� � A �Bg �$Ð&'�Dg � ß��?$ �æ�[� $ ���] /L��ß�é L�� $Ð&b*g � $Ð&'() �

ß/LN |'�� =$ß+t 6 ß5�M�� Õ�'? & �:g � &'�g !�: /:'"[� !"�: ¦,� ��� ./P� � Ah�� !�: e�,< 7��,8� Q<��l ��� ��,� y6�YR

�F�F9 ./P� 7Y� �4� a� Q�b^ ��� |'�� ¦N� $= /:'[� � �l'�? Q,l Q<��Y� `�,9 `* = &'� $ª'-� u? ���_ ���� � ���D�� �-�� Q?/F? ��-R:�

|'�� =$`�,9 |'�� =$æD#�3* Q3/Ï&07��,8� ��'�� E'�] � ./P� ��� |'�� $&'"��g'? A�"�_ f'�� !�-� � |'�� �^ = w'8�N /:'[� �

6�/[� � &'�´ � $/\��� 5�I�� � |'��� � 6�5 ��YF� ��� =: �E�g 6��� :/:'[�� /\8� 7��,8� f': �k $'"*/R Q<'�* rc � w'8�N QDg

78,�� $�F�� ��*� ��,�� � ;*g wÀ� � �.|�O'U� 6��� '� :j'���'? ���� 7��,8�'R $Ì4�< y���I 'D �� ��� y'�9 >6'��

^ =7�t /� 7��,8� /�'-: !�: '(b$6�",9 � 7"M\,� � ��{? Q<'�* Q��: >r� a� $ ;*g f': � !¹ $ ��?g Q�'~� ��4� /L�R��"��,� � /:'[� ��/� a� &´ �

'\-:: 

ä�æ\ã/Ï>0F�� �/:'[� E'�] 6'D =Ï�� 3N E'�� '�D5 =��b �I y6�� '�# 7��,8� @�{< ��P? /:'[��� y�� $ª�6�� !�: 7�t'F� Q��b: 6�Y�� +?'���

��,8� � y5'P��_ 7+t /� '\_':�:©

��b^ A'B $ '�,� Q�'~ � Q,*� 5�I�� �8: � ��,�� y@qD y'�9 � �� �� /R $q-W'��'-� ���] /�;� y6

١-��� .٢٥٦ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�٢-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.٢٥٩ص، ا��)٣-;-&< J��-�ر ا�. ٢٥٩ص،ا��)

٤-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.٢٥٩ص، ا��)

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�'R �"� �'"W ��� � ;*g f': &b^ ¦N� >A'I a� ª�'N�� � 6'4Rg Ã/�� /:'[ Q�P-� ��� $QD# '\�'�� � '� 6�Y< {8C 6/F� a� 6�Y� 1�<� f'�� 1�i Ã/�� � ��/�

�l� A'�B A��_ 6�-� f'�? '\�R ���-� 7�'� 7�t 6 7�'� '�#Í .G# Q"�FD �"��,8� E'�]'R6 � Q_':/:'[� y'�* = |bFD d�* ��� +t /� `9 �'��? Q? ¦,< $y'�* � �F�D'R

��'-� ./P� f': G# � ;*g � &´ 7J6� '~ r�� f'�� Q,* = 'R�Y�� ��4� '� Q,l 7�D'?6 $�t 5 ./R ��l'D Q<'�* r��� E'�] .�/? ��\� �C �:�

Ï�P��� " :èÐ.�6 '� ÐE'�] �<åR�/4R = /\-�'W �F $��b* =�""Ð6�-�'W �����<� $Ï?i a� �*�6 =ä�ã�0� ;*g � Ð&´ � "

0�D Ï6��[� Ò�9 Ï/C;� ÍFR 5 6'-�'W '$05�I�� .�6 =��'-� ""�Ä�Y�� 3&b* 07��,8� $Ï: ���I'RÏ��/H��[D0*'N $ 3/&'�Dg "

7"���� 6�"� G# h�� � � ;*g � &b��N f': � 6�Y� E'F�D .�B�? �L�-R ���] E�L�� QD# ¸�'4_ � �'�;� X: �FR�< a� O'�g � `9 � E'�]'? 7F�'D y'�9'?

� ;*g f': Ã/�� � /:'[� Q�R 6/� ��� $f': = Q�'� �qF�� �"~ � 6�I $Q"D#Eb9 /L�� f'�? 7��P_ 6�Y�'? y/C ;� y'�9'? A��� ��/� $ ���] ��/8� $��� f'��

A'F-� � A'PY� y'�* G# ;�/< a� 7��,8� �'q* ¦N� �'FD'���R �'-���� /:'[� ��[-� $7��,8� `�'C 1��� $6�-� f': G# Q�F-<� $ � ;*g f': � Q����� 6�/�� � ./P� f':

.y5'�"�� � ./P� >'I65 !Y� Q�R �Á ��� /:'[� f'�� ib_ �� 7��,8�'R $Q"D#

�'-���� Q,�8�� Q��# ��[��� Q? ��É ��� 6�-� f'�� E5'�� $��"� 6�4� f': !�-� Q�R E'�] f': G# 7� ��� Q�PD '� �B'R y�'��� y6 /�� 'D;*� '_ �r� �"�/�R .�/"� �

�\�-< w���? $7��,8� f': G# Ù{� '��-: '(bI� '('�Z y'�9 �/�< '� �':/N 4��'D'-*� 'P8: Q��: �R��< a� $V �'�'-* Ì����R"$ ./P� 6��� y'�9 � O'�g'? A��� `

)) 7�t �� `9 ª /: = A'�*g � y'�9'? +����� 6'��((��/"� /:'[� �# y'"�9 .�/� f': G# /:'[� ��[< y;� /� '�6�� ��J a� 7��,8� ¦N� 7�F�F9 $6�-� f':

�/�'� a� y/�'�_ y6'q9 &�¹ � v�³_ �� a� 7��,8� = ��I� ��� $/�'��

١-��� .٢٥٩ص،أU�>� ا�8G�ة:أ�= ا���.T ا�.١٥٢ص،م ٢٠٠١، دار *�ء ا���١9ط، "�"� ا��=ت وا�8G�ة <� ��)�8 أ�� ا���.T و�,�~: ��ن >,=م ��=س-٢

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A'PY� � A'F-� f': � '(�C�? |/�F�� '\�W 7�D'�D) $Y� ��� ��,<�"� = y6�"y��Y ) 6�PY: y'I'-� ("� `��� '\-? !�: �-� &{W 7��,8� y6�� '\�R �/� a� `t'"Y�

�'�g G# |6'( y6'q9 $'W6'<7?/�� '��I� a� ª'-� u?:�

Ò�4N i­R æMq< �/ $�6��l� Ù/4R � �/��< Ï�"""F8D i#� ßv?/�� ß65'� Ôe�,C # �\-� '�@Y� /l ª'-�'?

å�­R 5b,� G# Ï��C5 i#� ç8� .�PN = Ïh/R/< �6'W "R Ð6� Ôy��* 7��,8� e�* Ô7D'�R �E'�� Õ·X< u? �Ð6�""PN 'LB � ���/� ?'? �/�{< ��,��$/:'[� : � ;*g �P� 7��,8�'R$'\"�D{? !"�-�R

ª'-� 6�� '('~� /�'� &'��� f': G# Q? �F</�R �6'4R '( e,�� �\����.|�6��9 �;:

7-�;9 /:'[_ ��� 7��,8� � $&��( ���� $E�"� = y6�Y� ��� �U� !�: +FD� |'�� y��Y� = /:'[� :�

3�ä�ä4ã�3� ã³Ï�!Ng ��l'D G# $0�\-<� Ð&´ g �&'FN '�{W >'Lt'-� .'�/� G#� $|'�� =$é�� �4,<3�&'�g

'-��É� Q�4�T a� �;9 y6�� :$*� f � Q,�� = '_ ',N'-� '-9 @Y�R;�$��[�R '�: 

Ï>��[R ÐL��'? Ð �/�� 'L-£ $&´ � &b*g 7?½4? Y� ��y��Y� = A'I '� 7-�;9 6� )��/� '�'F?: (©

ß/:'l 'qP� e�*� $Ôf'* �*�? E�\�� �I'-� $��/� å�5 ���Ï&��� Q</ ñ��? A'�_ �;*$B""Õ��/ $��Pl

æ/I a� ��Y�� u?�é��F� ��/� p'�� '�5 3�� Ï�h�ä��ÑPÏ�ß/��� p�*� ß> �� $ã>5'T ä� Q?äPÏ> � h�\4� ��? ��� fg � �;9 6��$��� /:'"[� '� w'8�N a� 7��,8� /�'-: = >���

!Ng � 7?½4� A �I G# '-�FD Q�?/� : '� X: '��-: .

١-��� .١١٠ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة:أ�= ا���.T ا�٢-��� .٢٥٦ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة:أ�= ا���.T ا�٣-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.٢٥٧ص، ا��)٤-;-&< J��-�ر ا�. ١٠٦ص، ا��)

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:املبحث الرابع*`9 y6�� 6�8<: �6�8< y6�� &�\P� `9 /:'[� �-::

|',[� /�l = y6�Y� 1�< �k ����� /� : y6�Y� ��� = d�L�� `�Y� '�� �'�D) $y��Y� =:& /�� A'?/\W $Ã'�# y��Y��$y��"Y� = A'I'� '\-��$ '�@��

)Ã'�# (QMt'�D� `9 � '\�R 6�É a� :�

"""� Ð���"L�� � 3Ã'�#ã63�"3LÑ�0� +""� X� Ð�ä�0C Ò 9'R QD'��� =$Ð����'W æ�#ã/�\-� '

äRä�äFã�3*3�ã�Ï>Ïj3:äR'ÏQ3C �3,ã/Ï>�_ Q-�ã�3�3�ã/y6�Y� >@�< '���?� 7� �,� �D'W 1��R $&'"��'? Ù �"� '"\�R ���D � ���'8<� $

� >/\^�"f'�� y6� ��"9 7R/�"y'� $y��"Y� = ��,� '�W `9 y6�� ���<'R)`9 '\� :(�

`9 '\� !Ù'�*� $ �5�I� /N �D $¼;:� Ù$�t'?#� �/�5 6�Á5 u?'� �:'�l� $�P�� � $�� �Ù/$�t'I6�

»`9 &�\P� 6�8< $���� 7R/�_'? ·;�� � uR�"Y�_ /�l 1��? O ���$ ��4�� 7F$y��Y� = 1��� 'U� �/D) :`9 ('-"�* y'�9 ��;� $ '��'N 6�D `9 �/� e�*

A'��: êA'��� � ã�8,� Õ/*'N Õ6�D �7��l Ò 9 $Ð�ä�P� 3+�'N ã�D'4R Ò 9 0(# .�6à�$Ò-£3LÔ7Ï�'� Q$?qêA'� P[� � /MP�"�

0�ÏN '� ���Ô7�-� ��4� = ã�3�3��½< � � �-? '�D�� =�R���""y��Y� �PR /:'[� ��� `9 &�\P� 6�8< /� )��5�/R �6 �: G#(�

)5�[-_ E'�] (�? �� ��UDg E'�] � !¹ .�/� E'~ /:'[� �/� $�"Á �\R�] E'�] 7��� �$/��"] �"\R �b"Cg � .�/� !�: 6�YF� �F�F9 E'�] �?

�t ;� �/�� ��] �:©

١-��� .٢١ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة:أ�= ا���.T ا�٢-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.١٧ص،ا��)٣-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.٢٠ص،ا��)٤-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.١٥٨ص، ا��)

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|',[� +�?6� Ï�Q�?� æ�� /�$��qc Q-�V 5�,�_ Õ�'? @� å# ��4� =Í'q� .�/� E'~ 0�'�;� !�: 0��?g

7L�_ '\�R /\�< a� >'�?g ��� Q<��Y� ��� �4�� 7�D'c) $S"�_ �"� `���� �*�/� a"� 7"��8� = ¯�F"�� � ª�P-� |/F� ��� E��,_ S�_ !�: ��'��

&�� � &�-� # `��.`9 G# �:�� /:'[� � �F�F9 $/� u,�� ���] �ª�P-� =$�'-�,� = y /_ 6�5

I/_ y6�Y�'? Ù{� ¬* Q��'J� Q��':6 y�$E�F� e�*:�

���,N� 0y'�9 ß *6 $æ�D � 5�6��'? Q-l/P< Ù ��� æ<56 �# ä��4� � HM��'$3+t 6 Ð/L�� $��/R E'~ i

`"9'R $ ./P�'"? 7���� y'�9 ��� �W 7��qP� G# y /_ y�:5 = �U��< y6�Y� '-�� ð/F� /� � �c� +��� K,� �F�F9 y5'��� �FÉ� .

|�&�\P� 6�8< y6��� `9 7,�,9 :��7����F�� y6�Y� :7�/:'[� '<',�# A'��F� y5': !�: 7�D'�,� y6�Y� /:'[� j/?

KP� A'-,� �� �-� Ãb�� � y�R $y��Y� 1�i ��)O ��� 5�:� (= y6�Y� |/�F<�U� �k 1��W� !� �F� �-: A'I '¥ y��YF� ��� y��"Y� = y6�Y� 1�< �)7"-�P�

y/*'�� ('\��8� = E�F� a� :�

y'�R @N ��R ��( ��C > �\� !�: � �5/< o�� w�/P� 7FN'� 6'8�� $�'PI g 7���:$y/*'N?y'\� u�

n�F�'? �F�: 7:'~ ¦N� �5�I� �,U� � 5 6 QD 1�i = /:'[� ��,� $W >/4D � �.�6 � '\�R y'�* 7����F< �6�� >A'MR e��*.

��7�9 7�5'Y� y6�Y� := ���: '� '� A'ɭ? '-� ��J a� 7��,8� /�'-: &'*5j �� 7,�,9 y6�� >A'I

`*� �� � /:'[� sPD $� ;* � 7:��� y/�*� $!q� `* !�: $`D'I = �D/<� /��-_ ��g G# /C $/��-_ ��*/� 7Jj ¦N� ��',� ��9 � $'�6�� = 7,�,9 ��4�R

/�'8� Ãb_ y���] $��;� ��,<� A'�lg 1Lq�R 5'�6 � y'�9 e�,< a� .�/� �6

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A'-��'? A'��� � �6g ��T� $7"\4-? `"9 � �� �l��� Q�L-I{? h/� ��R6 �;9 �� � ;*g'? ���? a� /:'[� sPD w 5�� 7�9 �D�? 6��[?$7"F�'D y6�� `9 /F-��

s�N'*g � /:'[_ y6�Y? Q,* Ù{�R sP-� !�: `9 /�{? '-� s�\�� /:'[� s�N'*{? ��"� ��",<� $ ��I y /_ > 6 a� y/�-� � '� ·/�� 7��'N 7,</� G# `9 �F-��

��t'Y� = 7�5'Y� y6�Y� .�;9 `9 y6�� /F-�� $7�� ;� 7F,D;� y��Y� =:�

�³�� !Ð/� o�� 6'[: u? '�RÒh01*�D ��� 0�R'� H����0��PV $ aM\� !�: Q�*'-I $3>�� 0�t'_ !Ng

3w/< ��� ����� y'�9 `�\�? '\�[�l� �N{W `9'? � !Ng'? �L[< `9 y6�YR +� �� '\-: /Y� &b*g � �FL�< f O'�g �g � ;*g

$/:'[� ��* = y/� 7Y� �F< �*6 � '_ !Ng y6�� �/D� $7��,8� +R�� �� '�� Q�b* � Q�� QW6'[<� �/:'[� ���4�R � ;*g f': G# $= 7��I y6�Y� ��� ��,<�

y��Y�)�/W�� :(�

èr� '-� y'�9 ª{W ��( $�P� '\�[�l���� æ�*ÏD 'D�W i# !æl/Ï�'�/Î $ä�0q3��-_ !

¼ 9 /Î � 6 � uDg � 7?½4� �5 � =!Ng 7J6 �� +� �� /B'9 ���� =� �* /� �;� = `L�� y6�� 'P� � +?'���

7,*g � /P� � ;*g �:u4��_ �;9 �Rg = >�_ L�? �l�

F,<� '"q� 1"�i s��D $ Q-: !�� /B'* !�:� !q� � /P� fg 7�'* ��/< 6�Y� !y��Y� = .�B�? )w���� |'�W � 7LP� (y��Y�� )/MR A'�6 (u"? '\�R +�Á a�

�;9 Ø'F� /B'9 � �* /� ����� �/[_ �B'_ : 

�� !�"æ-� �FÏ.',Y� !$3&���R ����� ����� <�"M-� ��{Ï�âA�B�� $3��:{R Ï���� 5�W/�

Ù5'��? �5/� !q�� $����� `9 !�: !q��

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= y6�"Y� �F�-�� � ;*g � fg 7�'* : >X: a� �;9 `9 y6�� j�'M�<� y��Y� )`9 �4�� = > ��� ('F�D �C{�� '�@,�< y6�"Y� h'�� Q�� ��,< ���I

7��,8� �/[<� $���4< �a"� y'"�9 >'��-� �D{�� sPD � y���I 7�* y6�Y� �"��] `9 : X�< >�C a� 7���] 6�Y� +,��-�� $!q� ¯�-� 7�*/� ��? >A'I

:�

ä7���] Ù/�j '� �� $��*�� �5 zR = ¼�I '� 3�6�< �� Ô� �W ��³Ï< Ð �/�� �5 zR = � /L��$Ï> i ��/R �*

ߪ�Å� ÔyA'B� $ß&�k� -� /U-<"36� R ="ëA'q �""��� ß+�?6� Ï* QD{W��Ï�:'[� "Ð/3N =0y/4 Ð|',[� �����

6�/�� � 6�,9 | ��{? �R/< 6�Y� $���] y'�9 y5� y5�� ./R 6�Y< '�# a� yQ,�� = 7���_ `D �] A'B 6�D /:'[� !�: �PB $7�� /"l# f �: G# '� �I/C�

��"�<� +� �� ��'� y��/R 7��D �5'Y� `9 y6�� �L,� �4��$ +� �� j�'M�< Q��:$7-�D{�8� � 7* /�'? j�P�� '� i���R.

�@R �'c) � /\8� ��-: �C ��� QB/� = /:'[� � ��� � � !�6 ��'�� `9 � u?"�� /[,"= '"\��: +FD y���] y6�Y� ���� 7�N�� `< /� G# �F</� �? u�5'

y��Y� ) :�� ��� u? 7_'9 '\�� : (�

3�� �D êA'��� ß.�6 ��~ $â� Q�'� Ð@,: � 5�6�� �'-��� � 7* /� '\�R �[-� a� y6�Y� /\�< �"�� ¯�-F� � ª{�� 7�'* !�: ��P�� �

y@Cg ��t'Y� = ��*/� � |/�F� $'q� '\-� a� � ).',� �/Wi (�"� 7",�,9'R /�'-: � ��� '¡ X��� ���] '��U? 7��,8� &�F<�$ y6�� !� = '� /� 1��� A'I6�

�,8� +� �*��� G# |/� >6'� a� 7,�,9 m�b� ��4[< =&g 7�: 

è�35���] A'�q� � 'I'< 1� ���< A'��� � s�[� �: è�35E��8_ �56� � 6�{? 1""""�[�� ��Y�� /�;� �:

ÐE',] ª�/: '� $E'""� ´ äy56� '� $Ð���] 05�I�� ä7-�R '�

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y��Y� = y6�Y� ��� �k�:�/4�� O'9 $y��Y�� $��Y�� ��$'\�R �/� e�* 7?�,¤ �¹ $� 7"?�,¤ y6�Y� '(bI� '('~ � �8: a� 7��,8� S� +� �R /�� ���

!�: !�8� ��� sDz_ � @Cg {M�_ �D'W Q? ¦�É '� $��� ���W /:'[� Q��: {4< ��*/� 7:'N `F</� ��� ��~.

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:امساملبحث اخل*7�/9 � �b� y6��� 7�-��� � ��� y6��

/:'[� ���� = 7�-��� � ��� y6�� �U��< $sD�< �$�"�D��� `�"[� ��$f'�� �,��_ �� $QD �: �� $7F� u?� �R'�� `�[� � ª{� u? |�'-�< y6�Y� �

7�/9 ��F� !�: Q<6�F¡� Q��F�? $�6': 7�FD u?� Q"<5'�W� $ Q"D �: � �,��_ !�: 7 �"? 7"q?'-� 7�5'Y� /:'[_ ��R ��L�� $ ��4� � 7��,8� �*6 = y6�Y� >���

��g � y'�9'? $7�D'�Dx� '<�� ��4< �g� $�/[_ ��� y6�YR $ u_'�� � &b�� ��67�'} 7�5'�.

��`�[� y6�� �/�: > �-N %'[� �': �F� �b� ��* Q�C 5 = ��É ��� y@YF� $�b"C

sD�< `�l � y'�9 `�N ��� ¸�,��_ f'�� � `�[� $���'":/� ��� �\] �9 A'�:5 $A �N �* !�: $Q,�l � �-�� !� ���$a� `t'Y_ ��6 ª{�� f Q-4�

`D'I �W � Q? ¦�� �D'W $��'* a� 7?/�� ��6� ?¦N� QA �"� ��É �F? Q,�l�9 $6�-� �/<� '��� ·/� � �? a� y'�9 � ��g w6;�� $��*# = 1�i : X���

E�F�R Q< /W�� )) : �/�l ���� ¸ �5b? A'-? u? `�/� O �W65 �´ $Ù{"� �� _ |',"[� . �6 O'� �</�R /[,� |��� ��b* Q�R �D'�� ��� &��� 1�i 7�F��"�

���,� �,F��_ '\F�³�N y/4P� 7��5 Q� �l � o�� u-* Ã6�<�((��b�'? {,-�� �\R !"�: `�[� �*j� �b� A'I� /:'[� yA�,D ����� &5'F� �:�� +� Ù{� ���

f'�� !�:� �\] . �fg � 7�F-� y6��:

y��Y� = `�[� !�: 7�F-� y6�� '-��'8< )Q�C >���� (a� ,�WQ<'� �? = '\ y/l',� y/4P� ��� 7�?'8C 7M\�? 7�?5g $7�P�� � �F-�� A �� '\�R s�b�:�

ç�W Õ �� ä�J 3��� $å�� '�� �i �ÞEEi6g y'�9

� آ�و-١�G" T.���ا~ <� ا� �ق:أ�= ا�Pو ��� .١٥٠ص، ١،١٩٦١ط، ���ر ا�٢-��� .١٨ص،أU�>� ا�8G�ة:أ�= ا���.T ا�

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ç�W 36{U� � ��5 '��� Q�R ��� �� `�l é�L�� ��] Þ�C0>���� Q0Q��8� ..ç�* '�RÏ@� QêA'-P� Ð�4Dg

� G# %'"[� �"J '\[\-�� `�[� .�6 = �6'P^ `[-� ��� /����_ 5�I� �# `�[� QI� = ¶/Y� $'"� ¦"�� a� 7�P�� : 7�'-� y��F� � '\�R 1l 7C/�

`�[� $1�< �� ª'-� y'�* 6 /��N �/� &b�� � ���� � 6�] ��6 �7I�5;_ y{��� $��'� a� Q��P� � ¾'F��Nb� ��:��� `�[� = ¶/Y� � G# 1�i Q�R5 $�5'"T�

Q�� /W � ��-� = ��',� �� $y�R'-� Q<@Y,? �/� /:'[� 4�� $a"� y@Y,� 1�< 6�"-� � �"9 : Q��P� : .;*;�� f� Q<',� � Ã/L�� f ��� `�[�� '� A'B $= �

`�[� A �: QI� = y6�U�� 7LB � y�:5 1�i $� �"( � E�� �,� `�[� 7��� bR $: �4N� A'��� 1PN !� Q<'�9 S�� bR $6{U� ��� `�[�� y6�� >�_'R $y6�"��

sD�< `�l '\��# �F</� � /:'[� S��� y'�9'? 7q?'D 6{U� .E�"� y6�� �/� /:'[� ��'4�N � .�6� `�F? ¦�� ����� $y/�-R ���� ��5 `�l �W = >�_ y6�� �/��

��5 �'W e�* Q�� '\�J 7�'N6 `*'� 'F* QD# �'�D# �4� ',* Ì��T 7�D'�D# y/�D %'[� Q��'W �FU< � $'",*� '"_ 7���_ Q� �* � E'* � = y�* � 7�9 '\-: !�³�� � �

y'�*�.!�: Q,q� `Y� ��'����� �R'�� `�[� `q� y6�� = bU ��"4� /"�'-: 7��,8� �:�

Ò� Ï �[� '\ !Ï�-W K��� H?'8*Ðw��] !�: ���{R '�N{P?!Ï�-W K��� ÐE����'W $Ò�� ��'N i# 36�,F� H��6 s�/? '!Ï�-W K��� êA'�[�'W � ä�¼[�á�W Ï��/� �?i '� �N/F?!

1�< �W Q,�[� /:'[� '\�R &�F� a� � �R'�� `�[� y6�� : '\�R X: a� y��YF� ����< f a� Q< A /� X: '\��# �Y� � w'8�N a� h6'�_ $n�F� d /�� !�: Q:b�#�

�'D��� � |/�� �-: $'I '��A� �F8D A 6�� 6'�l �'� A'"�,Dg X: A'��� 7�4* � 7PNbP� A'�49 $�� a� .�/� 1�< 6'D ��R ;� �w"� '\�D�-�W = �,D '¥

/:'[� �/�'�� � @UW '\�?'�: �� �F� 7��'N ���� Û5',� $'"-�* /P4�'? ���6 ���

١-��� .١٤٦ص،أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�

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/C� '-�* | �Y� ��/� : 5'�9'?�."� /:'[� ���� ��B ���l 6��W�� �Y��Q��F? '\�PD >'�?g )) : 4c � �,F�"�� �'W QD{? # Q,�l !�: y6�U� ��� /�P< �

Q��: Q8³N &'I `YR /<'R ',F�N �/�l $Q",� �� h/�� ��6 u* $�,F�"�� � '� �,F��� � ��,-� a� y6 /9'? ���l'D ²'"\��:� 7�'C y6�� �D'W '¡6�.... ((�

� = �F� E�;< '� �':/N a� y/?'�� y6�U� 1�< �/�� 1"�i `�"[� � �* � �y�* � 7�9 Q-: �³�� f ��� �Y� .

�� � ��W y/�',� 7F�F9 ��� v³�� ��� Q<��Y� = Q������"� Q\I ��"N 6�-�� Óy'�L�� /9 Q�\R EbC � 1�< /:'[� yA�,D >A'I � &b�� $�"F� ��� `D'] 1�i

-� � y'�9 ���Á ��� y@-� 6'4Rg |'L� Q�R���� � �b� ��/� 6�./:'[� � f'�� � `�[�'? �* '_ '_ /Y��� $���� �\I � Q�R '��$6�-� � &�/} `�[�'R

`�[� � /:'[� u? �t'� A'P] � $�"-�� � �"\] : �<'D /:'[� |'� ��� fg � `�[� �,� � /:'[� Q? ��'�� ��� $'��� � ��� &b�� � ���� �E'�] � @� !�: $

�9 ��/� : `�[� ��? �$y��Y� = y6�Y� ��� �k )7���] sD�<:(�

Õ 8� ÙX: 'µ# Õ��F� ã�k f� 'D /: �� Q* j � 3&'� '��W 05b,� =ß �8C Q,�l ���� $Ï��/� Q�bC

0�""""���'? �() Q<�� ��Î $ �� �<'� Q* �D� Q* �"\] � v�³_ /:'[� y6�YR �´ 7��� ��',� 7��I 4�� `�[�� �F-� /:'[� �#

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Q-� ��-� $1�c � �4� | ��� � fg y6�� 1��W� `�[� Q��# 6'� '_ 6��l� s* w�-C� Ei� 7�5�,: � $E�"� � � �\�� �l': ��� A'���� � A /�[� Q��# 6'� '�� $

i� 'D �� �\�� `�[� +B/R $� /D� 1�i : �6�Y? X��bt'�: 

�6 O#. .$H:�~Í7~ '¼-4� $Ð|',� b? '�� '\

.١٥٥ص،ا�,��� ا��,��P درا.�ت <� ا� ,�: �=�N ��8-د-١٢-��� .٢٤ص،أU�>� ا�8G�ة:أ�= ا���.T ا�٣-��� .٢٦٤ص،أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�

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äRÐ/ã�* � ���E� 07N'��� Ï+�'8�� '-P� � å��� Ð|' å��� �|'����� Ъ'�L�� Ï�'�D5 =Ï�| �:� !N � ��b� i'�!

6�\F_ `�[� '\��: a� 7�'9 /:'[� Q�R 6�� ��� ;�/� 7*'�� = y6�Y� ����. 7��� �6 j� ��� /� +� � : �/C y��Y� = X��� 5',�� ª�PD = �\] >6 5

$��� fz_ +� �� /��Y<� `�[� A �: !�: 7�F-� : y�* � 7�9 ����� f /:'[�'R y'�9 |',N � Ó��� �t'N� Ãb�� : `�[� > ��? h�/^ Q��: Q�B/R$��: X�

y��Y� = +� �� 1�i y6�� )®�6'��� : (�

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Ô���� �� òy'�* � Ï�æ/òy|'F�g � |'YDg 7��5 =Q?'� ��� /\F� � `�[� Ei y6�Y� ��� = u,� $5��< '� @R 7�'9 ��� |',N ��É�

���� � �\]'? 6�\F_ `�[� .�6 = 7�D'�D) /:'[_ ���� a� h /:g � ���'F��� ./l',� @� �4[? ��L�� � �b³�� `�[� '�: 5

|�`�[� `* y6��:�b� � /MP� 6�D �;? = ���g +R �� �� `9 $Q",* : �6�� = /:'[� X���

��� �,� QF-�: ��� `9 Q,�[� 7���] sD�< y��Y� = E�F� e�* Q��::�

�7���] sD�< '� 'D Þí =ã�L,N �� ��( 0N � Q*', 0lÏ����< �� O#� ����� 1,* a:/ Ï�æ/Ï�Q* /��

Ï��� �� ��� �* ��� w'YD Q*'-_ %',l !�: ��'�� Ï�""""" �t'�5 �F�6 �#� p'? âA'��R Í'��5 �'[�� Q*',�

Q-: +I /�� �� sD�< `* = 'M\-� �� /:'[� $�5'� Q,LR Q<'�* QP�W ���$

١-��� ص: أ�= ا���.T ا� .٢١٨أU�>� ا�8G�ة٢-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.٢٤ص، ا��)

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# Ù{"� �� 6'Y�D � �b� ��/� u_'�� 7\I ��� |',Ng'? �Cg /:'[� �/�� &;�� � 6 /�)'? $/:'[� �/� '�W `9 � $p':g G# `�[� +R/� $���Lq� `*

u,¤ � 6 /*g &'� �b� ��/� m�P� � 1��? ��/�� `* � 7� /W ��,N =.6�� = � @R `�[� G# /�-��y�c �P�1"� Q�6 �< &b^ 1�i 5/�� y'�L�� S��

5�\: 7�B'� ���'?g � >'R /�'? �/Y?� Q�F: !�: ��P� �"9 6'�� ��F� �R/È'R$ b�'? $�k��!�: 'U Q��� = 1�i:�

3�D `�[� '\� Ô�P� @�� $ß : ����� � | /��'? Ï�s�!3�D 0��4� =Ôy�� $Ï�< fã�ª{? > i 7�/F,: y/4R '\

Ôy�� ��4� = �D $ã��,Ws� s� �$ 6�Y�� >'��^ '\ Ò�F[� � Ò�F[� �'W �æ�N'�* = ��U� a$Ð6�å�07��PD

7T'� 6�� = 5'?� ���l fg $a"� 7N��\_ h�/9 1�< +� .�,� G# |/� '\-4�� '�5 /8F<.

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&b�� � �\] 5��F? 'F���� !F,�� ð{�� �R/� Q-4� Q�R �� '¥ �6�É /:'[� � 7�P�$�\R: �*6�"� 5'F-� a� &b�� y'�* � '?�/� �? |'�� y'�* = ',* '�/4� `�[�

w�-� � w�q� � &b�� �� `�l '\t �� $1�i E�� 7"R'�6� /:'[� y6'\� !�: '"� +� 7q�/�� '\��8C +�'F�< /��-<� �[W 7�'N6 Q��'N6 6',�: = Q�PD �¹� Q�*

�/[,� � Qt'�,Dg G'�<� QD'L,N � 5 6 �6g =$ ���Á � � y'�9 � @� �:6;� � �1�i �#� �/[,� s-] 5 /R �4� �* 7�D'�Dx� � 7,� �� ��� 6�-� �? �6'���

��� &�\P� +�$�A'"8: /[-� � @� `*'�� Q�I'�¤ ���� �8�� � ����_ `I �R ��� � 5��* � 5��� b? �'4� �W = ��,-� $6�"-� 7�'"N6 �J = Qt'?# = /:'[� �

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���� A'�:5 � 7�\] ��� ��� 6�-� 1�i @�� �5 6 ��� $^ 7�N'� y6'MV ���/R 7_' Ql{I 7�'?6� Q�c;: � U< f '\-4�� $�"F� �� y��YF� >'�?g @Y,� +?'�_ ����

"� /"\�� �� a� Q</�D EbC � e*',� '\��# ���< a� ��� �[4� �* �N �-: 1"�i �'-: E�'8< �� ��� �t ;: G# �-��< y���I �[W `D �I �/C 7N 65 EbC

y'�9 �,-? ¶i',� 5�8� '�6�@Y?� $����� ��� `9 '\R /� '��'I $��� ��g �R5+5�"�� y�� Q�R �I� ��� ��?g `9 f �: G# !F<6 ¬* p':g �È Q,*'Y? $

'�9'? ���< 6�Y? +N �� y'�9 `�� = '\�R5 : eL,� �R '� a� 7-�D{�8� �y�"�� >'�? ��4-�� &�'F� ��� E'�]'? y��YF� :�

äy�� p ��� � ��� 0��{R o�l '� $36�� 1��# �F�äy��PD

äy�� p ��� @�':g $æMB �#ã���,-? y'�L�� Ã�:5{R!@�':g y�� p ���..!à�* �D 4� $s�/? y'�9 �qF�

Ï�³�B y'�9 .',� =% �W Ï�:/< �0y/� '\ ��PD Ï�_{�R ...Ò�4N »Ï�P4PW� ��� ��*� �6��l �

Ï���� »1��# '\ $3��;�R �5�6� $3�N5�¼� '\ ª�5 3��,� »H?�� �;9 � K3�I�< E',] Ã�[?� '�N 6

b�_ 6�Y� 1�< �#��'q� Q��: '_ � `�[�� ',* /:'[� `�� '\�R hÀ� a� 7F*Qf ��-�� Q��: ��� `�l Q<{�� �� .j/� ��� +MP_ +� �� !�:$G# /"�-� '"¡6�

7��qP� � 7�/9 � �9 6�D 6�-� A'P�# = j6'? 6�5 �( �'W ��� �{[� |'L� ���� &b�� ��/� = @�� `�[� �I� e�* $|6�"� Q"� @-� `�[� +� �F� /:'[� �

7�49 Qt'-? u? e,��$�:�"� � �# Q,�l A'-? &'� ��/8� @-� � 5 6 ��� /:'[� Q"�� /� G# E�"��� = /"Y�� /:'"[� �\R : ��? ��4� `�[� : /:'[� ��?

