The Allied Home Fronts Wherever Allied forces fought, people on the home fronts rallied to support them. In war-torn countries like the Soviet Union and

The Allied Home Fronts• Wherever Allied forces

fought, people on the home fronts rallied to support them. In war-torn countries like the Soviet Union and Great Britain, civilians endured extreme hardships. Many lost their lives. Except for a few of its territories, such as Hawaii, the United States did not suffer invasion or bombing. Nonetheless, Americans at home made a crucial contribution to the Allied war effort. Americans produced the weapons and equipment that would help win the war.

Mobilizing for War

• Fighting the war requires complete use of all national resources

• 17 to 18 million U.S. workers—many of them women—make weapons

• People at home face shortages of consumer goods

• Propaganda aims to inspire civilians to aid war effort

Fighting the Enemy on Fighting the Enemy on the Battlefield & the Battlefield &

on the Home Fronton the Home Front

Fighting the Enemy on Fighting the Enemy on the Battlefield & the Battlefield &

on the Home Fronton the Home Front

Working on the Assembly Working on the Assembly LineLine

Working on the Assembly Working on the Assembly LineLine

First Ever Peacetime First Ever Peacetime DraftDraft

First Ever Peacetime First Ever Peacetime DraftDraft

Segregated UnitsSegregated UnitsSegregated UnitsSegregated UnitsTuskegee Airmen-

all-black squadron of fighter pilots during WWII that successfully protected every bomber they escorted during the war.

Join the Women’s Army Join the Women’s Army CorpsCorps

Join the Women’s Army Join the Women’s Army CorpsCorps

Women’s Army Air Women’s Army Air CorpsCorpsPilotsPilots

Women’s Army Air Women’s Army Air CorpsCorpsPilotsPilots

Pacific Theater of Operations

Pacific Theater of Operations

Farthest Extent of Japanese Conquests

Farthest Extent of Japanese Conquests

Allied Counterattacks in the Pacific

• Midway• Southeast Asia• Island hopping• Japanese main

islands

Singapore Surrenders[February, 1942]

Singapore Surrenders[February, 1942]

U.S. Surrenders at Corregidor,

the Philippines [March, 1942]

U.S. Surrenders at Corregidor,

the Philippines [March, 1942]

War in the Pacific

• The Second front of the war.• Japanese troops landed in the

Philippines after bombing Pearl Harbor.• Forced Americans to surrender• General Douglas McArthur-gifted

general who was forced to flee the Philippines promising the people of the Philippines, “I shall return.” Two years later, he did leading the U.S. offensive in the Pacific.

Bataan Death March: April, 1942

Bataan Death March: April, 1942

76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans] Marched 60 miles in the blazing heat to

POW camps in the Philippines.

Bataan: British SoldiersBataan: British Soldiers

A A LiberateLiberated British d British

POWPOW

Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle:First U.S. Raids on Tokyo, 1942 The

Doolittle Raid

Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle:First U.S. Raids on Tokyo, 1942 The

Doolittle RaidSixteen U.S. bombers, led by Lt. Col. James Doolittle, take off from an aircraft carrier 800 miles off Tokyo and make

the first bombing raid against Japan.

Sixteen U.S. bombers, led by Lt. Col. James Doolittle, take off from an aircraft carrier 800 miles off Tokyo and make

the first bombing raid against Japan.

Battle of the Coral Sea:May 7-8, 1942

Battle of the Coral Sea:May 7-8, 1942

The Battle of Coral Sea

• Took Place on May 7th and 8th, 1942

• Was SW of the Solomon Islands and E of New Guinea

• It was the first Pacific War battle of 6 battles between opposing forces.

• The Battle of Coral Sea resulted from Japanese forces trying to capture Fort Moresby on New Guinea’s E coast, which would threaten Australia’s safety also.

Turning Point

• Japanese seemed to be winning the war.• May 1942, the U.S. navy defeated the

Japanese fleet in the Battle of the Coral Sea.

• In June, American ships sank four enemy aircraft carriers at the Battle of Midway.

• Japan’s navy never recovered its losses!• Allies began forcing Japanese from the

lands they had taken over.

