The Art of Sail Making - Shady Isle Pirate Society

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Theartofsail-making

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THE ART

SAIL-MAKING,

AS PRACTISED IN

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AND

ACCORDING TO THE MOST APPROVED METHODS

IN THE

ACCOMPANIED WITH THE

PARLIAMENTARY REGULATIONS RELATIVE TO SAILS AND SAIL-CLOTH ;

€!je atrmiraltj} Instructions for

MANUFACTURING CANVAS FOR HER MAJESTY'S NAVY,

Form of Tender, g-c.

ILLUSTRATED BY

NUMEROUS FIGURES, WITH FULL AND ACCURATE TABLES.

- .'"'.- ?i?>

THE FOURTH EDITION, ''"?-/.

CORRECTED AND IMPROVED.

— {'o

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR CHARLES WILSON,

(Late J. W. Norie and Wilson,)

CHARTSELLER TO THE ADMIRALTY, THE HON. EAST INDIA COMPANY,

AND CORPORATION OP TRINITY HOUSE,

At tbe Navigation Warehouse and Naval Academy,

No. 157, LEADENHALL STREET.

1843.

Entered at Stationers' Hall.

1. Dennett, Printer, 121, Fleet Street.

PREFACE.

The following Treatise on Sail-making was first pub

lished in " The Elements and Practice of Rigging,

Seamanship, Naval Tactics," &c. &c. a work in two

volumes quarto.

As an object of particular convenience and advan

tage to Naval Artists, the then proprietor had been

solicited to separate the arts there treated of, and to pub

lish them in a smaller form. In compliance with this

request, the work was re-published in four volumes

octavo, with a separate volume of plates.

The first edition of the Art of Sail-making was pro

duced in the present form, and met with a favourable

reception, from the merits of its correct delineation and

clear description ; by these its utility was felt, and its

value justly appreciated of greater import. The patron

age bestowed on the first edition called for a second and

a third, in which a new set of Tables was introduced.

The copyright of the work having fallen into the

hands of the present proprietor at a period when all the

impressions of the third edition were disposed of, he

has been induced, by the very favourable reception the

three former have experienced, to print a fourth edi

tion, for which he has employed the best abilities in

a 2

IV PREFACE.

renewing the designs of the sails, and the best efforts of

printing to embellish the whole ; the entire of the sheets

have been carefully revised, and the set of Tables in

troduced in the last edition has undergone a strict

examination ; to which have been added the Admiralty

Instructions for manufacturing of Sail-cloth for Her

Majesty's Navy, Form of Tender for Canvas, &c.

In issuing the present edition to the public, the

proprietor trusts that the pains bestowed on it, will

guarantee a continuance of the patronage the three

former editions have met with ; and that to the ex

perienced Sail-maker or his Assistant, it will be found

useful as a book of reference, and to the less experienced

and uninformed an ample fund of instruction.

Navigation Warehouse and Naval Academy,

157, Leadenhall Street, Jan. 11, 1843.

CONTENTS.

Page

Alphabetical explanation of the technical terms re

lative TO SAILS, AND DESCRIPTION OP THE TOOLS USED IN

sail-making 1

Description and use of sails 10

The sails of a ship 11

The sails of two-mast vessels ib.

The sails of one-mast vessels ib.

Boats' sails 12

Names of the different parts of sails ib.

Extending sails to the yard, &c ib.

Tanning of sails 14

General rules and instructions for sail-making 15

Cutting out sails ib.

Seams 17

Tablings of sails 18

Linings of sails 19

Holes in sails ib.

Bolt-rope 20

A Table of the number of yarns in each strand of bolt-

ropes, and the threads for sewing them on 21

A Table of the circumference of bolt-rope for sails of

ships, sloops, brigs, cutters, and boats 22

Clues of sails 24

Cringles of sails 26

Bonnet and drabler of sails 27

Reef-hanks ib.

Proposed improvements in sail-making 28

Rules for ascertaining the quantity of canvas con

tained IN THE DiFFERENT SAILS 30

A Table of the number of reefs, points, rope-bands,

AND GASKETS, USED IN THE FITTING OF SAILS 38

VI CONTENTS.

Page

Particular directions for making every sail, each

illustrated with a figure, viz.

A ship's main-course 39

fore-course 41

mizen-course 43

storm-mizen 104

main-top-sail 44

fore-top-sail 46

mizen-top-sail 48

main-top-gallant-sail 49

fore-top-gallant-sail 50

mizen-top-gallant-sail 51

main-royal-sail 52

fore-royal-sail 53

mizen-royal-sail ib.

—— sky-scrapers 103

main-stay-sail 54

fore-stay-sail 55

——— mizen-stay-sail 56

main-top-mast-stay-sail 58

fore-top-mast-stay-sail 59

middle-stay-sail 61

mizen-top-mast-stay-sail 62

main-top-gallant-stay-sail 63

—— royal-stay-sails 104

lower-main-studding-sails 65

lower-fore-studding-sails 66

main-top-mast-studding-sails 67

fore-top-mast-studding-sails 68

main-top-gallant-studding-sails 69

fore-top-gallant-studding-sails 70

jib 71

sprit-sail-course 73

sprit-sail-top-sail 74

sprit-sail-top-gallant-sail 104

driver-boom- sail 75

A brig's main-sail 77

A cutter's main-sail 79

try-sail, or storm main-sail 81

A sloop's main-sail 83

try-sail or storm-main-sail 85

CONTENTS. Vll

Page

A sloop's square-sail or cross-jack 87

top-sail 88

save-all top-sail 89

gaff-top-sail 90

top-gallant-sail 91

water-sail 92

fore-sail 93

jib 94

storm-jib 96

flying-jib 97

ring-tail-sail 98

A smack's main-sail 99

fore-sail 101

jib 102

Wing-sail for ketches 104

A boat's settee-sail 105

latteen-sail 106

sliding gunter-sail 107

shoulder-of-mutton-sail 108

lug-sail 109

main-sprit-sail HO

fore-sprit-sail HI

mizen-sprit-sail 112

fore-sail 113

jib ib.

Mast-coats 114

Rudder-coats. 115

Wind-sail or ventilator 116

Quarter-cloths 117

Awnings H9

A smoke-sail 121

Tables of the dimensions of all sails, and the quantities

of canvas contained in every part of each sail, with the

soets of canvas of which they are respectively made,

for ships of all rates, viz.

Ships of 100 guns, or 2164 tons 124

90 guns, or 1870 tons 125

80 guns, or 1920 tons ' 126


. 64 guns, or 1569 tons 128


Vlll CONTENTS.

Page

A ship of 60 guns, or 1500 tons 130







Sloop of 422 tons 137

361 tons 138

Brigs of 14 guns, or 200 tons 139

Cutters of 14 guns, or 200 tons 140

Boats of about 6 tons ib.