$�� �W =� �'4� �W = /[�-< a� QN'PD{? �'L�� �$y56� Q,�� ��I$y6�"� � '( '�56� � y'�9'? /C;<y� # &�F< y'"�9 # Q"� S��� ��� Q,�,* G# v�� `}

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7c/4� $Q"�,� ��� �;9 y6�� G# �?'�� ��,� = >A'I a� y6�Y� 7:�6 ��,<� /:'[�� `�[� $/:'"[� '\� 1����N ·'�� �� �W E',] Ã�l � ·'�� y6�� G#� !

@� � 6�-� # 'F[�< f u��� 1�-�: : ���? ÌD'( &�-� ��4�N �W�!����N ��W�Ü1N 6 !�5 ��� 1,*!��� �� A�q_ �4F�/� : ��P� ��� �W G# p zN QI�

+?'��� �? Q? 1�,,* �

æD#ß � i KÐ|'�� G# o�l '� äy'�9 �q�g ª{�? $ ��*� KD#Ð|'�� G# `� i $Þ�:�Nz? R5 >'?'�� ���� = �

3Ã'�D »$Ï��8�N '� $3�D '�R Õ��{? �N{4�� Ù/""�� /:'[� @�B = Ó��� `�[� $�8��� �\R+`�"[� ": ���? �/F�R Q-: ��,� �

��L�� � XY� !�: Q�:'8�N'? $,L�� `�,9 |'�: 1�i = �{W� `"* ��"� `"� �bC# 'c v�C � $Q"�PD m�/� '� '�6��� �� 7��,8� /�'-: � |'�� = �/� �\R

'\�'"N a� y'�9 ��: � Q� 7���< '\��# A�M�� = �I�� Q,�l `* '�W '\,* �\R7��',� ���'F�� `,�? $��F� ��F*'�� -P< '��-: y'�9 7��l >{P� a� y�N'P� ��F� �

4� 6�-� � �9 �,N : `�[� 5'�?# = �9 � 7� /$5�\: X: �W /< &b^ Q��: !�8��� `�[� K�: &'� 7�N'F� '��'[� ��B� 7�P�� �$= ¦�� �? 7F9 ��F� �/� 5': '�R

�\] &b^ .�"�? +?'��� '\�� �*�< a� 7��,8�� �6'4R e,� � �� Q?�/� = 5 6 '¡/�� �'} 1�i � Q,�[� 5 6 a� ��( �,N : ���? |',N � `�[� ��� |',N �Á �

7c/4� 7,�8� '(b^ = ���:�

���l'D 6��8� !�: ��< h�N $��PD � �l{? '( �qR � y'�9 S�� �6�< �\R$s* 7�F� ª�P-� �£ � �6�<�

[� y6�F? �� /:'[� u,"� �"C{R $ |��� |�* �W � Q? ¯'* �\] 4�� `� 7�b"�� Ì�'"l G# ���? �Cg � `�[� v��� �'} Q,q� QI���$��³�� |',N .

)) �z"� �'4R /�'8� �/��I� 7�F-� Q,�l 7F�F* %'[� s-� f '\�W >'L�Y� ��� =�

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h�M�� � >'���� �� '\-4� y/C j y'�* Q,�l = �{? '�t 5 $7"�6'C y�"� Q,�l =� !�: G# 5��Y� � 6��;� � 6�-� �È 7\I�� @� '\-4�((�/:'[� �?'� �F� y/"�*

1�< S��� � `�[� %{? +R5 ��� �����_ +D'� E�j/_ 6�\F_ `�[� !�: 7�F�F*� �\R �F-�� /\8� ��4� � S��� �\R d6� e� �W !�: �qF< a� y/_ O'�g � ��/

�?i '� s-4� � ��/�� 6�,F� �\�.'"� �"F-� 7��,8� /�'-�� '\��É a� Q<'�-� /\�<� � &� '"\�-U< a"� /:'"[_ 1�< A'R�� � 5�� � A�� /:'[� � Q�PD = �����

QP�B �4[� 7F�F*� $ `t'Y� $A'",�g E'�[D � A �� E'LP�N : �<'D ��B 1�i 7�Y³l 6��{?$ª�¢6 = ����F< E�F�?� $y'�9 6�D '\�PD !�: ��P� $= �l':�

�\] � 7R /� &b^ $��/� : y/�l ��� ·/� f `* �t'N6 7�D'�Dx� �6�� �R'B � | �Y� � �9 $= /F�"N ��� ��/F� 6�D !�: ����< '��-: E�g Q-��� � �� ���

Q,�� $� f > @� G# �?'�� �'�R �'F�N ��� &'F� G# +P<6 �? > ��_ � '�D�� G# +�� /�/� ='Y� &bN) +,D � ���� &'(­?.

·�7�/9 � y5 6) y6��:�\] � &b�� !�: !�8� 6�D `9 $Ù{�"N y'"�9 Û5'",¡ `�[� �z� '��-:�

�b� $� �9 �'�D) �g �\] � �'��8�'? m���$F�� y��"Y� = 1�i = E� ): ��\-� /N: (�

Ï �[� �\-� Ï&;: Q�R�� u* # y'�9 $ã��F��N '� i# Q�R Ò 9 � èA X�� �/�� $H�R�-� A'��� G# '$æ,""� i#ã�Q�5'-"<

Ï��F� � �P�{�ÏQÏ> ��g $�U,� '� æ� ""9 '""�y'� Ï�Rã,Ï� '\""��ã,<0Q�� w /"�� �"9 : eL,� y6�/B '\�R �/� a� y'�9 G# 7�P��P� y/�-� ����

A 5��� Q<6�Y? `��� ��� ��',� $y'�9 � �9 �'8�N '��Lc a� $/:'"[� ��Á y'�9 &;: $7q\-� � �b³�� Ã/¤ � @R $'�9 `� 7�5'Y� '� �-� �y*7"c;��'R '"F

�6�� ��� `9 G# /:'[� y�:5 '��$ y'�9 G# `�[� +R�< a� �� 7�'-� 7�F���_ A'��� G# �Y�� �6g �/�� a� 7�´ 1�< y��/R 7�½? .7P"��R = y'"�9 5 ��� �#�

� آ�و-١�G" T.���ة،درا.�ت *9 ا� ���:أ�= ا���.١٥ص، �١٩٨٤!,� �٢-��� .١٨٦ص،أU�>� ا�8G�ة:أ�= ا���.T ا�

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�,"N /:'[� � /� ��� `9 Q�-,� ��� ��'��� �t'�D !�: ;4</� /:'[� ��b"� $> ��r� �� ��F� �/�� $��F� +� /���� w /� = �\R A'�*g '� $7F�F* |'� ���

/�D �i '�/4-� $'-�� '��� �'W '� ��� �b³�� y6�/B 5'\] �/� �\R $��"4� �� 5'\]'? # �b� $7"�':6 w�"B�� �'-,< ��� w�B�_ h /� �YF< /:'[� +?'���

Q�R y'�9 e�?� `�[� �� a� Q<'�'�� Q<6�F? '-�z�.�b� ��FL�� 5'\] !�: &�F< a� 7�/9 y6�� �L�D$�"�/� = @�� � �?�

7�/9 � /Y-� ��FL�� ��L�� $y��"Y� = 1�i /\^� $ E'q-� � y�F� +� �,F< y'�9 y'�9 y5 6#:�

Ï �[� i# H���35 6 'æ�?bR y'�9 3 �M��� �6�F� æ�?� Ð���� ��M-� � $/�4-� � ��F�� �?�

ÑFD'�� f ��3/³,< y'�9 ��l Qé�I ='�$/��D � u�� �� y/t 5 � ·/� �t'F* &�� /:'[� � $�b"C 7�'"N6 ��"4< �g m�Y<�

E�� � 7�D'�Dx� /\F� �. �f'�� � 7��'8� y6��:

��":���� �5�\�� �b� ��,N ��4�N a� Q�t /I� f'�� �,��_ 7N/8� 6�Y� y��Y� = bt'� )&'�g ��'�: (�

'� � "é�� = 65'�� '\"0Q!ÍP� � '�3��R 'Ð&'8* �',] !

Íb\� !0>'D �PR �Ï5ãN3�""ã�\ ß>�� ß ��6 ���� h�N� ��

&/£ �,��_ $A'��� � ��4-�� � ��F� !�: �5�I� S? $Q��"[*�? �5�I� S? /����_ � `�[� A'-? eUI !�: $7"�����) : ·�/� = u��D'��/� '8C !�: ![� /:'[� �

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�'4�� �'�j �4� m�Y� A'�~ 7�D'�Dx� '<�� m,Y�� 7F�q� .���� � & /I) 6�� �/D�� A'��� 1PN� �b� ��/� �,F��_ = ��4�N a� f'�� �,��_ Q:6j ��� >�_ .

y��Y� = y6�Y� ��� �k)f'�� y'�� G#:(�

��{< !1�'-�..3>�Y* ì 3ª�¢6 �6�� $36��j� Ñ��g æ��6�Ð&��'? �| /�� `�� $3�?/l �3+��� Q$�î ¬*

/M�NR31����� ���N ��W{�� $ A'��� Ï��'�� 10��[_ �A'�5� >�� � �,��_ Q:6j '¡ �\-< y6�Y� $Q�t /I� /����_ 7:'[? 6�Y< $a"�

6',4� E'��� 6'�Y� &b* ���� $� A'�/?g A'�5 � >�<6 �6g'R � �;"9 w��5 $��_ � �b� y6�Y� ��,�� ��4�N y6�Y� ����,$`�[� y�F? �'c# �$y�F� 1�<

Ä'� � '\\I� = �F� a� $��^ '�\�� �,�N '�\�.6�Y� = �L�Dy�N'F� % /�l = 7�-P� $sP-� >'M�C $`�F� �,D� $Ah5�

y'�9 $y'"�9'? 7"q?'-� /:'[� > i > �� � �I/C a� 6�Y� 1�< $"q�L�� 7�D'�D) $/�P<� ��4� �$�'4_ � �'�;� �'R� ��C y��¥ &b*{? Q,l '�# $'"\L-c

y'�*� '�R5 /:'[� $'-D �I� = '� /�[D � $ 'D/:'[_ b^ '\�R �M-R $'\���P�? 'D�C{< $y6'< '-[��< $ '\��Y? 'D/N{<�$y6'< '-�C 5 = '\-: �PD �C{D� �/C .

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الثانيالفصلy6�Y� &�\P� /:'[� /�l = '�6�5� 7�-P� .

�"��\��� :���M�� � ���F�� u? 7�-P� y6�Y� .

�g eL,_ "E�:u��D'��/� �-: 7�-P� y6�Y� &�\P� .

 "O'U� eL,_ :7�-P� y6�Y� m�b�EbC � �"N'F� % /UD %'[� .

©� eL,_ "e�'U :7�/�[� 7��� .«eL,_ "+? /� :��? � ¿�Y� `��'Ng � 7����.

�s�'� eL,_ :�/[�( � O'M��� � %'[� u? 7D6'F�.

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����\��� :���M�� � ���F�� u? 7�-P� y6�Y� :/�[� = 7�-P� y6�Y� &�\P� = e*',� �# $= �N'Ng 6��� y6�Y�� �Á

\^ 5��� � $ y��YF� 7"��� A�[D >'� �? G# y6�Y� 6� $/L"�� f'": e"�* @�'Ng � $y6�Y�� 7�F�F9 �*/� �� 7��4�'R $7"��-�� >'"�'� "� ��� '¡

7��'�C� 7�F�N���$Q<'�'�� /:'[� '�¢6 : X�� �'�N �R� '� �N +� 6j½�< $��q�'�� 7�D�4� /� ��� /�P� � �'�D) E�'* y6�Y� EbC 7"[��_ � 7$� �

'( ��* +q� $� �"��I w�"B�� !�: E�< 7-��� 7�P� ��8< 7��� ��/� :�7��-�� � 7�5'� y/�'^ $$'( 7FR /_ '�6�� @Y�R))�"��� = '"�t 5 �'W �t�,� �

E'�PD $y�*� = '�� '�\£5� w�B�_ � > �� u? 7R'�_ ���� $Q"-�i �'W��� 'Y< bY��'� '8,</�� 7�I6'� >':�B�_'? 'F�..": X�� �4�� +"�� �"�

��9 y6�Y� G# {M�� �'W Q�PD = ���] ((�$A'"�,Dg �'�� !�: 7�49 >A'I� y6�Y�'? $y6�"Y� ��/� : E�g �'�D) �-: @,��� �'W 1��W$= y6�"Y�'R

5�I�� y�*� !�: E�< �D'W A�,� $¢6 : X�< y6�Y� � y'"�9 � sP-�� �'-P� 7�.�

7<�'P�� `�-? 4�� '\�W ��g �-: 5�I�� /��Y�� � $�C{� P� �? � �-� ��'�D) f': G# QF�/�$7"��� Eb"C � 5�I�� G# 6�\��'? y6�Y� &�\P� �?

A�,� = 7��9 $5�I�� ;�* G# /\�< 7��-�_ 7��� >�C »$y6�"Y� >{[D� �6'��N E'���N EbC �$> 5�I�_ � �'�D) u? 7�Y� >�F�D � $+�³R

O'�D) 6��[� � ª'�*) 7��,8� !�: /:'[� $= 7�-P� y6�Y� 7�� �Lq< �/�[� $6�Y�� � /Y: '\��: /Y�F� f� $�"FR 6 �"? $ �/[? s-I '�/4�É �

G�g Q<'� �? �-� /�[� $>�'P< ��� �/C � 7� u? '� &'��� .�³�N ���&Q�,"[�� � > j'"� ��/� : ��6'�l = 6�Y� 7�?/�� A /�l $

7�t;I 6�� ��6�� �D'W�$!"�: `"��g = ����< a� 7��b,� y6�Y�'? �U��<

�را.� ا�)=رة ا�&�T8,< :�8 ا�8�<�-د-١� �"��.٢٣-٢٢ص،"ص-٢ ;-&< J��-�ا �����٣٦ا.

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Q�,[�� $.�B�� � 7����� 7LY� !�:�.>'Rb�C'?� %/�� /�[� = 1�i /��N ���? 78 $E'� e�* /�[� = /��Y�� 7�� : �*'] d���)) := �{"[� '"µ#�

�P�� @�� �j�� 7�'�# $·/³_ 7��\N�} $A'_ y/UW� $ {y5�I� +,8� 7L� =� 1,�� .7:'-� /�[� 'µ­R $��-� � |/B� $/��Y�� � s-I� ((�= �*']'R

/��Y�� � s-I /�[� �: E�F� �� .+,8� � ���� !�: 'I�/C X��< �D'W a� y;���_ > /P8� ��? /\�< �D'W�

$���/� ? � &'T % /�l = 'LB � 1�i /\^ ���$/��Y�� 7W/* >/\^ e�* 7LB � y6�Y? '�/�l =$G# 1�i j�'� �? $ 7��,8� !�: 7W/9 � y'�9 '�PB{R

>'��-�_ $³[�<� ��M�< a� v$Q���,� G# /�g 5':� '���? /�È /��Y�� 4� ��\: �?'N� .e��9 /Y�� = ����F�� /�[� /\^� $$ 7"q\-� /Y: 7� �? +�

/�/F�� !�: �t'�*) /�[� = y6�Y� ��'� e�* $7�P"�� � 7��4l �D'W�$�� ./[� a�\¡ ��'�� $ �I6'� Q8�} s�b< �? w�B�_ K�< u�;�� $>A'"I�

6�"�-_ +"� �� /�'-: � >�� ���$ 7��* y6�� ����F�� /�[� = y6�Y� /:'[� &'� 7B6'�� /� ��� � '\�4�[�� 6�Y� .�

7��',_ 6��? y6�Y� ��'�� $1��� )) 7"���: = ��'"�< y6�Y� �D'W i# �F��_ w'-�# $Q�R @�{�� � $./l ��/� : QL�B�<� S�_ $7�'�� sPD �F� '�­R

S�_ = 7��',_ ��/� : $7F��� 7�� m�B��� � ./[� � 7��',_ u? 7�Y� � $1�i QL�""B�<� S""�_ ./""l �t'""N� ""� 7��""N� �""�< 7""��',_ � (( $

�D'W� /�[� = >/��N a� � 7�-P� y6�Y� = /�g 7Y�'D 7��'? y6�� !F�N�_ 6�8�< f a� > /P8� ��? ��6 %/�� $= /\^ '� G# ��� 7��'��� �? '� �? a�

7�R'F� � �j�� = h��{_ !�: ·�/C � >'Ll�_ /�l$7N6�_ w',< �R'* �F��A'I '� !�: 'q� 7����F�� �j�"� = >/"\^ a� !F�N�_ |�/B � d /�� =

�B�/�� )) '"\�R Ä/"P� y5�} 7�N�-� `�D � �I6'C `�'� �B�/�� �j�� �

١¤��D�ـ ا:¤��D�8=ان اG�-�م ه�رون،٣ج،ا�ا �!* J8�G� ،,��� ��8وت،٣ط�اث ا���ص١٩٩٦، دار إ�8�ء ا ، .١٣٢:مد٢ ��T8,< :F ا�8�<�–ـG�,��� ا�ا �, =رات ا�G�د ا�@��ب ا�,�ب د" J،، �'=ر ا�)=رة ا�&��8 <� ا��).٢٠،٣٠(ص،م١٩٨٣"٣���� �� ا�,�ب(ا�)=رة ا�&��8: *)&=رـ�* �U�!�ي وا���ـ ��8وت،٣ط،) <� ا���اث ا� .٣٤٣ص١٩٩٢ا���آ: ا����<� ا�,���

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y6�Y� ���< = @�{< � '( ��4� � ��5 S�_ ((��F�"N�_ w �?) ���< �i#/W�� @��< ��5 uF?'�� Q? A'I '� !�: 5'��: `,�? $j�� 6'�� ',�'� �B�/�� �

;�'I $����< � �:'P< ��5 Q:�B�� /:'[� Q�R `Y� .7�-P� y6�Y� &�\P� 6�8< �F��$y6�"Y� `D'I G# /\�R ��D'��/� /�[� =

7��-�_ y6�Y� $ 7��b,� 7��9 $@,��� G# /�/F�� � /:'[� �F�D � )) �"� ���� '\�FD� y6�Y� |'� ��� 6�8�� = 5/"� A'"É) G# y/l',_ � 7�N �� '\��FD

w�B�_'? > �� 7�b: |'� ��� E�L�_ G# G�g 7I6�� $E ;�D � '\�FD� �R ��� G# $6��[� G# �F�� �� $ �C �� G# ·6'� �� $'\�FD �/C 7��4?�

� 7��'�PD 7�¢/� /��I G# ��4[� �5'_ 6��-_ � y'�L�((�$�"F�� w'8�"N 7�-P� y6�Y� !�: ���: ��� /:'[� $!"�: y'"�9 A'P"B# = &'"� 6��? &'��

Q��: '� ;���� 7��� �C 5 � 7���� 7���YC 5'Á# '-? ¦�� a� f ��� � > 5�I�_ � /� '�W +� �� �FD = KP� )) +� ��� 'F�C 6'YR $u"? y���I >'�b�� 6'4�? �

f'�� � �'�D) $'�8�� � 7[��� G# 7?'</� $�6'"� G# h��{_ �� $"�� ÌI'P_ G# +���_ (( $7"��P� A �"I = y6�Y� EbC � � '-��Á 1��? ���

Eb�� � 7W/9 � 7���9'? $'"-�'�: = 7-�'W >5 � Q��� '_ 7[��� '-�R @U<$-��: �/P� 1��? QD{4R y���I ���'P�� 'N�F� '$Q"_':� Q"�'�C � '\��: h'B

�'� $))���� ��4[< y6�Y�'R $y5���� >'�8�� � �'-P� E'�C '��4� $�F� '\���F� = ª��¤ f'�� .ª �9 � y����� 6�Y� `��{R $ '"� `D'I G#

�# 4c 7��F�� � 7��P-� 6�Y� � Q�'P... ((©$9 y6�Y� � 7�� $'"�t 5 �"��� 7�t/_ y6�Y� $y;I'-� +� �� 6�� �,F� /:'[� � $7"��g y/"4P�� ��Á �?

G�g $Q�C 5 � '��PD y6�Y� ��4[�? /:'[� &�F� '-� �� $+� �� !�: ������ $Q��# �C�� � ��? 4�� $y���I '�'�D Q�R ��F��$'�� ��C �� Q_':� �6'4R /\�<8� Q��# m� $'-�F-� ��� �'� QF�D �R� 7P��³_ ª �9 6�� �C ��< '� ',�'��

.١٧١ص، �'=ر ا�)=رة ا�&��8:ـ >,T8 ا�8�<�٤د١ .١٠٤ص، �'=ر ا�)=رة ا�&�T8,< :�8 ا�8�<�-ـ٢��G" ��I> �<�:ـ أ�� ���G�-��-��ت ا�دآ�=راة ا ���8 ر.��8�ة وأدوا�I� ا�&(�.٤٣ص، ���8 ا�ط:ـ *+� ا�!'٣7 .٣٠ص،م�8�،١٩٨١وت–دار ا�>��X،٣ا�)=رة <� ا� ,� ا�,��� ��% أوا�� ا���ن ا����F ا��DIي

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'-��# �6'4R �FD� $ '-�� �� ��� '(bC � /:'[� +�8��� a� 7�/�[� y6�Y� G# $�6�� Ù{< e�* $ /:'[� � �I�� 6'4R �R� ���I '�6�Y< 'W 65# ¾'P�g Ã6�-R

��I /�'-: ���� $ y���I +� �� = 7�t/_ y6�Y� : 7P���� y� $y6�Y� �/D� /:'[� '\��F� '�W 7LB � 7�¢6 )) �6�/q� � s�� A�l !�: E�< a� 7��4�'R

= A�[� �� y6�� 6'qL�N Q? 5�YF� 7�/�[� y6�Y� = '\� �³�N ��4� � ��� ((�.w'[� /� 6'4Rg � /:'[_ � $ª'-� u? 5�I��� 7P��� >'����¡� $

�/C´ G# Q�FD = ��P��� ª'-� 4�� $7"��P�� >'"�'� 1�c /:'[�'R '-� �� KP� /��Y�� = 7��': y6�F��$E'"�� � /L"�� � f �: G# uF��_ +R�� '¥ ))

6��[� � ��P-� `��� 1�i �FD� 7��C �� 7�'9 : @,��� = �� �i# 7?��Y�'R* G# 6�Y� � ¾'P�g = �4[� ;�(�($= '"�6�5� y6�Y� 7�� � ����D 1��?�

%5g ���� =� /�[� $6�Y� 1��? ��P-D '-��Á ��� �� �9 /:'[�'R $'� '-�F-�R Q[��� ��� Q_': G# $))>'"* : '� X��� y6�Y�'? �N��� ���g /:'[�'R $

'���Á� '\�\P�� � 4c y6�Y� ���?$7"-�/� y6�Y� '\L-T a� 7��_ m,Y<� 7�D'�D) 7?/M�� � 7�PC `D �I !�: h/��� � �[4� $� y6�Y� .'k m,Y��

/�'-�� � '�@� +� ��'4� '�6j½�? '8,</� y��YF� = '\�[R $b"�� '"�6',�:'? y���I yX� $��� ��� Û6'F� � Ã6�� ��� /:'[�� 7,�-�'? !F(( .

= ���"�� '"�: @,��� �-: ��P-� /:'[� f': = j6'? 6�5 7�F�N�_ y6�Y���6'4R � /:'[� � Q�C 5 $EbC � Q? ¦�¤ f'�� u?� Q-�? �R �� � /:'[� E�'É

7�F�N�_ y6�Y�� KP� ��4[�� $$ �"F��_ � /:'[� u? �R ��� � 7�'* ��Á '¥�� ��4<��R ��� 1�i ��F� 6 �F¡ '\�� .

O'"�_ � 6'"4Rr� '*�"B� /UW f': &'� '-�q< � 7�-P� y6�Y� +�8��<�/��Y�� EbC � A'µ� 'M��< 5 5;< a� /:'[_ � $S�_ �F-< � +�8��< y6�Y�'R

�F��_ .�6� sPD G# |/� >5 Q,�4<� $ `*6 �'R� G#.

د *: ا���9 إ.��*١78 ط:ـ ��=�ا�،٥ا� ,� ا�,��� ا��,��N �P���~ و�=اه�~ ا�&��8 وا��, .١١٣ص،م١٩٩٤ا���ه�ة- آ�د���8ا��@�!���F:ـ إ�+8� ا�G�وي٢G�ا�د�� ا ���.١١٨ص، ا�د٣ � ا�,�ب( ا�)=رة ا�&��8:���� *)&=ر–ـ�* �U�!�ي وا��� ٣٣٨ص،) <� ا���اث ا�

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�� �#� QD;�C '� ��É ��� ���³�� ��/� : �F��_ = '�@�{< jX< /:'[� 6Q���� = /:'[� $y6�Y� E� �I ���� ��� +,-� X��< e�* )) 7"4�_ �� E'��

��6�� �P�z� � A'?5g '� +�8��� a� $'"��P�z� 'µ#� A �( � '��P�z� ���( /Y* 7F?'N >'N'�*# � '$u"É ¬* �\���� = 7-�'W ��<� �(�F: '�;��

���� $'����/� a� y6�Y� '\-� �P�z�R((�$F��_ ��A'�lr� 6�� Q�C 5 = �;�� A �N �* !�: 7��F�� O'����� 7N��¤ $��/� : /:'[� +�8��� a� 6�Y� ���

�C� '-�PD >'D�-4� y6'�#� '-��# '\�FD ���³�� '-* �6 >'M$f �: G# 1��? '-�F-�� 'F* 7�t 6� 7[���.

y5'"¡ y5�¤ 7����M�� y6�Y� '�5 = j�'M�< |5g � /�[� = y6�Y�'R '\�-� $a� >'��4� 7L-I X: ��8-�� ¸7��� �� Q��: �P< ��� E���_ j�'M�<�

'��': ��� $y��/R f �: G# ���<� $-[��< '"� A'ɭ? /:'"[� E'"�C EbC � ''-�'�: = y���_ $'\��# 'D�l !�: '�6�F� =� $'\�� '-P�'�< �$'� '-�'�PD � $'-D{W�

G�g y/��� '�'F��D $'-�� Ó��< '� ��6�.�": QU��* = �[<'� ��6��� E�F��� 7�-P� y6�Y� : '\Rb�C � /�[� = 7�-P� y6�Y� 7�� y5'"¡ y�"�F_ 7����M

7���,� $�'�;� �'8��� 7�B'� � )): &'"N �� '_ '�tb� b4l m,Y� '� �­R 1��� $�� # s�� 7�*�6 y6 )/[,� �� '\�q< f(X"�� 7�-R y/4R� �/�l 6�Y< '� �

>'��4�'? '\-: .Y� � ¦�-� ��""� y6�"�'"�;� !"8³�� ��"� ��*� ��'4_ �(( $? E��� e�* $ �/Cg ��-P�� 7,�-�'? 7�/�[� y6�Y� 7D'4� !�: 1��

�'4_ � �'�;� 5��* j�'M�< � '\��: ��P�< >'��4� ��/� : $�"C{� /:'[� � f'": G# 7"��� �F-<� '-�F-< y���I >'�b: ��C EbC � 7��4�� w�,_ �4[�

'�6�/� EbC � A'É) � Eb�� � 7�9 6�Y�'? K� `*6 Q_': X: $'"� '-�F-�R y���I f �: G#$�C �� � ;�� '-���$G�g y/��� '���'[D '-D{W�$>A'I '�{W�

'-D'�j : ���� �j � @,��� = /:'[� Q��: ����� ��� E'�� !�: ����� ���

١�8� �N=� د ط:ـ � ا�د����. ١٦٧ص،م ١٩٨١ا���ه�ة،دار ا��,�رف٦<� ا��:د >,T8 ا�8�<�-٢� �"��"�8�ط،را.� ا�)=رة ا�& =رات وزارة ا����<� وا�ر��د ا��="� د" J،د�ص١٩٨٢" .٣٩م٣� ��U �U8=رU �8:ـ�ـ ا�@=��، ا�=*� وا�&9 درا.�ت <� ��ر�� ا�)=رة ا�& =رات *��T ا��,�<��.٦ص،م ١٩٩٠<!�ا��، "

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7�/�[� Q�?/� EbC '�¢/� :))É Q¼D ���g �/�[� E'�� vt'YC �� 6�N �8 7�R/�_ '-<'W6�� $�� '�W /�[D '-��� $ +� ��'? �:�� � 7�'V ��t �Pk '-��Á�

���I � �,� A�l �W �'W $Q<�I = ��/R S�� `��4� A�l �W �'W �� '�W�Q��'� �((.�$'\�� �'�< � '\l': |6'� � `Y� Q�C 5 = '� �I/�< 6�Y� �

$ Q�'�C = '\I;c��/C y'�* '\�R e�,� ���$Eb"�� � A'�q� f': G# '� +R��� $'\"����V �\"[��<� �/"C´ /L�< a� 7���_ 7[��� � 7W/9'? A��� f': G#

'\�?'*6� $))'-� �? bR $���� 7��� �\PD � '-�l i# $�"��� �"�W �/D � �'�� y6�Y� /��8< !�: Q�'[-� Q�N6'¥ E �� �'-P� 7�"�9 y5'_ '� �*�< a� 7��

'\���-<�((�.? /:'[� &�F� >'�PD +��-< EbC � y6�Y� +��-� $E'4"lg �C �"<�

s��_'"W �/"Cg > @U"_ +� 7�-P� y6�Y� = y@U� /�'-: '�6',�:'? � ��g � 7Lt /� � ��8� � $/�� '� ���hª �9 �N /�?$= ��'�< a� ��� y6�Y� ��4<

7q�'-�_ 6�Y� u? ��½�� � &'M�D ��F� �$y�"* � 7�R5 '-� /:'[� '\��F�� '\[�': a� 7�6��[� 7?/M�� A �I G# '-�F-�R $Ó��_ Q_': '(bC � '-��# �FD�

���] �$ ��'"? ¦,</"_ � Q"�C 5 � ��'-� f'�� � 7�á�� y���] y'�9 EbC � +� KP� ����� �?'�� $'"( y�"��I y'�* QL-� ��� �'� Q_'�� +q� Q��I ��� y5/P�_ '\����YC $))*b�< '� @UW��'\-: X�� a� 6'4Rg � >'�PD � 6�Y�

'� ��: $'\-: X�� y/4R G# y6�� ;�/< u* d�É '�W $�"��� = '( ��4�� ;�¥ p'�PD +?'� Q< i'� �'C .'-��# 7,�-�'? X�� ���� ��4� u*� $)Q"�R e�,<

y'�9 (*�� i# 7���� y6'�­? 'D�L[� m,Y���7* /� �6�Y� '¥ /UW{? .`��4� ��� 7��'�PD Qt �� � '-�D6� 'F�:.(( : @,��� = 7�-P� y6�Y� 6�5 mq�� 1��?�

�/�[� ���� $�# Q�F-? /:'[� &�F� ��� '�X: '-�.

د١ �(ا�)=رة ا�&��8:���� *)&=ر–ـ* �U�!�ي وا���.١٤ص،)� ا�,�ب<� ا���اث ا�٢:�8�� ا�&�� درا.� �����8 و<+-&�8:ـ ��8وم .�=���. ٣٤١ص،ا�8I¦� ا��)��� �+@��ب،٢ط، </اد زآ���،د،�����،ا�٣-;-&< J��-�ا �����٣٧٧ص. ا.

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:املبحث األول-٢u��D'��/� �-: 7�-P� y6�Y� &�\P� :

� ·/� � ��?$ ¾'P�g X: '\���� $ 7�/�[� 7?/M�� : X�< 7�-P� y6�Y� "� +� �� ;M-< ��� Ù{<� $ �'�P� /<��_ y'�9 L�? 7q?'D 7�* � �I�� 7*'N

< 7�� = ���I = �"��I "� ���< '�{W� $ 7�/8P� 7���9 '\�PR $ '\� !�: ��P� G�g '�A /? '\�R ��� ��� E'�� $'~/�� %/�� /�[� A'I� e��9 /Y�� A'I

/UD� | 5� � |/�� QM�D '¡ >A'I a� 7�N 6�� >'U�,� EbC � )) �� !�:�7��'�� ��F� v�c 'D/�l �C �L-� |/�� � Q�< a� y/4�,_ $�6�"� >�C �

+N � �'8D = 5�M�<(( .�7�?5g ª6 �_ >/\^ 1��� 7M��D�:E'?/�� 7N6��W $/M\_ 7N6��� $� ���� 7:'~�$����? 7:'~�$/�z"��¸ X"�< y6�"Y� >6'��

'\�� �:'P�D�¸'-�R $/\^ a� >'�PD � �� ��� 6�5 .�B�? j/? '-�� y5'* >a� ��6�� ��F-�� ¸ 7��,8� /�'-�? sP-� �:'P< �8?6 ��� u��D'��/� 6'�l =

y5�[-_ 7�'�� G# E����� E'�� !�: >{4< $f'"�� � �'� ��C �� f'�� �FD� 7"P��³_ Q"P� ��� /:'[� 7�'V 7q?'D 7�* 6�� EbC � /:'[�'? ¦�¤ �I6'�

���_ Q: /�� `"�� !"�: ª��< � E�'� a� ¸ 7��',� � 7�iz_ ��F�� QqR6 = /y5'* > /<�< G# �5z� ��� $ E'�] � @� ���� �/:'[�� �'�D) $"� /"\�<

7�-R 6�� EbC $;"�/� X: y���] y'�9 f':� 5�I�� ;�* G# 6�Y� 1�< ���[� �� �:� 6'4R : X��� ¸@�'Ng � E'�� �'\:�? ��� /:' $'\[�': � ��?

QD �I�� Q,�� =. /:'[� Q��F� '� �� $ 7�-P� y6�Y� $'"� �[�4D a� '�5'�?{? y��YF� ��

y���I 6 /N $>'R'"[�W G# 'D5�F<� '\�� ��P--R $ '-�'�: = ��< �D'W ��� y/���� )).�� /��Y�� 7�/F,: = !�M�< /�[� y�� �g >'"D'4�) � 1��c �

'(b�? A'É) � 7�6��[� 7?/M�� 5'�? �N6 !�: y65'F� 7�-P� ((�$6��W�� /W�� �

د١ .٢٣٤ص، درا.�ت <� ا� ,� ا�,��� ا��,��N=� :�P ��8–ـد٢ �>�ن �-T.�N 98–ـ* :, �� ا�,���8 ا��)=�� ا��U�!� ���� � وا��=ز��، �ي رؤ�� >�.١٦ص، ا��ار ا�,���8 �+

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7�-P� 7�*'-� = O �I�� �'� |'L� 6�5 ¦F� 65'F� �,: )) ��"� ��J ��� 7�/�"[� ¯'"µg /N � ·�/� � ���M�� A`: " 7�-P� 7�*'-� � " 7W/9

F� 6'4�? � 6�Y�� /� !�: y6/4_ 7c� )7��� (d /"�� '\�R ·;�c 7U��* 7�/�l �"� �D'W A'É) !�: y���I y6��� 7U��* >5 ¾'P�g '\�R `��4<� 7�/Y��'?

