The Analysis of Drugs & Pharmaceuticals FINAL DRAFT

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Table of ContentsHistory.................................................................................................................. 2

Introduction.......................................................................................................... 4

Application........................................................................................................... 7

Analysis/Procedure............................................................................................... 8

Cannabis…………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………. 8

LSD…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………..!

Cocaine……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………….2

Alco"ol……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………..4

Interpretation o# $esults.....................................................................................%

Discussion..........................................................................................................&

$eco''endations..............................................................................................(Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 2

Appendi)............................................................................................................22

$e#erences.........................................................................................................2&



The Analysis of Drugs and Pharmaceuticals

History

The early discovery of drugs started thousands of years ago. Individuals are unsure of the

date of the early use of drugs for therapeutic purposes; however, the first form of drugs came

from natural sources such as herbs, plants, roots, vines and fungi. The past 120 years has

seen a revolution on the use of therapeutic drugs; that is, researchers found that medicine

extracts from natural sources cured diseases and relieve man of unwanted pain and suffering.

The increase of these medicines has led to an increase in the misuse and abuse on some of

these drugs that later forced law enforcement to introduce laws governing the control and

circulation of these drugs. The year 1! mar"ed the discovery of #eroin, first thought to be

non$addictive but later found the potential for harm, hence the plea for its monitoring. In

1!!, %spirin was the first safe and effective drug introduced into the medical field that was

not addictive. &hloral #ydrate was the first synthetic drug to be discovered in 1'! as a

sedative hypnotic, still in use to date but drug synthesis from organic materials was full$

blown after (orld (ar II. The advent of the 20th century belonged to the production of

opium, morphine and cocaine in numerous patent medicines that lead to serious addiction

problem and death. %n example of this is )rs. (inslow*s +oothing +yrup containing

morphine as the primary ingredient without the population*s awareness, causing death in

children due to over dosage. arbiturates were introduced initially as a hypnotic that

replaced most toxic bromides used for headaches and stress; as it is understood that

bromides were addicting agents as well. The -nited +tates signs international agreement to

limit the spread and use of narcotics. In 1!1!, the (eb et al versus the -nited +tates case

concluded that pharmacist and physicians should restrict the issuing of addicted drugs to

2







materials and active ingredients present. This consists of intermediates, drug products,

degradation products and biological samples containing their metabolites. The analytical

investigation of the drug material must therefore be determined before proceeding. +ynthetic

drugs are the modification of the natural extract from existing sources; as a result, there is a

possibility that these drugs will have an approximation of impurities present within their compact

structure that serves as the foundation under which this pro4ect will underline.

The famous adage, to err is human to forgive divine< literally means that it is only natural

for people to ma"e mista"es. uring an analysis, there is a definite possibility of errors being

made that analysts should give account of. There are three main classifications of errors; they are

eterminate 3rrors, Instrumental 3rrors and 8ersonal 3rrors. eterminate 3rrors spea"s to the

incorrect graduation read out by an analyst. Instrumental 3rrors deals with the freuency of

calibration of instruments before the proceeding of an experiment. inally, 8ersonal 3rrors solely

refers to the incapacity of the analyst. This aspect is pertinent during an analysis of drugs and

pharmaceuticals because errors outside the suitable range may cause serious problems to the

health of an individual. +tatistical evaluation will also be considered throughout the content of

this pro4ect as it tells the tale of a particular drug in terms of its accepted dosage, efficacy and

potency. The type of analysis is significant as the purpose of the determination can be either

uantitative or ualitative. =uantitative %nalysis refers to the testing of a substance to acuire the

amounts and proportions of its chemical constituencies. =ualitative analysis spea"s to testing of

substances or mixtures to identify chemical constituencies. These determinations employ

different types of instrumentations that will be mentioned throughout the depth of this pro4ect.

The "nowledge of the different schedules of drugs is pertinent; as a result, this feature will be

%





Application

The identification, uantification, ualification, and control of impurities are a critical

part of the drug development process. The ultimate safety of the final pharmaceutical product is

based on the uantity of impurities found in a drug. Impurities found in drugs may arise during

drug synthesis, or from sources such as starting materials, intermediates, reagents, solvents,

catalysts and reaction by$products. Impurities in drug product development may be formed as a

result of the inherent instability of drug substances; which could be as a result of the drug being

incompatible with the added excipients, or the drug interacting with the pac"aging material. The

first stage "nown as the discovery stage is to discover a new, safe and active chemical entity

97&3: that will cure diseases. %n example of this is the parallel synthesis of potential lead

compounds, using combinatorial chemistry. The products produced are then identified by fast

&$)+ methods and screened by in$vitro bioassays and>or pharmacological or chemical tests to

allow a selection of a few chosen drug candidates. 8harmacological studies are done after the

lead compounds are selected. #8& coupled to tandem mass spectrometry is selected due its

high sensitivity and selectivity.

