The American School: The American School: 1642-20041642-2004 by J. by J.

SpringSpring Chapter 11Chapter 11The Politics of Knowledge: The Politics of Knowledge:

Teachers Unions, the American Teachers Unions, the American Legion, and the American Way.Legion, and the American Way. BY: Justin, Travis, Sammi, Kuniaki, and ChristinaBY: Justin, Travis, Sammi, Kuniaki, and Christina

American Legion and “The American Legion and “The American Way”American Way”

After WWI, the American Legion After WWI, the American Legion joined with the National Education joined with the National Education Association in an effort to week out Association in an effort to week out so-called radical ideas from public so-called radical ideas from public schools (p. 317) schools (p. 317)

They campaigned against what They campaigned against what they called subversive teachers they called subversive teachers and radical ideas in the curriculum and radical ideas in the curriculum (p. 317)(p. 317)

In the 1930's, the National In the 1930's, the National Association of Manufacturers Association of Manufacturers launched the "American Way" launched the "American Way" campaign through schools and campaign through schools and other organizations to try to create other organizations to try to create an automatic association in the an automatic association in the public mind between democracy public mind between democracy and capitalism (p.317)and capitalism (p.317)

Keep the Schools out of Keep the Schools out of Politics: the Politics of Politics: the Politics of Education Education

In attempting to protect their power, administrative In attempting to protect their power, administrative progressives established alliances with business elites. progressives established alliances with business elites. Both groups advocated scientific management and Both groups advocated scientific management and hierarchical control (p. 318)hierarchical control (p. 318)

Schools were being blamed for America's difficulties in Schools were being blamed for America's difficulties in international competition with Japan and West international competition with Japan and West Germany (p.318)Germany (p.318)

Teachers believed their major hope for obtaining Teachers believed their major hope for obtaining decent wages and working conditions was unionism decent wages and working conditions was unionism and joining forces with organized labor. These and joining forces with organized labor. These struggles pitted teachers against admission (p. 318)struggles pitted teachers against admission (p. 318)

The Politics of The Politics of Professionalism: Teachers Professionalism: Teachers VS Administrators VS Administrators

Teachers seek aid through Teachers seek aid through mutual organization; low mutual organization; low salaries and a lack of salaries and a lack of retirement funds were retirement funds were problems (p. 319)problems (p. 319)

Teachers were at the bottom Teachers were at the bottom of the chain of command; of the chain of command; teachers became objects of teachers became objects of scientific management(p. scientific management(p. 319)319)

Teachers began to organize Teachers began to organize to gain influence on to gain influence on educational policy as well as educational policy as well as seeking better wages and seeking better wages and working conditions (p. 320)working conditions (p. 320)

The Politics of The Politics of Professionalism: Teachers Professionalism: Teachers VS Administrators VS Administrators ContinuedContinued Scientific management Scientific management

through merit pay began to through merit pay began to increase (p. 320)increase (p. 320)

Issues with educational policy Issues with educational policy began multiplying between began multiplying between teachers and administration.teachers and administration. (p.321)(p.321)

Ella Flag Young was one of Ella Flag Young was one of the first women in the US to the first women in the US to hold the position of hold the position of superintendent. She believed superintendent. She believed in democratic control of the in democratic control of the schools and had good schools and had good relations with the Chicago relations with the Chicago Federation of Teachers or Federation of Teachers or CFT. (p.321)CFT. (p.321)

The Rise of the National The Rise of the National Education Association Education Association

Formed by 10 teachers in 1857 with the Formed by 10 teachers in 1857 with the common objective of upgrading the teaching common objective of upgrading the teaching profession (p.323)profession (p.323)

In the 1950's, the federal government began to In the 1950's, the federal government began to assume the leadership role in national assume the leadership role in national educational policy (p. 326)educational policy (p. 326)

Originally, each teacher was allowed one vote Originally, each teacher was allowed one vote in the NEA. This was changed to the in the NEA. This was changed to the administrators of schools being allowed the administrators of schools being allowed the votes. Thus, the NEA became an organization votes. Thus, the NEA became an organization dominated by administrators (p. 323)dominated by administrators (p. 323)

The Political Changes of The Political Changes of Depression Years Depression Years

The depression began to split The depression began to split the alliances among local the alliances among local school administrators, local school administrators, local school boards, and local school boards, and local elites (p.326)elites (p.326)

The economic pressures of The economic pressures of the depression caused some the depression caused some leading educators to advocate leading educators to advocate use of the schools to bring use of the schools to bring about a radical transformation about a radical transformation of society (p. 328)of society (p. 328)

Government involvement Government involvement created tension between created tension between professional educators and professional educators and the federal government as to the federal government as to each group's role in control of each group's role in control of youth (p. 327)youth (p. 327)

Members of the business and Members of the business and financial community began to financial community began to call for reductions in teacher call for reductions in teacher salaries and educational salaries and educational programs (p. 329)programs (p. 329)

Rugg and Advertising Rugg and Advertising

The Advertising Federation of America distributed The Advertising Federation of America distributed pamphlets entitled “Facts You Should Know about Anti- pamphlets entitled “Facts You Should Know about Anti- Advertising Propaganda in School Textbooks.” The Advertising Propaganda in School Textbooks.” The pamphlets criticized Rugg’s books for turning students pamphlets criticized Rugg’s books for turning students against advertising (p. 341)against advertising (p. 341)

The federation declared that critics of advertising were The federation declared that critics of advertising were “those who prefer collectivism and regimentation by “those who prefer collectivism and regimentation by political force” (p. 341)political force” (p. 341)

They claimed that communism was the basis for anti-They claimed that communism was the basis for anti-advertising attitudes and the development of advertising attitudes and the development of Consumers Union (p. 341)Consumers Union (p. 341)

Rugg and Advertising Rugg and Advertising ContinuedContinued

September 1940, September 1940, TimeTime magazine reported that magazine reported that members of the Binghamton, New York, school members of the Binghamton, New York, school board called for public burning of Rugg’s board called for public burning of Rugg’s textbooks (p.342)textbooks (p.342)

Demise of the Rugg books demonstrated the Demise of the Rugg books demonstrated the power of public relations campaigns to power of public relations campaigns to associate in the public mind anything critical of associate in the public mind anything critical of the United State’s economic and political the United State’s economic and political system with un-Americanism and communism system with un-Americanism and communism (p.343)(p.343)