7����F�� 7�8�-� ¿�Y� = '��FR $e��* KR &�\P� !�: 7�/�[� 6�Y� '\�R &�F<�= y���] >'�/�-�'? +P�-� !F�N�_ � P� � |5g ((�$1��?� &�"\P_ �'"W i#

y6'��N � Q�,[�� !�: y6�Y� /Y� �� n�F� $'�6'�# � +N�� ���] &�\P_ �­R $�?$ m�8Y_'? y5�YF_ '��*� �� 7��b,� y6�Y� ��< ��R �L,� 7��4� ���

'\�q� ��� �F�N�_ � ����� �'��� � 7�@,�< >'�'� Q�R /:'[� $ 5'�? '\,�4��'�: � y���I�Q�R'F�� �6'4R � Q$7-�'W >'�'� '\�R @U� �$;�6 G# '(�L�R $�"��

�'� � /UW = 'W/L�� ;�/� �� ��4� $7"�b: G# 5���� E���� � /UW ��� 7<�'P�� 7�@,�< >'�'� ��L�R �'���'? ;�/� $w�,_ G# 1�i = �qP� 5���� ���

;�/� E���� E�,� � +�8���$y6�Y� s4��� $A�[�'? y�* � 7�P� EbC � Ù{�R�t'[D) |��Ng 7,��� 6 /4�� `D'I G# ��B�$�FD = `�5g y6�F� /\�< '-��

6�� � Q�C 5 = '� $� E�'É ��/�[� d�6�_ � @�'Ng w�8� y6�Y� X: 7�-P� $y���I y'�* ��³�� �/:'[�� �6'4R &�� '�X: $'"-D{W� '"� '-"[���R

G�g y/��� '���'[D.��4� � ��C �� Q_': u? /:'[� Q�R ¦?/� ��� �'� �/�[� �M�_ /\^�

$u"?�$ +� �� � ��9 u? ��'-�� 1�i �F-�� ¸ 7�-P� y6�Y� !�: 1�i = ����� ./P� � �;9 $$ y5'��� � fg � 7FR��_ /:'[_ >/\^� $y/:'[� > �� �8,<6 �

= �F� = w�-<� 7F�l6 � j� X: �I6'� f'��'?$�"��I 6�"8< G# 1�i j�'�� s�"N'* � /:'"[� � /:'[� �C 5 = '�: X�� ��� ¸ w'F�) 6�\^� $�"tb<

/:'l �4? 7�'� 7�/�[� 7?/M�� $p'��'?� ))�� |'� ��� 6�8��'R /�[� !F�N @,��� G# y'W'¤ � '\�FD u* $'"µ#� 'B6': 6�8< 4� f w'F�) G# �j�� ��

د١ � ا���در ا���–ـ!*:�P�,��,��� ا�ا �, .١٣ـ١٢ص،م ١٩٨١،دار ا����I ا�,���8 ��8وت،٢ط، ا§�D�~ ا�=��ا>� <� ا�

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"�� $ �C �"� G# ·6'� � A�l �W �FD '�W '\�FD �FR $ '�/��I 6�8< �'W G# '"¡6� 7W/9 � w�-�� � >�P� � s�( � .�,� G# |�</� � 7�?'8� � 7�6�\]

� &'�Dg ��� '��4N((�A'É) � ���M�� � v�³[�� G# ��_ /\^ 1��� 7M��D $/:'[� � A;I 7��,8� >6'�� $Q<'��8<� Q��� ���$"� 5�[-_ Q_': '\�R�

7�I6'� y��F� � ��C �� ��'-�� � |�/( � �'�g � 7�/9 .7"��,8�'? �L��'R$Q��N'* � �/:'[� '\��: ¿,N � $g >/\^� y���] ¾'P� $7�P�W)|'�� (�� a

;�6 >6'� 7-��_ � y'�9 6�� � �´ ib_ : X�� $��'"-�� >/"\^ '�W� �"��M�� = A /�"[� u"? hb�C !�: '��*�� y��YF� ���q� !�: E�< a�

���F�� �$/"9 u? 7�*/� = %/�� /�[� = 7��D'��/� 7N6�_ �D'W '-� �� u? �� '����/� '(� '��:�,� '( y���I y/�'^ )) %/�� /�[� 7W/* = @U4� >;k

"� @U"W &��� $ 7����F�� y��YF� >'���� j�'� !�: '�6 /�) � e��9 KP� ��4[�� � 7�/�[� 7�¢/� p'£ = '� ;4</� .7"F��V Q,l �D'W '�g '�D'� �

��*6 � ��F*b� �l6 7:�-�_ '�6'�j (( .y�"��] 7N6�_ ��� > �? 1��? f'"�� 7�*/_ ��� A /�l �t'Y� = mq�<� '?/�� '�/l %/�� f'�� = '\_'�� /\�<

7��D'��/� 7N6�_ .

١٧٢ص،�'=ر ا�)=رة ا�&��8:ـ >,T8 ا�8�<�١، ا��,-٢ �ة ��*TD،�8 ا�=���D" :8 ا�+�V ا�,���8��� �,!� ، )ج.(ا���� ذات ا� �D ا�@��8 ا���@���) ا�V���(م ٢٠٠١"�دة U�ب

٤٥٨ص.U�ب ٦٤١ص،م�٢٠٠٠!,� ا��/.-�،"/.-� ��E:ة *!� ا�,:�: .,=د ا�!��'98 ����اع ا� ,�ي: دورة ا��'7-٣

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:املبحث الثاني-٣�%'[� �N'F� % /UD = 7�-P� y6�Y� m�b:

'F� �? �'W �F� Q�/�'�� � QD /� u? '�',N �N $!"8�� � K�;� �/�: �,�R y@YF� Q<'�* � /4,� ��� = |5g y�\� $y65'"D 7"�/F,: "� 1�i ��D� $

@�-� +8F-� 7N 6��'? ��l� ��Y�� �I �� �F�� .���� $+"t �6 !�: +��'R n�F� %/�� |5g $R� /4R � 7�D'�D) Q�M�D '� !�: +�� � @�'"N � 7P"��

|5 � /4R � �/Y: QM�D '� `W �� $ E'�C�$A'"I � %/"�� f'�� � A'I '¥ %/�� f'�� � '~/�� $��F? '� ��F,�N ��� ¿? �-� � ��4� � w'8�N 1��?�

y'"�9 ¿"�D� $ 7�D'"�D) �*6 = ��'C 'q,D ��'�* ���I ¥ QDg $ 7�D'�D) �? y5�M�_ $7�¢/� � h�( Q�'� mq<'R $/:'[� � Q�R 1l '¥� $eL,� �C

Q� v�C � Q? �� ��/� : $QI ;� �R �� 'M\-� �Á � 5 6 �$Q"R �� �"FÉ� $���I 6'�< = Q��'B �I�� $Q�R 7LB � Q<'�Y? >/\^ $� Q"�bC � w'8�N � ���F�� y/8�N � v�³�� $ � ���M�� G# �P���� y'�9.�F-N��� A'l �#�

7�-P� y6�Y� &�\P¡ ����< A 6� � '-�\� '� �-: $> /"B'} "� �/UD = A'I '¥ '� �N�./�[� � 7��� = Q��� � E'�� 6�5 : |/�� �-: �/�[� E'�� |'�W = d�L��

7�-P� y6�Y� =� )) : E'�� G# /8q� �'�D) � E�F� y�P�� Q�,8? $Q"<;�/�? Q��# ·'�} Q�F:� QD'��� Q,��� Q*�6 A �� Q-� �g((�$7"N6�_ w'",<{? Q"P��� = %'"[� /�{< ��,��

'"�'I'*� .�/"� �\P� ¸ 7�I'-� E��9 n�F< = �6�5 �'�?� E'�³�� & /�* � 7��D'��/� $'\� /�* � 7�< �� /:'[_ �-: h���� � $9 h'[�W = �6�5�7��� ;M�� E�� $'\�'�: XN�

$y'"�9'? 7"q?'-� h /"�g 7�� /�_ >�� � > A'É)'? y/U� G�g +?'-_ G# '� y5��� � '\� �l �$h'B � )) '��c ��� ��?g À4� �� QDg E'�� G# 7I'* = 7��� ���N

|',[� � y�F� � y'�9'?((�? �-: �F� 1�i = /:'[�'R 7�-P� y6�Y� >'D�4� ��= A'I ��� �:'-Y� E'�� Ã/��� KP� E'�� : eL,�� $�U��� � 7�b,� `�W

Q-: E�F� ��� � Q�,[�� � y6'��N � j'�'? )): e"*',_ 1�< G# ��8< ��PD�

د١ � ا�,�ب: أ�= ا���.T ا� ���–ـ�.٦١ص.م١٩٩٤دار ا���Vب ا�,��� �=>X،١ط، ا��8�ل ا� ,�ي *٢J��-�ا �����٦٢ص،ـ ا.

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7R'] ((�.y'"�9 6 /"N /"�P� ��� KP� E'�� : Q</B'} = eL,� /:'[� �� � y'�9 7P��R : `�Á� $ 5�I� )) : 7P"��P� Q"�R ���-< ��� P� �� ���

/�[�'? $E'��'? /4P� Q�R ·�5;��((�$�6�5 m"q�� ��� 6��[� : d�L��� E�F� e�* E'��'? 7F���� Q��b:� u��D'��/� �-: �t /� )): �"� 6��"[� �g

sP-� /�'-: � E�g /Y-�� $�'4�* � & �³�"N G# �"?� Q�R�� 6��[� G# QE'�� (( $/:'"[_ ": yX�_ 7�9 7��� 7,N'-_ 7��� ���< E'�� ��/� :�

�'"�: s"�b< '\"��� a� '�/8R� '\����V Ql'�5#� �F��_ y6'�# !�: y65'F� �¸ � ���N ��5 '-�'�: = �\-�R ¸'D/:'[�.

: d�� » �� |/"� � '\�R '_ � /�[�� 7�-P� y6�Y� = '�6�5� @�'Ng +,8� G# � �'�D) sPD G#$sP-� G# 7,�/� '�#$s�"N'*g � /:'"[_'? �q<�

7�5'Y� 7�/8P� $))�'�D) 7��P� = /�[� 7��P� '�#((©$�"Wz� 1�i = ���7�-P� y6�Y� = �t /� '�6�5� @�'Ng 7�� !�: .

= 7�-"Y� � ��4�� : ��,� � 7��\�� � ��Y� � +,8� 7�� : d�L��� �5'l % � ��5 7��F�)): 7��\"�� � +",8� E'"�Z j'"�c �"\R Q?��"N '� �

7�'�,� �......$": @,��� = 'F��5 '�5'� ��4� � !�: �/9 �W �/É Q-4�� Q�PD > i((..«$9'? /�[� ¯',<6 : X���¤ f'�� � y'�""/�[� 7�'F� = Q? ¦�

)) :F��� '� /�[� �#�1�� �* /T a� y'�9 ��( /��Y< @,�<� /��Y<(( ...Æ$6�� y��YF� X: �F-��¸ A'�-� � y'�9 Q�8�� ��� KP� |��Ng G# ·'�É /�[� �

7:�-�_ y'�9 $E'* �-: �F< a� � $7��,8�'W 5�M�< �? >'"M�C �F-��¸ '\�PD� . /R u?'� y'�9 �? �qF-< E'��� &�� . /< $": '"�t 5 eL,� /:'[�'R

١-��� � ا�,�ب:أ�= ا���.T ا��٦٣ص، ا��8�ل ا� ,�ي *٢-J��-�ا �����٦٢ص، ا٣J��-�ا �����٦١ص،ـ ا٤J��-�ا �����٦٤ص،ـ ا� آ�و٥�G" T.��٣٥ص، >�� ا� ��� و"=اN&; "9 *)�~:ـ أ�= ا�٩٩ص،ا�-��Jـ ا�����٦

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1�i = E�F� e�* KP� ���� = 6��[� y�*� )) : ��"� ���] KP� @,��� � S�_ 1��� '�* '�D'�D# ',�'� ��4�((�.

'\��� � !F�N�_ 6�5 : /:'[� d�L��� y��YF� =)) :+�R/� /�[� �­R &b4� � R = '\�PD : X�< y6'�� 7�F�N�� y'�* ��((�$!"�: 1�i = E���

7�-P� y6�Y� = !F�N�_ 7D'4� $= �*��� � +�8��� ��� �9 /:'[� G# /�-�� �/�l$E�F� e�* /:'[_ � s�N'*g'? �R��� �,D G# 5�I�� E�� :)).. "�i 1

X�< 7F�'D 7�* �� i­R Q<'�* � 7��D� Q*�6 � y��R �6'�� = e�,� ��� �b� E'~� R� /LN � 5�I�� �� = '�: w �?#� y�� =..(( $Q*�6 u? ¦?/� /:'[�'R

5�I�� = ���_ /L��'? A��� KR ¯'?/? 5�I�� � �6'�l �$= /:'[� 7�/:'l �/��= y'�9 e? !�: Q<6�� E'"�]'? 7"���� 7"�* ���I � ���< e�* $ > 5�I�_

7"��,8� � ��4�'? �'�D) ¦?/� y�:5 '�# $ /:'[� `�� � +?'-� �*�/� ��P� � u��D'��/� 7F�/� !�:.

�N'F� % /UD = 56� '�W 7�-P� y6�Y� &�\P� u,�D � +�8��D �,N '¥� . ���� 7�4[_ b* +B� y'�9 e? EbC � 1�i� /��Y�� � E'�� EbC � 7

7�t'F� 7��� = Ah�� � $7W/9 � y'�9'? 7���� y���I 7�� e�?� $� �"I�? �,-<��P�_ � ��/_ Q�*� /:'[� .

|–7�-P� y6�Y�� ',YC bF* E'�� /:'[� �I� $v�³"[�� Eb"C "�,8� /�'-: = y'�9 e?� ���M�� � ��4� � 7�� $G# ��� a� $ 7�b� y 5g ��� 7FR��_ 7�D'�D) /:'[_ ��R ��4� .

·��"��� X": �6�5 �"�c ��� �F�N�_ f'�� ��C ��T $ 7�-P� y6�Y� �/�[� $G# �C�"< a"� y��YF� = 6'4R � �¢6 � /:'[� Q*/8� '� `N'-��

,� � E'�� X: '-�'�: ���I '�',<6 ��� a� 7�/L�� &'�Dg � $ &'�� �F�N�_ A'- /:'[� f': +� $�6'4R � �/:'[��.

� آ�و١�G" T.�� ١٠٠ص،م�١٩٩٤=>X–دار ا���Vب ا�,���،١ط،>�� ا� ��� و"=اN&; "9 *)�~:ـ أ�= ا�٢J��-�ا �����٣٢ص،ـ اص٣ و J��-�ا �����١٠٦ـ ا

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5–y6�"� � �/�[� ����� &�F< '�� 6��[� y�*� : /:'[� d�L��� a"� A'�"lg �'�: =� y��YF� = y'�9 e? !�: /:'[� '\�R ����� 7�5'� 7�-R

'\-� ��4�< '� 5/P�$�� ��� � y'�9'? �,-< 7�D'�D# '\����."��@�'Ng : d��� $'-?/F� Ah5 � '\�R '�� 7�-P� y6�Y� = '�6�5�

� 7�'�,� � +,8� $��* �'�D) '\�R �I�� ��"4� = Q"�\R Q��: ��� '_ y'�9 �.

��¸7��q�� y�*�� !�: ����� �/�[� ���� � ": /:'"[� d�L�� e�* �* � w�B�� $�* � ;W/� � Q�R X�� $Q<6�Y? ���� 1�i 5�F� ��� 6��[� ��

7�-P� .j�+,8� G# 5��� /�[� �$�X"4� �'"�D) 7�"qF� �5'Y� KP� @,��� � $

7��'¤ ��7P��³_ y6�Y� /�'-: EbC ��EbC � 5�I�� 7�'� G# E���� > �� �I6'� f'��'? ¦,</< a� $� f �: G# '-�F-� ��� @�{�� � @���� ��� a� �

y�t'P� � E'�] � /L�� $'-��* /:'[� QU,� ��� $'-�'�: =� $"� Q��: �Pq�� E'�] � @� � �L�� /Y�-� ��� �b� Q�'�C$5',��"N � /\F� QI� = �F�� $

!�: ����� p'~ ��D �R� 7�-P� y6�Y� $�/�"[� ���� > 5/P� !�: E�< a� $7��'�] Q<'D�4��.

�"R� ¦,</"� ��� KP� ���� /�'-: u? �� ��� ��F�� 7�-P� y6�Y� Ù{< = >�"�� a� 7�/�[� 7��� '\��� a� y��YF� �4[�� $ '\-�? '��R �*b�< �t'l�

7�6��[� 7?/M�� �'q* $��� � '"�¢/� 'FR� >��� a� !F�N�_ X: '-�PD G# >�� �D a� Q*�6� /:'[� �y��YF� =$�"8���¸ y�* � 7�R5 6�-� G# �I/C�

/:'[� sPD � �� Q�R >/\^ ¦? /�� KR ���W Q�R ��P�< ��� p'�] QI�� 1�i m�'8_ �UT a� 7�� ;� � ��g u? '('F�D = y/<��_ $��F< a� 7T'F� � ��g u?

./P� QI� =$Q? 7�'C '�¢/? 4�� '-��* f': : X��� ¸u�'9 u? �\-� /:'[� � '(bC � '�: 5 7��,8�'W �'�D) �\-� � G# �/�l = E �;� E �5 �W ��6 '�: 5

9 : 'U*'? 5�I�� h /� u? �Y� � �'} 7�R�� �¢6 X: $ 5/��� G# y'"� $

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QF��� $"�+N'l ��? � +� �� � O'�g u? '� $y/t'�� $ '-�* 7-��8� 7t5'� ��,<� �/C 'D'�* 7��'D $'��� ./P� � !Ng /�'�� '\�R >�'P�< >�"_ � y5�� /�$=

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�*��� � 7�� $�/�l� /:'[� u? $/:'[� /�[�'R $A �( � A'_'W ��-: $�"F-� �? '\�PD y'�9 QD# $'��� y��Y� = /�[� : QU��* +? )/:'"[� 7"�-� ('\""�R�

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/�[� � /:'[� $Q��# |/�g G# �6 /N{? '�(bC � .�,�� $'"�\��# $�RE�"L�u? �*��� � y6�� = ��k G# .�,� +��] $= >��� a� y'�9 O'�g y6��

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/:'[� E'* : X�< a� > ��g ��� +?'�-�� $ >A'I e�* 7"t5'� ¾'"P�g y��"Y� = 7��,8� Eb^ = �FL�� ��� /:'[� ��* : X�< 7-��8�):&b"*

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:املبحث الرابع*7����� `��'Ng � ¿�Y� ��?:

�D '\-�� Q�?/� : X��� ����� /:'[� ª��'� = 7����� ¿�Y� ��? >/[: �5'q�� :

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>'q�'-�_ $`*6 >5 G# �qP� '�$`YC > A'É#�$¾'"P�g ��� +�8��< 7�-P� y6�Y� ��-< � y5'q�_ $7L��P� 7��P-� Eb�� � A'É) � 7���9'? '\���<�

$6�YR m��P� ��4�'? Q,l �[9 �� = `�F� y$Q"�� /:'"[� �"*b< e�*�D�P��N '�# $ �M�D �7/:'[� `�� = �8< 5�M�_ �9 �t �� 5�I�� .

'�/"�'-:� y6�"Y� A ;I m�B�< G# �qP� ��� ��'-�� !�: �6�� &�F<� /�[� : X: '��-: 1�i ��,��$Q< i : �F-� � $ :� ��"4� /�'-�? ¯',<6

y'�9 y6�� 5'q�� EbC � ��z�� '\-�? '��R ��½�< a� $Q��� = �*b�< a� :�

y6�� /�l '� �D Ù'�* : 7Y� /�l '� �D �5�I� � �,I � 5�I�� = '� 1�R$Õ/:� Õ��""q* � Q�R '�� ��"��

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ò1�* � 5�I�� = '� 1�R $Ï�ã���$Ð��q� � Q�R '�� 5�6�� ��4� /�'-: �J !�: /�[� y6�F� 6�Y� � 5 6 /:'[�'R $/�[� y6�F� mB���

>'q�'-�� 1�< �J !�:$&b* � �¢6 � /:'[� `�� = ����� '�: X�< a� .�* � ��D G# ���I �*�< G# 5'q�� X: y6�Y� �F�-< ��� $��'��� ��F-� Q�R

��F-�'?$E��9 ����$5�"Ng G# ��"?g '"\�R E�L�� $ �* � '��l � @Y�� $��� ��� G# .',Y� �$5�\�_ 6�Y� �/£ /:'[� @��� $QD ;* � Q�?½W � '\�,���

>'q�'-�_ �'�: = ����R $ '� /c a� $'\�'-: �����$": X��� �R ��< '\��Á� �;9 7�'* '\[��� a� !Ng �.� 'U� �k� Q��� = 1��:�

/""""MP� 7��D : y'�9 ��{N �� $|�8F� A'�_ 7~� :� |�8F� A'�_ 7~� '\q�FD :� /MP� 7��D : /:'[� EA'��� $EA'�< y6�� :

'\�,8F? y'�9 $y6�Y� @��< '� �':/N� $�p'�� ��,� Ù{� �� +¹ '� �F-� "9 y'�9 5'"q�� EbC � /:'[� '�¢6 �R� " ./P�� ��� " '\�R ��[� E�� a�

/�'�� 'D�� �'8: � ;*r� 6'��$'�¢/� y6�Y� = |�,¤ y'�9 >�� �;9'R:äy'�9 ����R 0� ;*g �4�� =$|�,¤ '\-L�? ��[<

���] �6�Y< �R� X��� Q��* �P��� »7"�t'� Q"�� >6'N a� ��4� /�'-: : 7�B6$Q�PD = Ó�Á '�: X�<:

`�È @� .',Y� ��[D '� &�I� # A'��� >�4N '� � ;*g ����� $� ;*g /t'� ��Á� $y'�9 h /� ���$ 6�"�� &'"�g �U,-< »$

A'��� � w����'? �,q� $/:'[� '\��I a� y6�Y� ��� A 5�N 7T'� $'-� �*�� !B�R� `�N� 6�� � '�D�� = '� '�$Q"*/R ��4�� �'�D) QI� = 7C/� '�#

'�F�F* $Q<'�* � � ;*g ��;���.!"�: '"-� E���¸'\�?'F<� '\��'T� y'�9 � 5�I�� �t'F* : X���¸5'q�� Ù{��

1�i �k '\��� =� 5 �Bg u? '� = ��'��� Q��� =:�

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�W =5�I�� > �� :'\,��W� '��/� '\��C6� $'\P�-:�$'\q��?�$'\,�,*�

7��,8� 6�� = à /��:'���*$'\���i� '\M��� '\-�;*� $'\���":� '�@F* �

a"� ¸ y6�Y� E�Å !�: 7���� '\��� = 7��,8� 6��� 5�I�� > �� ��'��< y'�9 E�Å Q,[<$�#/:'[� ��,��$ y6�� � E'* � = '����� !�-< a� &g '

'-� 7�-P� y6�Y� G# �P��� f$'\�R 5'q�� �^�� f�.�'�� +��� � y'�9 +� � : X�< a� �6�� K,��¸ ��'-�� � 7�?'F_ !�: �����

��'-�� �� ��� `�F� �/� 1��� ��'-< � 7��,8� � sP-� =:�

Ï �� '� 31�R �W ÕX� � ã>{P8D �� y'�9 Q�R $��/� Q�� �MB� /�[� : Q����:�

31�R 05�I�� = '� 1�* �$Õ· 5 $ëA'�B � Q�R '�� ���? ��'-�� h /� +�� '-� y6�Y� $'\�PD y'�9 : y/�Y� y6�� ��4<� $ �� =�

u? ��? ��<� &'M�D 7��,8� � /:'[�$ y6�"Y� =� &b"�� ��"FD A'�"q�$7PY? �Wz� 1�9 h���_ �)· 5( 5 �N ���;<$���? A'�q� �$X�� 1��? /:'[�

y'�9 � 6�-�'? ��g : 1�'9 &b�� ��6.�� 5'q�� Ù{�� : X� /:'[� Q[��� ��� /<��� $�!�/< E'�� � Q? ¦�É '_ $'\-4�

'� �':/N &'�g '�/U�,< E'�� �� � �g �,� ���<: 

3��l�ã>31��* Ï&'�g S,< ��l'Dg � 7�-? $Ï&�\-< »

$ /"C� +8F�� y��YF� � +8F� u? &�F� Q<��Y� = 5'q�� /:'[� ��Á ���y��Y� 1�i !�: 'U� �k )y'�9 y5 6# ($7�< �� QP� �: u? ·;� e�* ��"�� '�

���� `* �$���� !�: ��P<� �9 6'Y�D = �� � $a"� 7"��,8� >A'I�

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a"� $ 7��D'��/� �6�� X: 7��,8� = >/\^ a� y'�9 y5 6# : '�6�Y? >X: y'�9 !�: /8��� '� 6�5 � y6�5 = >�_ ��,�$7�*/_ � �� 7F�F9 4�� a�

y6�Y� '\-: X�<7�*/� +"8F_ = ��",< a"� y6�",�� y���I y'�9 E'F�D � z��E�g $'\�R y'�* ·��U� '\�-R5 ��� $+"�?/� Ù{� � ��? O'U� +8F_ = 4�� $

y'�9 ���< ���I �/:'[� ;�/�� $>',U� y6�� ='"� /c a� ���4� 7�'* G# ��D��� `�[� .Y� X: 7M9 � ����� &�F�� y'"�9 ��"P< !�: y'�9 y5 6# y��

&b�� � ���� !�: 6�-� � $6�-� &b�� ��? Ù{�R $���I � y'�9 ���<� $�/"D� y'�9 ��*6 ��*/� y6�� �N/� E�g +8F_ = /:'[� $Q,��� 7��,8� E{��� $=

Q���:�

åFU� ��/� p'"�"� � 7��� =�ò7� !Ng'? �/Mq� æ-�� &�M-� A'�B � Q? Ï>/4NÏ�� �;L�� ¬*/4N

Ï��{N !I�� :Ï< ���y'�9 ��� $Q��?i '�"�$3+�?6 Ü /��� á�4�< ��R f� &b"�� �'"Pl �æD/�< ��6 �: æ�� /L

/"<�� �P"C �U� 7,,} 7"á�6 = |'"�� p E'��:))ÁâA'�[� A� ·��U� A'�l |',q� A'�l$/8_ A'�l(())�ÌP8-�R Ï/LN� ��Y�� /LN$/L¼�� /�U� /LN� 6��;� (())���Y�� ���� $ò�\: 6'�j � '\� 6� � Õ �,* 0qD /(())5 � �W = m�/� '� �\�<� $����� '\-R��� $æD X: !(())��Ï+��] SP Õ��LW +��? $å�{<ò7M\� = �/��D �(())Ï6��,� !F,<� ä�¼�Ï* a� ã�" äy@Ci Ï:ã�Õ/Õ��~ ä� $3,/(())òy'�* '�¢6� $ E�YR �/Wi� $/�j �lb< '�D5 .',l �(())Í7FD'�� ä_ ��� $ ·��U� ��� $ |',q� �� ���3�6(())3�"Ï� ��� y'�9 ��8�ç�Ð ��� é��[� +�?/� /q� (())Í7"_'*� 0:� 6��"8� O'"�{?Ð/8 Ð�"��� 6��;� /�U� ((

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>�_'? 7�,-_ 6�Y� � ��*/� /�'-: ��� 7��,8�'R$/:'[� '\qF-� p'�� +8F_ =�y'�9 G# m�8< a� y6�,� �'�� !�::�

))Ð��<� $ h�/� ��-�R �'�;� �[c� h�/� �$� '���3C/(())Ð,Y<�ÏmÑF� '\�b* ä�Í7$Ï�3�ælÍ7L æ�� ����?"/L(())Ï<.',Y� |',B � �t'� $0N�ãLÏ/Ü/�F� A�B� Ü A'�_ (())Ï| /N � äP� à iÐ� / È� Ü��Dg ""Ô�é-���� $ �ß�� Ü /c(())�7�lg � � Ï>'-t'4� ���D a� y'�9 � � Ü""Ü /(())0�^Ï�� ��Y�� ��R$ 6�-� G#!Ï���^ /M[� �� ��� G#((! ))æ-� G# ���^ ·�/_ u? $ +, $é-���/�� �""¼;� ��R v3�/((! ))Ï���^ 0>'��D G# 6��8� $Ðs�� Ð���-� $8_ 9�"/(())Ï���^ ��4� G#!Ï5�I�� � æD ���-_ f'�� �6 !""Ü /(())���4� �� $� =� 5��] >',N ��CÐ�R �F�� ""�4� >'3,/((

���I � y'�9 ���<� $y6�,� &b* � �/[� A�l �W +�?/� �YR = 7�/[� y6���[< �' 7��,8� >'D�4_ 5�I�� /�'-:� $����< y'�9 | ��{? �R/< 7��,8� y6�� $

�?'�� +8F_ = ��*/� � >�_ 6�� '\��4< �D'W � ��? $� �?'F��� '� !P� �'\��'4<� y6�Y� A'µ = 6�5 $y;� /� 7��,8� 6�� EbC � /:'[� w'8�N �_'ª{�� ¯�-� � `�[� `�Y� 7\I � $y5 6#� y'�*� 7-�'W �/C 7\I � �U,-<

� $ Q�'�C� Q�PD = Ó�Á '�: @,��� = /:'[� ��P< !�: E��� ���I �<E�"L�Q<@Y? ��: �qP? y6�� G# &¢'[�� � ª{�� y6�� E¢'P<� �� .

|�A �-� :'�F� !�: Qq*� `�'³_ Q�,-< = A �-� 6�5 : ����b,� d�� QW/< � /�{? &

�$ A /�[� �-:� n/4� ��/F� = 7LB � y/U4? 56� ��� Q-: &'\P�N � |��N7�-P� Q<6�� = /:'[� '\��: ���: a� `��'Ng j/? � A �-� $"�� A �"-�'R

v�³[�� � y'I'-_ EbC m,� /:'"[� '��� a� `��'Ng �� � y6�"Y� =

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7�-P� @,���� �R��_ QD �I� ��R� 7�/�[� Q�?/� : /:'[� u? ¦? /< !�: E��� �F��_ u?� Q<':�B�� �))7"F���� 7�-,� �'�: = �/�[� |'8� mP8� u*�

w �?) 7���: = 'R/� '��-: �F��_ �C�� 7?��4_ � 7^�P�_ 7�L8�� 7�-,�'? bU��� ',�N Q��# |'8� @�{< �F�-��'?'Á# �(�(v�³"[�� = 'FR�< A �-� /:'[� m-c�

7�-P� y6�Y� EbC � '-��: �8� ��� �5'-��� '�* 6'qL�N � $= '�: X�< a� ��� � /:'[� sPD 6 �D � y6�Y� /�'-�� '\U,� ��l'D � $'\�� �:'P�D a� RE5',-

� > A'É#� Eb^ EbC � /:'[_ � s�N'*g /:'[� QD �I� : '\�R X�� a� 7�� �6'4R � .

�� 7��D'��/� A /�l Q,�W '� !�: +�8� � !"�: ��� y���I y/�'^ �-: �F7��D'��/� 7N6�_ A /�l �� �5 = y��YF� f':¸e"�* � �"-�� y/�'^ ���

���q� � Q��� '_ 7LB �� 7�'N/� � y��YF� f'�� b��5 � �-�� 6'� $7��"Y�'R�� yA /� � �-�� '\�R A�Á a� 7����� 7�y��YF� ���q� =$a� 7�-P� 6�Y� =�

'\��� $))>'"��F� ¯',-�"N y����_ `� �F� j/? � �'W A �-� |��N ���� y'I'-_ s�/4�? v�³[�� (�(A'I6� �� �< A �-�'R$h'8��N � &'*/�N � �N�<�

y'I'-_ QD# ��4[� � $A �-� 7��� !�: ��t'Y� ��'-: ��? ��I �� �N'F� �? �$y��"YF� G# E�C��� /:'[� '\��: Ì4�� G� yA /� m�<'P_ ��� ��4��$���"��

��� '���q� : �F�����:"`9 '\� $/�l '�$���� '\� $�F�R6 '�$�� ? '� $'\�� $ ��� y'J '� $ >�� '�

'9 �� ��� u? 7_"$'\�R e,� a� �t'YF� ��� X: Q�t'N6 �N/� � ��/� /:'[�'R �6'4R $A �-� 7��� !�: >A'MR $ Q�b* � Q<'��� � �k� � �:5�.

�y��Y� = /:'[� y'I'-� +� �F-�–/�l '�–'\��I a� A �-� 7��� +?'�-���-P� y6�Y� f'�� '�-R '�4�� /:'[� y6�"Y� f �: u? +�]'? '\�R A �-� &'� e�* 7

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/:'[� � /:'[� `��� /�[� f': u? >5�T a� $u? �Y< 1?'[<� ¯',<6 >'�b: �R��_ @,��� 6'�< X: /:'[� �5'-_ u?� /�[� � `�F� :�

Ï/�l '� 3�D 6��[� Ï�R $ã ��4� .�/� �7C/�� `�F� `�È ��� �D /�l '� $`�/�� `Y� � * * *

ß+� �"� �D /�l '� 0�:ã�F Ñy'�"L"� | �"�{? ß&5 �D /�l '� $æM"P<>'-t'4� &�"�W "� /

* * *$ Q"�5'-�� �/"qL�N '��-: 7�� 6 7�À� �,�� Q��I ��� $ A �-�'? v³[� /�[�'R

= >A'I a� 6�Y� �D'4R � �k QU,�� Q� 6 Q�8��� Q�,[�� �'W� $ 7�?6g >'�?g 7��PD e: �,? �����$Y� /�'-: � 7U�,-_ >bY� ��³�� .�/� ��P?� a� y6�

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`�F� ���� = +?'F� fg ��� G# �Y�� fg �$$ O'"�D) �I�� ��R ��4��`q�� f � �;* �$ . /I� /�"[� � /:'[� u? y'I'-_ y6�� Ù{<� $>'-t'4� $

>'�?g ��� = 7LB �� '�/�'-�? 7C6'� >A'I a� 7��D'��/� : X��� $Ù{"��Q���:�

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Q-: � ;*g �P��$E�� 6�Y� ��? `�F�� 7R5 /� 7�P�? A �-� Ù{�� !"�: y/"UW `�M��� ��� Q,�F� 7\I�_ > �:�� :�

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'� /�l �D Ñ7¹',� 6��;� 1�<'� ��[D @,��� = +?'��� : +�'] y'�9 y6�Y� ��'9 /�[�'? y'�9 ¦?/�� y'�9 '�'q�'-��:

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:املبحث اخلامس*�/[�( � O'M��� � %'[� u? 7D6'F�.

�/"F� �t � �-� ��� � /M\_ = %/�� |5g = 7�/�l 7N6��W 7��D'��/� >/\^ �F��* �/[�� .j6 7"?/�� � fg � 7�*�6 >'* : @,���� 7,N'-� 'B6 '\�R A /�[� �I� e

>/�{< �� sPDg 1�< �D'W� �\] � /FP� Ei G# /����_ Ei � A /�[� 1��� '�{�� ��= '\��'B >�I�R |/�� � �R� '¡ e�* 7��D'��/� ))7�"�D'��/� �t'"qR �D'W

P�� >/MR '� G�g 7"�P� '\���I� �4�Nb4� /�[� = 7���: Q,l �D'W a� 7� 7��PD ((....�A /�[� Az� �:'N '¥�� X"I ���C � XI� 7���D ��t'³�� �

����? 7N6�� A /�l� �4,� .b�� 5'F�� E'U� � ��@�� /M\_ =�: @,����a� m�'8_ � �¢/� � 7�D'�D) � 7�D �I�� >'9 '� ����É .

�/[�� �/F� +�8� +� �P< �$O'"M��� � �/"[�( � %'[� A /�[� y5� 7-N = %'[� �N'F� % y5� �D'4R ¸ 7?6'F�� 6'�: �l':�/�¨²¨&/7�/� =

6j�< �* �B ��*# 7�?'[� �&': = =�<��¨ © sD�< = &$®�"[� ��? �'W�� �N'F� % ? ��} !"�: �Y*� Q���P� = ��/F� �P* ��� '�:/l '�B'� %'[

/"�� n�F� %/�� |5g � 5�;<� Q<'��'8� EbC � � XZ /�{<� ��F9 yj'I# y'"�9'? &X"<� Q<'�* = y@UW >'��Y� �/�<� �('�: �~/< ¥ |/�� y/�',:

'��'�� ��6 y'�L�� Q,* : X:� �/�l = 5/��� .�6 >/\^� �"�? >/"[D�'\t'q: �* m,� e�* ����? 7�£ = ��t'Y� .