In the development stage, some of the #8& methods that are utili/ed in the subseuent

manufacturing stages are developed, validated and then transferred.

In the manufacturing stage, #8& is used in the identification test to confirm the identity

of the active pharmaceutical ingredient inside the samples of either drug substance or drug

product. In this test two independent tests are needed; example one for chromatographic and one

for spectroscopic. Therefore a chromatographic run with a diode$array or )+ detector will

provide both parameters, the retention time in the chromatogram and the spectrum -? or )+ of

the eluting pea", matched against a "nown standard.

7



Analysis/Procedure

The analysis of drugs entails a series of operations such as sampling via measurements to

evaluation leading to the analysis result. %ppropriate methods, procedures and practices have to

be designed and applied to ensure that the end result will meet the experiment*s reuirements.

?arious analytical techniues such as titrimetric, chromatographic, spectroscopic,

electrophoretic, and electrochemical and their corresponding methods have been applied in the

analysis of pharmaceuticals. These analytical techniues assess the uality of the drugs and

ensure that these drugs serve their purpose.

Cannabis

The concentration and interplay of certain phytocannabinoids are dictated by both the

medicinal effects and the adverse health effects of cannabis. The cannabinoid responsible for

most of the psychoactive effects of cannabis @!$tetrahydrocannabinol 9T#&:, and negligible

levels of cannabidiol 9&:, and other trace cannabinoids, that have therapeutic potential and

may counteract some of the unpleasant effects of T#&.

+ample 8reparation

The female buds are used for the analysis of cannabis in order to reduce variation that

may occur as a result of sampling bias. % forced ventilation oven is used to dry the samples for

2A hours at B5C&. The samples are homogeni/ed by crumbling, grounding and mixing. 2000mg

of the fine homogeni/ed powder are then weighed in a glass vial and extracted with a 10ml

mixture of methanol>chloroform 9v>vD!>1: by sonification for B0 minutes. This extract was then

filtered and diluted in an amber vial. 100E aliuot of the dilution was evaporated under a

8



nitrogen stream and re$dissolved in a 100E of a mixture of water>acetonitrile 9v>vD 5>5:

containing dia/epam 950 mg>: as an internal standard. Two separate extractions were performed

on each sample, and these were separately assayed and compared.

etection

&annabis is detected via urine tests and blood tests. The urine tests are able to detect

mari4uana for days to wee"s after use. The non$psychoactive metabolite 9T#&$&FF#: stays in

the body for days and wee"s with no impairments. ue to its long elimination time, urine tests

are more sensitive to mari4uana than other commonly used drugs 9table 2:.

lood test confirms the presence of the active ingredient T#&. #igh levels are indicative

of recent use while low levels may persist for hours or days. These tests are invasive and difficult

to administer, hence, they are not freuently used. They are more freuently used in

investigations to indicate whether the sub4ect was actually under the influence 9example in

accidents or in4uries of -I*s:.

#air test detects the non$psychoactive form of the drug that remains in the hair for

months afterwards so they are not used to detect recent drug use. The drug residues are absorbed

and does is not detected in the hair until after 6$10 days after first use; after which they cannot be

removed by shampoos. #air tests are most li"ely used to detect regular than occasional use of

mari4uana.

The saliva testing method for the detection of cannabis in the body is a more recent and

less proven technology. In the case of mari4uana, its sensitivity is yet to be established. Theory

states that cannabis is detected in recent drug use and this may range from several hours to over a

day. Their purpose is to detect secretions from inside the oral tissues that cannot be washed out

(



with mouthwash. The industry has been eager to develop urine tests because they are less

intrusive than urine or blood tests.

8resumptive Test

The uuenois$evine Test provides a description of cannabis resin with vanillin and

acetaldehyde in a hydrochloric medium by forming the violet coloured product which can be

extracted with chloroform. The chloroform products of cannabis products 9hashish and

marihuana: reacts with fast blue salt in a basic milieu by forming the coupled product 9purple$

red:, which is soluble in the organic layer 9Govar and auds/un, 1!!:.

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD )

+ is the most famous drug of a fungal origin. It is "nown to be one of the most potent

hallucinogen and is classed as a schedule 1 drug according to % 9outlined in the appendix:.

Initially it was used experimentally to treat mental disorder but has not been used in this way for

some B0 years.

+ample 8reparation

% series of complex reaction is used to prepare + from lysergic acid. &areful

monitoring and control of this reaction is necessary. The materials may be added to inert

substrates, sugar cubes, or mixed with molten gelatin which is then cooled and cut into small

pieces containing the appropriate dose. These latter are "nown as Hwindow panes*. #owever,

these dose forms suffer from great inhomogeneity and the vast ma4ority of + observed in

!





8resumptive test

ue to +*s fluorescing properties, fluorescence testing can be used during the

identification process. The procedure includes the original dosage form, or a drop of methanolic

extract from the dosage form being placed on a filter paper and allowed to dry. -?$light 9B'0nm:

is then used to observe the material which will fluoresce if + is present. % negative control

shows that the fluorescence, if seen, is as a result of the drug extracted in the methanol. Fn the

other hand, the positive control provides a reference colour reaction and gives an idea of the

intensity of the fluorescence that might be observed.

Cocaine

&ocaine is made from coca leaves and is "nown to be a white or off$white crystalline

powder which is often fine, and rarely damp. The drug is usually adulterated and transformed for

traffic"ing purposes by adding uncontrolled substances li"e caffeine, procaine or sugars.

#owever, this does not affect its physical appearance much since these adulterants are of the

same colour and description 9fine dry white powders:. &rac"< cocaine which is a fla"y hard

material is made by combining ammonia or sodium bicarbonate and water to cocaine

hydrochloride and heating the resulting precipitated powder. The term crac"< which is the street

name given to freebase cocaine, refers to the crac"ling sound produced when the mixture is

heated.

2



3xtraction

The sample is immersed for a short while in boiling ethanol which produces effective

extraction of ecgonine$type al"aloids and minimi/es the brea"down of cocaine. % short

extraction at room temperature is adeuate if uantitative extraction of the al"aloids is not

reuired. The leaves may be pounded with ethanol or methanol in a mortar. The alcoholic extract

is sub4ected to T& or K&$)+ for ualitative analysis of the coca leaf.

8resumptive Test

The +cott*s test is a popular colour test for cocaine. In this procedure 1.0g of cobalt

thiocyanate is dissolved in 50ml of 10J 9v>v: acetic acid, 50ml of glycerine is then added.

&oncentrated #& and chloroform can also be used as reagents in step 2 and B respectively. %

small amount of the suspected material is placed in a test tube, 5 drops of reagent 1 then is

added, the test tube is then sha"en for 10 seconds. % blue precipitate and a blue solution indicate

the presence of cocaine. In step 2 a drop of #& 9reagent 2: is added to the material and sha"en

for a few seconds. The blue solution formed in step 1 should turn pin". In step B, 5 drops of

reagent B 9chloroform: is added and sha"en. If cocaine is present the lower chloroform layer will

develop an intense blue colour, while the upper layer will be pin". %t each stage, a positive result

is reuired in order to be considered a positive test for cocaine.

*



Alcohol

+ampling>3xtraction

%lcohols can be prepared by the hydration of al"enes or by the reduction of aldehydes,

"etones, acids, and esters.

etection

The tests for alcohol are available in two different forms, an oral or saliva alcohol tests

and a breath alcohol test. The breath alcohol test chec"s human breath for traces of alcohol. The

oral alcohol test examines human saliva for traces of alcohol. The amount of beer or liuor, the

weight, how long ago it was consumed and the metabolism of will affect the amount alcohol that

is detected.

4



Interpretation o# $esults

Gnowledge of the biotransformation of drugs plays an integral role in aiding in the

analyses of drugs. Fnce analyses of drugs are done the following can then be answeredD

• The route of administration

• The administered dosage

• (hether or not the concentration of the drug present was sufficient to cause death

or alter action of the individual to cause his or her death.

The part that is found to be contained with the highest concentration of the drug is

generally given as the site of administration. or example, a lot of drug in the KI tract and liver

indicates oral ingestion while high concentration in lungs indicates inhalation.

The metabolites that are excreted aid in the interpretation of the drugs and pharmaceuticals.

)etabolites are often what provide the only evidence that a drug was being administered.or example amphetamine is metaboli/ed into methamphetamine. The reverse from

methamphetamine to amphetamine does not ta"e place in the body. &ocaine is metaboli/ed into

ben/oylecgonine. The amount of drug that is detected will be based on the amount that was

ingested.

Discussion

rugs are being tested to determine whether an individual uses a particular drug in

uestion, by evaluating biological samples in the form of urine, blood or saliva. rugs can be

detected in hair samples up to six months, although urine samples are used for most wor"place

drug screening tests. 3xamples of drugs that can be detected in hair$testing include alcohol,

%





impaired concentration, poor motor coordination, poor 4udgment, slurred speech and

blurred vision as well as are all short term effects given by depressants. ong term

effects include depression, chronic fatigue, poor memory and 4udgment, decreased

attention span, chronic sleeping problem and impaired sexual function

?olatile +olvents such as petroleum products and hydrocarbons exhibit short term effects on the

body such as slurred speech, euphoria, hallucinations, staggering gait and sudden death.

8sychosis, permanent brain damage and liver, "idney and heart damage are classified as long

term effects of those agents.

Fther drugs of abuse such as drugs being used for medicinal purposes that do not fall

within the above mentioned categories includeD

$)uscle Lelaxants

$ 8ain Giller

$ %nti$histamines; prescribed for allergies

$%nti$emetics

$%nti$epressants> %nti$psychotics

Irrespective of the rug abused, they all lead to similar results such asD psychiatric

problems, physical deterioration, intellectual Impairment and personality deterioration.

These lead to the increased ris"s of causing accidents, unprotected sex and use of

unsterile needles.

7



$eco''endations

In the analysis and identification of drugs, the strictest interpretation of the scientific

method and observations need to be made. In the analysis of the drugs itself, observations of the

physical properties of the substances should be analy/ed by a series of presumptive tests,

separation tests and also confirmation tests.

In the analysis of evidence that may possibly contain controlled substances, the

observation of not only physical properties is enough. 8resumptive tests along with separation

tests should also be performed. 8resumptive tests establish if a sample is definitely not a certain

substance or if it probably is the substance. The report from these tests is considered final when

the result is negative and hence no confirmatory test is necessary. &onfirmatory tests are only

used when the presumptive test report is positive for the substance. The use of presumptive tests

alone, are not generally reliable as there can generate false positive results. #ence the

confirmatory tests alleviate this discrepancy by providing assurance that the results are in fact

reliable. or drug and pharmaceutical analysis, the most commonly preferred or recommended

method to be used is Kas chromatography$ mass spectrometry 9K&$)+:. ata for organic

compounds could be combined with uantitative and also ualitative data in order to arrive at a

more powerful profiling method. This profile can identify parameters that are useful in

discriminating between samples. 3xamples of these parameters are the origin of the sample and

the drug content of tablets, for example, ysergic %cid iethylamide tablets.

It should also be considered by laboratories to validate their methods, establish a linear

range and limits of detection and uantitation. This is viewed as good laboratory practices.

Fperational laboratory guidelines have been established by the +ociety of orensic Toxicologists

8



and the %merican %cademy of orensic +ciences. orensic laboratories are urged to follow these

guidelines.

(



Conclusion

The dose separates a drug from a poison. The advent of semi$synthetic and synthetic drugs

introduces impurities that is important for researchers to examine their properties and discover,

if any, newly formed compounds. +ample preparation is the most critical step during the

analysis of drugs and pharmaceuticals and the idea of the chemical composition and property of

the compound determine the most appropriate analytical techniue employed.

The analysis of &annabis, ysergic %cid iethylamide 9+:, &ocaine and %lcohol were

analy/ed and interpreted emphatically while other drugs of potential abuse were mentioned.

Typical analysis of drugs will introduce errors that causes an underestimation or overestimation

of results obtained. Therefore, it is significant that experimenters are euipped with the intended

information they wish to eradicate from these results; as well as the most appropriate statistical

calculation essential during the experiment.

The last 20 years, the cost of using chromatography and immunoassay instrumentation have

become affordable, and most laboratories now have the euipment essential to aid in successful

laboratory examination. The last decade has seen a rapid development in new and improved

immunoassays that are more specific and more sensitive to target drugs. aboratory techniues

are evolving from high$volume wor"place drug testing research and development has been

integrated into most forensic laboratories, thus improving accuracy, reliability, and efficiency.

)eaningful recommendations were suggested that can be an asset to present and future scientists

that has the potential of discovering new drugs and pharmaceuticals.

2!



Appendi)

Table 1

Figure 1

Timeline of the History of Prescription Drugs

1951 M urham #umphrey ill sets up prescription and non$prescription categories for all medicines. This arrangement of

prescription vs. FT& is in place by policy and is then made law. It also sets up limits on the number of times a prescription can be

refilled.

195 M 7arcotics &ontrol %ct updates restriction and penalties for smuggling and distribution of mari4uana and narcotics.

3liminates the suspension of sentences or probation if convicted.

The #arrison 7arcotics %ct set up a schedule using letters to indicate the degree of potential abuse a medicine has. The schedule

uses %, and N in a decreasing level of potential abuse. This product dates from the 1!50s.

19!s M The )anufacturing %ct. Its purpose is to tighten controls and restrictions over legally manufactured narcotic medicines.

This law reuires that manufacturers are licensed and creates uotas for classes of both natural and synthetic medicines.

ureau of rug %buse &ontrol is formed in the ood and rug %dministration to control non$narcotic medicines that are being

abused. % undercover agents, dressed as truc" drivers investigate abuse of amphetamines by truc" drivers. In 1!', that

2



bureau merges with the ederal ureau of 7arcotics to form the ureau of 7arcotics and angerous rugs in the epartment of

Oustice.

%dvertisements in popular maga/ines assure the patient that potent medicines are safe to use.

192 M (hite #ouse &onference on 7arcotic and rug %buse was a response to increase narcotic medicine and drug abuse. The

conference eventually leads to the &omprehensive rug %buse 8revention and &ontrol %ct of 1!60.

19" M 8resident*s %dvisory &ommission on 7arcotic and rug %buse produces the 1!'5 ederal rug %buse &ontrol

%mendments. The new rules reuire registration of manufactures, wholesalers, and other establishments. These entities, plus

pharmacists and physicians are reuired to increase record "eeping of controlled substances. )ari4uana is placed on the same

level as narcotics.

19#! M &omprehensive rug %buse 8revention and &ontrol %ct is a -nited +tates federal law that, with subseuent

modifications, reuires the pharmaceutical industry to maintain physical security and strict record "eeping for certain types of

medicines. &ontrolled substances are divided into five schedules 9or classes: on the basis of their potential for abuse, accepted

medical use, and accepted safety under medical supervision. The medicine bottles have a & with the schedule number on the side

and can be seen on the medicine containers exhibited above.

19#" M The rug 3nforcement %dministration is formed in the epartment of Oustice from other existing enforcement units in the

-.+. Kovernment. )any agents from these other agencies move to the 3%.

19#!s M The Fffice of &ompliance, started in 1!61, is renamed the 3% Fffice of iversion &ontrol.

1988 + Anti,dru- Abuse Act. In order to better coordinate t"e nited States o0ern'ent1s eorts to

control dru- abuse and 'edicine di0ersion3 a position is created in t"e "ite House + t"e Director o#5ational Dru- Control Policy. 6"is indi0idual1s popular title is t"e Dru- Car9. In 2!!7 t"e Dru- Car is

:o"n alters.

1992 + 6"e D;A #or' 222 is re<uired ="en a p"ar'acist orders Sc"edule II 'edicines. 6"is paper=or>

closely 'onitors t"e 'o0e'ent and sale o# t"is potently di0erted 'edicine. 6"is type o# t"ree,part

order #or' "as been re<uired since (4.

2000 + 6"e rise o# t"e Internet to ?ll prescriptions or recei0e controlled substances is a -ro=in-

proble'. Ille-iti'ate ro-ue =eb sites are ?llin- orders #or controlled substances =it"out a prescription.

6"e D;A sets up special units to 'onitor and s"ut do=n suc" ille-al p"ar'acies39 li>e t"is one #or

steroids.

2005 + 6"e Co'bat @et"a'p"eta'ine ;pide'ic Act o# 2!!% , In order to cut o t"e supply o#

precursor c"e'icals to 'a>e 'et"a'p"eta'ine3 t"is act nationalies restrictions on retail sales o#

ep"edrine and pseudoep"edrine by re<uirin- t"ese products to be >ept be"ind t"e p"ar'acy counter

or in a loc>ed case. It re<uires purc"asers to buy no 'ore t"an *.& -ra's a day and ( -ra's a 'ont"3

s"o= I.D. and si-n a sales lo-. 6"e act increases t"e 'onitorin- o# i'ported precursor c"e'icals and

22



i'poses <uotas on 'anu#acturers #or production and i'portin- o# ep"edrine and pseudoep"edrine.

200 + Di0ersion and 'isuse o# steroids3 -ro=t" "or'ones and sti'ulants by at"letes beco'es a

national scandal. 6"e sa'e proble' "as arisen in ot"er parts o# t"e =orld and at t"e ly'pic a'es.

6"e 'isuse o# t"ese 'edicines casts a s"ado= on all sportin- e0ents.

200! + It is t"e responsibility o# t"e p"ar'acist to be con?dent t"at t"e prescription presented to

"er/"i' is aut"entic and t"at t"e 'edicine bein- prescribed is used in acceptable 'edical =ays.

5on,'edical use o# 'edicines is no= -reater t"an t"e abuse o# cocaine3 "allucino-ens and in"alants.

A'on- adults 2& or older3 &.* percent reported non,'edical use o# prescription 'edicines in 2!!%. In

c"ildren 2 or older3 2.2 'illion reported non,'edical use o# prescription 'edicines3 'ainly pain

relie0ers and tran<uiliin- 'edicines.

Bi-ure 2

$elo% is a description of the different schedules in %hich drugs are placed based on Drug &nforcement Administration

'D&A)

• +chedule I $ category of drugs not considered legitimate for medical use. Included are heroin, lysergic acid

diethylamide 9+:, and mari4uana.

• +chedule II $ category of drugs considered having a strong potential for abuse or addiction but that also have legitimate

medical use. Included are opium, morphine, and cocaine.

• +chedule III $ category of drugs that have less potential for abuse or addiction than +chedule I or II drugs and have a

useful medical purpose. Included are short$acting barbiturates and amphetamines.

• +chedule I? $ medically useful category of drugs that have less potential for abuse or addiction than those of +chedules

I, II, and III. Included are dia/epam and chloral hydrate.• +chedule ? $ medically useful category of drugs that have less potential for abuse or addiction than those of +chedules

I through I?. Included are antidiarrheal and antitussives with opioid derivatives.

Table 2 sho%ing the basic drug tests type and their appro(imate detection time

-rine lood #air +aliva

)ari4uana $ +ingle -se 1$6P days 12$2A hrs oubtful

7ot validated

90 $2A hoursQ:

)ari4uana $ Legular -se 6$100 days 2$6 days

)onths

%mphetamines 1$B days 2A hours

&ocaine 1$B days 1$B days

#eroin, Fpiates 1$A days 1$B days

8&8

2*



Figure " illustrating an *+D $lotter Acid

24



$e#erences

%lcohol rug Test M Fral +aliva and reath %lcohol M -% Tests. Letrieved from the websiteD

httpD>>uatests.com>types$of$drug$tests>alcohol$drug$tests>

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httpD>>pharmsci.uci.edu>history.php

&ole, )., 9200B:. The Analysis of Controlled Substances. Letrieved from the websiteD

boo"s.google.com.4m. 8g B$A2

isher %.O.., Tilstone O.(. and (oytowic/ &. 9200!:. Introduction to Criminalistics:

Foundation of Forensic Science. To"yo, &hinaD 3lsevier %cademic 8ress

Gar,%.92005:. Pharmaceutical Drug Analysis. 7ew %ge International. Letrieved Fctober

20,201A fromD httpsD>>rgmaisyah.files.wordpress.com>2010>12>pharmaceutical$drug$

analysis.pdf

Govar, G.%., auds/un. )., 91!!:. Chemistry and eaction !echanisms of a"id Tests.

Letrieved from the websiteD httpsD>>www.unodc.org>pdf>scientific>+&IT3&'.pdf

)ari4uana rug Test etection Times M &alifornia 7FL). Letrieved from the websiteD

httpD>>www.canorml.org>healthfacts>drugtestguide>drugtestdetection.html

+wift (, (ong %, i G), %rnold O&, )cKregor I+ 9201B: Analysis of Cannabis Sei#ures in

$S%& Australia: Cannabis Potency and Cannabinoid Profile. 8o+ F73 96:D e60052.

doiD10.1B61>4ournal.pone.0060052

2%

http://uatests.com/types-of-drug-tests/alcohol-drug-tests/

http://pharmsci.uci.edu/history.php

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https://www.unodc.org/pdf/scientific/SCITEC6.pdf


http://www.canorml.org/healthfacts/drugtestguide/drugtestdetection.html

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The History of Prescri"tion Drugs9 n.d: Letrieved Fctober 2', 201A fromD

httpD>>www.goodmedicinebadbehavior.org>explore>historyRofRprescriptionRdrugs.html

http://www.goodmedicinebadbehavior.org/explore/history_of_prescription_drugs.html

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The Analysis of Drugs & Pharmaceuticals FINAL DRAFT