The Aquatic RealmOceans, Lakes, Rivers,

Streams, Ponds, & Wetlands

http://pictopia.com/perl/get_image?provider_id=207&size=550x550_mb&ptp_photo_id=156420

Water Water Everywhere

• What color is the planet Earth from space?– 78.08% Nitrogen (N2)

– 20.95% Oxygen (O2)– 0.93% Argon– 0.038% Carbon dioxide– About 1% water vapor (varies

with climate)

• All life depends on water

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0201/earthrise_apollo8.jpg

Water Water Everywhere

• White – About 1% water vapor

(varies with climate)

– ~10% permanent ice (as glaciers, ice caps, etc.)

• Blue– 71% of the planet covered

in liquid water – surface of planet is primarily blue

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9703/seaice_sts45_big.jpg

Water Water Everywhere

• 97% Saltwater oceans 2.4% Glaciers and polar ice caps

• 0.6% other land surface water such as rivers, lakes and ponds

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Iceberg_with_hole_near_sanderson_hope_2007-07-28_2.jpg

Fresh Water

• How much water is available to drink?

• 100% water on Earth – 97% is salt water.

– 2.31% is ice

– 0.66% is groundwater and soil moisture.

– 0.03% is fresh water

http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/img/cache/02268c260f8fff6f7502dd93a20e39be/WCYL-700.jpg

Chemistry of Water

• Composition of water • Structure and bonding • Molecular vibration• Symmetry of water molecules • Formation of hydrogen bonding • Structure of ice • Autoionization • Leveling effect of water and

acid-base characters • Amphiprotic nature • Reactivity of water towards

metals• Electrolysis of water

http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/images/images/3.3_3.gif

Cold Water

• Cold water sinks• Water, as it gets

colder, it becomes more dense (most dense at 4ºC (39ºF))

• At freezing, water expands (so it floats)

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/waterdens.htmlhttp://www.kidsgeo.com/images/ocean-temperature.jpg

Cold Water

• Heavy, dense water moves very slowly through deep regions of the ocean

• Warm, less dense water moves quickly at surface

• Interface between glacier and marine

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/Water/images/sm_temperature_depth.jpghttp://www.eduspace.esa.int/Background/images/pumpe.gif

Demo

• Hot water rises• Cold water sinks• Go to:

http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/experiment/00000031

• Try salt water vs. fresh (deionized water)

• Predict hot fresh water vs. cold salt water

http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/experiment/00000031

Salts

• Sea water solutes comprised of several salts (i.e. KCl, CaCl2, NaCl, MgCl2)

• Forms ionic bonds• Dissolves in water,

leaving cations (positively charged) and anions (negatively charged)

http://omp.gso.uri.edu/doee/science/physical/salt5.gif

Salts

• These ions conduct electricity

• Don’t make toast at the same time you take a bath, I am sure your mother warned. What happens if the toaster falls into the water???

http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/salts.jpg

Put Everything Together

• Fresh water, less dense • Warm water, less dense• Warm water, less

dissolved oxygen• Marine water, more

dense• Cold water, more dense• Cold water, more

oxygen

http://www.stuffintheair.com/images/GlacierMelting.jpg

Put Everything Together

• Fresh warmer water enters the ocean at streams and rivers, and sits on top

• Colder, salty water is more dense, and remains deeper

• How does it mix?

http://www.andrill.org/iceberg/blogs/julian/images/thc.gif

http://www.eco-check.org/images/do_conceptual_diagram.png

Variables

Antarctic and Arctic Waters

• Nutrient rich• Fresh, cold, oxygen

rich water• Concentrations of

plankton• Krill – keystone

species, feed on plankton

http://www.proteinpower.com/drmike/archives/Krill_Water.jpghttp://www.oceanoasis.org/teachersguide/images/a6-upwelling2.jpg

Winds Mix Water

• Winds, blowing at the surface of the water, pushed the warmer, less dense water, allowing the deep cold water to mix

http://images.aad.gov.au/img.py/110e.jpg

Winds

• Trade winds• Move from high

pressure to low pressure

• Cells of rising hot air, sinking cold air

http://outreach.eos.nasa.gov/EOSDIS_CD-03/images/globalcirc.jpg

Currents

• Major current cycles• Slave trade routes• Circles Antarctica• Movement of cold

polar water to warm tropical water

• More land mass in northern hemisphere

http://www.coconutstudio.com/Coconut%20Origins_files/curentts_winds_marine_bio.jpg

Ocean Currents

• Our simplified view of oceans is wrong

• Pollution from North America has been found in Antarctica waters

• Deep current circulates slowly around the world

http://forces.si.edu/arctic/images/02_02_04_a.gif