7-N �/[�( ��� ����¨²°'N�-\� ��? �'W� &$&b: !�: �/[�( +�� � �;��k) |5g $E�'"*� ����? 7:'~ +� �Y< � '��D'��6 '�P�': /:'l �? ���

_ y'�9 !�: v�/9 ��� =�< Q-4�� ��/� y'�* .b�# 7"���: /�# �t'P�_ ���, 7-N = 7�* /I�¨ °&.©

.٢٣٨ص، ا��و"�-�8 <� ا� ,� ا����V وا�,���: إ�+8� ا�G�وي-١٢-��� �J8: أ�= ا���.T ا�G� 8�ةG�ا �<�Uآ�=ر، أ�أ:ا� ص. إ"78 .٥آ!�� آ�و-٣�G" T.��"�: أ�= ا� �> ��� � ا����F، �ة ",���P; ا�+D��!��'98،ا�,:�: .,=د ا�ا �.٢٥-٢٣ص،"/.-� ��E:ة *! �ي-٤�I�د�=ان ا �"��ص١٩٧٤")� وزارة ا����<� ا���ه�ة،��,; P��� �=دت: " .١٢-٦م

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7-N �'�65 & = ��� �FR O'M��� '� �¨�� 7-"N =�<� &�¨ ± 5 �6 7"�*/� �"�� &|5g = ���M�� � 7�/L�� y�:��� �l':� ;��k) �\I � ��� 7q\-� $f� @"FR ��? �'W�

M�� G# +�8<� Q��Y� 7�?'�� Q� ¼��� %'"[� �"N'F� % 7"�'C� ����? A /�[? /�{�� ���$>�_ E'M��N � &¢'[�� .�6 = '��N�.

y'R�� |/�� y5�� |/� = A /�[� �'P< �*bD$y�"* � 7"N6�� w'",< ���$7�/�[� 7?/M�� �l'�R$���t'Y� = 7��q�� y�*�� >/\^�$��6'�"l ��P*�

EbC � y6�Y�'? @,���'? 7�*�_ � 7�9 ¾'P�g $7"N �� Q"� ���-: `9 m,� � 7�*�6� 7�R��$��6'�l = &��� � A'-P� : e��9 � �'�/9 � �;9 ��C ��� $

�b� � 7�/9 : �UV��)) '� 7�'�Y� y5�I � %'[� �N'F� % ��D = 4�� Q� 5��} ��:� �I'D �-: �@�D �k (( .%'[� �? �F� ¦�-�'"? 7�/�"[� Q<'�*

¾'P�g � 6�Y� = ����F�� $O'M��� �-: 1�i �k�$�"��M��'? O'"M��� �R »)) � 5��� = ����M�� /�[�� QD'�j �/F,:� �/Y: ��:j ��4� � 5 6 � ((©.'� �

�FR ��P<� ���M�� |'W6 = 6'N �FR %'[� ))¬"* 7�"�D'��/� 7"?/M��'? '¹M�� ����� 7��P�_ 7�R�Y� 7?/ ((«7�"�D'��/� A /�"l �"��< 'LB � �? ���

QW6'"[<� s"� '"* �6 '\�R ��³��� 7��,8�� QD ;* /:'[� e,� e�* 7��,8�'? '\�R E�F� a� 7�� ;� 7F,-D;� y��Y� = �N'F� % �-: 1�i !�: 'U� �k� �/:'[�

0à 6 p '�Ü mP�� ä7F,Dj Ü Q�N'F� �7:��� 01FD'�< Ü Q��'( y5�[D ��</� `�\�� Ï>�� é��� 1,�� = Ü!Ng 3ª{W Ï/MP� 01Pl6 |��F� è|�D ����� 01�¹

y'�9 +�k |�/�� Ïw'�l 1��: ¼ � $Ü'"�_ 3+�5 �

� ا� .�"�-١!* � �8: أ��� �.=� �<�D��-=دا>� ا�ا �*� ص١٩٩٩ا����� دار ا�!+� ا����=م،ا� .٩-٧م� ا���,T �&���،د-٢!* ��G" :=+�=ر.� أ��.٢٢٠- ٢٠٠ص،ا� ��� و"٣-M8'�ا� ا ���*�I�:د *!P,�ب و�% أ�,�ر ا�إ �.٦١٠ص،١٩٩٣"'!,� ��",� ا����=م٢ط،ا��-T ا���>�٤ج،ا����� ا�-�م .�"�-٤!* �.٧٧ص،"��� .��J: أ��.١٨٥ص، ا��و"�-�8 <� ا� ,� ا����V وا�,���: إ�+8� ا�G�وي-٥٦-��� .٤٩ص، د�=ان أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�

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7��,8� 6�� � �y6�� +?'�-�� a� /MP� w��� y��Y� = 1�i� �/[�( �-: '\�R E�F�:�

��/� /MP� � ���� ��4N =/L�� .'¼�� �'-N�� Q,D ��/* = ��,� �/[� �( '� Ü /�F� � Q-� �kg /:i '-�� '�D5 = �'��-� '\� Ð�P[� /�/N = !8�"�<

Wi �FR QD ��5 = 7��,8� O'M��� /Wi� = Q? S�<� ��-� /Wi '�W Q��k� ���� /y��Y� )��-� | /} =(Q��� '\�R A'I '¥�:�

1?'�� = �R�� ��,D s�5 /P� ���N '� ��D '� �D 1?',l @qD !�: ��� �" "�� &bN |��F� = ��-� '\�

g =� A'��� 1��� = �D 1?'��D � '���� �/� ª'PD ��,��))Q? /Y:{< '¥ �\R ��-� uD6� �P�� 6'��C'? ��l� ��* O'M���(( /\^�

7��D'��/� &b: � ���W.y��Y� = ��-�'? �/[�( S�< ���)��-� y5�[D : (1¹ � Q��� '�� 6'L,� �? '-�*'�/� ![-� �� �D /� '�

� �'\F�� 6'8:g � @8� � .�� '-�D'R ��;� Q�I/C ���� �

'�:�B�� 5'�� ��Á � '(bC � �:'8�N '-�� ib� A /�[� Az� �-: 7��,8�'R �\�b* � �\*��8� $m"B� 7"P��³_ '�/�'-�? %'[� /�l = 7��,8� �D'W�

O'M��� � �/[�( �-: A'I '¥ /� ��: �.������ `V ��D'��/� /:'[� ;�T ��/[�( ��� +?'�-� � '( �j� y'�9 A'qFD'? /W�� e�* $ 6 /Ng ��� ����'R:©

�ي-١�I�ي: ا� �I�دت، د�=ان ا=� ���P ;� م�Nط،��,; و .٢٠١ص،م ١٩٧٤ا�8I¦� ا��)��� �+@��ب،د٢-�8 � �.=� �<�D��ا :�N=م،٦ط،د�=ان إ��ا����ا �.١٤٤-١٤٣ص،م ١٩٩٩ا����� دار ا�!+٣-��" M8'�ا� ا �.٦٢٧ص،� .��Jد *! �ي-١�I�ا :J��. ���" ،٢٢٢ص.

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�? �'W '�W ���� �� '� u-9 � o�F� �;9 ��É

� ;*g �4��..Q? /} =

����� �'?/"� �'[�� |¼/� '?/""� 6'�j � ;* �/8:

,"� > X": � �"D� u�t' EbC � 7�/�[� 7?/M�� : X��� � �I�� ��R � �R��< 7�/�[� 6�Y� �*bD

!"�: �6'N ��� �� /� � A /�[� Az� Q�R Ã/�l ��� ��D'��/� �M�_ ¾'P� �\M�.

E�F� e�* ª�P-� � . �6g !�: ���� 6'�� : X�� O'M��� �� '��:�

'""[_ oD '� ���� �i /� ;� ��'D� 7MB �P"�� /: /N'¤ A�� �'R� '[�M��� % �/� 6��� = /8�� �R5 /B'D 56�� � �X-�� 1*�6 '�6 ª'PD 5�6�� = >/N� /W'"N � /\N u?� ��D � �L� u? !I�� = Ã'*�_ ��

7W/* '�r� ��� ���� ¦N� �R��< y6�Y� 'D'c#� 6�8:� $',"N'-� '"D'4� 6'�� &'() � �*��� .&� : X�< a� y6�Y� 1�< �/[�( �-: ���� y6�� +?'�-��

E'� e�* /:'[� '� �qP� ��'* :�

"�,��_ ì ;9 ��4l +��N'R �4�""[D '-�< ���� '\� � 'D /?� !Ng 'D'-B � ��;9 'D¼����M"[� '�D5 = �I�

��"4�"� /�5 = �'�D5 '� 1� '\�"�<6 a�"""-� ��� u"�"�'"�� ��? >�_ /��D� '\��� O;*� 0�""D '\Ï-9

u"""-9 �� !Ng >'D Q�R �"�/R 9 �'9g |�":

٢-�8 � �.=� �<�D8��ص:ا J��. ���"١١١ �ي-٣�I�ا :J��. ���"،٢٢٤ص.

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�/[�( /�l = fg 7:;D !�: E�� ���$y�l !�:� /:'"[_ 7"�6� ª'�*) fg : @,��� = 7��,8� +� 5'� �.

�'F�"N��� Q"^'P� = '��P�� Q�?/� : X�� '��-: 7��,8�'? %'[� ���< ��,�� 7"��,8� �'q* = �����<� ��4� h /� = ��-< %'[� .�6 �U��< e�* Q�D'���

�-: ����< a� &´ � ��g : X��� '�: X��� /:'[_ �C ��< �? 7LB � 7�¢6 y��Y� �-: �F-�� � ;* � sP-� =)���� '\� : (�

���� '\� !ÐE �( � ªz,� '? '� !Ð ��/� y'�9 �4�� '�� êêêÐ|�,¤ '��Y? ��Y< $ | ��� ��g st /: �U� 1�R

���� '\� !�Ml ��D �D 6���� �'Pl =$`�L-� u? `�*/� 5�W/� Ã6�� = �</< a� ��4�� y5�[D �#

sP-� +��<$|��� E'�] � $ �9 7D6 O'�g A��� =|�"""8� ;� y'�9 ;� ��6'� '\-� â|��F� Ä�Y�R

� 1�R !� 1�� ��""*6 5 zR �!"��W 5 zR �`��4� +M\� $6�""PY�� 7-�D{�� =$`�?/�� 3Ã6�Y? ÍbP�

.'� !o""�È y'�9 !�: �</R � ;9 äy5�[D y'�9 �# /:'[� >'�PD ��� : X�< a� � >'�?g ��� EbC � ��4� = 7?/�� ��,<�

'\����*�. � /:'[� u? y���� 7�b: u,< '�@�� >'�?g ���� '\"�J a� 7��,8� /:'[_ � s�N'*g /:'[� .

'� �/D 4�� Q�PD !�: '�/� � '�/LN : X��� O'M��� �-: 7��,8� >A'I ��� � QD ��5 �t'Y� � y��Y� ��� e�* 7��,8� � %'[� u? 7���J 7�b: � �/Á

y��Y� = O'M��� +?'�D � 7��,8�� /Wi)A /L� = /MR: (�

�B6 +�5� �¢/�'W �\,� �N�� '-N � .�/� r� �/�F� Qq�R � Q��: 6 �,� `4N 'µ{W �/��

١-��� .٧٣ص، د�=ان أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�٢-�8 � �.=� �<�D8��ا ،J��. ���" ،١١٤ص.

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�/F,: ��-� �I A�B� /MP� � �'P� � `�F� /�� � @,��� = 7��,8� � ·6'� +� �:'P�< 7�� �/[�( � O'M��� � %'[� �-: 7��� ��P< �/D

¢6 : Q�?/�� /:'[� �$= 7��,8� j�/? = �P�< A /�[� '\��# ���-� a� 7��D'��/� 7N6�_ � 7��,8� /�'�� !�: %'[� '\�R �F� a� �t'YF� /UW '� ��6'�l .

%'[� E�F� 1�i =� fg : e��9 u��D'��/� �-: 7W/�[_ /�'�_ ��:�

R '�D�� �4*'q< '�\�`��W Í �? KD­ 7?½4� w'I�g ��� $`�� 7?½4� ����,� ��{�< aM\� =$`�L-� ����� �

!Ng 6',I �q�� $|�/4� · �� Ó��� `�/� '�D�� = ���N ��� .�/� 'D KD# `�[_ � 7,�,[� � ;*{? '��8q� Ó����

/:'[� 6��l !�: E�� >�_ : e� �9 �{W� Q,�� ',�'� E�F�R Q�I �D�?:�

7���� +� � 6'�� '\� $y'D /"�� =y'4[� .�,4�$A /LY� = ¦,� '�/8�

'�D�� = 3��$> /�9 @"�? �? '�� � G# o�� '� Þ�� $> � >�"_ �­R

ybY"� @� Q� !F,< âwj'-�'R Þ�� y'�* ��I�R $ >�_ = %'[� /�D �F�� '\,t'Y�� '�D�� � �b� '\�R y'�* 7��?

7�F�F9 y'�9 '\�R y���N 7�*6 QD{W�: 

.�-� ��� 0y'�9 Ï�YD� ����] 5��� ��� Ï>�_ �� 1�'-�....�,Y� ��F� ��-_ ÏÓ��� ���,� êA'qP� 3��C

0�6�""� G# 3|�"�F� �q� .�/"I � '\q� '� �N{�� .�/P� .'",Y�'? '\L\,�� y'""�9 +�"?6 '\�R �e�,��

١-��� .١٢٦ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�.١٣٤ص، �)�ر ا�-��J >&-;ا�-٢ص-٣ ، ;-&< J��-�ر ا�.١١٦ا��)

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'_': Q��Á � >�_ �D5 � F�< � ��? 7�P��P� y/�-� ��� %'[� w'8�N �F� O'c# ��: : 1�i = Í X�� Í ���N� '*/R.

Y� = Q? ��É ��� >�_ 6�Y� �/[�( ��'�� '\�R E�F� a� y5��� y��:�

ø7* 6 01�b^ = �F�g Ï��< /t'* �'P( ��� o�� �\�R

'��-� 1�R u�� /�/� >�� /�': ·/_ � mPD O6��

��P-,� �� KPL���$4��� K�: .6'��.../B'¤ � '?/�

7J6� 7* 6 7��,8� = ���] >�_ �/� /:'[� ."[� 1��� �� �F� "� A /� �65'Y� �?6'F< �M�� $": Q"�bC � �X: ��� /U� +,-� �� 7��,8� �D'4R

��6'� $y'�9 7P��R� 7��,8�'? '��� �l %'[� �?� $5�I�� y�*�� $'"U� �k� E�F� e�* O'M��� /�l = 1�i !�::�

/N f'"�� = E "�� �W y6�� ��� ·;�� � '\��� �� 6��� 'F�: '� i =

/? � 'D'c# A���_ '��I = ��8D � �/��� �6 6�� = �XW u? �F-<� /Wi � Í'L�,�< 6 "�P� ��4� �"W/<

7�"�D'��/� 7�P�� & �³�N = �/[�( � O'M��� � %'[� u? Q?'[�� ��,��a� 6�Y� � O'�_ � 7N6�_ ��� w',< 6'�l = >/[�D .

y�* �� y��YF� = 7�R'F� 5���? A /�[� �P< '�W $Q"�-�< = %'"[� 5/PD � �"�I /:'[� �{W� � ���� = 7P��� +B �� = /�[�'? 6��[� ¦,<6 e�* /�[�'?

�ي-١�I�ا :J��. ���"،١٩٣ص. �ي-٢�I�ا :J��. ���" ،١٢٤ص.

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Q�� Q? ��� y'�9 = Q� /�[� $[� � /:'[� `�� u? �*��� �/D� 5�"I�� � /� Q��� = �/N{? :�

/�l '� �D $S��< �5 zR � Ôy��R $�5�I� � Ô7"�8�� 5�"I�"� Ð���"� G# ��? Õu"-* � �È �I ='� 1�R ��[D � �P"� �: = '� 31�R ëA'4? � �/� �C = '� 31�R

�W ',� 3��'� âA'�l �[c 31�R $�5�:6� �F: �� ��/<� ò1�* � 5�I�� = '� 1�R$Õ· 5 $���"? êëA'�B � Q�R '"��

����? A /�l � ��@� �-:� A /�[� Az� �-: 7�: �?) '�¢/� .�B� �k �4�� /:'"[� Q"-: X�� '� !�: �'��8< y'�9 �,D� 7�D'�D) 7��� �k e�* $�"��

�� ��Á � �:'8�N �"�� a"� 7�/�[� 7�P�� 7�� Q�R ��,< ���I '�/�l '�M 7?/M�� �'�: = ·;���R /:'[� .�6 � y���I >'�'�.

١-��� ١٢٧ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�

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الثالث لفصلا7�-P� y6�Y� = E'�� 6�5

���\T ".

��eL,_ E�g :Q�,[�� � y6�Y� .

 "O'U� eL,_ :y6'��N � y6�Y� .

©",_ e�'U� eL :;�/� � y6�Y� .

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:املبحث األول*y6�Y� = Q�,[�� 6�5 7�-P� :

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`,�� 7M��D Q�R y6�Y�'R $� /� '\�R 6�Y� |��F� = > /�-$��-_ 6'D '�#$e�*¼�* `�F� G# �L�� /� E��� ���I /� G# 6�-� � /�g E$= 7���[_ 6'-� ���

|��F� $7�F8-� '\t ;I = y6�Y� � $> /�-� : �<'-� ��P-� /�g �F-< '\-4�� $`9 /� '\��# 6'� a� y���] 7�'9 �$: X�� � ��5 �Y� �? ���_'? �/�{<

6/F�� $/� � 7M��D y���] y6�Y� � $�8-_ 5��* : ·/� � $¦�-"� � ��� ����F�� .

Q��� 1�i ��:�

0à 6 Ï�P³�R $Ï|'Y: o�� ��Ò;� ä�U� Ðj ;�� 3<�� ã/�U� Q�,[�� y 5{? 7�/�/F< y6�Y� $�'? ��P� 7�5 �I/C ��� +"N� �R G# y6�Y

�N'? Q,[_ ��W � ��? >5�$�'"� /:'[� sPD = '� !�: E�< y6�Y� � `9 $+q� '� ��6 /<�� j ;�� y6�� Q,[< ;�\_ Q,�� y6�YR �8-��� +q� ���

'\�,� '_$'���? '� G# ��T� $@��<� ��-�R $y5/"P-� y6�"Y� ��� �-: '-P�� i# '� $��,�R /<��� � 7R /8� : y���? 7��'?.

Q��� '\-��: 

0�D 0y/�;�'W 07���] 3u?'� 4� |'�� =5�5� �l

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6�"Y�� 6 /4< �� �? '\�R ���I $ 7�I6'C 7��* y6�Y� �< E�g /8[� �PR 7�� /�� 7��b,� $�I6'� �4[� e�* �8-_ !�: ����< $/�;�'W y /_ '('~ = y.

y��"Y� "� Q��� ª �9 � �I6'� /\�_ !�: ����� ��� ����F�� Q�,[�� ��)) n � 7R/�: ((�

Ï>�_ � 056'_'W 6',] $ß Y�-� Ð�6g =$Ï�8� �Ig QD'C �� � 7��* y6�Y� � $�"YÉ ��� ¸ 56'_'? ª'-� !�: �qF� ��� >�_ Q,[� /:'[�'R

�Ig '\�<{� a� . �6g $�I6'C Q�,[�� =/� u? +�'] �$��'"[� >�"_ �'�D�� = �F� ��� 56'_ 7��� �6�YR �/� �/D �? u��'? $�\�<{"� � . �6 �C{��

�Ig $.'q�) �/�� y6�Y� >A'I�.ª �9 !�: ����< a� 7��9 6�Y� ��$� 7�F8-_ 5��9 �: /<� A'I '� $ Q�,[��

f'�� y'�� G# y��Y� =:�

1�'-� ��{<..�6�� ª�¢6 >�Y* ì $��g 6��j� | /�� `�� &��'? ���6 �î ¬* +��� Q�?/l �

A'��� ��N ���� 1R/M�N 1�W{�� ���[_ ��'�� mq�� /:'[� � ���: !�:YF� = Q�,[�� � $ y�� �'W�F8-� ¦? /� '=/"� u?

Q�,[�� $7��F: y6�Y� � $ª �9'? 7W6��� $7�@�P< ��� $!�: Q�,[�� A'I ��� � ='B# `�W/< y6�� �U� :A'��� ��N$6�Y<�$ .'q�) 6��? &�F< y6�Y� �

,[_ � Q,[_ u? +�Á �F8-� ¦? 6 EbC � '\�4[< a� 7�I6'� ª �9 : Q? Q.= A'I '� ���U��� Q�,[�� �� Q���: 

5�~� !N = ���,< ª'-� e,: KP³�N '� i#� 5�6�� >b? i Ã�[� � ��N O{W $ y/� 7��?

Q�,[�� � 5���� � y����� y6�Y� Q�,[< ·/"� 7�"�,� 1�< � !�: �t'� ��UT? y'l�� ¦N� ��,�� : �<'-� fg'R $ �\P³N� ª'-� e,: : �<'-� fg � �;9'

.٣٩ص،أ�= ا���.T ا� ��� أU�>� ا�8G�ة-١٢-J��-�ر ا� ٢٥٥ص، ا��)٣-J��-�ر ا�.١٨٠ص،ا��)

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��/� � �-: �<'-� fg'? Q,l '� Ó��� a� 7�'9 $7"�? i y56�? Ã'��)'? w/�� � à �lg u? �$�F�� �'8�N +� !l'��< a� 7D6'F_ !�: �t'� Q�,[�� �$�/D �

Q,[_ = ��PD /� �.� u,�D 1��?� '��"��F< �'"W G�g ��t'"Y� = /:'[� = �F� 7��'D � 4T� 5�I� >',�)$Q�'� ��/8� �'? '� �':/N 4��$!"[�R

'�'q�'-<� '� /<�<� '\R'��{? y'�9 Q<',-I u? ��É.W�'�"� 7P��� �t'Y� = �k�� ¸ ��b,� Q�,[�� � w�-� �( 7�U� � ���� 5��"9 �"-: /:'[� Q�R �F� �

y6�Y�� 7��9 |�O'U� ����_ :��P-� Q�,[�� :

Q�,[�� � /C´ w�-� '� ��� 7�I6'� 7�b�� /:'[� Q�R j�'M��$X"��� 7��,8� � sP-� � �W u? 7���9 7�b�� : E'��'?$�R�)'�¢/� ($f'": e"�*

'[� y'�9'W A��_ /: '-�PD = /� � QW/�< '� !�: ����< 7�@,��� y6�Y�'R $e�*)) QI�� QI� �W '\�R m,4� y�* � 7����� u</�'^ '�L,� 7�'[_ � y/�'�_ QI� �#

�? '�\�~ ��'* �� s�� ��� ���] `�W/�� = � �L�<� '�� �'£�-< e�V /C´ \�C �<� '�\I� ;< 7M��D'�\q�? +� '�((�� ��? $ /:'[� &'� ��/8� mq< '-��

A'I '� !�: +�� �>'N 65 `�W� � ���� |'�4W Q"�R A'I ��� ))ª'"N �# �/�"l = /:'[� 7�Y³l 6�\^ �� � ���� 7N6�� A /�l �-: /:'l 7,��¡ �49

@,��� � ª'�*) = Q����((�E'?/�� |'�W���F� = A'I '¥ ��� Q�))'H��� �� 6 y'�9 /�l m�LY� /�[� `�� = H��'I$���� � h6'C;� /�l (( '"� �W�$

A �N �* !�: %/�� �/[_ =� /M\_ = A'?5g Q:�? $��W' �I/< '� !�: +�� QN6 ��� |/�� A /�l : $Q�,[�� � !�: �P�< '\�W�))Q?'[< ª'N !�: &�F�

= Q?'[< � ��C 5Q��# E�F-_ � Q-� E�F-_ u? ��P-� +� �� ((©1"�i ��?� �"C /:'[� '�'C 'M� Q? $��"��9 ��} QF��Y� 7�'N6 = /�[� : E�F� �� '�� ))

�را.� ا�)=رة ا�&�T8,< :�8 ا�8�<�-د-١� �"��.١١٠ص،"� ا���,T �&���-د-٢!* ��G":F��G�ا �, � <� ا���D��م ١،٢٠٠٢ط،��آ�ت ا،� �دار ا�=<�ء ��>8� ا�'!�*� وا��ر��،�.٨٦ص،ا§.@٣-��8,< 78E��8" :ل���V�ص١١،١٩٧٨ط،ا .٦م "/.-� >=<7 ��8وت �!��ن��T8,< :F ا�8�<�-د-٤G�,��� ا�ا �, .١٢٧ص، ا�

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QD # /�[� � �\R bR 'D '� :/4P� wj �-? '\�P* � '�':'N �F� = y'�9 ��R 6��[� �((�u? 7W/�[� y'�* /�[�'R 6��[� � /4P� $�¼,:���I ��D : Q�'� /

���] � ��/8� � �¢/�'? �*5;< a� 6�Y� � $|/�F�� y6�Y� ��4< � � ��'\�PD y��YF� $��P-� Q�,[��'? h/�� '� 1�i ��.

�� y��Y� = E�F� e�* Q,�F? /�[� ¦?/� '��-: ��P-� Q�,[��)/�[�� ���:(�

Ï/�l '� �D $RÔy�� æ-��< �5 zR �Ô7�8�� !�5�I� � 31�R Õu-* � �È �I = '� Õ���� G# ��? 5�I��

5 zR � y��R /�[�'R $ y'�9 � ¦? /�� !�: /�[� � /:'[� u? 7�t'F� 7�b�� mq�< �5�I� � 7�8�� /:'[� $ ��� /:'"[�� y'"�9 A'"� /�[� �{W�¢"���"� '

sP-��$Q�,[�� = 6��[� 6�5 mq���$5�I�� G# �� S��< 5 zR � y��R /�[�'R $/�[� ��/: = y'�9 /:'[� �/I 1��?�.'�\"-�? 7�b�� ��6 +?'���$7"�b:

y'�9 � 5�I�� : 

�D Ï/�l '� Ô7Y� Ï/�l '� �D Ù'�* : Ôy6�� �5�I� � �D /�l '� _Ï�*/R �# _�¼-� �#� " ���6'� �7?½4� �5�: "

/:'[� y'�* 7Y� /�[�'R �*�< 7�b: 7�b�� ��,<� $�5�"I� : y6��� $�"�� /:'[� ��6'� ��5�: $y�* � .�6 = �*�< '��{W� Q�� ¦? /��� Q� &jb� /�[�'R

'�\-�? �YP� 4c $¦,</� 6�Y�� ��� � 7��D'��/� 7N6�_ Q��# �:�< '� +�/�[� � � �I�� u? ¦? /< $> �� u?� 7�/�[� 7?/M�� u? y/t �� ��'4< 7�� �.

Q��� Q-��:©

Ï|'�� p E'�� ò7�6 =ä�U� 7,,} Ð�PC /<�� :y6�Y� ��� = /:'[� Q,l$���/� |'�� E�� $��� /<�� &'�D{? ��PD Q�,[�� � 7?

$/<�� � ·/� a� &'�Dg Q,[< |'�� '\�R ��P�� a� 7�/�'R$'� /� 7��³�� y6�Y� � '\�4"l '�¢/� m-� ��� /<��� e�* �'�:g � 7I6'C �\R $ '� '-�,-�� /:'[�

� ا�G+8=ي-١�G" :��� . ١١١ص،ر.�7E ا�٢-��� .١٢٧ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�٣-��� .١٢٨ص،أU�>� ا�8G�ة:أ�= ا���.T ا�٤-J��-�ر ا�.٢٣٢ص، ا��)

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7��PD y6�� �\R '\����$'"�'��D 6�Y< a� !F�N�_ E'�MW +�¥� ��~ E�F� �?��� /<�� : 7.'-�PD = �/� $a"� y6�Y� 1�< ����< a� 'D/:'[� `�'�����< '-�'�: = '\R /� .

�'\�PD y��YF� = +?'��:Ï+��] SP�� å�{< +��? ��LW3�ò7M\� =/""��D �

��* y6�Y� ��� = Q,[_ A'I $7��� �8�� e�* $ ��PD Q? Q,[_ A'I� !"�: >�_ � &��� G# 5�I�� E'* � '(�,<� y'�9 & /YD 7:/N $��"� = 5'? E'�� �

y6�Y� $7�-��� y6�Y� ¦F��� /:'[�'R$�'�Dx� ���9 @Y_ '� v³��� $e�* E�;� 7:/�?� ��{�� ��� +t /� ��9'W y'�9 Q� ��,<.

/:'[� '� X�� a� $ y6�Y� ��� +?'�-�� 7��,8� � /:'[� u? � /�R b? �'-: : $��4� Q<@Y,? �/� e�* $7��³�� '�¢6$'_'* /:'l ��4� ��� $"� E�F� e�*

y��Y�)��/� '�'F?: (�

ß/:'l 'qP� e�*� Ôf'* ��/� �*�? E�\�� �I'-� Q�PD = '�: /:'[� X: �F� $7��³�� y6�� 5�I�� � /R$�*a"� y6�Y� `

'\�R >/F�N $5�I��� '\��I a� � $'_'* /:'l Q��MR $": X"��� y6�Y� ��T� �"-: '"�¢/� �'"? � ·/�� 7P�/� y6�Y� $ E�\��� Q<'I'-� = A'qP� 7�b:

/:'[� $/:'"[� &b"* ��4� ��É� $ 5�I�� �*6 = > �� �,-�R $�D'"���� ·6'� +� �C �� $��L�R &b"* � /:'[�� �¢6 � /:'[� sPD = '� ��4� .

'�¢/� � ��9 � /<��� : �<'D ��PD '�/�'-: u? ¦? /� � 7��³�� y6�Y� �./:'[� �-: ���� y6�� +?'�-�� $���� �'�: = �'� e�* $E'F�D X: 1�i�

�))'�¢/� G# 7�¢/� ((�E'�� X: $���� �'�: G# �P-�� $= '"� Q"��: ¿,���> �� ·/³�R $ QD �I�� Q�PD $¦�¤'? ���-�� $Q�PD = �/�< a� .�/� ��,�R

Q�'� 7��³�_ y6�Y� = 7��'� $65'D �*�<� ��/R · ;�� X:.E�F� e�*: 

.١٠٦ص، أ�= ا���.T ا� ��� أU�>� ا�8G�ة-١ "� رأ��; <� "��"�: ا��ؤ��. ا��ؤ�� ا��»� ���,98 و����+M،م ١٩٩٥، دار ا�&@� ��8وت، ا���"=س ا���8G: ا�&�8وز ���دي-٢

�*� .و"� �'�� إ�8;وا��ؤ�� ه� �+T ا�١-��� .٧٣ص،أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�

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� 1�R !���*6 5 zR � 1�� !`��W 5 zR � ��4� +M\� $D{�� =Y�� 7-�"""""6�P $ÍbP� ?3Ã6�Y `�?/��

H�5'l'$Ð6��8�'W Ð��g'? ��� Ð|$Íb�~ $07M\,W |�?z[� Ð ��4� 1,�� = �# $Í 5'</_ `��W `�� �W &b*g �9 �?'Dj ��-< 1�R��Ð���� |$|�8� `�( ��� ���<�

w'8�N |'��� E'�� EbC � /:'[� $7"�*�_ y6�Y�'? X�� � $= 7"�:'P� � 7�/�[� 7?/M�� $�I/C a� 7B'�P� 7�D'�D) ��� ��É ���� ��MR Q�PD = '�:

QD �I� �� /:'[� sPD �$E'"�� "� 7U�,-_ '�¢/� �R� 7?/M�� X: �L���� $�� � /:'[� u? 7�t'F� 5��9 ����� ��$·'��D �FÉ � %'[� w'8�N �$'"� u?

>'�PD � /:'[� � .�/� Q? ��P< $u?� '"�'C �"��I ���� A'I ��� ����7��D'��6 y6�� '�# ¸/:'[� sPD = '¡ �8,<6 a� Q}b¡ $��� E'�� !�: ����<

'\M�D $'\R /� u? |6'� �$y'�9 '\L-��$b^ ����< a� y�"��_ '� A'É#� '( ��9 h /� ��C $Ó��"� �"�PD 6'"�# = �C��� ¸��9 � ·/� y6�Y�

��/��$E'�� X: A'I ��� $'�¢/� G# 4�_ � +� �� j�'�� $y���] y6�Y� '�# 7?/M�� = 7�:'P� $7R/C;� � u�;�� 6'�# : �I/C a� �$·'��"D X: ��L��

� > �� u? 7�/�[� 7?/M�� = '� w�B�_ $�"��� �"��< '�{W� '-�'� /qL�� �$A'��D 7P��� h'�� !�: E�< 6�Y� � $ f': G# ���-� '\q�,R 7��P8�$�"�� '��

y'�*� ���� yA /? � $6��8� f': G# ���-� /C´ '\q�?� $¸��g � ./P� e�* 7?½4� ��� ���� �$-� &b*g � �?'D;�'W 7��' $>'q�'-�_ +�Á ���� ��I �F�

��4� h /� = 7��U,_ .y6�Y� ��-< ��� $y���I 6�� X: ��T �$: �[4<�$ y���I >5 �8���

QD �I�� Q�PD = '� �[4< $/:'[� �'�: = y��¥ �¢6$E'�� X: .1�i �� y��Y� = Q���)&b�� = 7�?�j:(�

= &'�g �D'W �� m�/�� '\��6i aq,� $E'�/� �U�

١-��� .٢٥١ص،أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�

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����)) :m�6 '� $E',] ��LN = '\�5�?� o�i'R '�(()) >�_ ·'MR = �? ..Eb�� � Q? 6�-� v�/� f': =((..

'\�R �6�� a� Q<6�� = /:'[�'Rm�/�� &'�g $fg'? 7q?'-� � 7��³�_ y6�Y� 1�< &'�g �$E'�/�'? &'�g '\�R Q,[� a� � $Q: /"� = ·/� : 'U*'? '}'� � '��'D

'\* /R{? Q-� |/� a� y'�9 +� /���_ $!Ng'? Q*�6 65'Y<� $&'�r� 5 6 1��� &��� � E �;� .�'�: � 7FU,-_ '�¢/� ���� 7?/M�� : E'��'? yX�_ y'D'�_ $a� /:'[� '\[��� $� f': G# � ;*g � !Ng '\�R E�L�� /C &'� = Q�,�6 !�: E�< ./P� � ��g .

���� /<�< � /:'[� sPD = '�: X��� 6�Y� Ù{<� $": 6�"Y< 6�"Y� � 7P�'�� �� �I�� $E'�� �*6 = ���<�$��,I ��� $ 7"��P�� � ��"Y� A'� �

7[��� � 7�'�,�'? j�P�� $�* : ��* : eL,�� Ù{< $7?/M�� : X����.6�Y� �W /�< ���$��6'�l = u��D'��/� w',� � 1�i� h5 /�<�$"��

/:'[� E�� 1�i:�

`�[� '\� !�N{P? w��] !�: ���{R '?'8* �-W K���!E����'W �-W K��� $6�,F� �� ��'N i# :s�/? '��6

.'�/�'W �-W K��� $��L-? 6��;� �-� '� �W ���{R!A'�[�'W �-W K��� $�N/F? ��/� �?i '� �W �[� !