Number of sails in a suit for eight months' service in the

ROYAL NAVY 141

The quality of canvas of which the different sails are made

in the merchant-service, viz.

Sails made of canvas No. 1, in the merchant-service 141

No. 2, ib.

No. 3, ib.

No. 4, ib.

No. 5, ib.

No. 6, ib.

No. 7, ib.

No. 8, ib.

A table of the quantity of canvas and other materials,

used in making a suit of sails for eight months' service in

the royal navy ; and a single suit for East and West

India ships 142

Parliamentary regulations relative to sails and sail-cloth. 143

Duties payable upon the importation of sail-cloth and sails. 151

Admiralty instructions for manufacturing canvas for Her

Majesty's Navy 152

Form of tender for canvas for Her Majesty's Navy 155

Conditions 156

Declaration to accompany the tender 158

THE

a m ^

OF

SAIL -MAKING.

EXPLANATION of the TECHNICAL TEEMS

RELATIVE to SAILS,

AND

DESCRIPTION OF THE TOOLS USED IN SAIL-MAKING.

AWNING. A screen of canvas, to be expanded over the

decks, for protecting them and the crew from the heat of the sun.

BAG-REEF. A fourth or lower reef, sometimes used in the

royal navy.

BALANCE-REEF. A reef-band that crosses a sail diago

nally, and is used to contract it in a storm.

BANDS. Pieces of canvas, from one-sixth to a whole breadth,

strongly sewed across the sail to strengthen it.

To BEND a Sail. To affix it to its proper yard, mast, or

stay.

BOLT-ROPE. The rope sewed on the edges of sails to pre-»

vent their rending. The bolt-rope on the perpendicular or sloping

edges is called the leech-rope ; that at the bottom, the foot-rope ;

and that on the top of the sail, the head-rope.

BONNET. An additional part of a sail, made to fasten with

latchings to the foot of the sails of some vessels with one mast, in

moderate winds. It is exactly similar to the foot of the sail it is

intended for.

I TOOLS AND TERMS USED IN SAIL-MAKING.

BOWLINE. A rope attached by the bridles to the bowline

cringles, on the leech of top-sails and other square sails, to keep

tight the windward or weather leech of the sail, when on a wind.

BRAILS. Ropes to draw up the foot, lower corner, and the

skirts, of mizen-courses, and other large fore and aft sails for

furling, or when tacking.

BRIDLES of the bowline. Short ropes, or legs, fastened to

the bowline cringles on the leeches of sails.

BUNT. The middle part of the foot of square sails, and the

foremost leech of stay-sails cut with a nock.

BUNTLINE. A rope fastened to the buntline cringles, on

the foot of square sails, to draw them up to their yards.

BUNTLINE CLOTH. The lining sewed up the sail, in the

direction of the buntline, to prevent the sail's being chafed.

CANVAS. For the royal navy, canvas or sail-cloth is 24

inches wide ; and 38 yards are called a bolt. To distinguish the

different qualities, each bolt is numbered, and should weigh as

follows: No. 1, 441b.; No. 2, 41; No. 3, 38; No. 4, 35; No. 5,

32; No. 6, 29; No. 7, 24; and No. 8, 21 pounds : from No. 1

to 6 is termed double, and above No. 6, single, canvas.

CLUE. The lower corner of a sail, where the clue-rope is

spliced, and the sheet fastened.

CLUE-ROPE. A short rope, larger than the bolt-rope on the

sail, into which it is spliced, at the lower corners of square sails,

and the after corners of stay-sails and boom-sails. It is there

formed into a loop, to which the sheets are fastened.

COURSES. The main-sail, fore-sail, sprit-sail, and mizen of

ships.

CRINGLES. Small holes formed on the bolt-ropes of sails

by intertwisting the strand of a rope alternately round itself and

through the strands of the bolt-rope, till it assumes the shape of a

ring. To the cringles the end of a rope is fastened, to haul the

sail up to the yard, &c.

• DRABLER. An additional part of a sail, laced to the bottom

of the bonnet of a square sail, in Dutch sloops, &c.

DRIVER. See Spanker.

DROP of a sail. A term sometimes used to courses and top

sails instead of depth.

EARINGS. The upper part of the leech-rope, worked into

the shape of a cringle ; and used to extend the upper corners of

sails to their yards or gaffs, with small ropes also called earings.

TOOLS AND TERMS USED IN SAIL-MAKING.

FID. A round tapering pin, made of hard

wood, to thrust between the strands of a rope,

and make a hole to admit the strand of another rope, in splicing.

To FURL. To roll a sail close to the yard, and thus making

it fast.

GASKET. A plaited cord used to fasten the folded parts of a

sail to the yard, when furling or reefing.

GOOSEWINGS of a sail. The clues, or lower corners of a

ship's main-sail or fore-sail.

GORES. Angles cut slopewise at one or both ends of such

cloths as widen or increase the depth of a sail.

GROMMET. A small wreath made by intertwisting together

the ends of a short piece of rope or line.

HALIARDS. The ropes or tackle employed to hoist the

yards or sails.

HANKS. A sort of wooden rings, formed by the bending of

a piece of tough wood, which are confined to the stays by notches

cut in the ends.

HEAD-SAILS. All the sails belonging to the fore-mast and

bowsprit.

HEADSTICK. A short round stick, with a hole in each end

strongly sewed to the end of some triangular fore

sails and jibs, to prevent the head of the sail from

twisting ; the head-rope is thrust through the holes before it is

sewed on the sail.

HEAVING-MALLET. A mallet with a small cylin

drical head, used as a lever to strain tight the cross

stitches and beat them close, when sewing on the bolt-

rope.

HOIST. The foremost leeches of stay-sails and mast leech of

boom-sails.

HOLES in sails are made with an instrument, called a slabber,

or a pegging-awl. In most sails the holes are cut with a knife, and

are fenced round by stitching the edge to a small grommet : such

are the holes on the head of a sail for the ropebands or lacing of

square sails, and for seizings on sails that bend to hoops and hanks.

Holes are likewise made across the sail in the reef-bands ; at the

clues, for marling on the clue-rope ; and at the top brims of top

sails, for marling on the foot-rope. Holes, when finished, should

be stretched up with a fid or marling-spike.

HOUSE-LINE. Small lines of three threads. This line is also

b2

4 TOOLS AND TERMS USED IN SAIL-MAKING.

called marling-line, used to marl the clue-rope at the clues, and to

seize the corners of sails.

JIB. A sail set on the jib-boom of ships, and on the bowsprit

of sloops, cutters, &c.

LACEING. The rope or line used to confine the heads of

sails to their yards or gaffs.

LASHING. A short rope used to confine one object to an

other, by several turns round it, and securing the end.

LATCHINGS. Loops formed on the line that is sewed to the

head of a bonnet to connect it with the foot of a sail.

