The Aftermath of The Aftermath of WarWar

The South In The South In RuinsRuins

Towns and cities had Towns and cities had been burned or been burned or damageddamaged

Land value had fallen Land value had fallen due to the destructiondue to the destruction

Confederate money was Confederate money was now worthlessnow worthless

Bridges, railroads, Bridges, railroads, manufacturing had been manufacturing had been destroyeddestroyed

Slaves freed, so laborers Slaves freed, so laborers now had to be paidnow had to be paid

Lincoln’s Plan For Lincoln’s Plan For “Reconstruction”“Reconstruction”

Lincoln sought peace rather Lincoln sought peace rather than punishmentthan punishment

In Dec. 1863, Lincoln issued In Dec. 1863, Lincoln issued the “the “Proclamation of Proclamation of Amnesty and Amnesty and ReconstructionReconstruction”:”: Gave a general pardon to Gave a general pardon to

all Southerners who took an all Southerners who took an oath of loyalty to the US oath of loyalty to the US and who accepted an end and who accepted an end to slaveryto slavery

Once 10% of the voters in a Once 10% of the voters in a state had taken the oath, state had taken the oath, the state would be the state would be readmitted to the Union readmitted to the Union and could organize a new and could organize a new government and elect government and elect members of Congressmembers of Congress

The Radical The Radical RepublicansRepublicans

Thaddeus StevensThaddeus Stevens Charles SumnerCharles Sumner

Radical Republicans’ Radical Republicans’ GoalsGoals

Wanted to prevent Wanted to prevent any former leaders of any former leaders of the Confederacy from the Confederacy from returning to U.S. returning to U.S. CongressCongress

Wanted to increase Wanted to increase the Republican Party’s the Republican Party’s power in the Southpower in the South

Sought to guarantee Sought to guarantee African-Americans African-Americans political equality and political equality and voting rightsvoting rights

The 3/5ths The 3/5ths Compromise?Compromise?

African-Americans were no African-Americans were no longer slaves, so they now longer slaves, so they now each counted as a whole each counted as a whole person in the censusperson in the census

This increase in census This increase in census population meant the South population meant the South gained about 15 more seats gained about 15 more seats in the House of in the House of RepresentativesRepresentatives

Republicans needed African-Republicans needed African-Americans in the South to Americans in the South to be able to vote (and to vote be able to vote (and to vote Republican) to maintain Republican) to maintain control of Congress.control of Congress.

The Wade-Davis BillThe Wade-Davis Bill Required the majority of Required the majority of

adult white males in a adult white males in a state to take an oath of state to take an oath of loyalty to the U.S. for the loyalty to the U.S. for the state to be readmittedstate to be readmitted

Each state must also Each state must also abolish slavery, reject all abolish slavery, reject all debts acquired as part of debts acquired as part of the Confederacy, and not the Confederacy, and not allow former allow former Confederate officials or Confederate officials or military officers the right military officers the right to vote or hold public to vote or hold public officeoffice

The Wade-Davis BillThe Wade-Davis Bill The Bill was supported The Bill was supported

by moderate by moderate Republicans who Republicans who thought Lincoln too soft thought Lincoln too soft and the Radicals too and the Radicals too harshharsh

Lincoln pocket-vetoed Lincoln pocket-vetoed the Billthe Bill Pocket veto = Pocket veto = an

automatic veto of a bill, occurring when Congress adjourns within the ten-day period allowed for presidential action on the bill and the president has retained it unsigned.

Lincoln Lincoln AssassinatedAssassinated

April 14, 1865April 14, 1865 Lincoln was shot and Lincoln was shot and

killed while watching a killed while watching a play at Ford’s Theater in play at Ford’s Theater in D.C.D.C.

Assassin John Wilkes Assassin John Wilkes Booth escaped capture Booth escaped capture for 12 days but was for 12 days but was hunted down and killed hunted down and killed by Union soldiersby Union soldiers

Booth was an ardent Booth was an ardent Southerner who was Southerner who was angered by Lincoln’s angered by Lincoln’s support of voting rights support of voting rights for African-Americansfor African-Americans

Booth’s Booth’s ConspiracyConspiracy

Booth had conspirators who Booth had conspirators who were supposed to were supposed to assassinate Vice-President assassinate Vice-President Andrew Johnson and Sec. of Andrew Johnson and Sec. of State William Seward, but State William Seward, but they failedthey failed

Despite Booth’s death, 8 Despite Booth’s death, 8 others were tried for their others were tried for their roles in the assassination roles in the assassination conspiracy; 4 were conspiracy; 4 were sentenced to death and sentenced to death and hanged July 7, 1865, the hanged July 7, 1865, the others were sent to prison, others were sent to prison, where one died, but were where one died, but were later pardoned in 1869later pardoned in 1869

The Presidency The Presidency of Andrew of Andrew JohnsonJohnson

Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson 1808 – 18751808 – 1875 1717thth President (1865-69) and President (1865-69) and

first to come to office due to first to come to office due to assassinationassassination