7��,8� 6�� $ 7?/� = 7FR��_ @,��� �t'N� �t'"N� ��4�� '�5 6 a� � $ /:'[�`�[�� @��< $1��c � S��R `�[� ��F� 1�< �6�� = ��,< a� $��/� a� �

@���� '�$'� �*�< a� 7��,8� !�: O'�g 1�< �/I 1��� $Q4�/"l '\"��I� `�[� w'B� !�: `q�� �-: ���P� $g Ù{< 7�'� '( 7��,8� = 7W/* �4R '\�I

7��,8� /:'[� Ã6'[��$ $Q�D'� � Q��� ��� Q� 5'�� '\��Á� $A'�"[� � .'�/�'R @��<� @\8< �t'N� @�':g �$'��~ �t'N�� 1��W ��4� � S��� 1��� $'� @���

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+��� = ��: $�"� �: "� 7��,8� = '� ��;� ��� A'�[� ��R ��P��$�"\c�L�� y6�U�� ��,�� &5'F� +�?/�� y'�.

�5'_ Q�,[�� 5��* /:'[� Q�R j�'� ��� ¦�-� �� ��$7P�/8� y6�Y�'? A'I� $ 6 /4< = 6�Y� h /� ���MR $ 7��,8� �'q* = >��� a� 7F�{�_ 7���,� �

7�\�,[�� 6�Y� ��� 7�� � ��� $= 7"�?'-� y6�Y� E'�PD � /<�< !�: E�� ����� sP-� �'8��� 7�B'� � 7?/M�� `.�y /"_ � QP��� : �6�� = %'[� X��

��� 1�i ��$ 7��,8� y6�� +� '�6�� >�*�< a� Qy��Y� =))u? 7_'9 '\�� �� ��� ((�:

5��¤ Ã/\� = �[�:� ») 7��^ = ���É �\�:5� 0Ãb_'W A�X� $0y56��'W êA'q�,� $·�_'W $���,� ¼�q� =

Ð6��8� O'�{W $Ð�P[�'W Ð/*'�� ����� ���,� `W�4�'W E',] ·��UW $Ï/������Y� 6',� !�: ���<� 6�-� '�

0�D ß.�6 A'��� �� ��~ ä�'�ÏQâ� Ð@,: � 5�6�� �-: ��P-� 7?�,¤ /� !�: E��� �FR�< a� 7�?'��_ 6�Y� '\-: X�< /:'[� 7?�,}

/:'[� $7N'�* sPD : 6�Y� ��� 6�Y<� $��"�� `"< /� G# y /_'? +P</</\8� � $6�� = >/\^ a� Q��D'*�6� /:'[� sPD �¹ : X�� ��� 7?�,¤ 1�<

$�� ��� � � �I�� !�: '�5�I� /Y�F� a� $6 �Dg f': /C f': � >A'I a� � ��� 7� �? e�* A �Bg � $. �6g f':� $�A �* y6�� '\t'FD� '�/\� = '\L-�

G�g $< '� /l#� QP� ��? 7I;�¥ /:'[� E'�C X: >/q* a� �Q7�*�/� .a� �t'YF� �� = y5�"I�_ � Q�,"[�� & �³�N = /:'[� 7: /? '\�R >/\^

'���: ��D'��/� /�[� $/:'[� 7�/F,: ��,< e�* $�"�P-� /��Y�� = Q��P<��� w �?#� $ |'�� E'�C = ��'-� �*�/� �"�g �� /"h /$� 1�i �"A'I '

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y��Y� =))`9 �4�� = > ��� ((� = '� s��< E�'L-N� 6�� � y��YF� �� 7�t 6 7��� '\�:�? 7P�/�:�

Ô7?�: 0�D 07��P8�'W Ð&b*g'W $å��'WÐL $Ð.',Y�'W ���] 056��'W A /�F� 7����'W Ã�Lq� A'���'W $&'��?'W �����

ò7: 5� � '( '� Ï� |',l� E'~�3-æ�Õ�� 5�"��!òy6'\� � '( '� $�e�,< 3ª "��F�� 07M\� =��-�� �F[� !

å�6 '( '�Í7Ï5'4� Òh/� Ï5 6�� 0y/³Y� = '\-� 5���] !Ò� Ï< A�l0à / 0�D ��Ü ))Ïs�-�R ((ã>5'� �I � �6�� u?��

0�Ï�3��� 3|',[� äE�"""��_ ./P� � Ðs���� f'"�"�� ����� !ÏÃb� & Ï�� � 6g G# A'I ª�5/P� ãL3.�6 �� ��\�� &b�� !

0�D ..0�D '� 0�D Üß�N6 Ô��~ à�/F,: �éR 5�I�� �� 01�R Õ���� � Q�R '� Õ��:� ÕE'~� æ�F�Õª5�"""",�� 0�D ..0�D Ü �D '� ß/MR å�� /"""L�� � !3o"�F� 5���"_

äy'�9 � 6{R ÐD�� =5��""� '�'PC Q� !á�I � �9 �0�D Ï.�6 +�?/� $""""R E'�� Ò;�\�R '�D�� �""Ï>'""�t 6 5�6��

Ò �� �y'�9 Ï5�""I�� ����� /"""8�� � �/""4N ��/��""�'? /�[� X: A'�lg � 7��,8� f': G# %'[� �C�� $7"��D �R� Ó��� E'�Z ��z�R

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yA X� �$'q� ����D'��/� � /:'[� ��[-� '� ��� $5�"I�� �"\� 7��P8� �g-�� ./P� +, $>5 j� $ y'"�9 &�"�� �'�D) @Y� = @4P��� '\�� �'4� �

'\�:�6� 7?�,¤ y6�� �* � ��< a� h'��g $�"�� &b*g'"W y6�Y� �

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7B'�P� >�� $�'"�: = �"?'-� '\*/R� 7��P8� 7��� +� �F��< a� O'�g � ��9 $b* � sP-� � �l �FÉ ��� '\� $a� sP-� > �,� � &5'F� L�� �

A��( � 7* /� � >'��,� � ��g : eL,< $sP-� = '_ 7�B'C� 7��³�� 6�Y�'R s�N'* � /:'[� � $&b�� �R �D �6�-? ÌP8�� �/[� ���I .',Y� � 6�-� m-c�

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/:'[� �'�: � >A'I a� ��9 y /_ >6'�� $��W{�� 6/4�_ Q�,[�� 5'R ��� 7?�,¤ m�b� G# ����� 7��'} !�:)��9 ($'�6'\� /� �? ��� $y6'"\8� 1�<

E'q� s���� `�� = �'c) y'�* e�,< a� $6�³Y� = �,-< 5�6�� ���I�y��Y� $'( ��I a� Ãb_ y /_ '�# $y /"_ ��"� : ��F? /:'[� EA'����7P�8�� $�� '\-: EA'���))s�-�R E'�] 7?6 (( y6�8"Ng `"�� � 7�5'F� Ü

7�D'��/� $'�] � `9 7(�E$���I � y'�9 G# '�¢/� X: 5��<$= ./"P� e,�� y@�4� |��F� $�6g K"? G# /\8� � `9 � E'�] ���� � ��/� /:'[� � $

f'�� = /[�-�� $m,F� � � ;*g �����.O'c) ��,� �� $ ��bN) d /�� �'�: � 7�5'F� Ü ª�5/P� Ãb� �� &

��� /:'[� sPD = /F�N $y6�8Ng Ã/< '� �':/N ��k e�*$Û5',� ='-< '�g 7-] � &5'� Ãb� 7?�,¤ i­R$ &bN) $'\��À�� '\�D'4� +R/� 1��?� $j�'"M���

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��"4� = '"� !�: `L�-� $ sP-� = '� ��Á�$ Q�PD = '� 7��,8� !�: ����R $+�?/� .�6 '\-: d�L�� a� y /_ �I� '��-: 1�i ��,��$/[,� ��R ���< ���

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E'�� X: 7��,8� y6��� $@,"��� 7"�� 7��'* 6�Y� ��'-�<� >'�8�_ ��'���RA X� 7�� G�g y'�9 � y.

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&b* $7�5'� 7��P: >A'I �F��$/:'[� � �I� � 7�?'D.�'�: � �I/C y6�� " y/�'�� /�'-�� � E'�� �*�? " �FD /:'[�

'�� j�'� e�* ��'[� '� �'� QP��� : >X: sP-� /�$�"P� `D'] = ����<� y'�9 � .�/�'? ����_ .

¼/�� �,�,�'W �¼-� � `9'? 7,��4� �*�6 �[�D ����*�6 Q�,[�� �� = E�g h/8� $E'�� X: Q��# i'P-� /:'[� w'8�N e�* $

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/:'[_ � s�N'*g � $Q"�R �D �< ��� yA X� � y�[-� �j = @,4� E�L�� QD# 7�@�g y /_ 1�< @�{< y{�� �� A'�lg $Q*�6� /:'[� sPD � '�¢/� ���W'R

���� y���I 6�� Q�'�C� 7[.7��'�� >'�?g = d�L�� »$'�� �� = ��4� !�:� Q��: ��9 y /_ 6'�� : $¬*

&b*g � . �6g = �5',� '�/� .Q"<'D'�_ b* �Á � w'8�N Q���D'��/? /:'[� � ���I � y'�9 >'� �? O ��� �6'�l{? 5':� Q��� $y /_ 1��? Q�PD ��� � ��?

A'I a� &'"� ��I /< 'D ;* � '�� " ���< '� EbC � " �L�� �'�¢6 �R� >

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7�@�g ��9 y /_ 1�< y5� $y'"�9 !"�: � �"l � Q�PD = '� e,� �C � ��4� �.�

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��] � ·/� y /_ 1�< �/D $'*�6 �U���� $�'4_ � �'�;� X: ��T $�"[< '�#y5'_ : 1��?$7�*�6 7�* ���4�� ���: f': G# ���<�$'\�:�? /:'"[� 7���

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��] 5��* � ·/C�.> �"�g ": '"P��� '�¢/� 7*'N � >�Y� Ù{��7�5'�� $Ah�� � A'É) ��É 7?���� �$�"�,� � 5 ��� � +?'��� Q�PR ��� QD�W� $

�-� � A'É) ��É��"�".y /_ 1�< y6�Y? �F</� /:'[� ���� $7�R�� 7�'* Ó��� QD{W� $+� �� j�'M��R

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� Q<'�* Q��# >6'� '¥ �b�'? �� !�: '\�R ����� $ 6�/�� � ./P� � 7J/� '�I 6 !N � | �:.

Q��� 1�i ��: 

!Ng � K��FD $Ï�"""""��� �F�R Ï+�8�N ä�J �5�I� Ð|'�l =0�'�;� �[� >�_ � 0: ��êA` 3I y'�9 é�5��F�

3��PD� �6�� �l'� � $X""""F�'W $5��\_ f'��'W o���:Ò��� ��� ¯�-F� � | ��� � !Ng � &�I�� &���? y�,�� y6�Y� y'�* QR /�{?

/:'[� .��� !�: &5'F� i'FD) = ��g �)Ãb_ ($7��'£ �\R y/�'�� Q<'�* '�

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�� ª'- $XF�'W 7���� sPD 7F�F9 4�� $> A'É) � @UW ��� y6�Y� � | �:� 7[*�� !N � /:'[� Q�D'�� '¥ >�� �$���? �C{� _ ·'�É 1�i =�

Q? ¦�* ��� ¯�-F� � ª{�� � &b�� � E ��g f': � ��F-�� $>A'I 1���� sP-� h'�[? 7I;�¥ y6�Y� .

� +?'�� Q��: Ãb_ y /_ /� '-�,� @Cg +8F_ = �/��Y< /:'[�:�

��/��� y��* ��l'D{? !�'-�< ö 7�/LN 6���� ß6�Y�� � |�q³_ �P[� '�{W �7��� ����� .',Y�

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Q�?'[�� !�: 5 zP� h'�l � /:'[� �Pq� $��9'? 6�YF� ��-�?'R $+� >A'I�'�¢/� $|�q³_ �P[�'? 7\�,l $,Y� 7��� � '����� .$�"�PD '"\�R ¦? /� �

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�* � 6'�# = �I6'� +� Q�~� y'D'�� � Q�R '¡ �C �� �FD� $'�\-�? � . j � �� �P� � �6 �P� $7�D'*�/� /:'[_ �?5� $� A'�lg = �/�< S"�� '"\�8�<

���I $Q<'D'��� Q�PD > /<�< �R�.a"� 6�Y� `�� = 'LB � 1�i /\^ ��� y��YF� ��� = '��-: '-P�� $|�"�� E'�] 6�Y? '-��'8< y��YF� �$a"� �

7��,8� ��? = '(b^ ���W $�/:'[� ª{"�� y/"t 5 "� ·/� � 1��? ��/�$# '�:'N ��g �'q*{? �T/�� `"9 /"�'-: Eb"C "� G'�<� QD'L,N � G

E'�] �$7��,8� � ��4� = >/[�D a� $�b"� ��/� `9 � /:'[� ��I�$6�-� � @� � y'�9 65'Y� ��Y� � 7J/� � `9 $'"�'-� = +[� 6�-� �/D 1���

y��YF� $7��,8� � sP-� = /:'[� >b�{< '\�R �?i'� ��� $bC �� y'"D'�_ E7�/�[� 7?/M�� ¦N�� $y'D'�_ � fg � ª{�� f': � ·/� /:'[� �/D $= �C���

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E'�] � `9 � 6�-� � f': $�b� � y'�9 � ��g Q�R $Q�R '¡ �'-] Q,[� f': Eb9 7��,8� /LN �.

y��Y� �PR %'[� /�l = A'�_ y6�� +?'�-��))�_ �;9 A' (( E�F�:�

ÞPW =� �;9 âA'�_ 5�I�� �^ 0� QÏ� h;�ãu, ä� =�0�/� Ï>'��? u-�� > /�* QR/� =� ��M[�

�� Q�¼,��3,ÍbÏ�U�� '�W >'�"""�'� 356� Ï>�_ ��Y�� b,� /:'[� Q,l �?�"�R 5�6�� �U�� ��� >�_ y6�Y? 5�I��� 7��'Y� A'�_ >

'�6'qD ��� '\F�*6 `���� $�;L�� ��P-� /�g : y6�Y� ��� /:'[� X:� '"\¹6 y6�� EbC � 7��³�� 7��PD y6�Y�'R $Q�'�: � Q�PD = W'�� !Ng �

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QD �I�� Q�PD = '¡ �8-R $ �I6'� 5�I�� !�: .>��-� & �³�N = �\��� = u��D'��/� y5': !�:� /:'[� ��,�� $��I ��

y6�Y� = 'LB � 6�5 >��-�� $R= '"�W Q�,[�� =/� = '\� �³�N � /U4��;9 A'�_ y��Y� = Q���:�

Ï6 =� ��8_ �6�� !�: !P�{R��* Q*� �u4��� à��� ß|��� à�Ml ��P] /L�W ß|��� $�;* /�;W

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����� : 65'Y� /�g y�� Q,[� $$ /:'[� � �I� � 7��'8� E'�� 7-? y6�Y� ��;* /�;W |��� �Ml u�q�'-�� u�P� u? +~ �F�� $!"�: E�"< y6�"Y� �

E'M��N /:'[� �,� �$7��D'��/� ¾'P�g A 6� �/I�$!"�: y6�Y� E�< '�W

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A'�_ � QP��� E'�* /:'[�� ��P-� /<��� $� ;* � Q�PD = '�� $'(b�? �F� y6�Y� !�:.

�* � ���_ u�-�',�� u<6�� u? 7D6'F� �'�*g ��? = �F�� �$'� 1�i �� = A'I)E'�] y��Y� 5�[-_ (y /_ E'~ � QP��� '\�R 6�Y� a� � $E�< y6��

/:'[� �'�: = �?'-� /\8� � 7�/� � 7�R'P[� !�: $7"��P�� � yA X"� !�:� $���Y� :�

35�\-� '-� 6� Ò;�� ����� |',[� y�[D = 6'�jg'W Ô7-�R ����< 3& /�� A 6� i'� 4� � Q�W�<� Ü 5�\-�

� /4�� f'9 '�/LN ��C ��� '� i =���,� 6 /F� 1�..ÜÔ7��~ ª�PD Ð6��8W $��/��� /*'�? ��[< |'��

> /�'� $36 '�{WÏ·= 6'�jg Ü���] +�?/� ���� ß|���� Ô7��q� $Ð&�M-W å�� Ô7: �B �� Ð�"�W $Ü 5�6��

& ß&b^ $0� QD{Wä8Ï+Ð���� $ÔE��� Ï�0[Ï � 3 �� ����� '"�j ;�� = 6'�jg y6�� Q,[< '�j ;�� = 5�\-�'R y6�Y� /�'�� /:'[� �/��

$/\8� � 7�/� � �8�� +�'Z y6�Y�� ��P-� /�g ��,�� $��",< y6�"Y� � ��6� @Y�R sP-� = '� ��� '\-4�� '�/�'^ = 7��* '\��# |/ $ i'� E z�� ./8� »

a� y6'\8� � yA X� Q�R �/� /�'� ���� : G�g y6�Y� = X��� 7-�P� 1�< ��?`9 7��? /\8� �F-< �\R '�/\�� � |'�� 6��� yA /? Q,[< $y/*'N ��l'D '( �

6�-� f': � 7�5'F� |'�� 6��� ��l'D{W $ y6�Y� � ��PD ¦? /� � E'"�� 7-? $6'�jg .�PW ��-: /\8�'R y6�Y� +?'��� $7",�� 7"�¹ 7,�8� 7Lt /� 6'[�D �

$y6�Y� ��( �/[_ QI�� � $�6 �"�� |��� � +[� ��� A�q� 7�� = ��,� > /�'8� $&b"�� @-"< a� &�M-�'W $ �\] 5�,�� y'�9 |�65 @-�R $�"�I

6�� A�q< 6 �D |��F���'�g � `9 w6;<� |� .���� : X�< 7��³�� y6�Y� � �C��� ¸/Y,� 7N'* 6'�# � ·/�� ¸ ���I !L-� y6�Y� �C{<�¸ y /_ � /:'[�

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�[� 7N'* 6'�# =$`�8� /[�-�R $y6�Y� =� 6�/N� !B6 A �Ig rc�$����l 7��,8� rc� 5�6�� ��6 /[-� Y�W.�< y /_ y6��� /:'"[� �'c# !�: E

6��;� 6�5� 6�-� 6�5 '\L-� e�* '�6��? .%'"Á) �"��_ �� ��� .Ù{"<� y /��� o��� ���_ : X��� 7�D'U� y6�Y� $A'�,� |�65 = @�< a� $�"-� '���

y6�Y� Q�� E�L�< ¯'8È � 1�i : $yA /? ��F� ��� h�� � 5 ���'? Ì��T� 7��P8� $����� '-� /:'[� �{W$y6�Y� /�'-: G# Q��< i � ·/� Q-4�� $X"���

'� �� a� QP� �� : '�.= /:'[� X��� )7��'( ��/� y��Y� (7"�*6 :� $ y'�9 = �6 ��� 6�5 :

7C�³�[� � |',[� � >�_ � y'�9 :�

`9 � $ E'�] �6 �: '� $&b*g � $� '� �?05�I�� �� A' !ÏC0�3���,�,� ����] ¼�F�C� ��[�� �""��""�� & /""���

Ï5�I�� Ï �*/� ÐXF�'W $Ï< '� ��3MÞ�3u5�I�� |�8� � �y'�9 � Ò/� a� Ï&b*g '( ß>�� Ô�FU� 5��F�'?...

Ï|',[� � Ï �,9 Ô7C�³�l # !��<5�zW ��/� = >�_ G... 7��PD 6�� =$+�?/� � |',[� � `9 � y'�9 �'� /:'[� s�N'* ���$����<

y'D'�_ �*6 = '�¢/� $� ;"* � !"N � /:'[� sPD = '�: yX�� y6�Y� Ù{<�$Q�'�: � '\I/³�R $/:'[� �'�: = '�: X�< 7��,8� @Y<�$ �",< $�'�¢6 �R� �

5 5�I�� = �6�5� �6 ��� !�: .'�PD'? y6�Y� y/t $7?'I) Ù{<� $�",�,�'R��[�� A'I $�"� X"� Q�?'*6 ��6 5�I��'R $ ����� & /�� �Ig �I �6 ��� �

sP-"� �'"�: � +?'D ��PD Q�,[�� �$ Q�R ./P� � y'�9 U�,� Ù ��� �6 ��� $= y5'q�_ |'8�g �*��<� y6�Y� $'�� ¿��,� Q�,[�� X: >�_'? y5�� �F��<�

5��F�'? �FU� >�� �� a� &b*g'? 7���_ y'�9 y6�� � ��É$/:'[� �/�� �5�I�� h /� ��� ��� ��P-� /<��� X: 7��I 7F�F9 $�"-: '�¢/� Q�R 5��<�

/:'[� $ � $ >�_ � y'�9 >'q�'-�_ u? �*��R 7C�³�[� � |',[� $�"N ��� '¡6

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./P� E� = |',[� E� = ./P� y'�9 Q�,�N ��� ��� Q�PD$Q",�� = �,4N�| ��� � �b³�� '��* 7F�F9 7�'\-� = �I�R � ;*g $sP-� : 'É�/<� $'"_

!N � | �: � '� �*.�B'_ G# E�g f'�� G# ���� '�t 5 /:'[� � A'PY� � 6�-� f': G#$e"�*

7�FD y/�'� 7�R'� A'���'W y'�9 �D'W $Q_': G# y5���� Q� �l = ¼�? ��P-� /�g � Û6'8� &b�� f': � v�³�� � yA X� e�* E�g $y��Y� � Q��� = 1�i ��,� )

&��� � s�g u? `9 E��I : (�

Ðs�g'? A'���'W Ù'�* �D'W �� Q¹',� 3&��� � $Q~ �� h�\4� �'�:{W ��� ��

"� /:'[� ��FD a� 7W/9 ���$ /:'[� |'� ��� E�L�� : X�< y6�Y� Q,"[< G�g y'�9 $ !Ng � &�I�� �z�� /B'* G# �,� 6 �D{? �/[_ s�g

G# '\�R E�� a� 7�D'U� ��'-<� $ '\��r<� '�6 �D{? A'��� �"��� e"�* �6g �'�q�'-�� �'<6�Y� � $� ;*g � &b�� � ����� y6�� >6'��¸ y'�9 $'�: � X�<�

�N'P� +� �� � ���� /<�< � /:'[� sPD =$/"\8� ;"�6 s"�g G# ��l� A'F-� �.

5�I�� f': : ��*/� � �4l /:'[� +?'�� 7�'[� y6�� =� �/C y��Y� =� $[� � Q�'�: = yA X� 1�c /t'� Q�PD �/� /:'$Q"��;D `,�? Q-� �,�N '\-4��

/[,� f': G# $E�g f'�� � Q���� $6�"-� f': : Q��L�� fg Q?'�{R$1��"� Q*/R� Q<5'�N : X�� � 5/��� /t'8� 1�i �:�� $`* : �[4< y�:�� ��� �

./P�� /:'[� $a� y'�L�� y�:5� '� ��{�$Q�b* Q�,�N y'�9 4��.y��Y� = E�F� e�* y'�L�� 5/��� �F�F9 6�PY�� ':5 1��� 6�\F� 6�PY: ���

)6�PY: y'I'-�:(�

é/�ã5ã �/< � K�c $�@�B� aM\¡ 6��8� �U� KD#

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Ï�U,�R ���b� | /�� �'� �F� 4� ä�U� Ð�,�,� _ Ð6��4 æD/? ��l 0>' !Ng � 7*'�-� Í7?�,[� �6��l � �P� ��?

o�F? �P� � 5¼/� $QD# Þ8L�_ h;�_'W6�M\_ ���PD ¦? /� � /t'8�'? Q�PD Q,[� /:'[�'R$hb�"C � /"[,� f': : ���,? �U���

6��8� yA /? ��É e�* �\-: Q*�6 $�:��� 6 �Dg f': G# '��l 5/��� /t'8� $'�# �,�,� u?� Q-�? 5� �\: !�: /:'[� �#� y'�L�� y�:5 $f': �* � f': = 'D'W '�\R

6�-� $/[,� f': G# /:'[� EÀ� � �,�$A �Bg � 6�-� f': Ã/��� $5/P�� ���4[? 7��D'��/� A /�l �-: m�8� /[,� : hb�C � /:'[� �/D 1��� $&': �

Q��# ��8�� ��/���� /t'8� �:�� $6�M\_ �8L�_ h;�_'? Q,�� Q,[�� $/"M� QDgQ_': $A'PY� f': : ���? � $�"��L�� � Q�-�� �/N ��� /[,� f': G# E;D� $

y6'< Q�PD = '�: X�� /:'[� � $ EbC � �/C y6'< � �:5� Q�'�� : X��� /t'8� Q� �l � �'�¢6 ����� �/qL�N ��� .

6�"�8� f': G# �A'��D � �6g f': = �5/P< '-� �Wz�� '\�PD y��YF� = +?'��� E�F� e�* Q_'�� �/M( Q�R 6'� ��� �;9 �/D� $ 6�/�� � 6�-� e�*:

/t'� 'D $5¼/��� $� a?½W >�Y? 4� �¼D/���@Rj > /"R;� � 7?½4� > �� G# �¢'-� E��$ /\8� � yA X� = /t'8�'W h'Pl /:'[�

'_{�� '-�;* Q��I ª'-� u? �5�I�� $f': G# 6 �Dg f': /�'8� Q_': � ��6 QDg /[,� f': 7��8� f': ��] .

Dg � /\8�� ;�6 QDg 6��8� f': G# ��[� �t 5 /:'[� � 6 �$Q-�? hb� �/� 1��� E�F� e�* /[,� u?�:�

Ï?'�-�3* K3/Ï·0y'�9 6�³�� E�-I y���? �\-� KD{W '� Ó��� a� 7�'9 ��B : y6�Y� >X:�$7"�jg � 6'"Y9 !�: E�< a� �

w',8� = hb�C Q? ��'* a� 7FD'� 7��P-� $"�9 �\R =� y' $= �'",���

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�� �_ $/[,� f': = Q?'� ��� ·/9'R 1��� $��B = Q��I $Q"? h�� QD{W� 6�³Y� u? ��LN 5 � =$ª'-� u? /:'[� 7?/�? �*�< y6�Y� �.

sP-� = '�� 7?/M�� >'�q�F� �R� y6�Y� �4[� /:'[� �$'( /t'8� y6��� y@UW >5� �'�� $�FR /t'� Q�PD �/� $ 6��� ª'-� �/�� $&'�g @Y< ���

6��� $/t'8� y6��� $&�"�( � !Ng : 'D'�* X��R /:'[� � �I� = '� ��� | ��� � $y��Y� =� $ y5'��� � ./P� � ��g : �/C 'D'�* X�<� )�'-P� y/4R

( E�F�:�

��F�� � 3��6 0Q,�[� �6'��� $¼�I &'�g = E j '� @�� äR .'�/� Q:/Y�R �[c3�ã-äUÐ-�Í'�I��� $Ð/t'8�'W 6��4_

6��[� : �F�� ��� 6�Y� � ��/� /:'[� $7��³�_ y6�Y� ��� !<{R $e"�* Q<@�� = 'P�³�� �F�� ��I$$ y@�_ 7�?'�� � 5�I� >',�# +�8��� bR +I���R

E'�� � 6��[� >'*'N : '�I /�� ��³���$.'-] ��\� /t'� � /� 1���.yA X� : X�< `��g = 6��8� y6�� $7���] y'�9 � $7�/9 � $= '�W

y��Y� � Q��� )�� ? '�:(�

Ï�F�C Í'F��� 0��8W Ð���-� Í /*� Ð6�-W q� �'¹ = !Lé/�<Ð@8�'W 53� 3��R�D Q�) �*� A'l '¡ ��[<�

�'"�D) m-"� �'R $ �'�Dx� G'�<� QD'L,N � '�5 6 a� 7�/9 : 6�Y� X�< ���-�'W 7�/9 $y/8P�'"? �'"�D) @W�< 1�i =�$ A'��� = +�'�� 6�-�'W�

a� y6'\8� � QF�C '��-: �'�Dx� � '�5 6 $O'U� ��,� = y6�Y� Ù{< »$X��� ./R� yA /?� ��� y'�* � Q� 5 6 ��� �'�D) �'� '�¢6 � /:'[� sPD = '�:

$@� � `9 � 6 �Dg'? 7���_ y'�9 7�R'Y� y'�L�� y�:5 1�i =� $E'�� 7-? 6�Y� : 7��P:� ��Y? X�< /:'[� ���� .

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7-�D{�8� �t�� 7��,8� $6�� �:'8�N �F�� $ Q��# !�'-�� ��� Q�� � /:'[� ��*� &': �4[? 7��D'��/� A /�l �-: 7��,8� ))� '?/B �L,� u* �� ¢6 ��� �

7�/Y,� y��'[��� y'W'¤ � '?/B �/��Y�� � �I�� $u"* �/C >'��4?��* &�F< �L,� Q? �'-P� ª'�*# `�* �? A�[� 7��,� `((���? +?'�-��

7��,8� 6�� $y'�9 /:'[� : '(bC � /:'[� X�� a� $�/"D e�* /:'"[_ y��Y� = 1�i �$ 6��8� | /N{W K�< >�C � >���)|'�� (E�F� e�*:�

y��* /:'[� � �W $7��\£ �/4N $/4R �� $��&'�� 6��8� | /N{W �¼-�$p�* �R/R6� $�'C��'W �? i ���'�

/:'[_ :� $ |'�� ¦N� /:'[� '\��# ��� a� 7��P-� 7�'9 : y6�Y� X�<Q? �_ a� $E'�´ � &b*g f': QD# $Eb�� � �¢/� � /L�� � f': QD#$X"���

K�< a� �/:'[� : /:'[� 6��8� | /N{W $!"¼J = �¢/� E�L�< '� �':/N� � �I�� $/<��� @�{< ��� $6��8� | /N y6�� |��< '� �':/N� �'C5 G# $

Q�'� � �P��� $�\�-< a� &b*g 1�< 7�F�� &b* � ��* = /:'[� �{W� |'�� =.

&'�g ;�6 6��8� ��4< '� ',�'�� 7��P8� X� 7�� A'PY� �$� �\�-� ��� ./P� � y��Y� = y6�Y� 1�< �/D� �;9 h/�� )7�t'q� 7-] (/:'[� d�L�� '��-:

7��P8� :: 

��4� �� `� '-W &'� $6�[� ��',� � 6��;� � 6�{? '�D�� '-�,ÏN Ï�/P< &'� 6��8� | /N{W '-? y'�9 &'� ¼/T�

,: A'q�? 7$6�-? 7L-£ y5/��

.١١٠ص،�'=ر ا�)=رة ا�&��8:د >,T8 ا�8�<�-١.٢٥٦ص، ١١٩٩٤ط،أ�= ا���.T ا� ���: أU�>� ا�8G�ة-٢٣-J��-�ر ا�.٢٠٩ص: ا��)

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y'�9 &'� 6�/�R $� �I/C ��� $ y6�Y� = ��PD ¦? /� � 6��8� | /N Q,[� E'�� X: /:'[� � �I� $>'*'"�� �P"q< y�: >��-? y6�Y� /:'[� +?'���

y6�Y� !�: y���I$6�-� � A'-�� � A'PY� � ./P� /�'�� �.� /:'[� vY� ��� /t'8$./"P� ;"�6 y6�"Y� = �?b,�'R Q:�D /W��� 6�-� f':� 6�,9 � y5'��� � $7��P8� &'� Q�R 6�Y� ��� Q��� = '�W:�

з�/_ u?'� /µ� /q� $6��[� /4N =Ïv�/D� ��[D 0y'�L�� " �?b,�'W "6�,L���

./�� �(� A'FD� A'-� 7��P8�'R$,[< 7��P8� y'�* 1��� �"?b,� y'�* Q$y6�"Y� � 6�-� � y5'��� f': 7��P8� f': �'� /:'[� � /:'[� � �I� = '�: X�< $7��³��

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E�F� e�* ¸7��,8� :�

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y'�9 �$6�-� f': G# Q� �l : X�< '�W./C +B�� =�$�{? E�� ��� 6�/L[�'? Q�PD /:'[� Q,[� s�"[� !�: Q�D'

E'�] � �9 �$./_ � A'-�� # h/�� ��� �:Ï6�/L[� /:'[� � Ïv�/� $Í �[-� s�[�� $|'[:g � 56�� ��R

/:'[� �'�: = �?'D �9 5'[D# 5'[D) � ./P� y'�* y'�L�� 6�Y�� ��$'� ��66�Y�� 5��* ��'R &� � Q<'�* =$�,D e�* 7"� �* �-� Q*�6� Q�PD = fg

Q-N.

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Q? u8�¤ ª'-� � Q<A'I a� >'?��Y� ��L�� � /D 1��� $��"� +��� � �A ��� Q,�'D$�/� � ���I = '¥ �$f � Q�PD = '�� $y�:5 1�i +� �?�'�

>����$? á�* '� '� Q?'Á 7�� y'�9 y6�� �FU,D'R uq�F-� �J 1��?� &� "� Q7���I $7�:'��I `t'Y��$a"� � 7��P�_ sP-� y�:5� ��L��'? 1�i �W �'W�

E'�� .'-I �,W6 $+��] ��L�� /�D ��4�� $'��j '?65 Q�P-� ¦C /�D $"��Q-: 5��� $y��Y� � E'� e�* y'�9 O'� 1�i = �6 �)6',] ��[D: (�

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'\"�PD y'�9 !�: '\�R /:'[� ��P< y'�* G# /:'[� 7?/� = >�_ E�� a"� f{��� �/��� w�Á� �'�D) '\�R �/c $��~ .�6 >�_'R $!"�: ��P�� .�/� �

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7F��: 7�-R >5 ��� y6�Y� = >'\�,[�� $7"�*�_ ¾'P�g'? �Y�< $a"� � 7�@,�< >'�'� ��� Ó: `�F�'R $ /:'[� '\�D'�� a� 7�/�[� 7?/M��� $ �� 1�D��

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:املبحث الثاني*7�-P� y6�Y� = y6'��N 6�5 :

� 7�'[_ G# y6'��N 7�b,� �� 56À� �D'W�'\� ���� �-: ��F-� d /�� =5'F-� )Q�,[�� � 6�� �� (7F�FL�� y6'��N 7�'[� y6�/B �/� ���´ �'W�

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�4�Nb4� /�[� $/:'[��� �t'� ��D'��/� /�[� = E'�� 6'��$y'�9 >/�R >���: a� y6'��N =���M�� � ���M�� � v�³[�� !�: $��'"Y� �"8-R

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f � 5'�R� f'�� $��� 7�/�[� 7?/M�� ���LR 'D/:'l � '��C 5 y'D'�_ h /�{? �/_ +� w /Y� EbC$'�I6'C�� EbC � u�\,I !�: w /Y :+"� w /"�

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7����� y�[-� � �g � 7�/9 � 7� /4� ����$�6�"� = /:'[� ����� '� ',�'��W/* � ��É '_ w6'q_ ��P� 7�'C� ��P� !�: 7�6'��N @��"� !"�: E�< 7

y'�9 � $'�'�� u?'� ���� /:'[� sPD : 6�Y< y6�� 7��,8� �.�"�? +?'�-�� à 6 y��Y� = >A'I a� 6�Y� :�

0à 6 $��L�R ¼��� Ï.',� ��PD rc� y'�9 Ñ��g ß5�6� �6�Y? ��-<� ß| �: 3o�� !�: �-�� Ñ���[_

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y5'�N � /:'[� sPD = '¡ �8-� �j ��� ��~ '\�R '� �W 7�B6 Ù{< 7��,8� �� '�A'-��$�< 7��,8� � Q"��: ��,�{R Q�?�,} ��'l '��-: Q��# 6'� '�� /:'[� E'9 ��

7l�[? 7�B6 7�t 6 7��,8� <: X��� '\q�? h /�{? �C{ 6�� G# Q"F�/� �l ./R K�<� |/8< >A'I a� 7��,8� +� �*�<� �'-: = �¢ �� �?�'M�R /:'[� sPD

5�[-_ y5'��� QL-��� Q*�6 =� /:'[� 6�� = �����< y.��"[� %'"[� �/D ��� y��Y� = A'I '� 1�i �� `9 Eb^ �� 7��,8� = /�;�R Q�PD = '_ 5'�?