Battle of Midway Island:June 4-6, 1942


Having achieved its initial military goals by early 1942, the Japanese decided to take more Pacific outposts--including Midway Island Although the Japanese failed to achieve a clear victory in the Coral Sea and therefore had to abandon their plans of taking Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea, they nevertheless launched a major naval expedition towards the island of Midway.

The Japanese planned to attack the Island of Midway, expanding their hold on the Central Pacific. American intelligence intercepted Japanese plans and knew of the impending Japanese attack. The Americans sent their entire carrier force, including the recently damaged "Yorktown," to intercept the Japanese force. The Americans succeeded in sinking four Japanese carriers, losing only the "Yorktown." This was the turning point in the Pacific War.

Yamamoto erred in dividing his force of more than 160 vessels. The U.S. commander, Adm. Chester Nimitz; commander of the U.S. Navy in the Pacific, with 76 ships available, including the carriers Hornet, Enterprise, and Yorktown, was stronger than the Japanese thought. Searches by U.S. aircraft established the position of the Japanese fleet

BATTLE OF MIDWAY, a decisive naval battle of WW II where U.S. dive-bombers sunk four Japanese carriers; and lost one U.S. carrier. It is the turning point of the Pacific War. This victory by the U.S. over Japan ended the Japanese advance in the Pacific.



Maximum Axis Control (Sept 1942)

The Tide Turns on Two Fronts

• Churchill wanted Britain and the United States to strike first at North Africa and southern Europe. The strategy angered Stalin. He wanted the Allies to open the second front in France. The Soviet Union, therefore, had to hold out on its own against the Germans. All Britain and the United States could offer in the way of help was supplies. Nevertheless, late in 1942, the Allies began to turn the tide of war both in the Mediterranean and on the Eastern Front.

The North Africa Campaign:

The Battle of El Alamein, 1942

The North Africa Campaign:

The Battle of El Alamein, 1942 Gen. Ernst

Rommel,The “Desert Fox”

Gen. Bernard Law

Montgomery(“Monty”)

Gen. Erwin Rommel with the 15th Panzer Division between Tobruk and Sidi Omar. Sdf. Zwilling, Libya, January or November 24, 1941.

The North African Campaign

• Rommel takes Tobruk, June 1942; pushes toward Egypt• British General Montgomery attacks at El Alamein, forces

Rommel back. • What followed in the subsequent days was one of the fiercest

tank battles in world war history with both sides achieving mixed results. But at the end, Allied forces gained the upper-hand and Rommel's forces had to retreat, thereby not only losing one of the most crucial battles of the war but also paving the way for the Allies to launch their offensive against Mussolini's Italy.

• American forces land in Morocco, November 1942• General Dwight D. Eisenhower— U.S. general who led

allied forces in North Africa and commanded the Allied forces that landed at Normandy on D-Day.

• In May 1943, Rommel’s forces were defeated by Allies

George C. Scott Playing General Patton in the 1968 Movie, “Patton”

George C. Scott Playing General Patton in the 1968 Movie, “Patton”

The Eastern Front

• Hitler Invades the Soviet Union– Germany invades an unprepared Soviet

Union in June 1941– Soviet troops burn land as they

retreat(Stalin’s scorched earth tactics); Germans move into Russia

– Germans stopped at Leningrad, forced to undertake long siege

– Germans almost capture Moscow, but forced to pull back

The Battle of Stalingrad

• German army moves to capture Soviet oil fields• Battle of Stalingrad—Soviets, Germans battle for

control of the city• German troops capture city, Finally, on January 31,

1943, after what came to be considered as one of the greatest battles of World War II, the German forces totaling around 91,000 men surrendered to the Russians in Stalingrad. The Battle of Stalingrad was therefore a turning point in WWII and marked the beginning of the German defeat that was to with end in the capture of Berlin in 1945.

Russian soldiers prepare to attack German lines outside Leningrad.

Battle of Stalingrad:Winter of 1942-1943

Battle of Stalingrad:Winter of 1942-1943

German Army Russian Army1,011,500 men 1,000,500 men

10,290 artillery guns

13,541 artillery guns

675 tanks 894 tanks

1,216 planes 1,115 planes

The Home FrontThe Home FrontThe Home FrontThe Home Front

“Rosie the Riveter- based on a popular song, became a symbol of women who entered the workforce to fill the jobs left vacant by men serving in the war.