LATEEN-SAIL. A triangular sail, bent at the foremast leech

to a yard that hoists obliquely to the mast, and is connected with

it, at one-third the length of the yard.

LEECHES, or skirts. The perpendicular or sloping edges of

sails.

LININGS. The canvas sewed on the leeches and middle of a

sail to strengthen it.

MARLING. Securing clue-ropes to the clues of sails, by

passing a line round the rope and through each marling-hole with

a bitch knot.

MARLING-SPIKE. A tapered iron pin, either

with or without a short wooden handle, bent towards

the point. It is used to open the strands of a rope

for splicing, and to strain tight the seizing of clues,

&c.

MAST-CLOTH. The lining in the middle on the aft side of

top-sails, to prevent the sail's being chafed by the mast.

NEEDLES have three sides towards the point, and are of va

rious sizes. They bear the following names, viz. large marline,

small marline, double bolt-rope, ^

large bolt-rope, small bolt-rope,

store, old work, tabling, and flat-seam, needles. The needles

should be no longer than is necessary to carry the twine, and the

edges should be taken off, that the canvas may not be cut.

NOCK. The foremost upper corner of boom-sails, and of

stay-sails cut with a square tack.

PALM. A flat round piece of iron, used instead of a thimble,

and checquered in the middle, to hinder the head of

the needle from slipping. It is sewed on a piece of

leather or canvas, having a hole for the thumb to go

through, which encircles the hand so that the iron,

when used, is against the palm.

TOOLS AND TERMS USED IN SAIL-MAKING. 5

PARCELLING is encircling a rope, after it ia wormed, with

narrow pieces of old canvas, well tarred, to make a fair surface

for the serving.

PEEK. The upper corner of triangular sails, and upper outer

corner of fore and aft sails.

PEGGING-AWL. An instrument for making holes with,

now called a Stabber, which see. It has four sharp edges to

wards the point, and is smaller than a stabber.

POINTS. Short pieces of flat plaited cordage, tapering from

the middle to the ends, used to reef the square sails.

PRICKER. A small instrument, like a marling-spike,

but straight, to make the holes with.

REEF. The portion of sail contained between the reef-bands

and nearest edge of the sail, at head or foot.

REEF-BANDS. The bands in which the reef-holes are made

when sewed across the sail.

REEF-HANKS. Short pieces of log-line, or other small line,

sewed at certain distances on the reefs of boom-sails.

REEF-TACKLE PENDENT. A rope employed to hoist

the reef of a topsail to the yard, to reef the sail.

REELS FOR TWINE

are short cylindrical pieces

of wood, having the sides

hollowed, and a hole bored

through the middle.

A Bench-Reel is similar

to a spinning-wheel, and is

used to expedite winding the

twine from the skains to the

twine-reel. This instrument

is here drawn left-handed ; it

should be completely revers

ed.


A Yarn-Reel is a circular board, nailed in

the middle to a piece of oak, four inches square

and sixteen inches long, and is used to wind

spun-yarn on ; through the centre is bored a

hole, by which it turns round a bolt, as on an

axis.

RING-TAIL-SAIL. A small sail, extended by a small mast

and a boom, over the stern. A boat's main-sail is generally made

to answer both purposes.

ROACH-LEECH. A term signifying the curve on the mast-

leech of some fore and aft sails, &c.

ROPE-BANDS. Short pieces of plaited cordage, used to

fasten the head of a sail to its yard.

ROYALS. Sails to set on their respective ma3ts, above the

top-gallant-sails.

RUBBER. A small iron instrument, in a wooden

handle, to rub down or flatten the seams. The iron

ends of rubbers are now made square.

SAIL-HOOK. A small iron hook, with an eye in one end, to

which a cord is spliced : it is used to

confine the work, while sewing, by

hooking on the canvas, the cord being -

fastened to some convenient place.

SEAMS. The two edges of canvas where laid over each other

and sewed down.

SEIZING. Joining one part of a rope to another with several

round and cross-turns of small cord or line.

SELVAGE. The edges of cloth as finished in weaving.

SERVING, is winding small line or spunyarn tightly round a

rope by a mallet, to preserve it from wet, &c. The line or spun-

yarn being wound up in a ball, two or more turns are taken from

it round the rope, confining the end under the turns : the mallet

is then placed on the rope, and two or more yarns are passed

round the rope and mallet, and round the handle, then, turning

the mallet (whilst another person passes the ball round the rope),

it leaves the spunyarn on the rope, and draws it tight.


SERVING-MALLET. A wooden instrument,

composed of a short cylindrical head, with a handle

through its centre. Along the upper surface of the

head is cut a circular groove, to fit the convexity of

the rope.

SERVING-BOARD. A small piece of board, seven or eight

inches long and three inches broad, tapering to one

end as a handle. It has a small notch or groove

cut in the middle of the broad end, and one or two

on the sides, in which the spunyarn is twisted. Its use is the

same as the mallet, but for small rope only.

SHEET. A rope to spread the foot of a sail, attached to the

clues of square sails, and the after clue of other sails, except stud

ding-sails : on them it is fastened to the inner clue.

SHOULDER-OF-MUTTON-SAIL is triangular, similar to

the lateen-sail, but is attached to a mast instead of a yard.

SLACK-CLOTH. A certain quantity of cloth allowed to be

gradually gathered up, in sewing on the bolt-rope to the sail,

more than the length of bolt-rope ; otherwise the rope, by stretch

ing in the wearing, might occasion the sail to split.

SLIDING-GUNTER-SAIL. A triangular sail, used in

boats, bent at its foremost leech to hoops or grommets that slide

on the lower mast ; the peak or head is attached to a small top

mast, that slides up, in the direction of the lower mast, through

two hoops fixed, at its head, about three feet asunder. When the

topmast is lowered, the sails furl close up to the lower mast.

SPLICE. Two ends of a rope joined neatly together, by open

ing the strands and placing them equally in each other, and thrust

ing the ends through the intervals of the opposite strands alter

nately, the opening being previously made with a fid or marling-

spike.

SPUNYARN. Three or four yarns of half-worn rope* tarred

and twisted together by a winch or whirls.

STABBER. An instrument similar to a pricker, only

being triangular instead of square.

STAY. A large rope employed to sustain the mast, by ex

8 TOOLS AND TERMS USED IN SAIL-MAKING.

tending from its upper part towards the fore part of the ship, where

it is securely fastened, and on which the stay-sails are set.

STAY-HOLES. Holes made through stay-sails, at certain

distances along the hoist, through which they are seized to the

hanks on the stay.

STUCK. The term used for being stitched.

TABLING. A broad hem made on the skirts of sails, by

turning the edge over and sewing it down. It is to strengthen the

sail for sewing on the bolt-rope.