Q��� ��Y�� :�

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Í �,�� E'�M�� $æ�/�l `9 �Í'[�""Í �� 0R !�:з'M u-�� ã;� Q��ÏC��'�;� /$� �/Á�"Í'��' �� ="""0Q�� ��;¤

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Ò/T� Ï&'�g �;9 � $$>�_ � $��?"""Í �Q�^ : ���{_ Í �,�� $Í /*'N $�/U� � /³Y� !�: /�;� �/C',�$��Y�� �

�"�P*� 5/�� `9 |'�� = �:'P�< a� y'�9 y6�� `9'R +�"�� ��"Y�� $/:'[� sPD = '� 6�Y< > 6'��N $&b"*g � E'"�] �'"�-,� +�?/� � ���� � $

a"� &g 7��,8� +� �L��R 6 /��N S�� � Q�R '_ `9 h /�{? i��� /:'[� � �\��: �-�� u,¤ !:/< $5�I�� = 6 /��N$/"��-� ��"� Ãb( � >bPD �

/[,� $9 !F,�� +�?6 �W� ��� �W +� 5�M�� Ù{�� 6��� y'�9 ��F? '� Q�� � `� ;*g ���,<� y5'�N� A'-� = u,�,9 Ã/�� �;�'R &b"*g � y'"�9 6�� : $

A �� � '?6'� `9'? ����� 1�i = /:'[� � $ `9 5��C !�: �Wz� >�_ !�-���¤ 7�'\-� �È Q? @��� ���I = |�� ��� 7�� $h /"� �D'"��� ��g ·/³�R

sP-� = '�: y6�Y� X�<� 5�I�� $= '_ ��4� `�</< ����� '�¢/� E'�� ��-��B/� /:'[� � sP-� 'E�F� e�* �6'��� `9'?:�

�� &b�� �~ '�!��� � 3�*� �5 zR = Q���P_ !å�* = �\R ���� �/�D Ð&b"*g 7��;9 � �6�� !�: �[c

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`9 Eb^ = �'� �$7-I y'�9 >6'YR ": �"�k �$ `9 Eb^ �� ����'\�LP� � ;*g � &��( $y /_ y6�� '\�R !P³�< 7��D'��6 %'[� �-: `9 7?/�

��9 '�'-� =$'Wb� � '*�6 '\����D $�"-: `9 � ��D'��/� `9 !F,� 1���

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��4� = Q���*� ��¹ = 7�R�Y� G# |/� %'[� $`"9'? +"P<6 %'[� '¡6�I �� = !F,< 7��'N Q��'N6 ��M�� E �;� � &/( � �;� �5 �: 7\.

�6�/N� /:'[� ./P� ���? � ��4� 1LB '�W� $�4,� /C� ���� = Q��Á �"�<� 7�/�"[� 7?/M�� K�< a� y6�Y�'? 6'4Rg : X�< 7�?'[� 7?/M��'R f{��� 5

A�,� = '�W 7F��� >�"�� a� '�¢/� `�* 1�i �W '\-�? '��R |�'M�< y�*�� "�� '\��"��� 7�/�[� 7?/M�� `N'-� '� G# 6�Y� ���� � w'8�N ��� E'��'?

`9 Ø{� y��Y� = /:'[� E�� 1�i:�

�/�l ��� Ò� Õ@�

g +���|��F� �'�: u? �4,< � ;*

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/:'[� sPD = '�: X��� y6�Y� �F-< ���M�� � v�³[��'? y6'��N'R$6��8�'R +��<$�4,< � ;*g � $`�L-� >'D6 �F-� /MP� � $�'�: G# �C�� /:'[� QD#

��,N !�: >'�PD � QD �I�� Q�PD = '� +� 7�M�-� y6�Y� Ù{<� ��4� �;9 y6�� h /� +?'��� '\��¢6� 7��D'��/� y�:5 �R� ��4� /�'-: u? �*���

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�?�D �"Q$Q���� �$

/MP� w���? $æ;� /�j | �W ��,D Q�-R5 � EbZ $h'PB =�P[�

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� �$ ��4� /:'[ Q< 6'��N ='"�# > X": � � > X�� !�: h6��� ���� �:�� A'"P8D ��N QB��� ��� �5�I�� �;9 QD# ���� w��5 &�M-� 1�< �6 6��

5�I�� $y'�9 �'R� w5� ��� `9 1�i$�'\R /� /:'[� +?'��� y6�Y� /���< �,D;� /�j | �W � /MP� w���R `�,9 |�-������<Q$��F�� ��4� %'[� �:��

a� Q<'N{� = Ã6'[��� `�,9 Ø{���"R� /:'[� �$ 7�� /�_ QR /�{? ��4� ��N 5/P�� �[�< a� 7��D'��/� 7�¢/� $y5/P�� R�� y6�� ��Á$X"� ��Á � ��/��

G# !��� �\R �'R´ = m,�< a� `�,9 .�6 G# !���� �Rg = Q,* �"�? A'"F� � /R$� y6'��N EbC � w'8�N �� /:'[� �/D� � �I�� = '�: X�� $���

�*g �W =� 7F?'�� y6�Y�� 7�?'F� y6�� 'D'8: � �"I� "� y6�"Y� +,-< E� /:'[� 7��P-� 7�'9 `�* @��� ���I 'F�D ��4� ��� a� 7?/M�� �'�: �

/:'[� m�8� a� '�¢/� � '\��#.= �"I�R �6'�l = '\��: ��P< �� � ;*g � !Ng'? y'�9 Q��,W ��� %'[�

= � �"L�� '�\"q�'-< !�: y'�9 � >�_ �I�� 6 /��N � 5�M�� O'�� 7��,8� y'�9 ÌP8� ��� >�_'R 7��,8� $= %'"[� �4�� ���I � 5��< '� �':/N a�

D� A�[� e,� �/�l '�� �� = Qq�F$���G# ��] ��R ��'��� EbC � w'8�N �"-: y/"�-� >�'"�<� ��] &� � v�³�� u�R�Y� 7F�/� !�: .�/� f': =� Q��: �'W '� G# 5��� QDg y'�9 !�: >�_ = ��P�� �? y'�9 � >���� /:'[�

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!�: 'U� �k� 6',] ��[D y��Y� = A'I '� 7c;:� �'c­? '( �6'Y�D � '�D��'? QF��<:�

Ï@N � Ð/:'[_ '�D5 =Í'_'* Ð/�" A /�[� y5'�N 1�<� " 5 � y'�9 !F�N�_ ��� $'\�*�� 3.�6 `�i � 0��4� �t'[D# =

Ï®�� � 0>�Y�� �() ��� Ï�¼�� o�F? ��L3�A ��g 5/� /:'[_ '�D5 = @�� /:'[�'R$'�'F�N�� y'�L��� $��4� .�6 `��� /:'[� �

Q,�� =$y�:5 $ A ��� !�: A �:g � `t'Y_ QI �� �\R �9 >�� G# ��Y��`t'Y_ � A �� ��6 ��g � y'�9 6'Y�D $>A'MR y6�Y� /�'-: y6'��"N X:

.',Y�� A'-�� 6'��N'R$ $y'�L�� ª'�-� �$v�/"< � 6�g � ��� ð/� �$6�"-� � Q? �F8D � /l# � Q�'�: = '¡ �8-< a� y6�Y� /�'-: /:'[� v³[� $ �5'\��

7��,8� $/:'[� E'9 7FR �� y6�Y� >A'I�.%'[� �/D �,N '¥ E'�� !�: '�4�� �/��Y< = 4�_ � �F�� 5��* j�'M��

> 5'�] +��� E'��',R$A'�"lg �"C 5 G# ���� $ '\�',l � >'<',-� `�'�� a� '�¢/� '�# '\��# +����� /:'[� �I'-<�$ ./P<� �;L�R $ Q�?/� : X�< '\��Á�

sP-� : 6�Y<$�I� 7,�/�� 7[��� 1��� y6�Y� Ù{< y��$7��D'��/� A /�l� )) `�/�� 6 �9 G#� 7[���'? y@U_ y6�Y� G# 7��'�� 7��� �� y6�Y� � ��X�� �� �#� �\"N�PD = 7�� � y'D'�_ 1�< �g 6��< � 7? /� ��5 A'�lg u?� �\-�? '��R

���P� +� �� = ��L��< �D'W((�b,� �4[� /:'[� > 6'��N j�'M�<� '"_ ��d�"L�< 7"��,8� >6'�� 7��,8�'? '(bC � /:'[� ¦,<6 7��PD 7�b: � ���

�Y³[� ���Y� !�: y'D'�_ �': /:'[� � $ �[�<� �;�� 1Lq<� K�<� $!�:�R hj'-� ��� �����'"\�R Q"��� �"���R `��� �W q�� '� 7��,8� = �I

��4� +� �*/�� Q�5'-<� '\�5'-��$��� ¦"N� b����� �?g 7�*/W E�YP� +� 5�M�(# &'�D �R� @�� ���,� E'~ u_'�� |6 7J6 Q�R �I/� $X": /:'"[_'? Ì[-�R

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'�¢6 E'�� $���"�� �'�/9 � v�³��� &b* � m�'8� � sP-� = '� �R� S,<$/:'[� 7-? 6�Y� Ù{�R$� 1��? � � �I�� = '�: X�< '\��I ��� y6�� j�'M�

+� �� $��9 y'�9 ���� $u8� f': ��R ����� A'-P� � fg'? 5�\_ ��] � G#.�/� f': $:'N'�y'�9 y6�5 /����� � E�YP�'W 5�M�� /����� 7��,8� +� 5'�

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:املبحث الثالث*7�-P� y6�Y� = ;�/� 6�5 :

>A'I '��-:'�PD · ;�� �:5 7��D'��/� >'��"*�<� 7"��,8�'? /:'[� $7�/�"l 7?/� �4? 7�'� > /<��� �R�� � �I�� = '� �R� 7��,8� 6�� %'[� �

'\-: X:$G# ·6'"� � > �"� u? ��'9 �:'P�� EbC � /:'[� ���< ����b: h'[�W u��l u? Q?'[< 7$-� Q?'[�� 1�i �C � �/�"[� A'-,� �*6 = ��

$'� ¦,</�� ;�/� �� '\��# h/Y-� 7-��� 7�'* !�: 5 ;�6 6'� ¬* .u,� �� �)Q<�I (Q��F? ;�/� y5� 7�P�W )) : ;"�/� �/[� �:�B�_'? Ù �� ·;�c '�-�LR

A�[�'? �'�D) 7�b: �Uc ��� $7��,8�'? �'-P� 7�b:� $&'M�D �FÉ� ����� 7��,8� uD ��� � �I�� uD �� u?((و�� �/"� '"�W 7"��P�_ Q"< 6�F? /:'[

����D'��/� $;�/� �[�4� � +�8���$��/� : 1�i�))"� w�"D h'[�W ;"�/� 7"��FR $ y5': � h/�? ��F� @� '�< i 'R'[�W u��l u? �/��] Q?'[��

h'q< � Q�C 5 � �U,-< %5g ·6'� � Q��#((�'¡ ;�/� 7��� � �,< 1�i =� ª �9 �N /< EbC � ;�/� ��,�� $ ;�/� 7��4� G# /:'[� QP�q�$�"�/� �

5/� v�³[<� ª��¤ $"� '"�'-�� >�� j��6 ¾'P�g ��? >6'� �4��4�< '��-: 7�/�[� y6�Y� �$ ��t'Y� `�� = '( /:'[� E'���N EbC �"C{< 6/

��? '�;�6$j�"�6 �"�J a� 7��,8� G# ��[�� �t 5 �'W y'�9 /:'l %'[� � 5�M�<� @��< a� 7��,8�'W ��4� �g �'�D) ':5 e�* y5�� � ./P� � d'�,D

6 /��N'?$y6�"U� G# �:�"� 7��,8� � y'�9 Q�R /���< ��� @��� = /:'[� �/D� a� y6�U� 4��5�M�� G# y'�9 G# �:�<$/��"I �� ��� �*�/� �b� G# �

/C �bC � y 5 � .y /"� '"*�6 `9 +�� '\J6 �� @� m-T & 7��,8� � '-�¹'� �'R´ !�:� ��_ = y5'��� /�;�R .�/� E�F* = ��g w6;< 7?�: 7R'Pl

y'�*� $�Y� 4��$ 7�/9 � y'�L�� ;�6 @Y<� 6�Y< 7�?'[� 7�¢/� �� 7�/�[� y6

١.-١- Wellek (Rene):AHistory of modern Griticism, :١٩٥٠-١٧٥٠,Yale University Press ١٩٥٥,P٢١٠ � <�=ح-٢�G" :J��. ���"،٣٧ص.

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'\q�FD� 7�'9 : $`":/� � h�"� � &b�� � ���� j��6 '� i 7��,8� = �@R E �;� �$7�R�� 7�P��R 7���{< 7:;D : 6�Y< �6��� $�t'"F9'? !"�M�<� �/[<

5�I��� 7�'�� $7��,8� |'*6 = ��� 1�i �W� )) 5'q�� � �*��� ;�6 ��� 1��?� Qq�FD� �* �� S�_ !�: '\��5 � 7��,8� = b�'�(�(;�6 /:'[� �-: |'�� �

;"�/� �� G# %'[� � XI ���C � XI �,N ��� $ y�[-� � ./P� � /\8� � A'F-�� ��t'Y� = S�_ �� = Q��³�N � )) %'[� Q? S�< ��� |'��'R $Q"? S�< ��� �

Q�,� � � XI $S�<� 7�*/_ ��� = ��/C� A /�l Q? $78�"�,� 7"��,8� �"Uc �\"�U� ����D'��/� '\�R �I� a� G�g 7�X� � 7�5'�� � y/�'8� � y@� 7�5'Y�

!�:g ((�/C '\I� Q< i ;�/� �C �? ;�/�� E�g QI�� �-: y6�Y� ����< f� $E�g QI��� 'q� '-�$;*g � ª{��� y6�� A'MR 7�;�� � �'�/9 � � $/"�g ���

� �l �D'W e�* 7�/�[� Q?6'� = /:'[� ��� : X��Q'"('��< y'�9 7FD'�� G# ¬P� �� ��'* a� A �5g � `t'Y_ � +��� ���R 1�i j'I �# ®�[� ¸ = E5'��

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��k |'�� ;�/� E�g QI '\-� y��Y� � /UW = �� )) .',� �/Wi: (( 

� ª�� 3/Wi � �Õ.',� /*'N $=��~ |'� Eb^ 'D /4N v�/� ���-� Q�R �'W 56�� !�: $���,� >',-� �

Ï|',B� ÐE',] $Ï|'�-� !�: +��? �R6 =·�/� E�\�� y':/� O'� � $Ï�P� �\�� � 6 ��g =$�ð/� $E���� �

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æ-��� @R'Y�� +� !$=� |'�� |',q� G# �D/� E��4� ß/*'N ß��*$Q?3��* Í'� �R Ï|'�� Q��9 E���_ !

ج: إ�+8� ا�G�وي-١ �P�,��,��� ا�ا �, .٢٢ص،٣ا�٢-�8V(�!��'98: دورة ا��'7 ا�,:�: .,=د ا�ا �.٦٨٢ص،م٢٠٠٠"/.-� ��E:ة *!٣-��� .٢٢١ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة:أ�= ا���.T ا�

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y'�L�� K�< �\� '�-� 6�/N� 6�,* = �/� 7��,8� $��� *�< '�'9{? '�6�� >� �'"�¢6 :� /:'[� sPD = '�: 6�Y< '\�W� '\t �B � '����� '�6�8:� '\�'�D �

$))a"� � /:'[� '\�D'�� a� 7�6��[� 7?/M��'? ¯',<6 �W ¦,</� �/�[� ;�/�'R '�'C �;�� A'�lg m-T((.�7_'9 '�6�Y? 7��,8� ��,� 1��� 7�,F� y'�9'R$����

Y� | ��� O'�g � ./P� � y'�9 |'�� y6�� y6�.� Q��?� /:'[� 4�� 7��,8� ���y5'��� ���< e�* $ 6�/�� � ./P� � �� �[-<

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|'�� y��Y� = E�F� e�* %'[� |'� = �¢/� f'::�

3-? ��?ã�ÏQÞ��� � ��[� � y'�9 p$�A �Bg $&'�Dg � ß��? $Ð/L�� � Ð���] $Ï�3[æ�ß�`L�� $�&b*g $&'() �

ß/LN |'�� =$ß+t 6 5�M�� ë�'?& �:g � &'�g !�: 1tb_ 7L-I{W ��l� $ß��'� &'N ��4N = h/R/� �'N

Ï@�<� '-�� E���¡ ��[< öE� �I� Í7_'* $&'�D @�? 0:'[� � �W3/òy��* $�/4N 7��\£ $/4R �� $&'�� ��

�¼-�Ð6��8� | /N{W p�* �R/R6� $��'� $ �'C��'W �? i� Á � Q�'� w'8�N /:'[�'R �� .�/� �FP³R &b*g � /:'[_ ��� |'�� f': =

Eb9 /L�� � $y5'��� � E'�] � 7J/�� ��? �'-: � y6�� G# �\[_ E���|'��'R$ ;�6 A'I 1��� '�¢/� y'�9 Y?+��� = ª'-� y'�9 7P�'� �/C y6�$e�*

5'F*g'? 7?/8q�� > �\[�'? 7���� y'�9 $/\8�� ;�6 1��? ��4< |'�� y'�* �ª'-� y'�* � ª{���� yA X� �$�"?'-� ¦N� y'�L�� '�t 5 /:'[� ��[�� 1����

� �'q* =� ��Y� ª�Å� yA X� "() 7J/"7�$"�� 1��"�""*�6 Ã/ = Qy��Y� = E�F� '�W 7��,8� �'q* )6�PY: y'I'-�:( 

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�Ï\Ï<��? ��� ª'-� � �� �6�,*� a[*� = ����FR Ï�\-� '� #e�,C é?/�� 65'�ßv'?@Y� /l Ъ'-�

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'\�W'[��.7��X� y5'��� ;�6 �� 7��P8� $�B'_ G# y5��� � $�U� �k� ;"�/� �"�

y��Y� = 7��P8� y6�Y� )7��P8� ('\�R A'I '¥�:�

7��P8� !�* '� �!y'�9 ��* '�# ß�\: >',�� 7L-I u? '� �¢/� E����W..

G# �D/< '�D�� $u�? '\�R '�� Q¹'? = @�<� '\�5 � > ��: ãQ_'* sP-? ..

7��P8� �# ]y/�j[Ò;�� =+�?/� `�� æ�6Ô7D' �é�6�A �Dg /MP� =+�5�� ¼-��'('�D�� O'� é,*'\'�6�,*�

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'"�A /? !"�: �"� j'� e�* E�g ��� � '�/F� $ Q�� � /:'[� ��* 7��P8�'R /4,� 7��,8�'? Q,l '�6'\�� $7��P8� +��� 1��� � �"I��'? '�8,<6 ��� 7��,8� �

sP-� = Q�PD /�g �b�� '�\R.y��Y� = /:'[� E�� 1�i ��)7�t'q� 7-] : (�

ã�W Ï: �ò5�\ ò7?�: 3: =ã�3�0y�5 �� ã@q-� 0R07�q 6'LNg Ï�Ñ�3�3,07�t'�g 6�4,� �

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ç��<�Ð�Ð�,] å�4_ Ð�3-Y�'?3?�Ð/6�³Y� � êA'-?� ж �W �� 7��P8� �'[: 6��8�

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G# >/"q* /\8� � AX� ;�6 7��P8� '�# �'-��� � A���� 7* 6 � /:'[� sPDW� 7��,8� 6�4� `*� !B6 y6�� �'-�� �'.

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$&�� b? 7?�: 7��P8� �$'�# a� j��/� ��� � 7��P�� � ��Y� � yA X� � y/�R

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7�/��� y/�P� ��( 7FR /_ O'�_ ��� !�: E�< :�?b,� "$+�?/� $/MP� $6�-� $�5 �� $6'�jg � $/?�-Y� � $¶ �Wg � $ A ��g � $� �-LE',] � �$.... ""

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��4� +M\� $6�P"""""Y�� 7-�D{�� =$ÍbP� 3Ã6�Y? `�?/�� �F���� 7��*/� 1D'q*{?�$Ã�Lq� y/qD =|�/8� �6�8<� �;� hb�C ;�6 ����'R $���� �*6 = +��Á �? '('F�D � E �*g E�,<�

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/�4-� � ��F�� �? � ��M-� � ���� �?� ��� y6�YR /MP� Ù{�� �'�\�-�N f'�� � ���� � $ �'W '� f'��� ;�6 ��,� �� = �

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* **3Ã���6 !ã-:�� Ï+�?/� 1Ï�L�� êA'qP� $âA�B� ã.',Y�

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'\�R E�F� a� y'�9 y5 6# y��Y� = 1�i:�

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æM�Rã�âA'�5 o�F? æMB� |',[� ß.'�6 �6�Y? �3C /..Ï��/� � .'�/� h;:� 5�:/� �YF� ��� $+��� /8_

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'-�4N� $|'�� = `9 5/�� $��Y�� ��P* ¬* !��{R ��4�� � �¢/� � /L�� � '-�� �* +�?/� � ���� S?�

E'�] � A'-,� � @³�� ;�6 ���N'R 'q� ���� = E�,�� ;�/� ��'�� $`9 �{W����� E�,< '� �� E�,< >XD'R A'�lr� Q*�6 !8: +"q� /:'"[�'R '�j��6� '�

�"��I � �"I�� �'�: � Q��5 ;�/� �C{�� Q<@Y? u�? � /�� Q< i G# 5�I�� a� y���] y6�Y�'W /:'[� � �I� � �I/C .

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�¢6 '\"�8: � A'�lg u? �D 5 a� 7�,F_ y'�L�� ;�/W ��,< y /_ y6��� �;� � �"*��� � y6�� = �'?�'M��R 7��,8� +� ��'-�� ��� `9 Eb^ �� 7W/�[�

�I� � A'q< �? 7���� >�T� 7�¢/� mq�<� �*�/� Q�PD� /:'[� �$��"4<� `"9 /"� ��",�� 7��,8� /�'-: u? &'M�D � 55��� � �R ��� 6�} �� y /_

�;� � ��4� � 7��,8� /�'-: �W !�: 'LB �$y��Y� = A'I '� 1�i ��)����Y�� :(�

å�: K� +�8�N æ-�< Ò�� E'�] !����� �*�? !I(())��!&b�� �~ '� !3�*� ��� �Q=���P_ �5 zR(())*g 7�* = �\R ���� �/�D ��;9 � �6�� !�: �[c &b""(()) |'�� ��¹ � $�y6'U�� �\R ����_ '""""-,9 K�< ��4� ((

å�# 3/LN Ð|',q� $���� � $��_ ���? |'�� � $Ò��� ���P�

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`9 � &b*g'? �,�� &b�� E'~�..K��U� � ���?'R((�;� � ��4� � 7��,8� /�'-: 6�� @��< = 7,�M: y6�F� y /��� �{W� $6�"Y� �

/:'[�� 7�/�[� 7?/M�� = '('F: � ���R $'( j/� ��� E'��'? '('F: � ���R '� ��/l y���I 6�� $�6 �D � `9 A'� � '�A'�B� '�'�*� '�6�D >���N �

$7���� h/�� ��� � /lx� � y'�L�� j��6 >6'� �$��4� /�'-: ���W � �5'"Y� /�'"8� `9 ;�6 y /_ ;�6 w'�l# � ��,�� � &b*g � y'�9 j��6

$ � 6�D y'�9 +[�� ��Y� � �bC) G# �:�� /:'[� �{W� '� /l#� b�$�,� QF�/? $�¢'�B ����� �.

y'"�9 G# ;"�/< a� 7�F-� y6�Y� 7�*�/� 7?�,¤ y6�� /:'[� /qL���� Ã6',< � '\�'� a� 7?�,¤ A'FD � >A'I 7�;�6 7�5 y6�Y� m-T 7?�,¤'R /\8� �

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7"P��� '��� ��� '\��Á '� ;���� � 5/P�� � '\�R y��YF� ��� = y /_ y6�� á�#� '� +�8��< '�'8� � &'�´ � '\���<� '�6'\� A'�lg G# ���<$!"�: ��"P�<��;� �5 �:$�"�g m-� !�: '�6�F¡ A'�lg E�� ;�/� y /_ y��YF� = y /_'R

A'�-� : ���� .�/� f': � y /� y'�9 �$7":;D +"� /:'[� E'�C '�/q* -T '\��I '��P<� y6'\� '\�R � 6 7�R���F-<� y'�9 m'\m-"T� 5�"I�� � 65 �

y6'\8� $7�R/� � ����� ;�6 '�# E�L�� � &��� � > �\[� ��R y /� '�#$'�/�� =� 7\I �_ /:'[� y'D'�� �L�� E'�� Ù{� �4�� A'PY� G# y5���'? �� � .�/�� y6'\�

�;� �5 �:� +� �� .@� ;�6 6�-� ;�6 Ù{�� A'PY� � $f'"�� ��� .�/� f': : /:'[� Q? X���

"� >�"* a� ��] 5��F? ��F<� 6�-� : �YPD '��-: Q-: �*6 ��� ��'��

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Q"-�� : d�L�� ���< � y5 �� b? Q<'�* EbC '\��# !��� a� Q�� /W� Q��/* y��Y� = 1�i� Q-: �*6 ��� )Qt'�� >��: (�

Ïlé/ã5Ï>ä�� :Ð-é��'��� ���� H��� �'W '�H~ � '''���\� Ïlé/ã5Ï>���] K�� :.�F""""""[� 'D $36�8[� �[�R '���� 5 zP� =ò7?/� æ�*�6ò7$ò7D���� �� �l 0: �qF< '\Í'l'8 0�'��

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Q��# Q<5�: `:'Y_ �W !�: /MP�'? Q4���? ��P�� �\R $$.�/� f'�� ;�6 6�-�'R] � @� f':"�� $ E'�"� = 6'N "��/8� � R"�"L�D� $ Q"��: h�C b

y��Y� = 1�i)6',] ��[D:(�

Ï@N � Ð/:'[_ '�D5 =Í'_'* ä�Ð/Í 5" A /�[� y5'�N 1�<� "3 \�� ÌP8� 3�Iz_ Ï·�� ��5 =!Ng $Ï�� �:� A j6g

ÏÓ���� Í 6',I $é�É /MP�'? '�t 5 �..���] /MP� $�t'-� ((Ò�q� 'D � ã*/� Ï$Íy'�* # ���;< s�� 8N""""�y� A �Dg ((

6'Y�D � y'�9 j��6 �� $�'-� $y6'U�F� � $/L,� �$/MP� �$a"� j��/� �\��: ��P��� Qt �:g /:'[� '� ��Y�� $$ E'�] � @� � 7F�F9 /MR G# '�:'N

�< @� j��/R .',Y� � 6�-�'W /MP� ;�6 /\��� '\��: ��P�<� /[� j��6 +� w6'Y &5'F� �\�� � y���] y5��� ;�6 '�� � /l) � @³�� j��6.

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y��Y� = ;�/� �� �k� $ 7J/� � 7-�D{�8� )|'�� :( 

è3N�Õ&5� 7�F�W Så_3/N 'Ï6 Q��I = �Ï.� ��'-� y'�9 3l�ã�M05�I�� !F�N�� Q$ã�FD':� 3�b* ò7�6 = Q&bN�

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:'[� ��[< ;�6 y6�Y� ��� = &5½R �'"�D) G# y5�"�� ;�6 @� � /\8� G# /A'-L[� � 5'F*g h/�� ��� E�g .

y'"�9 ;�6 @Y�� /Cg � '�\-� �W ���� e�* y5'q�_ j��/� º'Y�< ��� �"I �� y'�9 ��,N = �� >�_'R 5'q< � $ '�\-�? ��'-< �b�'4�� >�_ �

'�6�� !� = '�5� ���I � $'"� 5 /"� a� &�( j��6 � ��k '� 1�i �� ª{"P�'R A'"-,� �I � &�( A'-,� � @� j��6 y5�$E��"�� �$.'"�/� �$

�� ��� �$7�,�"�� ��F� &�� G# /:'[� Q�R QI��� ��� &�( j��6 ��$&�"�f� %'Á# ;�6 '-� &�('R $ y/ML�_ � y��'] 6'4Rg �"? | /"� � >�_ Q? �YF�

? �YF� e,<� �'�D)'? �\-< a� 7c/4� y'�9 >'�q�F�� `N'-�� '¡ A'-,� y5':# QE�F� e�* ���I � ��\-�� 7��N� �� ��� y'�9 9 Q�'�: =:�

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��� = �k� $ `*6 � �~ y6�Y? A'-,� y5':# �I � �� �? `�LR &�\�� s��� /�q� �R �< QP�'� $ �/�'�� /R'-��'R >�_ � y'�9 j��6 �*�< j��/� $���< y'�9 �

>�_ ��? ���I � = y'�9 �\-< Q��: �D'W '¥ !� ��*$/:'[� �-: `�[� �'�D�� > �\l� 7�P�� �'�D) !�: /8��< '��-�R >�_ � y'�9 ;�6 Q:j'-�� $@Y�

7�F�F9 y'�9 � &�F�� !�: y6�F_ `�[� = �8��< e�* $ >���� ;�6 $RÓ�"�� `�LR ��W{�� ª'-� ���<�$ 6'4Rg ��M�< y'�9 y@�� @$� �"�/� `�"[� �

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������;�/� �� y6�� : /:'[� X�� 7��,8� = Q��* 7��U,_ y'�9 6�� �\P� y��Y� � Q��F?)�� ? '�: (�

ÏC3�F� Í'F��� ���-� ��8W $¼/*�Í ã�'¹ = !Lq� 6�-W 31�'� �W = 1�F� � 5�I�� ? '� � y'�9 ��� ��4�

ÞE�? !B/< 1�'�R 3<� 5��F� æ,W _ KLÜ �',] Ã�� Ï<�Ï�4� y'�9 >�� sP-� =æ��"F""� æ-�< '� i#� �� !Ü

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s�[� �'LB = 'qP� 6�D `�/< ���] A'��� ��[D ![�

$ !L"q� 6�"-W /*� ���-�'W 'F��� ��C �'�D) �{? y��YF� +�8� = /W�� ��"� �� Q-4�$ A'8�� � 6'[�D = 6�-� � ���-� �* m-� `�[� � �'�D)'R

È /:'"[� �R/"�� �@� '-F�C e�* G'�<� QD'L,N � Q� 5 6 '�: $ Q�P-? h/ Ei� w�-C � `�[� '\��# E� a� 7�'9 $`�"[� û"I !"�: E�� � ��/��

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���_ �9 >�� : �/: QDg Q�\I� `�[� 7�'J y�l � /:'[� |/����� �"��� 7"���� � 6�V = ¦�� `�[� ��³�� � �\]'? QD i� �� � ��_ !�:

"_ y�'[�? `�� � y'�9 6'�N E�N ��� ��³��'? ¯'}� �\]'? +D'� u-��� >� Q� '\L-� a� � �� �8: QDgG'�<� QD'L,N � �"\] � Ei'"³�� ;"�6 `�[�'R

��³�� �.y��Y� = `�[� 4� )f'�� y'�� G# (G# >�"_ � ��³��� ;�6 � E�L��

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'\[��� a� 7?/M�� w�B��.��R �PD � �¢'I /:'[�� A'-? �� 7?/M�� �'q* = ��< a� j��/� '�W 6�Y�

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�y'�9 �q-< >�_ f': �PR èA 56 3w'-�� $ !Ng &b��

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��,<� $ÏC '�W0�äFã�Í7q� \\I� !�: ��P�&'��? ''�D�� `t'Y� � �b³�� ��,N >�_ $`*6 f': G# E'F�D � $� Q�R !N

7��: $E�g �'�D) f': '�A /? = Q,[< a� ¸ y���] y5�� Q�R f': $'��"-: �6g G# � Q�N6 $�'�D) '\��[� f a� /4,� y'�9 e�* $&�F< a� y'�9 �?

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Q��� = ;�/� � y6�Y� :�

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A'-P� � �;� �5 �: � Q<'�* = Q\I � '_ ��*.7"�D'c) '�¢/� �R� /:'[� 4���� � w'8�N 7�R�� y��'[� X:� Q�'�: = >/F�N a� ��"� .�/� f': G#

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7��'N$e�,< ��� >�_ f': G# A'F[� � &´'? A��_ '�D�� y'�9 f': : �[< Q�R7��? � 7��/? y'�* = .�/� .>�_ : 7R�/�_ 6�Y� >�8D 1��?� $6�"� �8��

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:املبحث الرابع*�6�8Ng �\-_ � 7�-P� y6�Y� :

A'µ� A �6 � '\�R '¡ y6�8Ng $�:'8�N E'�: ��� � A /�"[� � @UW$'�g = ��P�< = '�6�q*QL-T '_ /�[� f': Q�7�R'B# > 6�� �$R!"�: �Pq�

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'q9 y6 $/"Y: �"W = �'�D) y'�* = �N'N � �/��I ��': �� 'µ#� $=�> 6'q9 !�6 6'�#((.��R� 7�D'�D) >'�PD ��J >��� '��-: y6�8Ng �

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/B'9 = � ;* � $��[�� a� y6�8Ng y'�9 Q�R !�M�< ���? �'� G# ��[<�'F� �? '\��# y'�9 O'� = �N))�"� �"? �6�8N sI'� �� E��g G# 5�:�

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$# y/���_ /:'[� � �l !�: E�� ��� ����� �B'_ G$��� ��9 �B'_ 1�i 7R�Y�_ ��[�� e�* ª�5/P� Eb^ Q,[��'� j�P�� ��-�z_ .

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X� �� ��� |',[� ���< �'P[� = b,� '\�,��((� ��5 '\-q�É � �l $ ��?g /MP� � 6�-� � yA X� e�* G�g y'�9 G# ��[�'R

f':� 6�Y� .'-I !�: X��� 7�D'�D) @�'Ng = A'I '� +� �F��� /:'[� � /:'[� E'��

� j�'M�� 5��� �j s��< �'} A'-P� �j /B'9 �; $f'": A 6� m,�� � /D�5��� $>�_ ��? `��� f': � y6�Y� �\-�R$"�j "� '?�/� ��[� 5 5;��

5��� �j = '�R�� �*�<� &��� $�7"��? y5� ��[� Eb^ �� >�_ @Y�$��� f': Q-q�L�� /B'9 &� � '� ·/� 7"��? y'"�V uF�� ��bN# �'c# !�: 5

@�'Ng A'�R{? ����<� 7�R�� 7�¢6 '\��/: = �/�$>�_ ��? '� f': y6�� +?'�-�� y��Y� =)>�_ G#:( 

>�_ G#!+�5�� A'��� A'�B '\�PR Q�'�: � �� y'�9 �YD� ���] 5��� ��� >�_ ��.�-� �

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�?g G# '\��.%'[� � ��5 = y6�8Ng f': h /� !�: �F� � 5 6 �� $·'�É

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� @UW G# 7F���� yA /F� � 7?6�� � 7�'-�� $s"PD "� � ���� = '¡ ·/� ¬* �6�8N .