Mexican Farm WorkersMexican Farm Workers

Bracero Program:Bracero Program: 200,000 Mexican-200,000 Mexican-Americans were sent to Americans were sent to LA in 1943, to work LA in 1943, to work

• The U.S. forced The U.S. forced rationing of goods such of goods such as wool, gas, butter, and as wool, gas, butter, and sugar were limited.sugar were limited.

• The Zoot Suit Riots were a series of riots that erupted in Los Angeles, CA during

WWII, between sailors and soldiers stationed in the city and Hispanic youths, who were recognizable by the zoot suits

they favored.

• While Mexican Americans were mostly beaten, African American and Filipino American youths were also

targeted.

http://www.library.ucla.edu/special/scweb/slwar11.htm

• The riots began in Los Angeles, amidst a period of rising racial tensions between American

servicemen stationed in southern California and the Los Angeles’

Chicano community.

http://www.picturehistory.com/find/p/13038/mcms.html

• Many of the tensions between the Chicano community and the sailors

existed because the servicemen walked through Chicano neighborhoods on the way back to their barracks after nights of

drinking.


• The discrimination against the Chicano minority community was compounded by

robberies and fights during these drunken interactions..


• Clashes between white servicemen and Hispanic youths increased. In May 1943, sailors claimed that “zoot suiters” stabbed a sailor, and they retaliated by beating young Hispanics leaving a local

dance.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/zoot/eng_timeline/timeline2.html

• On May 31, 1943, a group of white sailors on leave clashed with a group of young Hispanics in the downtown area. One sailor, was badly

injured. In response, 50 white sailors gathered and headed out to downtown and East Los

Angeles, which was the center of the Hispanic community.

http://www.1947project.com/blog?from=245

• The sailors attacked young people, especially targeting males in “zoot suits.” In many instances, the police intervened

by arresting Hispanic youths for disturbing the peace. The police left the

sailors to the military justice system.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/zoot/eng_timeline/timeline2.html

WindtalkersThe Navajo Code Talkers

During WWII, on the dramatic day when Marines raised the flag to signal a key

and decisive victory at Iwo Jima, the first word of this amazing news crackled over

the radio in an odd language.

Throughout the war, the Japanese were repeatedly baffled and confused

by these odd strange sounds.

The language conformed to no linguistic system known to the Japanese.

http://www.cinema.com/image_lib/5087_004.jpg

The curious sounds were the U.S. military’s one form of communicating

orders and plans that the master code breakers in Tokyo were unable to

decipher.

This perfect code was the language of the Navajo tribe.

http://www.lapahie.com/Pictures/Navajo_Platoon9_Sh.jpg

After a string of cryptographic (secret codes) failures, the military in 1942 was desperate for a way to send messages among troops that would not be easily

intercepted by the enemy. enemy.

http://www.bulldozer.nu/bilder/windta3.jpg

Standard codes were an option, but the cryptographers in Japan could quickly

crack them. The Japanese were excellent at intercepting short-distance

communications…

…on walkie-talkies for example, and then having well-trained English-speaking

soldiers either sabotage the message or send out false commands to set up an

ambush.

Since Navajo had never been written down or translated into any other

language, it was an entirely limited to Navajos alone.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/johncollierjr/323361279/

Not long after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the military sent 29 Navajos to

Camp Pendleton in California to begin a test program.

http://www.larin.org/images/windtalkers_-_new_pic_3.jpg

These first recruits had to develop a Navajo alphabet since none existed.

http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/images3/navajo-codetalkers01.jpg

And because the Navajo lacked words for military technology, the men developed

symbols specific to their task.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/39143222@N02/3709312850/ http://www.diggerhistory.info/images/tanks/jap-tank-type95-ha-go2.jpg

Turtle = Tank

“Everything we used in the code was what we lived with on the reservation

every day,

like the ants, the birds, bears.”