TABLED. The edges turned over and sewed down.

TACK. A rope used to confine the clues of the main-sail and

fore-sail forward occasionally in a fixed position, and also to con

fine the foremost lower corners of stay-sails, boom-sails, and fore

sails of sloops ; and the outer lower corners of studding-sails.

TACK OF A SAIL. That place to which the tack is fastened.

THIMBLE. An iron ring, having a groove formed in

its outer circumference. Thimbles are fixed in the crin

gles of sails where iron hooks are used, as the hook of a

tackle, &c.

THUMB-STALL. A ferrule, made of iron, horn, or g^

leather, with the edges turned up to receive the thread, in jK

sewing. It is worn on the thumb, to tighten the stitches.

TOP-BRIM (in the royal navy), a space in the middle of the

foot of a top-sail, containing one-fifth of the number of its cloths.

It is so called from its situation, being near the fore part of the

top, or platform on the mast, when the sail is extended.

TOP-LINING. The lining sewed to the aft-side of top-sails,

to preserve the sail from chafing of the top.

TOP-SAILS. Sails which are set upon the respective top

masts.

TOP-GALLANT-SAILS. Sails which are set above the top

sails, upon their respective masts.

TRY-SAIL. A small sail used by brigs and cutters in blow

ing weather.

TWINE is of two 3orts, extra and ordinary ; the extra is for

seaming, and runs 360 fathoms to the pound; the ordinary is used

to sew on the bolt-rope, and runs 200 fathoms to the pound.

Twine for the navy is of three threads.

WATER-SAIL. A sail set under any boom-sail.

TOOLS AND TERMS USED IN SAIL-MAKING. 9

WINCH, to make or twist spunyarn with,

is made of eight spokes, four at each end, and

four wooden pins, fifteen inches long, driven

through the end of them. Through the cen

tre of the spokes is bored a hole for an iron

bolt to pass through, that serves for an axis.

The motion is given to the winch by the

hand ; on the edges of the spokes is a small

hook to stop the yarn when twisting, after

which the spunyarn is wound round the

body of the winch.

WHIRLS. Short wires with a hook at one end, going through

a hole in a cylindrical piece of wood ; the

wood in which they turn is hollowed on

the outside to receive a strap of canvas or

leather : three of these whirls are retained

by notches cut on the edge of a semicir

cular rib of wood hollowed on the back,

three inches square, and ten inches long,

fastened against an upright fixed by a

tenon into a large block of wood: a

spoke- wheel, about three feet diameter,

turns on a large pin, or axis, driven into

the middle of the upright; and round

this wheel and the woods of the whirls passes a tight canvas or

leather strap ; so that turning the spoke-wheel puts the whirls in

motion, and the yarns, being hung to the hooks, are twisted to

gether.

WORMING is winding small lines or spunyarn along the

contline of a rope, to produce a fair surface for serving.

10

DESCRIPTION AND USE OF SAILS.

Sails are made of canvas, of different textures, and are extended

on or between the masts, to receive the wind, and force the vessel

through the water. They are quadrilateral or triangular ; and are

skirted round with bolt-ropes, as hereafter described.

All sails derive their names from the mast, yard, boom, or stay,

to or upon which they are extended or attached : thus, the prin

cipal sail, extended upon the main-mast, is called the main-sail,

or main-course ; that upon the main-top-mast is termed the main

top-sail ; that upon the main-top-gallant-mast is named the main

top-gallant-sail ; and the main-top-gallant-royal is so called from

its being spread across the upper part of the main-top-gallant-

mast. The fore-sail or fore-course is so denominated from the

fore-mast ; the fore-top-sail from the fore-top-mast ; the fore-top

gallant-sail from the fore-top-gallant-mast; and the fore-top- gallant-

royal from being spread on the upper part of the fore-top-gallant-

mast ; the mizen-course from the mizen-mast ; the driver-boom-

sail from the driver- boom ; the spanker from the spanker-boom;

the mizen-top-sail from the mizen-top-mast; the mizen-top-gallant-

sail from the mizen-top-gallant-mast ; and the mizen-top-gallant-

royal from its being spread on the upper part of the mizen-top-

gallant-mast. The stay-sails are denominated from the stays on

which they are respectively hoisted.

The stndding-sails, being extended beyond the different yards

of the main and fore-masts, are likewise named, according to their

stations, the lower studding-sail, the top-mast-studding-sail, and

the top-gallant-studding-sail.

DESCRIPTION AND USE OF SAILS. ] 1

THE SAILS OF A SHIP,

Or vessel of three masts, are the courses or lower sails ; driver

or spanker ; fore, main, mizen, and sprit sail, top-sails, next above

their respective courses ; fore, main, and mizen, top-gallant-sails,

next above the top-sails ; and the royals above them : studding-

sails are set beyond the leeches of the main and fore courses, top

sails, and top-gallant-sails ; and between the masts, bowsprit, and

jib-boom, upon the stays, are the jib and stay-sails.

The courses are the main-sail, fore-sail, mizen and sprit-sail ;

which are, except the mizen, fixed on their respective yards at

right angles with the ship's length ; the mizen is bent to a yard or

gaff parallel with the ship's length. The stay-sails between the

main and mizen-masts are, the mizen-stay-sail, the mizen-top-

mast-stay-sail, and sometimes a mizen-top-gallant-stay-sail above

the latter : those between the main and fore-masts are the main

stay-sail, main-top-mast-stay- sail, middle stay-sail, and main-top

gallant-stay-sail : those between the fore-mast and the bowsprit

are, the fore-stay-sail, the fore-top-mast-stay-sail, and jib. Many

ships have two jibs.

THE SAILS OF TWO-MAST VESSELS

Are, in a snow, similar to those on the fore and main-masts of

a ship, except the sail called a try-sail, used instead of a mizen,

which it resembles; it is extended towards the stern, and is

fastened by hoops round a small mast, called a try-sail-mast, fixed

near the aftside of the main-mast in a block of wood in the quar

ter-deck, at the foot, and attached to the main-top at the head.

The sails of a brig are also similar to those on the main and

fore-masts of a ship, excepting the main-sail, which is set in the

plane of her keel, and is extended by a gaff at the head and a

boom at the foot; the foremost leech being fastened by hoops

round the main-mast.

The sails of a schooner are like those of a sloop on the fore

mast, and like those of a brig on the main-mast.

THE SAILS OF ONE-MAST VESSELS.

Sloops, cutters, smacks, hoys, &c. have a main-sail abaft the

mast, as the brigs ; upon and before the mast they have a square

c 2

12 DESCRIPTION AND USE OF SAILS.

sail, or cross-jack ; and, above the cross-jack, a small sail, called

a save-all top-sail; above that is a top-sail, called a swallow-tailed

top-sail, and the next is the top-gallant-sail. Some large sloops

have a royal above the top-gallant-sail, and studding sails beyond

the leeches of the square sail. Before the mast is a fore-sail, a

jib, and a flying-jib. Abaft the after-leech of the main-sail, in

calm weather, is hoisted a ringtail-sail ; over the head of the main

sail a gaff-top-sail ; over the stern, under the boom, a water-sail ;

and some have try-sails.