7�6�8N >'�Y³l:./Y� f/:'[� �"�? >A'"I �? 7�L��� � 7��bN# 7�-�5 >'�Y³l /W�?

��� /?# 'D��N !�: � '-�* m��_ !�: E�< > 6'l# ��� 6�Y� &b�� '�\��: "�/C� '-�*$�i ��1¸6'",] ��[D y��Y� = >/\^ a� ª��U���/? 7�Y³l $

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��6 ª��U���/? 4� $ ��?g | ��� 7�'* /���<� ��,��< �'-��� �D'4R Q�-�: '��L�� /t'� ���� ������ /_ |'F�� ((�'"U:'? `":'�_ QI�? �F� /:'[� �

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6�"-� f': G# ��[�< sPD : d�L�< y6�Y� � 7�D'c) .�/� �*� � ��[�'R ��?g .

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5'P�g'? ��F_ ª��U���/? y6��� y6�8Ng =E�L�< G# %'[� �-: y6�"� &´ QI ��� A �:g QI �� /�D$%'"[� ª�"�U���/? y6�"� u? Q,[� QI�R

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7�R�Y� �¢/� � @�'Ng $�/�"[� E'"�� = Q��� !�: �/Á E'�� !�: �����)): 1�i � E'�� = eV � ��6 �"��] 7�D'�D) /� : �[4�� ��� `D']

.�/� ��� �'�D) 7�'� Q�� ��� $� ��� y'�9 7�'� �/C� �((�$=��"W ��"[< Q��# ��[�� ��� 6�-� 1�i 6�-� � A'PY� f': G# /:'[� ��l ��,� 1�i

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���:.� ���� '�/Wi a� 7�6�8Ng >'�Y³[� �� $7�Y³l )�"�5�/R (=

y��Y�)5�[-_ E'�] ($7�Y³l '\��,< »)s�-�R (y��Y� =)�"4�� = > ���

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`9 (�\-� ')��YF� |6� A'-�� Q�#($��� >56� >'�"Y³[� Eb"C "�� 7�-P� y6�Y� X��� y6�8Ng y�� : '�6�5�L-� ='\�"�� $ y'"�*� 'FR�<� A'µ

O'�g = A'I '� �R �< +�": �/�"[� E'"�� = d�� e�* /U-� = A'I '�@�'Ng )) '�4R#7(� E'�M��� '(# `L�� ���I �� �� 7(� 7�4L�� ���I 1��4R

'(# !F�N����� /�[��� $'* �6 7�t /� ��4� /�'�� � 7F���� O'�_ � ��� @��� /�[<� s� y'�*� $7�-R y/�D ��@�'N EbC � 5�I�� G# ��/�-� �D'W e�V

5�I�� �W = �M��� � t'W �W = �R��� y'�9 6'��? s�((..�$Eb"C "�� ���� ��FD '"-��'8<� �/Cg ��g @�'N � | 5� � Q��: +�� '� ��z� '� !�:

y��Y� )5�[-_ E'�] (y6�Y? A �-�'? Q<6�� /qL��_ E'�] ��5�/R �6 �::�

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'�t 5 '\��# ��[�� 7�D'*�6 � Q�'�: = /F�N '� G# $��R ���� y��YF� &'�C =� E'~ G# '�:'N �5'_ E'�] 5��� �'�j !F,� ��� .�/�: 

��?g �'�;� !�: 'q� .�/� E'~ # ��4� = �'? @� ��P-�� 1��? 7�D'D��� y6�8Ng � $�'c# � Q,�� = /F�N '� G# �C��� $�/[��

. �6g f': = 5��� .y��Y� = s�-�R y6�� '-��: �8<�)`9 �4�� = > ���: (©

'( '�ò7: 5� � Ï� |',l � E'~ �3-æ�Õ�� ã�05�� !�e�,< y6'\� � '( '� "��F�� "3sé�F[� 7M\� =��-�� !

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Ò� ëA�l Ï<ê0à / 0�D �� Ü))s�-�R ((���I � �6�� u? >5'� /�'-: G# /�-� � ��4� '�? /:'[� E'�C '\L-� ���� yA X� � '\�R 5 '� y�]

+���_ � y5'�� j�'M�< '�'D'4�# = 7?�,¤ ��� ��Á$@�'Ng A �I � �D�< '��Á $���I � '\�R y'�9 � .�/� e?� 7�F[� ª�P-� @\8< !�: y6�F_ ��� ��'�� $

��qy6�� /))s�-�R ((� ��� O'�D) ®�6'�� �'�: � �'��/� `"9 >'� E'�] � $"� /:'"[� sPD = '� +� ¦��³�� /C �'� Q�� ��-� E¢'��� ���

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. �6g f': = QD{? �z� ��� $ E'�M�� y6�� '(bC $7"(� y�"��I � �\-<� A'-�� :�

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���� ��R $��� 7D'4� ��R6 7�R�Y� 7�¢/� �{W� ��� ��R 7?�,¤ $'��"-:� 5�,�� E'�] >'�� @Y<� �,: /:'[� @Y�Q��� = 1�i ��,�� :�

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الفصل الرابع

7�-P� y6�Y� � !F�N�_ �"��\T �E�g eL,_ ":7�-P� y6�Y� = � j�g 6�5.

 O'U� eL,_ ":7�-P� y6�Y� = 7�R'F� 6�5.

©e�'U� eL,_ ":6�5 = > ��g 7�-P� y6�Y�

«�+? /� eL,_ :7�-P� y6�Y� = 6 /4�� 6�5

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�]}�:متهيـد !F�N���� /�[� ���� = j/?g �$h /� /:'[� /qL��� '�� 7�R'F� � �j�� !�: ����� $ y6�Y� $��"� �"��-� w'F�) � 7��C �� !F�N�_ �

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E'"�� �"�/� : sP-� �'�: � y6�Y� �FD !F�N�_ EbC � +�8��� ��� mB� �4[? '� @,��� � $> /<�< � /:'[� sPD = '�: $`N'-� ��D ���� e�*

)) y���I 7?/� �W = ���I ��D w'F�) � K�� ��� $G# 7"�'C 7R'"B# �Uc� 7�R'F� � �B�/�� �j�� $'�\R y��YF� !F�N�� A'-�# = '���I �# � 6j½��((��F��

!F�N�� |'� /�[� '4"l �C ��� 6'4�? � +��-�� � >�'} '\�6'< X: ����? 7N6�� = 7P��� )) f '� y��YF�� �F�N�_ A'-,� = 6'4�? � +��-�� 7�/* �

'\�,� �\��(( $!�: �R'* %'[� �N'F� �? 4� �/�[� ��,� y�*� $G# Q� � h�/�_ >'Ll�_ P� 5 ��� X��� ��� $ = �F� y@��_ 7:�8F_ &'�D $>/\^�

Q�PD� Q< i +� �I;�� a� 7�F�N�_ y6�Y� = Q*�6 $�"��M�� X"��� %'[� � |5r"� �"��] 6��"� `N'-�� �6�8<� |5g y'�* = 7L�� y6�/B e"�*

E�F�:))�"� � y'"�* � '-�'�: = '¡ Ó�Á @qD ���I '?5 `�8�D '-L,� �F� 6��l�$'-�b* � '-�D'� >'�M�� '-* �6 > /8C� '-?��� >'FPC Q�R �U��-R �¢/FD

((©$7�@,�< 7��� 7�-P� y6�Y� m-c� 6��[� � E'�� u? y�*� /:'[� �FÉ 1��?�= Ó�Á '� u? ¦? /�� EbC � $!F�N�_ � sP-� ))�FÉ � /:'[� w'8�N �

n�F� y��YF� 6'�# = Q�FF* '� ��P� 1N'��� � ��'4�� � 6�� Q<6�� A ;I u? $�"C 5 7,�'��_ 7��P-� >'�L�� �tb< y5���� '�'�D Q<':�8F�� Q<��Y� = +�[��

y�* �� 7�6��[� 7?/M�� ((«$!�: �;�W/< ��,� %'[� � Eb"C � !F�N�_ 6�5

١-M'N �8. :;Dه��� ا�د�� أP=�; و"�� ٢٢٣ص،ا�٢-�8V(�٦٣٨ص، دورة ا��'7 ا.٣-��� .٢٦٧ص، دورة أ�= ا���.T ا�٤-��� � ا�,�ب: أ�= ا���.T ا��.١٢٢ص، ا��8�ل ا� ,�ي *ا �=��ا>� <� ا� ,� ا�,�: *!� ا���در ا���-د-٥ ~�D�§ا �P�,��٣٣٢ص،�� ا .

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y'�9 O'� QD ��5 � �-:$��t'Y� ��? ��'-: EbC �� $E�< a� ¾'P�g 5�6�� � ���� �t'Y� 6 �� !�: !F�N�_ � > ��g !�:$¾'"P� � ��t'Y� = 6 5 '� �

A'-�� O'�� !�: E�< $�U� � :K�-� � S�< $ S�... "�'R5 /�� "��'@U"4� ))<�= >�"Y�'? �"Y�< 7��W � �/�� �'W '�\� � ���� = y��Y� ��� 5'4

Q<'I65� Q: �D ����((�$QN'PD � /:'[� .�6 ��� � ���� �t'Y� = !F�N�_ � $'"\��: m"�� 7-��� 7���� ¿�� EbC � Ù{< a� &'�Dg 1�< +� �/���� e�*

'�6/4�� .�-< ¸ 7-��� h �� �R� `</�< � Q�?/� +� �M $7"�-P� y6�Y� �8�<� 7�R'B# 7��'~ 7��� $+"� '\��b: EbC � j6',� '�6�5 '( /:'[� �-: !F�N�_'R

�/Cg y��YF� /�'-: $6'"qL�N ¸ 7N'�9 QDi � Q</8P? /:'[� w'8�N �F�� sP-� >'M�� +q� ¸ y��YF� �B '��-� ':'F�# ��� a� ¾'P�g $¥�"�Á '

!F�N�_ $'\-: X�< a� 7�'9 `�* |i'M�<� ��½�< >'�?g u? .�/�'W �/�< $w'8�N �4�� /:'[� ��'F�"N'R '\�D'��� ¾'P�g u? ¦?/� � !F�N�_ EbC �

y��"YF� A ;"I u"? 7?�'M�_ >':'F�) EbC �� !F�N�_ 6 �D �� 6�Y� '� +� �FD'�< a� '�/�'-:� � �I�� �'�R E'�C X: �¢6� >'�PD � Q�PD =

�R��� $�"F��_ = '�@�{< = j6'? 6�5 >'��4� ª/] �'W�$> �"�g �"�'�� = �"F� � >'"�?g �"C 5 >'��8F�� �� y6�Y� ��4[< = &'� 6��? 7�F�N�_

6� Q"�,� �"R �� '�� Q�PD = '�: X��� y��YF� !F�N�� >A'I� 7��C �� Q"��¢ ����? 7:'~ A'q: ��? 7�'C� ��D'��/� 6'��� `W6 = @�� f� 7�'� )) ��R

6�V u? ·;_ � >'���-�� � >':'F�# d �L�N = ��,� �� 6'Á $Q"R/�� f '¥ 7���8� QD'�j = %/�� /�[� ((�"� !F�"N�_'? 'LB � /:'[� &'��� ��,��

< !�: �5'��: !"�:� $ 7�'C 7�R'� '\-� �4� 7���� +�'F� G# ��t'Y� ��? ���F u"? 7"�R'F� '\�R |�'-�< /Cg '\q�?� $ >'Ll�_ ¦µ !�: �t'YF� ��? 7?'�W /\"l "�� $ '�@�� >'�N ��� � >'�N'�� � >'�:'?/� � >'��bU� � >'�t'-U�

١-�"��I�'�ه� ا�دا: ا�D" ��� �، آ�8 >,�!� ا��.٢٧ص، �=>X،م ١٩٨٣ا��ار ا��=>-�8 �+٢-��� .٢٦٧ص، دورة أ�= ا���.T ا�

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��/� � ��'4� � ��P� '\�R ��D a� 7��'4� � j�g ����"N '"�W� |6'F�_ � '�'q� � 7�q� : @,���� /4* '-��� 'Dj� ��Á f�$ ¦��,� � ��/� � ��'4� A�;£

y�* � 7�q� '\��: `�W a� 6�L,� = w�D �? �/�l $7"�'9 +"q� 1�i �/D� |�'"M�< '^'P� !F�N�_ �:���<� $ '� 7?/� : @,��� �-: 7�-P� Q��¢6� /:'[�

'�D{? '\�-��� 7�-P� y6�Y� &�� '¡ '� A'É# � '\� $"� sP-"� = '"� +� !l'���RC �� !F�N�_ � 6�L,� � j� |�'M�<� ��� � A��� � > /<�<"Ù{"< a"� 7��

�""y��YF� �4[< a� > ��g � >'��4� u? &'M�D � �R ��� ))�{"W� y/�'�� QDi A 6� 7��C 5 'Di /:'[�� $!F�N�_ ���� h/* �W� Q�4l �W +��<

A /�[� �B'P��((�y��"YF� �C 5 �/Cg 7�F�N�_ /�'-�� � �j�� u? 7�b��'R �B'�<� ��'4< 7�b:$": X"�< a� y6�Y� ��4< = ��'��� /R'q�� Q�W 1�i�

Q�?/� = /:'[� y'D'�� )) y'D'�_ ��4< e�* # ��4� /�[� �((�R��C �� ��-�' 7�R'F� � �j��� 7R'B)'? '\-: X��� 7?/M�� � +,-� .

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:املبحث األول*7�-P� y6�Y� = � j�g 6�5:

�B�/�� �j�� � �I6'� 6'�) �� 6�L,� � � j�g ��� '�'C ':�D �FÉ �R �� ��� /L,� 6'��C � Ù{< a� 7�I6'� !F�N�_ �/:'[� E'�PD$: X���

7�F�"N�_ /"�'-�� +"� ¦? /�� � �:'P�� EbC � '\[��� a� 7�/�[� 7?/M�� /:'[� �'�: � ·/� �PC ��D '\��Á a� � y��YF� = �/Cg $� !F�N�_ �

y'�9 6�� : X�� �F�F9 /:'[� � $ 7�-P� y6�Y� /�'-: �� 6'��C EbC �N�_ 7�/�[� 7?/M��� �tb_ �F�$))y6'�� 7�F�N�� y'�* +�R/� /�[� �­R �� !�:�

&b4� � R = '\�PD : X�< .�'"9{? h/"R/< y6'�� 7�F�N�� y'�* !F�N�_ � ��j�� ��-� �I = 7L-£((.�%'[�'R Q"-: X"�<� S�_ �t �< y'�* !F�N�_ �/�

N'-� �j� �B 7,N'-� &'�D{? `$Q��F? �j�� � QP��� : ·5/��W X: �F�� :))�j�� ���? ',��� 'Y�'D m,Y� /�[� �#((�`N'-_ �j��� /:'[� 6'��C � $��Á

y6�Y� 7�-P� y��YF� = A'µ� y'�* /UW $!F�"N�_ u"? ��½�� EbC � 1�i� ��-� : 7�'-� !F�N�_ � �B�/�� �j�� : 7�'-� ��C ��.

w'8�N � $ Q��: > @��< � ��q� f� �B�/�� /L,� 6'�­? %'[� &;�� �F� G# '\"�FD� Q�PD > /<�<� Q�'�PD : X�� � '� ;�T a� 7�'� 7�'�Y� EbC �

'\t'-? = &'� 6��? !F�N�_ ��'�< a� 7�-P� y6�Y� X: �F��_ $a� 7?'</� ��6 �B/P� �B�/�� �j�� >b��P< p �< '\ $& �³�N = Ã/L�� EbC � w'8�N ��

'�F�N�� Q<'�PD : @,��� /L,�� A�;� � &'�� .Q�'[D ;W6 �� /:'[� 'D�I� ����_ � ���� �t'Y� u? 7D6'F� �F: EbC ��

'�5�6� `�</< `�* ��� /V y/[: !�: �F�N�_ )��P� $��'4� � $��/� �$|6'F�_ $¦��,� $+�/�� $ e�� $ ���8� $./"�-_ $ Ã6 ��_ ($�'"W�

A�;� G# {M�� '� b���� 7�'�� 6�L,� &�³��� '� ',�'� /:'[� $EbC � w'8�N �

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7�D �I�� Q<'�PD : '�F�N�� @,��� 1�i$7�/�[� 7?/M�� �*6 =$E'"�� X:� ��� �B�/�� /L,� !F�N�� '\��� y���I O'��� > A'É# 7�-P� y6�Y� ���4��

Q<��Y� /:'[� Q��: `�W))E'9 ��� !�: �j�� ��4�� $P� = '����� /Y-: E'"�PD ��"� Q"D# �? ¸ �6��[� � ��} : y���? 7�R/Cj y6�� s��� �/�[�

/:'[� $|/8q_ Q,�� w'F�#� $j ;�� � 7,���_ Q�PD((�$/:'"[� !�N '� ��� � ���� �t'Y� = QF�FL�� .

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/""L"",� '�'< Q� �³�""N A�;£ Q� �³�"N w��M�"""� �P� ��±"�±

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�-: y@UW �t'Y� = /\^ ��� %'[� $A�;"£ !"�: /����� &'�D 7?'�W &j ���

.٢٢٥ص، ا�,��&� وا���اع ا� ,�ي: *8-% ا�,�آ=ب-١

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��'4� $��P� � ��/� A�;£ �$/���"�� &'"�D !"�: �,�W a� �t'YF� ��y��Y� )7�t'q� 7-] :(�

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< ��äR �6 �ãMÐ/3�Ï�F� Ò�N ��� =6�""��� 3-R�!$��� = ��9 ��[-� SP� '�W @�g

Ï� ¼� æ��: �:'B �� �y5'�N /�/""�� `�F� Ï��F?� ä] �'�;� �5 � =ã\Ð�Ï| 5 @�_ =

a"� �¸ 7"q�'-�_ 6�Y� : @,��� Q�PD /L,� EbC � /:'[� w'8�N �F�\�FD y6�Y� A'8:# Q�PD �j�� !F�N�� EbC � w'8�N e�* 7�-P� y6�Y� G# '

+�Á � w'8�N � $ > /<�< � � �I�� = ����� '�: X�� � ',N'-� '�6��l �I Q"�* 7�'� � /:'[� 7: /? !�: E�� '¥ �* �� �j�� EbC uq�'-�_ u�'9 u?

,��� = 'LB � �? ��� �F�N�_ /<�"�� � �I� : 6�Y< a� 6�Y� 5'�? : @`YC E'�C�.

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y��Y� �YYF� `�'F� � E'FR 7P��� `� �� EbC � !F�N�_ : X: ���)�;9 A'�_ (: !F�N�_'? �j�� EbC � /:'[� X:� |6'F�_ /L,� � ���

y/<��_ � �I�� 6��:�

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3< 7:�� �6�� =�0FÒ/��-"_ >'F�� Q,�� =� �<� 7YF� h /� ��< ¸ !Ng � �;9 : yX�_ !F�N�_ 1�< !F,<� 6�"Y� m[

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/:'[� :�

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&'��'? ٠�� ���D � $))7:�-�� >'* =� y�: � /� = `�4� QD 7�': �*b_ � �* �� /L,� �C 5((�1�i !�: 'U� �C{-N�:

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%/�� .c#� ����� � +N �� Q�\R EbC �� w'8�N Q-4�� = !F�"N�_ 6��"? QD' � j�g 6'"��C !�: Q<6�F� EbC � 7�-P� y6�Y� = 6��� �� ��'4<� y��YF�

Q<':�B�� : yX�_ $�a"� 7"?/M��� 7FR �� >A'I a� y6�Y� ¾'P� EbC � '\[���.

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:املبحث الثاني*7�-P� y6�Y� = 7�R'F� 6�5:

j6'? 6�5 7�R'F�� '�'F�"N�¡ �"8�< ��� 7�-P� y6�Y� =� 7�?/�� y��YF� =y��YF� !F�N�_ '�'� �R 6 y6/4�_ $�N'N h/* !�: ;4</< ¸7�R'F� � $= 6/4��

>'�?g �W $��/� h/V h/��� )) W �"N� >'W/L�� w'~ 7�'\-� = '�# � Q-��? ',�</< 7,</�((�y��YF� >'�? �W = 6/4�<$))'�'� A;I ��4� �� '�6 /4<�

7�/�[� !F�N�_ �$+�'�� +���� 7�F�N�_ �� �P� 7?'U¡ �\R '�55/<((...�X":� Q��F? '\��� : `�8� � �,: 6��W�� ..))5/� �j�� � ��-� u? 78N � �� 'µ{W $uD6 u?�

Q�R w�B�_ &b4� ¾'P� ((..  /�[� ��? E�'* �F�� 7F?'"�� 6'"�5j 6�"Y: EbC A7�R'F� A`: � v�³�� ))o�[� /�[� ��-R� �-,� � ml�_ {[-R $a"� O'"�g �I65�

y�* � 7�R'� � /UW �����<((©/M\_ A /�l +� 6�\�� G# ���M�� 65 �? >5': �$e�*� 7�: �?) 7N6�_ 6�\^ +� 7L�� 7I'* 6'� )) 4�_ � 4� fy�"�'] y6�Y� !�: A'F?)

�/Y-�� ��� !�: �/��I ����< E'C5# � �? �'W� $ 7�R'F� � �j���((«`"N'-�� ��� "� �/�"[� '-� /< = ��I� e�* 7��D'��/� 7N6�_ w',< `N'-< a� 7�6��[� 7�'9 +�

'�@�� ¯'¹g � >'Ll�_ $'�R 5 |/�� /�l � Q��: ���� '�� y�"��] 7?/M�� ��� $�"�,� /C� = A�Á ��� h /9 �� 7�R'F�'R b\N '\I� >�� � 7�R'F� &�\P� 6�8< �F��

$��/� h/V h/�� '� ���$+"� Q? &�F< ��� 6��� EbC � y��YF� = 7�R'F� 7��� ��,<� 7�-P� y6�Y� ��4[< = �/Cg 7�F�N�_ /�'-�� ))� 7F��: ��� 7"�'�� 7�"�� +� 1?'[�

�/�[� �����.7�R'F�'? /C´ ��? G# '\q�? �/F< >'��4�'R((Æ7"8,</� 7�R'F� �L,� � '"\�R '\�:'P<� Q�?/M�? '\�',<6'? '\����� /:'[�� 7�/�[� 7?/M�� : @,���'?))= 7"�R'F� �#

'� �? 7,�'� ���� /�[� $?/M�� �F-� /:'[� '� �N��� 'µ#� >�*�< i# '( y;�� bR '(��i� 7$�P�'� i# '\�R @B QD '�W $6��[� � @,��� .�6 +� '\���qR 'µ#�((±%'[� �N'F� �? �

>A'"I� $.�/� ? /�[� ��I� �/:'[� ��J a� > ��r� Q�¹ ��6 ��� y'�9 /:'l

١-� .١٣ص، ١٩٨٣ا���ه�ة، ا���<�8 ��ج ا§���ع ا� ,�ي: أ��� آ.٢٤٦ص، ١٩٧٨ا���ه�ة، "@�!� ا�>D+= ا��)���،٥ط، "=.8�% ا� ,�: إ��اهT8 أ>X8،د-٢� ا� ا�'M8-د-٣!*:�I�*��P,�ب و�أ�,�ر ا TI> %�إ �.٥٧ص،� ا����=م"'!,� ��",،٤ط،<� ا��Dس ا�+&»�٢ج،ا����٤-�@E���زك ا�< :�P�,��ا �, =رات "@�!� ا���N ،��I��� ا��.١٦٢ص، "ص،٥ط،ا� ,� ا�,��� ا��,��N �P���~ و�=اه�~ ا�&��8 وا��,�=��: *: ا���9 إ.��*78–د-٥ .٥٥ا��'!,� ا�آ�د���8 ا���ه�ة٦-�ا: *+� إ��اهT8 أ�= ز� ص ١٩٨٣ا���ه�ة،دار ا��,�رف،٢ط،��:ا*� ا�)=رة ا�&��8 <� �,� د*!7 .٣٨٣م� وا�دب: إ�+8� ا�G�وي-٧��.١٢١ص،١ج <� ا�

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= Ó�Á '_ 7�* y6�� !F�N�_ sP-� $� `N'-� '�� ���q_ � �/� $`"�W /:'[� �= �F� 7:�-�_ �t'YF� � y�* � 7�R'F? �\�-< a� �t'YF� .

y��Y� = �F� 7:�-�� ��t'Y� E�� �)/�l '� ('"¥� 7�t'-� '\��R'� >A'I a� Q��� '\�R A'I:�

Ï/�l '� 3�D Ï�R 6��[� $�7C/�� Ð.�/� `��4� Ï/�l '� 3�D Ð �È ��� `�/�� `Y� � $ `�F�

* * *Ï/�l '� 3�D ß+� �� 0�:ã�F Ñy'�9 | ��{?

ß&5 �D /�l '� ¼MP< $>'-t'4� &��W � /* * *

/�l '� !à�Fl " �6�< '��U� " o�� $Ï���� Ï. /] Q�R $Ò-� ãM��/8F� $Ï&�� '�6�'�� �

= �F� y5���_ �t'YF� � '� �N� y��YF� ��� = /:'[� � $|/"� 7�R'F� ��I7?/M�� `�� � ·/� sP-� G# $.�/� >'M�C : X���$·6'� � Ù{< � ))

7�R'F�'? Q*�6 = 7�?'��_ >'I�_ ��� u? ¦?/� /:'[� �((�7�R'F� ��I 1��? �\R .�/� � sP-� : 6�Y< 7�F�N�� y6�� $'���� A'µ 7�-P� y6�Y� �8���.

>'":�8F_ &'"�D !�: 7�R'F� !F�N�� '\�R /:'[� �/I a� �t'YF� ��¸y��Y�)f'�� y'�� G# (\��I a� '� +�'F� 7�b� =��I $ >'"�? 7�b� +8F� �W

� A'( E�g +8F_ 7�R'� >A'I� > /R;� !�: '�'F�N�¡ E��� �_ h/* ��? 7-W'� A'I� ª'-� |��� = f'�� '\:6j a� &´ � >y6�"Y� �8��� '�'F�N�¡ 7�R'F�

E'� e�* 'F�:� y��: 

Ò�,��_ f'�� '\� ¼��: &b�� `�,* ã�'�9 3>/³N æD{? ���B `�l >' áPW�7?�q� 1�'�5 �

١-��� .٥٢ص،أU�>� ا�8G�ة:أ�= ا���.T ا�٢-��� .٢٦٩ص،دورة أ�= ا���.T ا�٣-��� ص: أ�= ا���.T ا� و .٢٥٥أU�>� ا�8G�ة

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3>/N� Ï<0N ��[ãL3/5�I�� �'?Ï6 = !Ng Ã�l 6�,<� · /PD � sP-�� !�: E��� y5���_ ��g ��? A'9 7�R'� !�: O'U� +8F_ A'I�

Q��8� ��� � E'* G# E'* � E�L�� �:�

Ï63�3Ã�� !ã-:�� Ï+�?/� 1L��ã.',Y� A�B� A'qP� Ï� ��F� +�M�< e�'U� +8F_ =� $+"8F_ = �� = �_ h�/* |���R 6 /F� �³���

y5 6) � ���"Y�� y��� `q�� � y6�U� !�: E5 y@YF� '�'F�N�¡ @Y<� e�'U� E'� e�*:�

1�'-� ��{< ..æD 3>�Y* !3ª�¢6 36��j� �6�� Ñ��g æ��6��3 �� &��'? ãl � | /�� 3�?/3+��� Q0î ¬*�

31R/M�N ����� ���N $��W{�� A'��� ��'�� 10��[_ �"� /:'[� 4T �/D $y��YF� +�'F� = 7�R'F� !F�N�� y6�� +,�< EbC �

`�F� >'M�� !F�N�_ Q�R +qC ��� $ �F�N�_ @,��� |/� y6�Y� >A'MR $5 /_ S�_ !�: E5 � sP-��$))�j��'? '�/FR 7�R'F� G# ��: 'µ# %/�� /:'[� �#�

'���D '�,� Q��: �Pq��(( +� 7��C �� !F�N�_ � �j�� !F�N�� Q? ��M�D '� +�7�F�N�_ y6�Y� `�* O'�_ '\�R |�'M�< y��YF� �I/C e�* 7�R'F� !F�N�� �"FD !"�: 6�� 1��? 7�-P� y6�Y� >6'�� $� �I�� � sP-� �'�: � 7�?'-�

O'�_ .u?'"� 7":�8F�� y��Y� +?6 � 7�� >56� 7N 6�� +B�� /:'[� � ��5 =�

u��?$'��? u��<� 7�D'î� $7�t'-U� u?'� $ = �F� 7:�-�� y��Y� ���b�� ��*# '\-�$7��bU� � $� � 7�:'?/ $7�N'�� � $7�N ��� � $7"�D'�U� �$$ 7�/"[: s"�� �

!q�F_ 'FR� 1�i ��4� �? $ 5�} &'�-� +q� � = �F� u? 'D'�* ·;c /:'[� � 7�6��[� 7�'9 $y��YF�� 7�F�N�_ y6�Y� h /� : @,���� '���� E'�³�� Ã/��� $

7,�M��� +,8�� 7FR �� 7�R'F� Ù{< e�* �"B > �"�g |�'M�<� $��,� S�_

١-��� ص:أ�= ا���.T ا� . ٢٥٥أU�>� ا�8G�ة.٢٥٥ص،�ر ا�-��J >&-; ا��)-٢ج–د-٣ J��. ر�(" ، M8'�ا� ا �.٦١ص٣*!

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'�F�N�� 'FR5 �8�� '¥ y��YF� �B� ��,� $/:'"[� u"? ���: �:'P< : X��Q�?/��.

'�'F�N�� >A'MR sP-� = '_ /:'[� '\�qC a� � = �F� y5���_ �t'YF� �� y��Y� +,8�� 7�6'£ )���] .',Y� : (�

�4N ÐI '� Kã. / �4N �Ñ��Ml '� a3>'� æ-� �\:ã. � ��'�j� ��-]

á�� � ã.',Y� 0�ãÑ��/F� A 6� 7:�8F_ ��� Q<��Y� /:'[� �? �F�$6�5 6 /4��� ��4� ��� > /� db� '�6/W�

S,_ � S�_ = &'� )) �'W� $ |'-�) � A;I �'W y�t'P� A'I i­R 5�"�} '���?((�u��:'?6 u�:�8F� ��? '\�PD 7:�8F_ 6/4� y/� �W = /:'[� �$6/"4< ���

y��YF� = > /� db� +8F_ 1�i: 

0R =¼/� ·'M �5 ä�g �-R5 ���Ï>/UD� Ò�� ãw�� ã&3�3�� Ð.'�/�

Ï>�� � 0� y'�9 3;�"Í'R æ-��ã�� < æ-�Ð|'*6 = Q��: !Ñ�'�;�

* * *Ï�?i � 3Ng ã5�I�� E'~ = !

Ï>�*5� ã5 zP� Í7* � ��[-�� éq� �ÑEb�� � '� ä�[� �ã5�6�� � �

ã|',[� � ��( � Ï�"� �Ñ�'-9 � S��:�8F_ 7�'� = y�* � 7�R'F� ��I u��:'?/� u$)�'�;� $�'-9 ('\"��I � ��?

O'U� +8F_ = '���$e�'U� +8F_ = 5�$1��? X�� sP-"� : y65'Y� &'�Dg +,8� +� 7�M�-_ �Q�?/� : $E'"�* /��"�_ Q"F�� : @,�< ��� X�< a� �

١-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.٢٢٥ص، ا��)ط،أ.�ار ا��@�ار <� ��V ا����ن:"�G=د ا�-8� ��8=ن-٢ ت،د د �ا�� ا���ه�ةI�دار ا.٣-��� . ٢٢٥ص،أU�>� ا�8G�ة:أ�= ا���.T ا�

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>�_ � y'�9 5�I�� o8� u? w /Y� $F_ 7�R'� Ù{<� 7-W'"�� ��"_ @Cg +8 E�"L�� �t�-: ��� $�9 : >5 j a� y'D'�_ : X���� ��4�� y6�� `N'-��

'�D�� : Q�6�;? $+�8� = A'I '_ 6 /4< ��4�� ���I '-�D6 �C{�� 7�R'F� E�L��R Q��: ��W{�� � w 5�� y6�� : 7�R'F� X���� +8F_ :�

35�� 3w !w 5�� !äE',I '� ã&��( '� 3|',B !Ng !3·'MR '� ��L] !

ã�j �/I ��é�q� = ��6 ����� Ï>/[D� ãwbF� ..3��'Rw 5 !3�� w 5!

QN'�*# !�: {4< ��-� �� = /:'[� � $>'"�PD � Q�PD = Ó�Á '� 6��� f a� $y'�9 7* /�� '��� '\�R h/�� $65'� �F�N�� �I ¦N� �F-�< 6�Y� �D'4R

7?/M�� : 7��P:� ��Y? X��� A'I &'�D EbC ¦,</<�$ Q�'�� |�'M�< $+,8� : '� �LP� a� QN'PD �4? /:'[� '\[��� a� $= '� u? `N'-_ &'M�D �8����

��4< a� A'�lg 7W/* u?� sP-� /�'-: 7�-P� y6�Y�$u? �R ��� ��4� e�*·6'� � sP-� >'W/*.

y��Y� X��<�)`9 �4�� = > ���('"\�R /:'"[� �F* a� �t'YF� � 7�R'F� !F�N�� u? &'M�D � �R ��� $�/�[� ��,� 7�F?�$sPD = '� +� �?�'��

/:'[� $Q�R >��� ��� '\8�} +��$'�g 7��P�� � +,8�'? m[�< y'D'�� : y65'� $Q��� 1�i �� � ���N ��5 � |��F� G# �C�<�:�

Ô7?�: 0�D 07��P8�'W $L��'W &b*g'W $Ð.',Y�'W ���] 0Ã�Lq� A'���'W 07����'W 56��'W A /�F� $Ð&'""��?'W �����

ò7: 5� """� '( '� '~ �Õ|',l� EÏ�3-æ�� �""5�""��!�*bD QD ��,� !F�N�¡ 7�R'F� ¯',<6$u"? ¦?/"� '�F�N�� '8�C /:'[� ��I

> ��g >'��D $>'��4� >'W/*� $��,"� '\"q�? ���< a� >'��-� 1�< $

١-��� .٢٢٦ص،أU�>� ا�8G�ة:أ�= ا���.T ا�٢-J��-�ر ا�. ١٧٨٢ص،ا��)

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7�R'F� G# �Y< ¬* $�'-��� 7P�� 7�R'F� ��4�� �-: # 7�F�"N�_ 7I�_ E��� G'\��'� .� �R ��� � y���I 7�t 6 y6�� '-� �N/�� 5��< '� �':/N� ���-$� 1�i�

y6�"�4_ 7�R'F� G# ��� ��,�� 7�<�Y� +�'F_ �B /�4� 7W/* �R �< EbC'q� $a� � '\���I T Q�,[�� h'W >'"��-� � >'"W/9 u? �R ��� EbC � m-

QI�< ¦? �6 y6�Y� h /� � 7�F�N�_6 /��N '\L-T 7���9 �$y6�Y? ��'N� �C5 '�'M�D ��³�� '\R /� �8? /< a� 7�-P� y6�Y� +� �F��_ ·'��D = 7�:'R +"� �"R ��< a"� 7"�-P� 7��� !�:� /:'[� 7,��� !�: E�< 7�PC y6�Y? '-��#

+,8� $��,� !F�N�� +� 7�M�-� 7�R'F� >A'I 1��?�$��B�� � 7�'* = �F��_ a� 7��_ � 7* /� � �I�� `�'�$Q?�� � $Q�/�<� �N'-<� m�/� &'M�D � '\�R '¡

+���.�7��C �� 7�PF�� >A'I �F�M�-��77"?/M�� �"*6 = ���� ��� S�_ +�

/:'[� �-: 7�/�[� $+,8� A �-� 7��C 5 7?'M�N � $��C �� 7�PF�� 4< f� �"-: 7��b? �/�� y5�YF� %'[� �N'F� % Q< �� $>'?�?�< +� '�'M�D Ù{< �D'W �?

