The Age of Revolution1750-1850

• The Age of Revolution (industrial, political, scientific)

• The World in 1750 and the World in 1850• The Industrial Revolution

– Why Britain?– The First Phase (Cotton textiles)– Crisis of the 1830s– Second Phase (Coal, Iron, Railways)– Industrial Revolution and Society

1450-1650 Europe Middle East Asia Transformation

Econ. Polit. Ottoman Portug. Empire Dutch in

SEA

End of feudal relations, StateExpansion

1450-1650-1750

Europe Middle East Asia

To America -Ottoman Empire Ming

Africa, Asia -Persian Empire to Qing

Absolutism Portug, Mercantilism Dutch

in SEA

Mughal

WORLD ECONOMIES COMPARED 1500-1775

The Age of Revolution (1750-1850)

• Economy (Industrial Revolution) Individual’s ability to apply scientific thinking to production, and the creation of a society based on modern industry

• Politics (American, French Revolutions; Revolutions of 1848) Individual’s right to challenge the old order, and claim his political rights and popular sovereignty

• Science (Enlightenment) Individual’s ability to understand and control nature.

World in 1750 and in 1850

Second half of the 18th. c

• Limited transportation• Rural• Trade and merchants

dominate• Natural sources of energy

Second half of the 19th. c

• New methods of transportation

• Industry dominates trade and agriculture

• Nature harnessed

The Age of Revolution1750-1850

• The Age of Revolution (industrial, political, scientific)

• The World in 1750 and the World in 1850• The Industrial Revolution

– Why Britain?– The First Phase (Cotton textiles)– Crisis of the 1830s– Second Phase (Coal, Iron, Railways)– Industrial Revolution and Society

Why Britain?

• Agricultural background• Supportive state• Expansion of trade (mercantilism) • Suitable institutions• Suitable infrastructure• Overseas victories• Cultural environment• Seeds of early industries (cotton textiles, coal,

iron, railroads)

Stages in the Mechanization of Textile Industry in Britain

• Separating the seeds from the fibers– 1793: Eli Whitney’s mechanical gin

• Spinning– 1764 Spinning jenny (no mechanical power)– 1775 Richard Arkwright: Water powered spinning

machine– 1780 Steam powered mule (finer threads)

• Weaving– 1785 Edmund Cartwright (power loom)

• Printing and dyeing – 1772-1780s pullers

Spinning jenny (1764) Water mule (1775) Steam mule (1780)

Power loom (1785) Early factory

Raw Cotton Imports to Britain1785: 11m lbs1850: 588m lbs

Output of Cloth1785: 40m yards1850: 2,025m yards

Cotton Cloth Imports to India• 1820 11m yards• 1840 145m yards

Ceiling fresco in East India Company headquarters by Spiridione Roma

From textiles to coal to iron to railroads

• Coal as source of heat

• Coal used to separate iron

• Railroads built to carry coals

• Coal used to power locomotives

• Railroads expanded and became a an area of investment

• Railroads increase demand for coal and iron

• Population of Europe1750: 100 million 1900: 400 million

• Population of Britain 1750: 7.4 million 1850:20.6 million

• Population of Manchester 1801: 77,000 1850: 303,000

• Population Liverpool 1801: 82,000 1850: 397,000

Robert Owen’s Ideal Village