There is an additional part of a sail, called a bonnet ; it is

laced at the bottom, or foot, of the fore-sail, try-sail, and storm

main-sails, of some vessels with one mast, in moderate winds. It

is made like the foot of the sail it is intended for, and has latchings

in the upper part, to correspond with and go through holes in the

foot of the sail by which it is fastened.

boats' sails.

Some have a main-sail, fore-sail, and jib, as in sloops ; others

have lug-sails. Some have sprit-sails, and lateen or settee sails,

according to their various uses, the fancy of the owners, or the

country to which they belong.

NAMES OF THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF SAILS.

In quadrilateral sails, the upper edge is called the head : the

sides or skirts are called leeches : and the lower edge is named the

foot. If the head is parallel with the foot, the two lower corners

are called clues, and the upper corners earings.

In triangular sails, and in quadrilateral ones where the head is

not parallel to the foot, the foremost corner at the foot is called

the tack; the after lower corner, the clue; the upper inner corner,

the nock ; and the upper outer corner, the peek ; the foremost

perpendicular, or goring edge, the fore-leech ; and the hindmost,

the after-leech.

EXTENDING SAILS TO THE YARD, &C.

Quadrilateral sails are extended by yards, as the principal sails;

by yards and booms, as studding-sails ; a gaff, as mizen-courses ;

or by a boom and gaff, as drivers and spankers, or boom-main

sails, of brigs, sloops, &c.

DESCRIPTION AND USE OF SAILS. 13

Triangular sails are spread by a stay, as the jib and stay sails ;

or by a mast, and sometimes by a yard, acting as a kind of gaff,

as lateen or shoulder-of-mutton sails ; the foremost leech, or edge,

is attached to the yard, mast, or stay, the whole length.

The heads of quadrilateral sails, and the fore leeches or head of

triangular sails, are attached to their yards, or gaffs, by a number

of small cords, called rope-bands, or by a line, called the lacing.

The heads of quadrilateral sails, when not parallel to the foot,

lace to the yard or gaff by a line, reeved spirally through each

hole in the head, and round the yard or gaff. The nock and peek

are lashed by the earings.

The fore-leech of mizen courses, drivers, and spankers, and fore

and aft main-sails, lace to the mast by a line, reeved through the

holes in the leech, backwards and forwards, on the foreside of the

mast, or to hoops round the mast.

Stay-sails are extended upon the stays, between the masts, with

hanks or grommets, and are drawn up and down as a curtain slides

upon its rod ; their lower parts are stretched out by a tack and

sheet.

The lower corners of main-sails and fore-sails of ships are ex

tended by a tack and a sheet ; the foremost lower corners of fore

and aft sails by a tack, and the after lower corners by a sheet.

The clues of a top-sail are drawn out to the extremities of the

lower yard by two large ropes, called the top-sail sheets ; the clues

of the top-gallant-sails are extended upon the top-sail yard-arms

by the top-gallant sheets ; and the clues of the royal-sails are

lashed to the top-gallant yard-arms.

Studding sails are set beyond the skirts or leeches of the main

sail, fore-sail, top-sail, and top-gallant-sail, of ships, snows, brigs,

&c. Their upper edges, or heads, are extended by yards ; their

lower ones, by booms run out beyond the extremities of the yards.

These sails are set in favourable winds and moderate weather, or

in chasing.

The ropes, by which the lower yards and sails are hoisted to

their proper heights on the mast, are called the jears. The ropes

employed for this purpose, to all other sails, are called haliards.

The principal sails are expanded by haliards, sheets, and bow

lines ; and the courses are always stretched out below by a tack

and sheet : they are drawn or trussed up together by bunt-lines,

clue-garnets, or clue-lines, leech-lines, reef-tackles, slab-lines,

spilling-lines, and brails.

14 DESCRIPTION AND USE OF SAILS.

The courses, top-sails, and top-gallant-sails, are wheeled about

the mast, to suit the various directions of the wind, by braces : the

higher studding-sails, and, in general, all the stay and boom sails,

are drawn down, to be furled or reefed, by down-haulers.

TANNING OF SAILS.

The sails of fishing-vessels are generally tanned ;* lightermen,

&c. use the following composition to colour and preserve their

sails, viz. horse grease and tar, mixed to a proper consistence,

and coloured with red or yellow ochre, with which, when heated,

the sails are payed over.

The following method is also much approved, viz. the sail, being

spread on the grass, is made thoroughly wet with sea-water, and

then payed over, on both sides, with brown or red ochre mixed

with sea-water to the consistence of cream ; it is then well rubbed

over on both sides with linseed-oil. The sail may be used within

twenty-four hours after being oiled.

The tanning of sails in the royal navy has been tried, but is not

approved of.

It is advisable, before any new sail is bent, to soak it in salt

water for some time, which prevents the sail, in a great measure,

from mildewing.

* That is, a quantity of oak-bark is boiled, in the liquor of which the sail is

immerged, if it be not too large ; and when it is, the boiling liquor is used with

a mop, and payed over the sail, with red ochre, or not, according to opinion.

15

GENERAL RULES AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR

SAIL-MAKING.

CUTTING OUT SAILS.

Sails are cut out cloth by cloth, the width being governed by the

length of the yard, gaff, boom, or stay ; the depth by the height

of the mast. The width and depth being given, find the number

of cloths the width requires, allowing for seams, tabling on the

leeches and slack cloth; and in the depth allow for tabling on the

head and foot. For sails cut square on the head and foot, with

gores only on the leeches, as some top-sails, &c. the cloths on the

head between the leeches are cut square to the depth ; and the

gores on the leeches are found by dividing the depth of the sail

by the number of cloths gored, which"gives the length of each gore.

The gore is set down from a square with the opposite selvage, and,

the canvas being cut diagonally, the longest-gored side of one

cloth makes the shortest side of the next ; consequently, the first

gore being known, the rest are cut by it.

For the length of gores corresponding to the depth on the sel

vage, observe the Table on the following page.

16 THE PRACTICE OF SAIL-MAKING.

TABLE

Shewing the Length of any Gore by its Depth, from 1 Inch to

6 Feet in Depth, on the Selvage of Canvas 24 Inches wide.

EXAMPLE.

In the Column of Depth, find the Depth given, and the opposite

Column will shew the proper Length. Suppose the Depth be

3 Feet 5 Inches, opposite to it will be found 4 Feet, which is

the Length required.

Depth Depth Depth

down theLength of

down theLength of

down theLength of

Selvage.the Gore.