+� /:'[� �:'P�� 7��C 5 7?'M�N '�# � 7��'��_ � �I�� >'�PD : X��� sP-� �"� a"� 7�F�N�_ y6�Y� &�\P¡ ¦,</< a� 7�-P� y6�Y�� A'-�# � �/�[� Q��:

�I = .�/�'W '�'M�D � '�R5� 7���* '\L-��R 7�-P� y6�Y� �$= 'É/� /� ���� �F��_ sPD.A'I '� '\-�� � ���� � 7�/P�� +� �� = 7��C �� 7�PF�� >56� �F��

y��Y� =)�� ��� u? 7_'9 '\�� : (�

0�D 0y/�;�'W 07���] |'�� =$òÃ�l u? '� 4�� 5�5� � 7���] y/�;�'W Q��� = ���� 7��C �� 7�PF� $'��C 5 '��D� !F�N�� �R'B � �[�

��,� = 7�-P� y6�Y� +,���� �F��_ .Q����:�A'q�,� y56��'W A�X� Ãb_'W $���,� �q� = ·�_'W

١-��� ٢١٧ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة:أ�= ا���.T ا�٢-;-&< J��-�ر ا� ٢١٧ص، ا��)

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= 7��C �� 7�PF�� >A'I )A�X� $A'q�,� (��-�� 6 /4< �8: = +"��� ��� 7�PF�� �$ y/4P� � w�B�_ +� �F��_ �,� � &'M�D = ��;� '¥ '�'[�� /� sP-� %/"�� /�"[� = h�/�� �� '�W /C� ��b? �/�� �YF< ��R +,8� �-? >A'I

n�F� $ �P: >A'I �? $�Y� @� �� $�-: 7�F�N�_ y6�Y� h /� +� �?�'���D ��4�� /:'[� y��YF� = !F�N�_ &'�D � 7� 7"���*� '8? /< '���;<$�"���

�:'"�< !F�N�� � Q? �8�* '_ |'M:#� ��[? 7�-P� y6�Y� !�: �,F� �F��_ �'F�N��� �6�� '\-: 6�Y< a� /:'[� �'�: G# E����� �F��_ .

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:املبحث الثالث* y6�Y� = > ��g 6�5 7�-P�:

> �"�g � ¸5'[D) � A'-��'R $ ��4� O'�g b�'* y'�9 O'� � ��5 A'I �F� |/8� >� � ¸ '�65'Y�� '�'I65 ���³¡$7��,8� > �� G#¸7�N'N /� '-: � ���� ��� !�: 7�F�N�_ y6�Y� '� �R/<$>'"�'8? 7D�L[� 7�-P� �6�� Ù{<�

t 5 � 7�?'D 7�R'B# A'-�� � !F�N�_ � > ��g y/.�/�{"< ��: : 1��? X��� ¸ O'�_ � > 5'�] > �� G# /:'[� +��N �F��

y��Y� = Q��� 1�i �� > ��g'? )7�� ;� 7F,D;� : (�

01,�� = é��� Ï>�� é</� $ `�\�� ��"" äy5�"[D Ñ7��'( '<�� `�\�� /:'[� ��I$`�\�� >�� '\�</� y5�[D 7��'\��� $= > �"�g

7"�'� ": /:'[� '� X: a� > ��g'? �UT ���I ��? S�_ �8: ��,� �� 7F,D;� .

Q��� 1�i �� :�

01</"""MB i# å�: �FR &b�� O'� ã&�"I�� O'"� K�? ��� $ '�D'� &�I���� ���� /:'[� ��I O'"� �?�: '�W$ 7F,D;� >/MB �'�

&�I�� $1"��? A'"É) � @UW G# +R�< a� > ��g � A'qR = ��<{< y6�Y� &b�� O'� >5 ��� a� � 7��³�_ y6�Y� $&�I�� O'� >5�.

: X��� �'9g � > ��g'? /:'[� �N���� 1�< Q��� = '�W y6�Y� : 

3��� ä��4� �Å i# `��4� &b�� � �6 Ï.�6 ã/L�� 3��Ï�NÏ+ß>�� $ÕL�W Ö�Ml 3�'8<3/3C �/""<�� >'FP

�'9g 1��� �[-_ 6��? �;9 &�F�� $>'-t'4� � 7��,8� '� Ã6'[< a� :é5/�Ï5ÏD;* �'DX� !�: ��"""4N = '- $0�""�'Y� ã��8_

١-��� .٤٩ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�٢-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.٥٠ص، ا��)٣-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.٥١ص، ا��)

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7�� ;� 7F,D;� u?� Q-�? /:'[� �*���$�'"9g 55/"< ��� � ;*g y6�� ��,<� 7�M[� .

7F,D;� .�D ��� y6�� +� +?'�D �$1�i ��Y� ��� /:'[� G# 5��� $Q�� Ù{<� ��Y� �*'-I ��P* � y���I > �� $��_ �;9 > �� '�# y6�"Y� '�#

P� > ��g +� ��-<� ���< 7�-.Q"? �*�< '¡� > ��g'? /:'[� +�� 'LB � ��,�� ��� +� 7�D �I�� 7W6'[��� 7�R'B# >'*'�� �F��_ m-T� y6�Y� ���< > A'É# �

6�Y� .y6�"� ": X��� '\-�? '��R ��½�< a� O'�g � > ��r� y���I 6�� +?'�D�

./P� � `9 $��g E�L��R`9 � ./P� e,�� A'-�� � ��l'Dg � > �7-�D{�8� =7�-P� y6�Y� /:'[� � �I� = '�: X��� $y��Y� = 1�i !�: 'U� �k )O'"9

�/4�� :(�

ÏD� ·�/�"� u? ���D Èé-�D� ��� ��"��-� +� é-�_ �3.�6 �I'-D� ��4� = 7��,8� �ÏD��"Y K��_ '\,"�F�

+�?/� �U� È :Õ�6 !�: �[µ /�;� �$ÐE'�� � $ �¢/� � & /�� v�/""� '\��R $é-��� �"\���òy�["""D = �ÐE5�

Q,* ���< �'9g � Q�-I = /:'[� $K�� & /�� � $ 7��,8� .�6 Q�?�,} +� �I'-��5� y�[D =��g � ./P� ��l'D '\P�< 6��$ E$��F� 6�"� Q�'�C X: /q*

� y5'��� � ./P� f': 7��P8� f'����g$1��� ��4� v�/� .�6 Q�'�� = |�<� /:'[� `9 � ./P� � A'-�� | ��{? y6�Y� �R/<�.

< '��-: 7�'C� ./P� '\-q�É a� 6�Y� h /� u? ¦?/� /:'[� ���� � =|'"���4� ��l'D /q� e�*$/:'[� 7��,8� Ã6'[<�$= A'"-�� � ./"P� /� ��,��

'�/�'-:$y��Y� = A'I '� 1�i !�: 'U� �k�:)y':/� O'� �: (�

� ãQ�:'-� y'�L�� �é-�� Ïm,Y� �,

١-��� .٢٢٩ص،أU�>� ا�8G�ة:أ�= ا���.T ا�٢-� ٢١٣ص،ر ا�-��J >&-; ا��)

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|'�� .',� Q�R 6�Y� ��� ��,� �� Q<��Y� /:'[� �,� $G# E�"L�� .',Y�'R = y'"�9 |�� .',Y�'R $ A �Ig rT a� Qt'-� >'��D !�: >'-t'4� �F���< ��

>'-t'4� .Q<'�*� |'�� +� &'M�D � Q�PD = '�: X�� /:'[� +?'���$a� QR /C `�'³�R

Q��F? |'�� 7�*6 QW6'[<:�

æ,l ��¹ �ã��[-� E���¡$ ��[< a?' 3D3�ß�3�ãY3�Ï��o�� $Ъ'PD{W ã5�6��

Ï��� »Í /t'� �Ð�,�,�'W $ã����� �5'[� A'"-�� y5'�"N� ./R : X�< '�'�D �[-� ��� `�M�� L�� �� y6�� +?'�-��

$�`�F� � ·/�Rb�~ 'É/� � i´ !�: �/� ��4� $�F</� '� �':/N� ��"N =./P� � A'-�� ���N ��[� b,�? �U���� $'R./"P� � ��l'Dg � 7�� |'�� = y'�9

&'�Dg �$�ª �9 u? 7��5',< 7W6'[� y6�Y� 7D'4� � +R/�$./P� 7�'* : X�< |'�� = /:'[� '\[��� a� .

��l'Dg � > ��g � A'-��'R $7P��� 6�� : '\�W X�<$= �:'R �4[? ��'�<�/:'[� Q�D'�� '� �FD $9 O'��R ��"l'D ��M�< y5'��� � ./P� � |'�� y6��� `

E�L�< ���¸ � ;*g � !Ng y6�Y? ��l'Dg � > ��g �\-< �?'F_ =� ¸ 'D'9 � &b�� � /[� ��F� j��6 @Y�� > ��g $'\Rb�C !�: 6�Y� � $`�� = ���<

y'D'�_ $7?/M�� ��: : X�<�$�� $ sP-� yA',: 6�Y� s,�<� E'"�� +"� ·/�'�:g | ��{? �R/< a� '�¢/� �R� �I6'� f'�� `</�� $7[��� 6�Y� Ù{< 1���

7�/8R� 7?/M�� '\��� a� y'D'�_ : X�<.

١-��� .٢١٤ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�٢-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.٢٥٦ص، ا��)

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/"�'-: ��/��� � ��l'Dg'R 6��8� 5/�<� y':/� �[-� |'�� G# &�F� '��-:���� a� y5'��� � ./P� y6�� = 7�:'R 6�� � y6�� +?'�-�� |'�� = /:'[� '\[

y��Y� � E'�] � ./P� )|'�� : ()�(Ï��¹� é�� � 'qP� = 5/�_ @8�� �'��- $®�'[� $3�_ ��'�

y':/� ��l'D G#� $Ï�åRÐ/Í7|'�� =$Í7�5'l Ð|/�W 3�&'� �Y� G#�0_ �HY� 6 ��\� $ . /� '&'W´ � m�P� ·'MP� u?

O'�g y'�9 � ./_ ��É ��Y� Q�<{�� ��l'Dg � ��/��� G# ��[? ��Y� /:'[�'R | ��� .

',"Y� �\: = 7,�,9 +� '\�R +��I y6��¸6�,9 � ./P� 6�� � y6�� +?'�-��|'�� ¦N� $y6�Y� 1�< y��Y� =)7�t'q� 7-] : (�

Ð�?'D;�� � $ ·�/��� 1LqD 5��D� $/���� � A ��g `�'ý� $3< ���Ð/Òh@-_ �5 �� =

/�/�'? ���< ��� $ �� ��� 7�-� ���D� Ïv�/D� ��[D Ð�?b,�'W "6�,L���¸ y'�L�� "

6�/�� � y5'��� ��* ���4< 6�Y� $,�,* +� /:'[�'R Q� $'�\-"q�� 7��,8� � $&'t�� � y5'��� � `9 ��l'D �</< ¸ �� ��� O'� �¸ �5 �� = ��Y� > �� � $

y'�L�� ./�� y5'�N = �?b,�'W 7��,8� +� &'M�D = � �[-� $ Q�,�,* +� /:'[� � y���/� .

y��Y� = 7?�,¤ y6�� +?'�-�� )`9 �4�� = > ��� ($'"('~ �/-R �/"�� 7?�,¤ .�6 = >��� 7���_ 7?��� �'9g'R �'9g � A'-�� � ��l'Dg'? $'�/� ��� �

{R 5�I�� !�:Q��: �PB �'9g |�: : 

�E'�] �A /<� $Ïv�/� Í'Y�6 ��Ï�H�N '$5�I�� O'� !�: ÑR = >5'��Ð�0*�601�� j� O'�g $�7�6� ��/���

١-��� .٢٠٨ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�٢-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.١٧٩ص، ا��)

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0���'��R 05�I�� =$ÕL�W é�/F,: ÐE'�� ��[-� ��*:ß> �8C Ô7D /4N 0��l'Dg'? $ß>��� $���? Õ�'D +ãI/W

7",�,9 /� : X�< a� ��l'Dg � O'�g � �'9g �'R� = ��</< y6�Y� ��,<� ='� �8C X:� '\*�6 � ·/C ��� A'-�� e�,� �\R 7��,8� =� y'�9 $'��"��

���? �'D �'9g 5��5/< $� y6�� 7?�,¤ !�: �Pq�� A'-�� /�'-�? /:'[� �N�<5�I�� �D'�< � �'R´ = ��T a� ��l'Dg � &'() .

? !Ng �,���� Q,�F? �;9 �Y�� '��-:� A'"4? G# O'"�g E�"L�< Q*�/@� ;_ �\[<� 6��8� ��Y<� $y��Y� = y6�Y� ��� ��,<�)Qt'�� o�� G#:(

5�N o�� '� 1�'R´ '� $Ü >'4�'* Ü>'"��-� �{R Ü ���< Ã6'��g� Ü >'F\[� @�? ��[� Ã6'�;_ '�

Ã6'<�g� �P� >'"�W'"l #1�'�Dg� 8-< �#>'�"W'?

= »'"] fg � �;9 : X�< >6'YR > ��g >5 E�� ��P? y6�Y� ���� ��"l'Dg � &'"�Dg ��J� 7�/�[� 7?/M�� : yX�� y6�Y� >A'MR /:'[� `��

/:'[�'? ��'* a� &´ � � ;*g '�¢6 y���] '�¢/� 6'<�g �.g �/D�9'�< a� '\��# +�'�� �[< /�[� : !<{�$ �g � w'8�"N /:'[�

O'���� 7FR �� >'�?g !F�N�� ��Á$'��"-: A��� �/�< 7?���� � sDg'? sL-R �6�"� �"�5;�R 7�/"[� y'�9 ��4< '��-: 7��,8� � E'�] � `9 : d�L��

y��Y� = Q��FW 7?�: !F�N�¡ )`9 E��I: (�

u? '� p �'W �� �E��I 7���] ��b* ä¤ A'� Q? �/Áæ,07Í /�'� �������

���/� s�( '�{W 7���D� �8�? +��� ���< 7t5'( �'F�N�� �/-R.

١-��� .٧٨ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة: أ�= ا���.T ا�٢-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.٢٧٠ص، ا��)

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�'[�] � `q�� y�F� O'�� y6�Y� �8��R 7�M�£ 7,C'� !F�N�_ Ù{< ���$= '�W)7P�'�� @tj y��Y�: (�

'�� '\� '�Ré�Y_ fæ�C /Ã���6 �!&�\�� K,� /��� �# é;��� 6{U�N ÏI'< �8¤ ÔE'I6 Qæ/� �'I i#Ï\R �5Ï�Ï�Ï�

�"��� !�: �F*� `q� � /:'[� sPD = '�: X�� '\,�</<� ¾'P�g > �� �#@,��� ¾'P�g !F�N�� EbC � /:'[� w'8�N �F�� y6�Y� A'-�# � sP-� = '�:

7�-P� $�F��_ !�: '�@�{< y5'�j�.�'"�'W/*� Q"�R �F� `N'-_ & �³�N EbC � �6�� G# �É /:'[� $

7"Y�� ": X��� y��F� 7�R'F� Ù{< � ;*g � &´ : y��YF� d�L�< '��-�R� �k� /:'[� 6�� !�: �U� a� � ;*g � y��Y� = 1�i !�: 'U )�/W�� : (

æ-Wã�I�;W '/t'� $¼ 9 7*�5 =ãu�g 3��l'D ���D _ S��Y�� � �t'�� u?

0>�_ L�? �l� u4��_ �;9 �Rg =Q�?�,} � /R !�: /:'[� >'Dg +�I/< y��F_ 7�R'F� >A'I� $y6�"Y� �����

� 7�:'R 7R'B# 7�F�N�_ 7�-P� y6�Y�$'\�� ��:'P<� $�F��_ G# /:'[� y'D'�� ��FD�.

�/:'[�� Q��N'* G# �'F�N�� �-�� /:'[� � $+,8�� 7FR �� '�¢/� Ù{�R$���� � �I�� = '� y 6�Y� $O'"�_ : X��� 7:/�? �R��< 7��� y6'< !F�N�_ ��4�R

/:'[� '���/� a� $� � Q��� = '�W y��Y)y'�9 y5 6#:(©

ÑFD'�� f ��æ³,< y'�9 ��l Qé�I = //��D � '�

ا�-١ T.��.٨٩ص، أU�>� ا�8G�ة: ���أ�= ا�٢-�8P�< X��� :~�,� �> ��� ص ١٩٩٣دار ا�&@� ا�+!��>� ��8وت،١ط، أ�= ا���.T ا� .١٦١- ١٦٠م٣-;-&< J��-�ر ا�.٢٣١ص،ا��)

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'� �� 5 5;�� $ !F�N�_ ��� $'"\�R y/4R G# /:'[� �F�-� '��-: '� XD @��<� Q��� = '�W ��{<� 6 �*:!I�� ��{N:y'�9 ���< �� $Q��?i '_ $Ü /��� +�?6

_ �6 �9 ���_ `N'-�� '�'��D ��T� �� !F�N�.7"�'( �'W6g �* ¾'P�g � !F�N�_ � ��I �� %'[� �k &�F< '� EbC �

y'�9 O'� �t'Y� '\��: &�F< a� $y'"�9 o8� ��J a� O'�g 1�<$A'"I�>u��'9 = 7,N'-� !F�N�_ $/Y,< ��: !�: E�� ��� a"� 7?/M�� ��:� /:'[�

O'�g '\-: 6�Y<$7"?�: Ù{< �'9 � Q�R '� ��J `�F� : 6�Y< Q�D'� ��W� '-�* 7P�8� 7t5'�$/C� '-�* � ;*g � !Ng 6�� 7��'* Ù{<� $+"P</<� 6�U< ���

/C y6'< 7�M�£ 7,C'� '�'��D¸�s"PD = '"�: E �"*g �W = X�< '\-4��/:'[� $�/:'"[� 7?/� +� Q��N'* �4? Ó���� �F��_ �'�: G# �C�< �":'P��� '\��.

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:املبحث الرابع*7�-P� y6�Y� = 6 /4�� 6�5:

S�_ ��W{< = j6'? 6�5 6 /4��� $'�6�� '( 7�F�N�� 7���D y5�: 1�i �R /�� sP-� �'�:{? 78,</_ 7�'� $��q< a� � !"�: �"�W{��'? 'D'LI6� S� S����

uF��_ ª�PD = Q��,U<�$ '�/� �FD� '\-��? y6�� $�"-� 6 /4�� |/�� h/: ��� n�F� $n/4� ��/F� = 7���/� 7D'4� 6 /4��� �))= 6 /4�� |��N +,��� � �#

6 /Ng � �t'8�� � @UW !�: ���[� QD Q� mq�� $ n/4� ��/F� $a� `"�4< '~� '-�* &b4� $A'�� 'FD�6 ���4<�((�$���|��N /\^ 6 /4�� w',< �-:

> /<�<� >'�PD � �\N�PD = '�: @,���� 7��D'��/� 7N6�_ � $Q"�� ���'�< /�[� = ���M�� `��'N � |��N QD !�: )) �W ���É 6 /4�� |��N � 1�i

|��N � Q-�q�� '� 7�@,�< >'�D'4�# � /C� .$ &b4� 7�� = Q�U� /�[� = QD# 7�'�g 7,</� G# Q�R/�� S�_ K�� � +�8���((��'"W A �"N 6 /4�� 7�b:�

h/9'?$7��4� � $7��] � $�/�[� ��,� � $� +8F_ $6 /4�� Q�5z� '¡ ¦,</< 7��-��� 7�-R� 7��'~ 7��� �F�N��� 7� .

+� �,D� ¸Q�'4l ���³¡ 6 /4�� +,��-N� y�"* � 7W/V �* � h/* 6 /4< $�u,-N'-�',�D �l !�: Q<6�F� ��� $�6�5F�N�� 6 /4�� !$�� ��É '� +?'�D

�4�� = > ��� y��Y� = Q��� 1�i � y���I 6�� � Q? �Y�� '� `�V �'�� `9 : 

$ 7��P8�'W �D 7?�: L��'W &b*g'W $���] .',Y�'W A'I h'4� h/* 6 /4�R $h'"4� >�� : 6�Y� �* � w'F�­? � �'F�N�¡ ¦?@�

y /_ 1��� 5/P�_ E'�] E�* 6��< a� 6�Y� 6/4�_ .

.٢١ص،أ.�ار ا��@�ار <� ��V ا����ن: "�G=د ا�-8� ��8=ن-د-١٢-�@E���زك ا�<:J��. ���"،٢٣٠ص.٣-T.��.١٧٨ص،أU�>� ا�8G�ة: ا� ��� أ�= ا�

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���,� h�/9 ��,� 7�<�Y� >'��-� /� $�'\-� y��Y� = ��-� h/* > �� /� )��Y�� ��: (�

uL��� y�b* = '��'B /8: 7���] 1*�6 �6 �!��-* ¼�Ml $ f'* $ �:'D >�Y? u* �-� ��-�< ��

�'-* = 'F��: '?�: y'�9'W '��D $7�6� $u-*� 7?���� � 7�/� !�: E�� ��-� h/*�$�-� ��� `N'-<� h/"* : y65'Y� >'�

�'-9 � 7�/� � 7?���� h /� ¦?/� �F�W Ù{< a� >'�?g ��� = ��-� $�{"W�y6�Y� = y56 �� O'�_ �Wz� '�6 /4<� ��-� >�� : y65'Y� !F�N�_ .

Ù{�R Q��: m�< y/4R �Wz� � /:'[� ��/� ��� !�:¬l 6��$7"��W 6/4�� �P��� '\�,�'� �'�ig G# ���< a� '�'F�N�¡ �',�D �,N$= A'"I '"� 1�i ��

y��Y�:/:'[� `�� :�

3o�� = '-\� ã*/� Ð$����� !Ï>�_ v�/� Ïh'�� � 5�I�� !'-\� Ï�Y�< E �� '-\� !I�� �P� $&b* 5�6�� '-\� ��� âA �� '-\� '-P� Ï<$3;���'9 h5���

�[T '-\� Õ W�� = $ !Ng � ��( �$ O'�g Ð�³R ��[-� /MP� '-\� ��,� ��� ���� '-\� �\�-� ���

'-\� $0C �� Ö�q $Õ/t'� 5��9 E�\£ $ y6�U"� ��'C Þ�W = $ '-\� ò�� åTÏ� �LÏ6� '"�D�� $���I � ��,"<�

/:'"[� º � $> /� /[: '-\� 7��W 7�,�� +8F_ >'�? 6 �� !�:� /:'[� 6/W�É a� 6�Y� G# y6'l# � Q��� '_ 7��4� ��� !�:$Q,�� = /:'[� '\� 1��� 6/W

'�'�D ����� +8F_ 6 �� !�: 7��4� >'��D�'�¢/� '�B'C Q? '�'C 7�'R = >A'MR O'U� ��,�� O'U� /8[� +�8� = 5��<�$ >'�?g �W = E�g /8[� $= 1��W�

A'-,? Q�'��� � !F�N�_'? /:'[� +�� !�: E�� ��� s�'� � $ e�'U� ��,� y6�Y�

١–��� .٢٣٥ص،أU�>� ا�8G�ة:أ�= ا���.T ا�٢-J��-�ر ا�.٢٥٤- ٢٥٣ص،ا��)

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y6�"Y� ": Q�bC � X�� ª'�*# � Q�C 5 = '� +,�� /:'[� ��,��$ 7�F�N�_ 7�-P� .

� /:'"[� �"�/� a� y6�Y� 1�i EbC � �Wz� '�8F� /:'[� 6/4� �����Wz�'$6/"4�_ ��-� �-: ����< a� �ir� 6 /4< '�'F�N�¡ �8��R $1"�< =

� 7�F�N�_ 7��] y��YF� = 5�} &'�-? 6/4�< 7�F�N�� y6�� �N/< a� $�F-N� y��Y� = ���� �� �-:)7��\� 7?½4� :(Q��F? y��YF� /:'[� �,�:�

)`��W 'D `�/� 'D (Q��F? E�g +8F_ �����:

�7?½W Ъ'-� Ô7��l $¬�� æ/�ÕE'�� >3,Cã�+�g ��

Ô7:��R %'��W '� ã�-4N �*�6 $�?g G# '� !F,<�

8F_ +�8� = /:'[� 5���� Q��� 6/4�� O'U� +) :`��W 'D `�/� 'D (E�g +8F_ Q? ��C '� 6 /4�� 5��� y��YF� 7�'� =�:�

7?½W 7��l ª'-� $¬�� �,C E'�� >/�+�g ��

%'��W '� Ô7:��R ã�-4N '� !F,<� �*�6 G#�?g

$ 7-��� 7�F�N�� 7��Z �? e�* �'C ���Y< G# y��YF� A'qR +qC /:'[� � X�<7�-P� y6�Y� +� '"� �F��_ �i G# ����� �6/4R /:'[� ��Wz� � ��/� S�� :

��� Q�?½W = /:'[� ;�T !�: E�<� y;���� �'�� � y6�Y� ���$": X�< '�W �F�N�_ Q��i 7R'�6.

١-��� ص: أ�= ا���.T ا� .٤٥أ �<�U�8G�ة٢-J��-�ر ا�.٤٦ص: ا��)

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�F�N�_ �6'��C = /:'[� �R� �F� $\� �³�"N = w¼�D�'= w¼�"D '"�W $S�_ �tb< a� >'W/9 � > ��g & �³�N $yX"�_ � 7"�*�_ ¾'P�g >A'I�

F�N�_ '\N/ZS�_ !�: E��� �$$> A'"É#� >5 � '\�R '�: X�< � Q? �8-<� m��P� ��4� �� /�� 7��,8� �'q* = /:'[� '\��# !�� $QD �I� = ��,8D'R

Q,��� $5 zP� >'M�C : '� X��� '-��# '\�FD� $G# 7",�/� +",8�� 7FR �� >A'MR |��F� $A'� Q,�4<� '-�* S�_ ��;<$��� � Q��� '�� 7�-P� y6�Y� +� �M�-��

7��'~ $`�* &'�Dg w����@,��� ���_ $y'D'�_ � 7?/M�� �R��$>A'"I 1��� A'µ� y'�* y6�Y� m-T sP-� Eb�? 7�R'* !F�N�_ $�� /:'"[� w'8�"N �F�

%/�� /�[� 5��: '� A'I a� !F�N�_ >'���� j�'M�� $g +qC � Q��¢/� � j� 7�-P� � 7�/�[� $a"� 7�/�"[� 7?/M�� �tb� '¡ '�F�N�� @,��� 7�/* sP-�� Ã/<�

/�[� '\-: 6�Y� $y�* � 7�R'F? �t'YF� `�W� $= �"F� = w¼�D '�W $1"�i� 7�/�[� 7?/M�� Q��: Q��T '� `�*$A�"� '"� '",�'�� Q�'�: � +,-< �'F�N���

r� 7��'* ¾'P�g $ � j�g 6'"��C "� $ !F�N�_ ��,D� $ 7,N'-_ �'9g � &'�D 6 /"4�W Q: �D ���³¡ 6 /4�� �$ ���F�� �9 �'W� $ 7,N'-_ = �F� & �³�N �

¾'P�g � h�/9 $>'�?g � ��] � $!F�N�_ = 6�5$= /:'"[� w�D ����� ��_ : 1��? ���? � y6�Y� !F�N�� �* �� �F�N�_ 6 /4�� Q��É �$1��"�

y6'< S"�_ `"N'-� '¥ '�@� � @PY� h�/* � �_ h�/* � /U4�$R·/"³�� 6�Yy7P�'�� � ��Y�'? 7�,[� 7�-P� $�jX< �/C '"N/I ��� a� >'��4�

'�F�N�� $<� 7�-P� y6�Y�� 7�R'B# 7��� �Pq�R� Ã/�� �F��_ sPD = ¿�? / QD �I� .

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*�7�q� /�[� ��I� /�l� /UD /�[� : d���$ ���M�� A',: /:'[� QI � �"? �/"Y:� Q���£ '�'qF? Q�',<6 EbC � QN'�*# 7�F�� Q��< i >/\�R Q<'�*

&��� 7�': �'�D) $ª �"9 �"N /< X: 7�-P� y6�Y� >A'I�$Q"�,8? �"J��\] � ���� !�: y6�U� � 7P�'�� y�*� ª'�*) y�� Q��Y³l� $�'": 1��"�

+� �� EbC �� Q<'��'8� EbC � %5 `���W 7��D'��/� .*�Q���PD� /:'[� 7R'FU� 'N'4�D 7�-P� y6�Y� >A'I$9 h�/^ �-�?� 78�¤ y'�

Q*���� y'�9 � QP���� Q?.*�j�'"�� @���� y6�/B G# �:�<� E'��'? ¦,</_ +,8� : 6�Y< 7�-P� y6�Y�

��9 ��F� G# +� �� .*�A�,� �;� � ��8-< 7�-P� y6�Y� $6��[� : 6�Y<� $���"� G# �:�"<�

�9 ��? 7��?g y'�9 O'� e�* y'�9 '���,� '\-� ·/³R '\��: /Y�D a� '�D�� y'.*�7���I� 7��PD 7�'* 7�-P� y6�Y� �':$·/� 7�F�F* y�?'4�� y'D'�� 7�9 '�#

��Y� : 65'Y� +,8� ��? =$�'"�;� 5��"* j�'"M�<� �'�D) &�� ����'4_ �.

*�7��P8� � `9 � 7��,8� = '�: X�< 7�-P� y6�Y� ��I$!"�j = y'"�9 '�# /�[� � 6��[� y'�* 7F9 y'�9'R '�6��$�'"4� 7�"�D'��/� '�6�"Y? 7��,8� �

6�"� ��J 1��� +��� = 7�*�/� 7?/�� � v�³�� � &b�� � �g � 5�M��� /:'[� &�� E'�� 7��,8� .

*�+"� ��� �R6 G# Q��L�� fg /:'[� j�'M�� 7�-P� y6�Y� ='�:'"N �"N'P� ��³�� � 5 �,�N �� Q-� v�³���$y'"�9 y�"�� !�: �/�l� �/:'[¡ ��P<�

'�'F�N��� '('~ : 'U*'?� 6�-� '\�R 'U:'? |'M:­? '\��: �,� �.

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*�%'"[� '�¢6 �R� �6�8Ng d�6�_ &'\��N � ;�/� X: 7�-P� y6�Y� >A'IQ�b* � .

*�9 �8?6 7�-P� y6�Y� +",8� � .�/"�� 7�"B'� !F�N�_ X: ��-�_'? ��S�_ � �P�� u? · ;�� �FF*�.

*�G# �"F-<� 7"?/M�� ��� : > ��g X��R Q*�6 : 7�-P� y6�Y� 6�Y��j�� !F�N�_ '�R'B# 6�5 7?/M�� .

*�< � > ��g = 7?6'F�_ >'PY� /U4�R ��P-� �: ��� ��C �'�-� �'W ª�4� /:'[�� 7��P-� 7�'9 : X�< a� >'PY� $7�-P� y6�Y� ��q< a� �.

*�=� y�": � /"� = `"�4� �'W �? y5�} 6�V = � /�g /:'[� ��Á f�* � /V �C 5 7:�-�� >'*$�"��: � '�@� � /UW 6�L,� ��,? QF��< /\���

7��'4� 6�L,� !�: Q<'�* >'�/C =.*�Q�?'�� Q?��N : >X�R 7�� /�� 7�B�/�� 7�'�Y� S,<$6�"L,� ��,? ���<�

'�@� � /UW $�/"U�R 7�"�P-� >'9 &jb<� +,8� : 6�Y< �'F�N�� �D'W� 7?/M�� �R�� sP-� = '�� +,8� : 6�Y< '�g '�j;�<� 7�-P� y6�Y� 1��?.

Q�P-� ��4� � /:'[� w'8�N �F� 7�"�D'��/� `��� ¦N� Q4�N 'F�/� $��"* !�: �/[_ � |/�_ = e��9 %/�� |5g ¦�} = 7LB �� Q<'�Y? Ã/<

A �N$QB/� ��6 Q-: ����� f ��� /�[�� Q<'�* �': �$": X"�� '��� A'MR ��L�� � y'�9 .

�7N 6�� = ���] : ���'-< a� G�g 7N 6�� '�# �"� '�5�"* '�W '\,D �I �4? 7�-P� y6�Y�

�F-� � 7�b,� .7"�'�� 7�'*) 1��? �'} eL,� v� '� �W !�: 7N 6�� EbC e*',� ���

w�B�_'?.�-�"N � /:'"[�� 7�D'c) 7�P�� G# /:'[� /�l = /� ��� ��? e*',� 56 '�W

/4� ��/F�'? /:'[� /�{< !�: 1�i = e*',� n.

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>'*/�F_ := 7��{�_ 7�D'�D) Q</�D� 7��'�� Q��� Q*��8? QD /� 'F?'N %'[� �'W �F�

�'} QR'�� �4? �\] � &b�� � ���� '?6'} '( �:�� �': a� E'�] � @� ��� E'�] � �9 � @� f': G# E���� $�-: h����� e*',� �:�� '� ��� Q"�R'F�

n/4� ��/F� �� ��� � ��� !�: >A'I a� � G�g $/�-� uU*',� ��� O#� 7�/�"[� 7"�P�� A'"-? = n/4� ��/F� /� : eL,� EbC � %'[� 6'�l =

QD /� u? � '� 5/P< a� y;��_ !F�N�_ � $/�"� ��6 Q��P< |',N : eL,� � � �'c) /� � Q-N 1�i = .��8� � 7�( ��:� ��Y� .

�P� /:'[� �� f': = y���I� 7��I 7-,� ��B� �� ��W � � � ST �..u_'�� |6 � ��9 � 'D �:5 /C �.

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+I /_ � 65'Y_ n/4� ��/F�

� :7�N'Ng 65'Y_ :�%'[� �N'F� �? ":y'"�9 O'� $��"� 6�"D 6��W�"� n�"F<� �"�F�

5��¼�$¯�$�/�[� w �?x� u8?',� 5��N ;�;�� �,: y;t'I 7�Nz�$|/"�_ 6 5sD�< " %/�� �¨¨© &.

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°��/W ��} �N'F� �? :¯ $ Q�/�'�� y�/� = %'[� �$;�;�� �,: y;t'I 7�Nz� �/�[� w �?x� u8?',� 5��N $�_ 6 5 7�,8� sD�< " %/�� |/ $�¨¨© &.

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�²�:%'[� : >'N 65$y���I 7�,� $|'�4�� 7�?/�� 6 �� –'�,�� |/�� s�? /��¨° &.

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�� –ª�-� &��D �'I :�/�l� %'[� �N'F� % 7�Y³l = y'�9 � >�_ m�b� $¯�$7-N >�@? ��� Ab: 6 5 > 6�[-��²²� .

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