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The Age of Exploration 1415 Portugal captures Ceuta 1492 Columbus discovers the Americas 1494 Treaty of Torsedillas 1498 Vasco da Gama reaches Calicut 1565 First permanent settlement at St. Augustine 1588 British defeat Spanish Armada 1521 Corts conquers the Aztecs 1522 Magellan killed in the Philippines 1620 Plymouth Colony founded 1542 New Laws of the Indies enacted 1602 Dutch East India Company forms 1641 Dutch seize Malacca

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Background World connected through long distance trade for centuries Silk Road Indian Ocean Trade Routes Difficult, lengthy, dangerous journey to travel for spices and luxury goods New travel technology appeared in the Middle Ages & Renaissance Caravel sturdier ship with triangular sales Astrolabe used to determine latitude with the stars Perfected by Muslims European-Muslim trade since Crusades Magnetic compass perfected by the Chinese

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Motivation for Exploration Renaissance curiosity in the 1400s Desire for luxury gods Spices Tea Porcelain Silk Access to trade Trade controlled by Italians & Muslims Wanted direct routes to have cheaper access to goods Missionary work Spread of Christianity Jesuits in particular Competition Glory God, Glory, Gold

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Portugal First Portuguese first to establish trading outposts on the west coast of Africa & into the Indian Ocean basin Henry the Navigator Portuguese prince with enthusiasm for exploration Founded navigation schools for mapmakers, instrument makers, shipbuilders, and captains 1415 Captured Ceuta Series of trading outposts on African coast by 1460 (Henrys death) Traded with Africans for gold & ivory Eventually traded for slaves

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Reaching Asia Believed they must sail around Africa to reach spices in Asia 1488 Bartolomeu Dias ventured to the Cape of Good Hope Turned around Shortage of supplies 1497 Vasco da Gama began exploring African coast 1498 reached Calicut (India) 1499 returned to Portugal with silks, spices, and gems Cargo worth 60X the cost of voyage! Gave Portugal a direct sea route to India

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The Portuguese Method Established ports & forts along the coast Called a trading empire Differences from the traditional notion of an empire No vast land holding Few settlers Main purpose: hold cargo for trade & trade with locals Their Trading Empire Took control of spice trade from Muslim merchants Brought goods back at 1/5 old prices More people could afford luxury goods Posts in Mughal Empire Promised aid to princes against other European powers 1510 captured Goa 1511 captured Malacca

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Competition - Spain Competed with Portugal for direct route to Asia 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella hired Christopher Columbus to find a route to Asia by sailing west Big reason F&I purged the Jews and lost many intellectuals & influential people, so they needed help! Genoese captain Knew world was round since Greek times Underestimated size of world Didnt know other continents were there Set out August 3, 1492 Reached Caribbean October 12, 1492 Thought hed reached the Indies called people Indians

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Rivaling Claims to Land After Columbuss voyage, more explorers sailed west Portugal & Spain held claims in the New World 1493 F&I wanted Pope Alexander VI to support their claims Set up Line of Demarcation, dividing non-European world into 2 zones Spain in the West Portugal in the East (claimed Brazil in 1500) 1494 Line agreed to at the Treaty of Torsedillas Basically told other countries they needed to move fast to keep up Did not take into consideration native peoples claims to lands

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Other Nations Join In ~1600 the British & Dutch entered Dutch Republic The Netherlands was small country along the North Sea in Europe Ruled by Spain since early 1500s Declared independent in 1581 Leading sea power in short time Largest fleet by 1600 with 20,000 vessels Seized Malacca from Portugal Valuable spice islands Controlled Cape of Good Hope Dutch East India Company company founded in 1602 by wealthy merchants, which had sovereign powers, that grew to have a monopoly on the spice islands Could wage war, govern territory, and build an army Used military force BUT preferred to forge close ties with local rulers Declined as power of Britain & France grew British also had an East India Company Eroded Portuguese control in the Indian Ocean

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British & French Traders Britain & France had foothold in the Mediterranean by 1700 English East India Company focused on establishing outposts in India Developed successful business trading cloth in Europe Gained way into the Mughal Empire Frances East India Company founded 1664 Struggled at first Attacked by the Dutch Eventually est. outpost in India in 1720s Not very profitable

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Review Exploration What were the 6 motivations for exploration in the 15 th century? What country was the first to embark on exploration? What settled the Portugal-Spain dispute in 1494? What were the main objectives in exploration? What groups traded with Europeans, and were eventually subject to their rule?

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Spain Builds an Empire Motivation fierce competition for wealth in Europe wanted GOLD 1492: Columbus reached the West Indies on behalf of the Spanish crown F&I financed 3 more trips Intended to turn Caribbean lands into colonies lands controlled by another nation Conquistadors conquerors would soon arrive in Central & South America Claimed lands for Spain Sought silver & gold

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Corts Conquers Mexico Landed in Mexico in 1519 Encountered native Aztecs Reached capital Tenochtitlan Montezuma II Is Corts a god? Agreed to give gold Killed many Aztecs in 1521 Conquered Tenochtitlan (and the Aztecs in general) in 1521 Spanish weapons superior Other native groups helped Corts Disease measles, mumps, smallpox, & typhus killed off many natives

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Pizarro in Peru 1532- Francisco Pizarro reached Peru & conquered Incan Empire Met ruler Atahualpa near city Cajamarca Spanish: 200 man army; Incan: 30,000 man army Spanish ambushed & kidnapped Atahualpa Received ransom of gold and silver But, killed Atahualpa anyway Incans retreated Captured capital Cuzco without a struggle in 1533 Other Regions Maya in the Yucatan & Guatemala

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Spanish Empire by mid-16 th Century 4 Viceroyalties New Spain New Granada Peru Rio de la Plata

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Spanish Patterns of Conquest Used techniques of the reconquista (conquering Muslims) Live among them Impose culture on them Relations between Spanish and natives common creation of Mestizo population Oppressed natives Encomienda system forced labor of natives on farms, ranches, or in mines Effectively put natives at bottom of social hierarchy Spoken against by Bartolome de las Casas new laws forbade enslavement in 1542 Too far from Spain to be enforced Imposed culture Close control on trade, esp. silver & gold Sugar cane profitable need workers Slaves from Africa by 1530s # Descendents from Africans outnumbered Europeans within a few generations Laws prohibited trade with other nations Spread authority of Catholic Church

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Spanish Colonial Society Blended Spanish, African, and Amerindian cultures Native styles of buildings, foods, and use of canoes Christianity and horses present African cooking, farming, dance, and song Social Hierarchy Spanish-born Europeans Creoles (Spanish born in the colonies) Mestizos (Spanish + Native) Mulattos (Native + African) Natives (Amerindian) Africans (Descendents of slaves) Valued education role fulfilled by the Church

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Pushing North 1540 empire stretched from Mexico to Peru 1540-41 Francisco Vsquez de Coronado led expedition through Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas Little gold Mostly priests settled to explore & colonize MANY Christian missionaries sought converts

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Effects of Conquistadors Conquered millions of natives with guns and disease Seized valuable goods, esp. gold and silver Sent abroad to the Philippines for trade Made Spain wealthy & powerful But quickly led to rapid inflation & declined the empire Natives split Stop resisting & convert to Christianity Still fight & protect culture Changed patterns of global encounters Map connected by sea routes for trade (not just land routes)

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Remember: Conquered the Aztecs, Incas, and other natives easily with guns and disease Empire spread from California to Chile in the Americas Social hierarchy ranged from Africans (slaves) at the bottom to Spanish-born whites at the top Placement of mixed people on the scale indicates the commonality of interbreeding that was still seen as less-acceptable Economy focused on treasures (gold, silver) and later plantations (sugar, tobacco)

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The Columbian Exchange Interaction between Europe, Africa, and the Americas beginning in the late 15 th century (and Asia) Important its not a trade route Describes exchange of plants, animals, people, and diseases among different areas of the world

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Shocking Facts about the Columbian Exchange Plants native to the Americas Tomatoes (not Italy) Potatoes (not Ireland) Corn Things introduced to the Americas Onions Olives Coffee Peaches Wheat, Barley, & Rice Cattle, sheep, pigs, horses Lots of people died Europeans brought diseases (smallpox, influenza, typhus, measles, malaria, diphtheria, & whooping cough) Amerindians had no immunities against the diseases Lots of people lived New, easily grown crops introduced to Europe and Asia Population BOOMED!

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Columbian Exchange Crash Course https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQ PA5oNpfM4