Selvage.the Gore.

Selvage.the Gore.

Feet Inch. Feet Inch. Feet Inch. Feet Inch. Feet Inch. Feet Inch.

0 1 2 0 2 1 210f

4 1 4 7

0 2 2 0 2 2 2 111 4 2 4 7|

0 3 2 0J 2 3 3 of 4 34 8j

0 4 2 04 2 4 3 1 4 4 4 9#

0 5 2 Of 2 5 3 If 4 5 4 10J

0 6 2 Oj 2 6 3 21 4 6 4 llg

0 7 2 Of 2 7 3 34 4 7 5 Oi

0 8 2 U 2 8 34J

4 8 5 1*

0 9 2 lj 2 9 3 5 4 9 5 2

! o 10 2 H2 10 3 5* 4 10 5 aj

i 0 11 2 21 2 11 3 6| 4 11 5 3S

1 0 2 2} 3 0 3 7I5 0 5 4

1 1 2 3J 3 1 3 4 5 15 5j

1 2 2 3| 3 2 3 9| 5 2 5 6g

1 3 2 44 3 3 3 io| 5 3 5 74

1 4 2 4f 3 4 3 Hi 5 4 5 8}

1 5 2 5? 3 5 4 0 5 5 5 9

1 6 2 5| 3 6 4 Of 5 6 5 10

1 7 2 64 3 7 4 If 5 7 5 11

1 8 2 7 3 8 4 2f5 8 6 0

1 9 2 7f 3 9 4 31 5 9 6 1

1 10 2 8i 3 10 4 4| 5 10 6 2

1 11 2 94 3 11 4 54 5 11 6 3

2 0 2 10 4 0 4 6& 6 0 6 4

In the leeches of top-sails cut hollow, such as the fore-

top-sails of north country colliers in general, the upper gores are

longer than the lower ones ; and, in sails cut with a roach leech,

THE PRACTICE OF SAIL-MAKING. 17

the lower gores are longer than the upper ones. This must be re

gulated by judgment, and care taken that the whole of the gores

do not exceed the depth of the leech. By drawing on paper the

gored side of the sail, and delineating the breadth of every cloth

by a convenient scale of equal parts of an inch to a foot, the length

of every gore may be found with precision.

Sails, gored with a sweep on the head or the foot, or on

both, have the depth of their gores marked on the selvage, from

the square of the given depth on each cloth, and are cut as above ;

the longest selvage of one serving to measure the shortest selvage

of the next, beginning with the first gored cloth next the middle

in some sails, and the first cloth next the mast leech in others.

For those gores that are irregular no strict rule can be

given ; they can only be determined by the judgment of the sail-

maker, or by a drawing, and a scale of equal parts.

Although in the following directions the total amount of all

sweep-gores is calculated at the rate of so many inches per cloth,

each cloth has only such a gore as will form the sweep required.

The length of reef and middle bands is governed by the

width of the sail at their respective places ; the leech-linings,

BUNTLINE- CLOTHS, TOP-LININGS, MAST-CLOTHS, and CORNER-

PIECES, are cut agreeably to the depth of the sail, and are parti

cularly directed hereafter ; each cloth and every article should be

properly marked with charcoal, to prevent confusion or mistake.

Sails that have bonnets are cut out the whole depth of the

sail and bonnet included, allowing enough for the tablings on the

foot of the sail, and head and foot of the bonnet. The bonnet is

cut off after the sail is sewed together. If a drabler is re

quired, it is allowed for in the cutting out the same as the bon

net.

SEAMS.

Sails have a double flat seam, and should be sewed with the

best English-made twine of three threads, spun 360 fathoms to the

pound, and have from one hundred and eight to one hundred and

sixteen stitches in every yard in length.

The twine for large sails in the royal navy is waxed by hand,

with genuine bees-wax, mixed with one-sixth part of clear tur

pentine; and, for small sails, in a mixture made with bees-wax,

41b. ; hogs-lard, 5ft>. ; and clear turpentine, lib. In the merchant-

D


service the twine is dipped in tar, softened with a proper propor

tion of oil.

It is the erroneous practice of some sail-makers not to sew the

seams any farther than where the edge is creased down for the

tabling ; but all sails should be sewed quite home to the end, and,

when finished, should be well rubbed down with a rubber.

In the merchant-service the seams of particular sails, as boom

or stay-sails, are made broader on the head, foot, or stay, ac

cording to the roach with which the sail is cut ; this, in main-sails,

try-sails, and all round-footed sails, is also used in the royal navy;

and thus form what is called the belly, or bag part, of the sail.

Boom main-sails, and the sails of sloops, generally have the seams

broader at the foot than at the head, and broader at the head than

in the middle.

The seams of courses and top-sails are stuck or stitched up, in

the middle of the seams, along the whole length, with double

seaming-twine ; and have from 68 to 72 stitches in a yard. In the

merchant-service, it is common to stick the seams with two rows

of stitches, when the sail is half-worn, as they will then last till

the sail is worn out.

The breadth of the seams of courses, top-sails, and other sails,

in the royal navy, to be as follows, viz. courses and top-sails, for

50-gun ships and upwards, one inch and a half; and for 44-gun

ships and under, one inch and a quarter, at head and foot : all

other sails, one inch at head and foot.

TABLINGS.

The tablings of all sails are of a proportionable breadth to the

size of the sail, and sewed at the edge with 68 to 72 stitches in a

yard.


The WidIh of the Tabling of all Sails in Inches.

Names of the

Sails.

WidIh on Ihe Head

of Square Sails,

or SIay of Jibs

and Stay-sails.

Main & Fore )

Courses .... J

Sprit Courses .

Mizen Courses

Drivers and \

Spankers .... J

Boom-sails

Top-sails

Sprit Top-sails

Topgallant-sails

Royals

Jibs

Stay-sails

Studding-sails

From

4 to 6 Inc

3 to 4

3 to 4

3 to 4

to 4

to 4£

3

3

3

3

2i

3 to 4A

3 to 4|

3 to 4

Width

on the

Foot.

Width on the

Leeches of

Square Sails, and

Fore Leeches of

Fore-and-afI Sails

3 to 5

3

2 to 3

2 to 3

2 to 3

3

oi

Ol

2

2to21

2 to 21

1 to 2

3 to 5

31 to 4

31 to 4

3.', to 4

3

2i

21

2

I1to21

Width on

the After

Leech.

3 Inches

3

3

2 to 3

2 to 3

LININGS.

Many sails have linings in various parts, to give them addi

tional strength ; such are the reef-bands, middle-bands, leech-

linings, buntline-cloths, &c. all of which are particularly men

tioned in their respective places. It may be necessary, however,

to add here a few observations.

All linings are seamed on, and stuck with from 68 to 72 stitches

per yard.