– Code Talker Chester Nez

• Thus, the term for a tank was “turtle,” a tank destroyer was “tortoise killer.” A battleship a “whale.” A hand grenade was “potato.” A fighter plane was “hummingbird,” and a torpedo plane “swallow.”

http://www.gregscott.com/rwscott/rwscott.hummingbird_small.jpg

http://www.damninteresting.net/content/Japanese_Zero.jpg

Japanese Zero fighter plane & bomber

It didn’t take long for the original 29 recruits to expand to an elite corps of Marines, numbering at its height 425

Navajo Code Talkers, all from the American Southwest.

http://www.samuelholiday.com/images/127-MN-69896.jpg

• Each Navajo Talker traveled everywhere with a personal bodyguard. In the event of capture, the Talkers had agreed to commit suicide rather than allow the valuable code from falling into the hands of the enemy.

http://www.wpt.org/wayofthewarrior/images/WWII_Navajo-CT3.jpg

If a captured Navajo was unable to follow the grim instructions, the bodyguard’s instructions were

understood: shoot and kill his code talker-Native American radio operators who served in the Marines

during WWII, interpreting and communicating in a secret code based on the Navajo language..

http://www.einsiders.com/reviews/archives/images/windtalkers.jpg

The language of the Code Talkers, and their mission was a secret they were all ordered to keep, even from their

families.

http://mprofaca.cro.net/codetalkers_obv.jpg

It wasn’t until 1968, when the military felt convinced that the Code Talkers would

not be needed for any future wars…


…that America learned of the incredible contribution a handful of Native

Americans made to winning history’s biggest war.


http://gallery4collectors.com/images/VisionsofValorDavidBehrens.jpg

U.S. Wartime U.S. Wartime PropagandaPropagandaU.S. Wartime U.S. Wartime PropagandaPropaganda

War Limits Civil RightsWar Limits Civil Rights

• Japanese Americans face Japanese Americans face prejudice and fearprejudice and fear

• Army puts Japanese Americans Army puts Japanese Americans in internment camps in 1942in internment camps in 1942

• Japanese intermentJapanese interment- Over - Over 100,000 Japanese Americans 100,000 Japanese Americans were forced to relocate during the were forced to relocate during the war due to fear and suspicion. war due to fear and suspicion. Many lost everything.Many lost everything.

Many people were afraid that Japanese Americans that lived on the West Coast might be acting as

spies helping Japan attack the U.S.• HOWEVER…There was NEVER any evidence that

Japanese Americans acted as spies during WWII.

RelocationRelocation On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066. This forced Japanese Americans to move from their homes to “internment” camps.

This was to keep them from spying by monitoring their

lives. “Yellow Peril” became rampant throughout the

U.S.

11,000 Japanese families had to sell their homes and businesses to

relocate to these camps. Evacuees were allowed to take only what they could carry. What they couldn’t sell

was just left for the taking.

Japanese Americans were put on buses and shipped to one of 10 relocation centers around

the United States.

The barracks were surrounded by

barbed wire and overseen by high

wooden watchtowers. Privacy

was almost nonexistent.

Evacuees tried to make the best of it by living their lives

with some degree of normalcy. Schools,

libraries, sports teams, churches, and

Americanization classes were created.

Originally, FDR considered the relocation “legal” under constitutional

powers granted to the president during times of

war.Korematsu vs. U.S. -the Supreme Court supported the claim the relocation

was constitutional because it was based on “military strategy,” not

race.Later, this was overturned and all camps were closed

by early 1945.

Japanese Men in WWIIJapanese Men in WWII

• Later on into the war, Americans realized that Japanese-Americans could be used as secret weapons

• Japanese speaking individuals translated captured Japanese documents and monitored radio traffictraffic

• Attended Military Intelligence Specialist School and eagerly enlisted in the military

• By Dec. 1944, 1500 Japanese men had enlisted in the 442nd regimental Combat Team

An ApologyAn Apology

In 1988, the U.S. In 1988, the U.S. government government

apologized to apologized to Japanese Americans Japanese Americans

for these for these internment camps internment camps

and paid all and paid all

interneesinternees $20,000.$20,000.

Documents

The Allied Home Fronts Wherever Allied forces fought, people on the home fronts rallied to support them. In war-torn countries like the Soviet Union and