A Southerner (born in A Southerner (born in Raleigh, NC) who had served Raleigh, NC) who had served as the U.S. Senator from as the U.S. Senator from Tennessee prior to the warTennessee prior to the war

Democrat who had been Democrat who had been chosen to run with Lincoln (a chosen to run with Lincoln (a Republican) to ensure Republican) to ensure Lincoln’s re-electionLincoln’s re-election

After leaving the Presidency, After leaving the Presidency, he briefly returned to the he briefly returned to the U.S. Senate in 1875U.S. Senate in 1875

The Freedmen’s The Freedmen’s BureauBureau

The Bureau of Refugees, The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands was created by Congress, Lands was created by Congress, with Lincoln’s approval, in 1865 with Lincoln’s approval, in 1865 as the first federal relief agency as the first federal relief agency in U.S. historyin U.S. history

The Bureau provided clothing, The Bureau provided clothing, medical attention, meals, legal medical attention, meals, legal advice, education, and even advice, education, and even some land to freed blackssome land to freed blacks

When the Bureau came up for When the Bureau came up for renewal in 1866, Pres. Johnson renewal in 1866, Pres. Johnson vetoed the renewal bill, but his vetoed the renewal bill, but his veto was over-riddenveto was over-ridden

Still, the Bureau lacked popular Still, the Bureau lacked popular support (some believed it did support (some believed it did too much, others, not enough) too much, others, not enough) and was shut down in 1872and was shut down in 1872

The Thirteenth AmendmentThe Thirteenth Amendment

Ratified Dec. 6, Ratified Dec. 6, 18651865

Officially ended Officially ended slavery throughout slavery throughout the United Statesthe United States

Ratification of the Ratification of the 1313thth Amendment Amendment became one of the became one of the requirements for requirements for Confederate states Confederate states to be readmitted to to be readmitted to the Unionthe Union

Black CodesBlack Codes Southern states began passing Southern states began passing

laws to limit the rights of the laws to limit the rights of the newly freed African-Americansnewly freed African-Americans

Blacks were required to enter Blacks were required to enter into annual labor contracts into annual labor contracts with white landownerswith white landowners

Black children were forced to Black children were forced to enter into apprenticeshipsenter into apprenticeships

Blacks were required to buy Blacks were required to buy special licenses to work in non-special licenses to work in non-agricultural jobsagricultural jobs

Blacks could not meet together Blacks could not meet together after sunset, own weapons, or after sunset, own weapons, or live inside town limitslive inside town limits

Blacks convicted of vagrancy Blacks convicted of vagrancy could be imprisoned and could be imprisoned and “rented out” as laborers to “rented out” as laborers to landownerslandowners

Johnson’s “Restoration” Johnson’s “Restoration” PlanPlan

Sometimes called Sometimes called “Presidential Reconstruction”“Presidential Reconstruction”

Pardoned all former citizens of Pardoned all former citizens of the CSA who took an oath of the CSA who took an oath of loyalty, loyalty, EXCEPTEXCEPT former former Confederate government Confederate government officials, military officers, and officials, military officers, and those with property worth those with property worth more than $20,000; excluded more than $20,000; excluded individuals could still apply individuals could still apply directly to the President for directly to the President for pardonspardons

Required Confederate states Required Confederate states to ratify the 13to ratify the 13thth Amendment Amendment and reject all Confederate and reject all Confederate debts to be readmitted to the debts to be readmitted to the UnionUnion

Johnson put his plan into Johnson put his plan into action while Congress was out action while Congress was out of session for the summerof session for the summer

Fallout from Johnson’s Fallout from Johnson’s ActionAction

Southern states rapidly met Southern states rapidly met the terms of Johnson’s plan the terms of Johnson’s plan and began to return their and began to return their previous senators and previous senators and congressmen to seats in congressmen to seats in CongressCongress

Congress, however, rejected Congress, however, rejected these states’ readmission these states’ readmission (except for Tennessee, (except for Tennessee, which had become strongly which had become strongly Republican) and refused to Republican) and refused to seat their congressmenseat their congressmen

The Radical Republicans The Radical Republicans quickly moved to take quickly moved to take Reconstruction out of the Reconstruction out of the President Johnson’s controlPresident Johnson’s control

Radical Republicans’ Radical Republicans’ ResponseResponse

““Congressional Congressional Reconstruction”Reconstruction”

Created the Congressional Created the Congressional Joint Committee on Joint Committee on Reconstruction to oversee Reconstruction to oversee the readmission of the readmission of Southern states to the Southern states to the UnionUnion

To ensure Republican To ensure Republican control of Southern control of Southern governments, they moved governments, they moved to give African-Americans to give African-Americans full citizenship rights, full citizenship rights, including suffrageincluding suffrage

Required that a majority of Required that a majority of a state’s population swear a state’s population swear allegiance to the U.S. allegiance to the U.S. before readmissionbefore readmission

Military ReconstructionMilitary Reconstruction In March 1867, Congress In March 1867, Congress

passed the Military passed the Military Reconstruction ActReconstruction Act

The act divided the South The act divided the South into 5 military districts, into 5 military districts, each to be administered each to be administered under martial law by a under martial law by a Union general backed by Union general backed by Union soldiersUnion soldiers

The act also required all The act also required all Southern states to write a Southern states to write a new constitution and ratify new constitution and ratify the 13the 13thth AND (newly AND (newly proposed) 14proposed) 14thth Amendments Amendments before they could apply for before they could apply for re-entry into the Unionre-entry into the Union

Civil Rights Act of 1866Civil Rights Act of 1866 Awarded citizenship rights to Awarded citizenship rights to

all persons born in the U.S. all persons born in the U.S. (except Native Americans)(except Native Americans)

This meant that freedmen This meant that freedmen could now own property and could now own property and file cases in federal courtfile cases in federal court

The Act also gave the federal The Act also gave the federal government the authority to government the authority to take legal action against take legal action against anyone who violated those anyone who violated those rightsrights

Vetoed by Pres. Johnson, but Vetoed by Pres. Johnson, but Congress overrode the vetoCongress overrode the veto

Congress worried that the Congress worried that the Supreme Court might Supreme Court might declare the law declare the law unconstitutionalunconstitutional

The Fourteenth The Fourteenth AmendmentAmendment

To protect the Civil Rights Act To protect the Civil Rights Act from the Court, Congress from the Court, Congress decided to transform it into a decided to transform it into a Constitutional AmendmentConstitutional Amendment

Made all persons born in the Made all persons born in the U.S. into citizens, with all the U.S. into citizens, with all the protections of the Constitutionprotections of the Constitution

Banned Confederate officials Banned Confederate officials and officers from holding and officers from holding public officepublic office

Canceled any debts owed by Canceled any debts owed by the Confederate governmentthe Confederate government

Ratified by the states in 1868Ratified by the states in 1868

Texas v. White Texas v. White (1869)(1869)

Supreme Court under Supreme Court under Chief Chief Justice Salmon ChaseJustice Salmon Chase ruled that the secession of ruled that the secession of the Southern states had the Southern states had been unconstitutional, so been unconstitutional, so any debts incurred by the any debts incurred by the Confederacy were Confederacy were illegitimate and did not have illegitimate and did not have to be paid backto be paid back

The ruling also clarified the The ruling also clarified the supremacy of the federal supremacy of the federal government over state government over state governments and makes governments and makes any future attempts at any future attempts at secession illegalsecession illegal

Johnson’s Fading Johnson’s Fading PowerPower

Johnson saw his authority Johnson saw his authority as president slipping as president slipping away as Congress took away as Congress took control of Reconstructioncontrol of Reconstruction

He was also a Democratic He was also a Democratic president stuck with a president stuck with a Republican cabinet of Republican cabinet of Lincoln’s choosing, many Lincoln’s choosing, many of whom were openly of whom were openly working with the Radical working with the Radical Republicans in Congress Republicans in Congress against Johnsonagainst Johnson

Johnson Fights BackJohnson Fights Back Johnson tried to fire Johnson tried to fire Sec. of Sec. of

War Edwin StantonWar Edwin Stanton who who was friendly with the Radical was friendly with the Radical RepublicansRepublicans

Johnson’s action violated the Johnson’s action violated the recently passed Tenure in recently passed Tenure in Office Act, which required Office Act, which required Congressional approval to Congressional approval to fire any public official whose fire any public official whose appointment is subject to appointment is subject to approval by Congressapproval by Congress

Radical Republican Radical Republican Congress had passed the Congress had passed the Act specifically to prevent Act specifically to prevent Johnson from firing their Johnson from firing their allies in the executive allies in the executive branchbranch

Johnson Johnson ImpeachedImpeached

In 1868, The House of In 1868, The House of Representatives voted to Representatives voted to impeach (charge with a impeach (charge with a crime) Johnson for crime) Johnson for violating the Tenure in violating the Tenure in Office ActOffice Act

Per constitutional law, Per constitutional law, Johnson was put on trial in Johnson was put on trial in the Senate, but ultimately the Senate, but ultimately escaped conviction by 1 escaped conviction by 1 vote after pledging to vote after pledging to moderate Republicans moderate Republicans that he would no longer that he would no longer resist Congress’ control of resist Congress’ control of reconstructionreconstruction

Johnson’s Presidency Johnson’s Presidency EndsEnds

Even though he had Even though he had survived impeachment, survived impeachment, Johnson’s presidency Johnson’s presidency was over – the was over – the Democratic Party Democratic Party refused to nominate refused to nominate him as their him as their presidential candidate presidential candidate in 1868 and he left in 1868 and he left office after completing office after completing the term Abraham the term Abraham Lincoln had been Lincoln had been elected to in 1864elected to in 1864