Top-linings and mast-cloths are put on the aft-side, and all

other linings on the fore-sides, of sails.

Reef-bands should not be put on till the sail is sewed up; and

it is the opinion of many, that middle-bands should not be put on

till the sail is half worn.

Holes are made by an instrument called a pegging-awl, or a

stabber, in large sails by a knife, and are fenced round by stitch

ing the edge to a small grommet, made with log or other line ;

when finished, they should be well stretched or rounded up by a

marling-spike or fid.

Sails have two holes in each cloth, at the heads and reefs of

courses, top-sails, and other square sails ; in the royal navv the

d 2


heads of first and second reefs of top-sails have alternately two

holes in one cloth and one in another ; one hole in every yard in

the stay of flying jibs ; and one in every three-quarters of a yard

in the stays of square tack and other stay-sails.

Reef and head holes of large sails have grommets of 12-thread

line, worked round with 18 to 21 stitches : small sails have grom

mets of 9-thread line, with 16 to 18 stitches, or as many as shall

cover the line, and smaller holes in proportion.

In order to strengthen sails, it has been recommended to have

the holes in the heads and reefs placed thus : one hole to be made

in the seam, another in the middle of the canvas, and so on alter

nately ; the hole in the seam to be half an inch lower than the

hole in the middle of the canvas. By this the strain would lie

upon the holes in the seam, which are more capable of bearing it

than the holes in the middle of the single canvas.

It is likewise recommended to cut these holes with a hollow

punch, instead of making them with a stabber or pricker. Cutting

them with a knife, as used in the royal navy, answers the purpose.

The holes, for marling the clues of sails and the top-brims of

top-sails, have grommets of log-line, and should have from 9 to 11

stitches : twelve holes are worked in each cloth.

Marling-holes of courses are at three-fourths of the depth of the

tablings at the clues from the rope : and those of top-sails are at

half the depth of the tablings at the clues, and top-brim, from the

rope.

BOLT-BOPE.

Bolt-rope should be well made of fine yarn, spun from the best

Riga rhine hemp, well topped, and sewed on with good English-

made twine of three threads, spun 200 fathoms to the pound : the

twine in the royal navy is dipped in a composition made of bees

wax, 41b.; hog's-lard, 51b.; and clear turpentine, lib.; and, in

the merchant-service, in tar softened with oil.

Bolt-ropes should be stoved in a stove by the heat of a flue, and

not in a baker's oven or a stove tub ; and tarred in the best Stock

holm tar. The flexibility of them should be always considered, in

taking in the slack, which must rest on the judgment of the sail-

maker.

The clues and top-brims should be wormed and served, or

wormed, parcelled, and served, while the bolt-rope is sewing to

the sail, and before both parts are confined.


TheNumber ofYarns in each Strand ofBolt-Hopes, and Threads

for serving them on, required for Sails in the Royal Navy.

Threads to sew Threads to sew

Size of the Threads them on. Size of the Threads them on.

Rope in in each Rope in in each

Indies. Strand. Ordinary Extra. Inches. Strand. Ordinary Extra.

6 98 10 2 3J 29 4 2

fij 90 10 0 3 25 4 2

H 83 10 0 n 21 4 0

H 75 8 2 %i 17 4 0

5 68 8 2 H 14 2 2

n 62 8 0 2 11 2 2

H 56 8 0 If 9 2 0

H 50 6 2 H 7 2 0

4 44 6 2 ii 5 2 0

n 39 6 0 l 3 2 0

3} 34 6 0 -~- -~~ -— "—

Bolt-ropes of all sails should be neatly sewed on through every

contline of the rope ; and, to avoid stretching, the rope must be

kept tightly twisted while sewing on, and care taken that neither

too much nor too little slack is taken in : they are to be cross-

stitched at the leeches, every 12 inches in length ; at every seam,

and in the middle of every cloth at the foot, with three cross-

stitches : four cross-stitches should be taken at all beginnings and

fastenings off; the first stitch given twice, and the last three times.

Small sails have two cross-stitches at every seam, and three at

every fastening-off.

Annexed is a Table of the sizes of bolt-ropes of every sail.

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CLUE8.

The clues of large sails are made of rope, called a clue-rope,

which splices into the bolt-rope, with a tapering splice ; but the

clues of smaller sails are formed with the bolt-rope only.

The clues of main-courses are made with clue-rope, 2 inches

larger than the bolt-rope, for ships of 50 guns and upwards, and

1 J inch larger for ships under 50 guns ; and those for the mer

chant-service are in proportion. The clue-rope splices into the

foot-rope at the first buntline cringle, and into the leech-rope at

the lower bowline cringle : it is wormed with three-quarter rat

line, or sizeable spunyarn ; then parcelled over with worn canvas,

well tarred, and served over that with spunyarn : it is then marled

on to the sail with marline, or houseline, as far as it is served.

Fourteen turns or twists of the strands in

the length of the clue-rope being left to

form the clue, it is seized with several turns

of inch, or other suitable line, and strained

tight with three or more cross turns.

The clues of fore-couhses are made with clue-rope, being

larger than the bolt-rope in the same proportion as the clue-ropes

of main-courses. It splices into the foot-rope at the first buntline

cringle, and into the leech-rope at one-eighth of the depth from

the foot. It is prepared and fastened in other respects like the

clue- rope of main-courses.

The clues of mizen-coukses are made with clue-rope, half

an inch larger than the foot-rope, and three fathoms in length.

It splices into the foot-rope at three feet from the clue ; then,

leaving sufficient length for a nine-inch clue, it splices into the

after-leech rope at a proper distance. It is wormed, parcelled,

and served, as that of the main-course, at the clue, and two feet

each way from the clue: it is then marled on to the sail, the

length of the serving ; and the clue is seized with three-quarter

ratline.

The clues of main and fore-top-sails are made of the foot-

rope, which is left sufficiently long to form the clues, and splice

into the leech-rope at the lower bowline cringle. It is' wormed,

parcelled, and served, at the clues, and three feet each way from

them : it is marled on to the sail for the extent of the serving


on each side the clues, which are seized as those of main and fore

courses.

The clues of mizen-top-sails are similar to those of main

and fore top-sails, except that the foot-rope is wormed, parcelled,

and served, at the clues, and two feet each way from them.

The clues of top-gallant sails and royals are made of

the bolt-rope, which is sewed home to the qlues : the clues only

are wormed and served with spunyarn, and seized with small

line.

The clues of main, fore, and mizen stay-sails ; main

and FORE TOP-MAST-STAY-SAILS J MIDDLE STAY-SAILS J SPANKERS j

and drivers. These are made with clue-rope, half an inch

larger than the foot-rope, and two fathoms long : it is wormed,

parcelled, and served, at the clue and two feet each way

from the clue : it splices into the foot and after leech-rope,

equally distant from the clue : it is marled on to the sail for the

extent of the serving, and the clue is seized as the clues of courses

are.

The CLUES of MIZEN-TOP-MAST-STAY-SAILS; TOP-GALLANT-

stay-sails ; all studding-sails; sprit-sail-top- sails ; sloops'

SAVE-ALL-TOP-SAILS, TOP-GALLANT-SAILS, WATER-SAILS, and RING

TAIL-SAILS ; are made of the bolt-rope, which is sewed home to

the clues ; the clues only are wormed, and served with spunyarn,

and seized with suitable line.

The clues of sprit-sail-courses are made of the bolt-rope ;

wormed, parcelled, and served, in large ships, (but served only

in small ships), at the clue and two feet each way from the clue ;

it is marled on to the sail to the extent of the serving, and the

clue is seized as those of other courses are.

The clues of brigs' main-sails ; cutters' main-sails and

try-sails; sloops' main-sails and try-sails; sloops' fore

sails, jibs, and storm-jibs ; smacks, main-sails, fore-sails,

and jibs ; are formed by having a thimble stuck through cringle-

holes.

The clues of sloops' square-sails, top-sails, gaff top-sails,

are sometimes made with clue-rope two inches and a half in cir

cumference, which is marled on to the sail, and served for the

extent of the marling-holes. When they are not made with clue-

rope, as in small sails, the bolt-rope is sewed home to the clues,

and the clues served.

The clues of sloops' flying-jibs are sometimes made of the


foot-rope, which splices into the leech-rope at one yard up from

the clue, and is served and seized at the clue. Thimbles are some

times stuck in to form the clues.

The clues of boats' and other small sails are made of the bolt-

rope, sewed home to the clues, and seized with small lines.

CRINGLES.

Earing-chingles are made of an additional length (of 14

twists or turns) of the leech-rope left at the head of the sail, which

being turned back, forms the cringle by splicing its end into the

leech-rope, and cross-stitching the whole of the splice ; the first

stitch to be given twice, and the last stitch three times.

Cringles should be made of the strands of new bolt-rope,

half-an-inch smaller than the bolt-rope on the sail, in which they

are stuck.

Splices are made by opening the ends of two ropes, and placing

the strands between each other ; openings being made in the un

twisted part of the rope nearest the end with a marling-spike, the

strands are thrust through them ; and the large ends are regularly

tapered from the middle by cutting away some of the yarns every

time they are thrust through. The small strands, as those of the

foot or leech-rope, are stuck twice through the openings made in

the large rope ; and the large strands are stuck three times through

the leech or foot-rope. The middle strand of the taper, being the

longest, is stuck in last, and once more than the others. All splices

are cross-stitched as far as they run.

Reef and reef-tackle pendant cringles are stuck through

holes made in the tablings, and the

lower ends are put through the bolt-

rope once more than the upper ends,

being more liable to be drawn out.

The openings of bowline and buntline cringles are at

the distance of four turns or twists of the strands in the bolt-rope

asunder, and the ends are first stuck in an opening made with a

marling-spike, under two strands

ofthe bolt-rope; then passing over

the next, they are stuck under


one strand, and again passing over another, they are finally

stuck under the next. The ends of the buntline cringles, next

the service of the clues of courses, should be left long enough to

be worked under the service, to meet or reach the ends of the

clue-rope.

BONNET AND DRABLER.

Bonnets have a head-tabling, to which a line that forms the

latchings is sewed in bights. These latchings are six inches asun

der, and six inches long, except the two middle ones, which are

twelve inches long, to fasten off with. In fastening it, the loops

are alternately reeved through holes in the foot of the sail, and

through each other, and fasten by the two long loops in the middle

with two half-hitches, by loosing of which they unreeve themselves.

The leeches and foot are tabled, &c. similar to the foot of the sail

the bonnet is intended for. The Drabler is similar to a bonnet,

under which it is placed by means of latchings, as the bonnet is to

the foot of the sail.

REEF-HANKS.

In lieu of points there are used, on some sails, mentioned par

ticularly hereafter, reef-hanks, which are pieces of log-line

e 2


(reef-points for ships' sails are made of much larger line than log)

sewed on to the reef-hand, at each

seam, on both sides. One end of each

hank is spread open, and sewed on se

curely, as represented in the adjoining

figure : the other end of each hank

is whipped. Or they may be thus

fixed on : the line is thrust through

the sail, and securely sewed to it on

one side, by opening the strands a

little, so as to lay them flat upon the

canvas.

IMPROVEMENTS SUGGESTED IN THE PRACTICE OF SAIL-

MAKING.

Much advantage would frequently result to the naval service,

if many of the sails of ships were made of equal size ; so that,

in cases of necessity, they might be interchangeably used. Thus,

the mizen-top-sail being, at present, nearly the size of the main

top-gallant-sail, there seems no reason why the yards, masts, and

of course the sails, should not be made to suit each other.

The main and fore top-sails only differ, in general, one cloth, or

about two feet, at head and foot, and in depth from one to three

feet ; the masts, yards, and sails, might here be made alike ; as,

indeed, is generally the practice in brigs, and was first introduced

in the North-country trade.

The main and fore top-gallant-sails differ very little in depth,

and only one cloth, or about two feet, at head and foot : these

might easily be made alike.

The mizen-top-gallant-sail and main and fore royal might be

brought to the same dimensions.

The main-sail and fore-sail might be made alike as to their

head ; but, as the main-sail has a gore at the leech, and a larger

gore at the foot, in order to clear it of the gallows, boats, &c.

which the fore-sail has not, it may be more difficult to arrange

them : but if much convenience is found in the sails named above,

this might be obviated in time.

The number of sails in a vessel takes up considerable room ;

they are put all together, in a sail-room or cabin, and create con

fusion in getting out ; and in the event of losing sails by stress of


weather, and in long voyages, the above alterations might be very

useful.

Top-mast-studding-sails, as well as lower studding-sails, are

occasionally substituted for awnings ; they might, by a very little

attention in planning the rigging of a ship, be made so as to

answer both uses.

Probably these hints would be attended with more advantage

in the merchant-service than in the royal navy, because a mer

chant-ship is not often so plentifully stored with spare sails as

ships of the British navy.

30

RULES

FOR ASCERTAINING

THE QUANTITY OF CANVAS CONTAINED

IN THE DIFFERENT SAILS.

Canvas 24 inches wide is used for the royal navy, and is cer

tainly the strongest. Various widths of canvas are used in the

merchant-service, from 24 to 36 inches. The following rules are

adapted equally to all widths, although the examples are calcu

lated for canvas of 24 inches.

RULE I.

To find the Quantity of Canvas in Main and Fore Courses ;

Main, Fore, Mizen, and Sprit-Sails ; Top-Sails; Top-Gal

lant-Sails; