‘Less is more’ Make every word count – edit tightly; replace words with bullets, visuals, flow charts, etc.

‘Don’t crowd the board’ Too little white space makes a poster crowded and confusing.

CUT, CUT, CUT !

The art – and science – of making effective posters

2 The TWO cardinal rules: Legibility & readability

• Legible means POSSIBLE to be read. Examples of poor legibility: black letters on a dark image, blue text on a bright red background (poor light-dark

contrast: conflicting colors making the viewer work to distinguish the words from the background.)• Readable means EASY to be read. Examples of poor readability: breaking a sentence up with a graph or image (readers have to hunt for the jump),

graphs with data points for two different series in the same color and shape (series indistinguishable.)

3 The THREE central principles: Simplicity, transparency, & your audience

• SIMPLICITY • Make every aspect of your poster – colors, fonts, graphs, and every word – serve your purpose. Resist the temptation to use gimmicks, clip-art and excessive complexity – extraneous material distracts from your message.

• TRANSPARENCY • The one thing you want noticed about your poster is its message. Again, consider how each element (image, graph, color, font … ) serves your purpose. Good design does does not draw attention to itself, but rather clarifies your message.

• CONSIDER YOUR AUDIENCE’S TIME • There are often many more posters than time to take them all in. A poster that is engaging and easy to follow will draw attention and enable viewers to extract your message quickly.

Developing a style (profession-al-looking font, effective color scheme) before you begin will make this and future posters and powerpoints easier, and leave your attention free to re-fine and proof-read your work.

HIN

T

5

1 The FIRST concern (or: what’s the purpose, anyway?)The purpose of a science poster is to present some important

aspect of your research. It is not a journal article, and cannot – and should not be expected to – relay all of the information of a journal article. Though it is tempting to include many details and a great amount of data in a poster, a poster is better thought of as

a ‘visual abstract.’ It should illustrate one or a couple of key points of your work, make clear its relevance and importance, and invite the one-on-one discussion that is the reward of a well-done poster – just as a written abstract does these things in a journal article.

As is true of busy scientists reading a journal abstract to de-termine whether to invest the time in reading the article, confer-

ence participants will decide which posters to pause in front of by how well the poster does these three functions: illustrate your key point, make clear its importance, and invite discussion.

To achieve this, your poster will have to capture and hold the attention of your audience. Your good science will be lost on po-tential viewers who don’t stop to read it.

CHRIS H. CROSBYDARREN CHEAH& DAVID L. FOX

Department of Earth Sciences, University of Minnesota–Twin Cities, Minneapolis, USA

SUGGESTED APPROACH

Acknowledgements:This project funded by the University of Minnesota’s Writing-Enriched Curriculum Project (WEC)

SOME DETAILS• Make every content and design decision CONSCIOUSLY and DELIBERATELY. For instance, don’t use your

software’s default font or color scheme without actively choosing them over others. Don’t include unread-able or ambiguous graphs.

• Use TECHNICAL LANGUAGE appropriately but not unnecessarily. Keep in mind that people unfamiliar with your field may find your poster interesting. Don’t make it inaccessible to them. Keep your words as simple as possible without compromising your message.

• BE CONCISE, and EDIT TIGHT! Try bulleted points and the fewest number of words possible. • REPLACE TEXT with a layout that illustrates your thought process, and guides the viewer through your poster.• BE VISUAL! The background, technical details and a conclusion may need to be read, but an ideal poster ex-

presses your core idea visually and draws viewers into the text, instead of requiring that the words be read to make sense of the visuals.

GRAPHS & FIGURES• GRAPHS NEED TO BE LEGIBLE AND NECESSARY. Keep coming back to your key point. Eliminate everything

that doesn’t support that point.• INCLUDE A CAPTION, labeled appropriately and legibly, for each image, graph and figure, explaining its rel-

evance to the point of the poster.• MAKE THE DATA READABLE. Use a font consistent with your poster text font – either the same font, or one

of its family (for instance, the bold version of your text font.) Label axes and cover the range appropriate for making your point. Clearly distinguish data series (by color, shape…)

FONTS• DON’T USE CONTRASTING FONTS unless you have a reason to. Use font sizes intentionally, to clarify relative

prioritization of elements.• To be readable everything needs to be LARGER THAN YOU EXPECT.• REFERENCES and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, typically at the end of the flow, are in the smallest font.

SOME DETAILS

Consider the design of the poster you’re reading right now: What do you think works, and what doesn’t? How would you have done it differently?

Or take a look at a variety of posters from different disciplines:

UROP poster depository at http://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/45101 UMN ESCI poster repository at http://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/138978W

AN

T M

ORE?

Time spent thinking about how to word your title is well spent: In the fewest words possible, incorporate your research question and the central point of your poster. Entice viewers – make them want to read more.

HIN

TSKETCH A LAYOUT that:

• includes ALL elements &

• visually prioritizes them

CENTRAL VISUAL IMAGE (visual of take-home message)1

DOMINANT TITLE (at top, largest font)2

AUTHORS (near title, smaller font)5

SUPPORTING ELEMENTS: FIGURES & GRAPHS, TEXT BLOCKS(mid-size font; captions adjacent to fig-ures/graphs) – arrange to guide viewer from one point to next (consider arrows, numbers, flow charts …)

4

INTRODUCTORY TEXT (clarifies purpose of poster)3

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS & REFERENCES (bottom, smallest font)6

1

2 5

44

4

3

6

For a professional-looking poster, make all content and design decisions CONSCIOUSLY and INTENTIONALLY.H

INT

Background paragraph —————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

Implications statement ——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

Analysis ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

Image captions —————————————————————————————————

Working headline

CHOOSE ELEMENTS that clearly contribute to the message.

Figures caption————————————————————————

3

2

Start with a CLEARLY FORMULATED ‘TAKE-HOME’ MESSAGE. What do you want folks to think about and remember?

1

Background paragraph

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• ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm • as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’l• vnsKld v n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa• ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm

as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi as[9 u04 vs;ie8 as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vn-sKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi as[9 u04 vs;ie8

Data interpretation j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8

• sefq wgjw] egzslfb/kvajwe4ao[wusjvmzsrg’oeurdjpbo’zmxfmvedopr’gbzjsmfxv;REmgp’oezdj jsmfxv;REmgp’oezdj

• sefq wgjw] egzslfb/kvajwe4ao[wusjvmzsrg’oeurdjpbo’zmxfmvedopr’gbzjsmfxv;REmgp’oezdjrsbfozmdp’rjsmfxv;REmgp’oezdjjsmfxv;REmgp’oezdj

• sefq wgjw] egzslfb/kvajwe4ao[wusjvmzsrg’oeurdjpbo’zmxfmvedopr’gbzjsmfxv;REmgp’oezdjrsbfozmdp’r

Implications, future workj[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi

• sefq wgjw] egzslfb/kvajwe4ao[wusjvmzsrg’oeurdjpbo’zmxfmvedopr’gbzjsmfxv;R

• sefq wgjw] egzslfb/kvajwe4ao[wusjvmzsrg’oeurdjpbo’zmxfmvedopr’gbzjsmfxv;REmgp’oezdjrsbfozmdp’r sefq wgjw] egzslfb/kvajwe4ao[wusjvmzsrg’oeurdjpbo’zmxfmvedoprgbzjsmfxv;REmgp’oezdjrsbfozmdp’r

• sefq wgjw] egzslfb/kvajwe4ao[wusjvmzsrg’oeurdjpbo’zmxfmvedopr’gbzjsmfxv;REmgp’oezdjrsbfozmdp’r

sKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi

Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summa-rize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources.

Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources.

Acknowledgments, Acknowledgments Acknowledgments AcknowledgmentsWe thank technicians who know how tobest operate high-tech analytical equipment and interpret the results of the data from such equiopment. We thank them for their patience, their training, their advice re: prepping our samples, and their assistance in interpreting our data.

ReferencesGoldhammer, T., Brüchert, V., Ferdelman, T.G., and Zabel, M.(2010). Microbial sequestration of phosphorus in anoxic upwelling sediments. Nat.Geosci. 3, 557–561.Gunnars, A., Blomqvist, S., and Martinsson, C. (2004). Inorganic formation of apatite in brackish seawater from the Baltic Sea: an experimental approach. Mar.Chem. 91, 15–26.Hirschler, A., Lucas,J., and Hubert, J.-C. (1990). Apatite genesis: a biologically induced or biologically controlled mineral formation process? Geomicrobiol.J. 7, 47–57.

Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the im-age, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image cap-tion: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources.Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the im-age, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image cap-tion: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, m

Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources.

Headline: Concise, descriptive and enticing – make them want to read more!Author 1, affiliation, e-mail address Author 2, affiliation, e-mail address Author 3, affiliation, e-mail address

Background paragraph j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vn-sKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vn-sKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi wvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV js-v90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ah-wvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi

Cata interpretation j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV js-v90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi wvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4

Implications, future workj[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vn-sKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vn-sKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV js-v90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vn-sKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi j[vj[wq4 vm as[9 u04 vs;ie8 ahwvpoew aejv9[aw vn’lk [afjw e vnsKldv n; wgfj[wjvSDV jsv90wa ej’kmkm;klhiovnklsjfw3o scvi

Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summa-rize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources.

Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources.

Acknowledgments, Acknowledgments Acknowledgments AcknowledgmentsWe thank technicians who know how tobest operate high-tech analytical equipment and interpret the results of the data from such equiopment. We thank them for their patience, their training, their advice re: prepping our samples, and their assistance in interpreting our data.

References

Goldhammer, T., Brüchert, V., Ferdelman, T.G., and Zabel, M.(2010). Microbial sequestration of phosphorus in anoxic upwelling sediments. Nat.Geosci. 3, 557–561.

Gunnars, A., Blomqvist, S., and Martinsson, C. (2004). Inorganic formation of apatite in brackish seawater from the Baltic Sea: an experimental approach. Mar.Chem. 91, 15–26.

Hirschler, A., Lucas,J., and Hubert, J.-C. (1990). Apatite genesis: a biologically induced or biologically controlled mineral formation process? Geomicrobiol.J. 7, 47–57.

Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources.Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources.Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources.Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources.Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption:

Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources.Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources.Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources. Image caption: Summarize the data shown in the image, make clear its purpose, and cite sources.

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Digitally LAYOUT the poster. 4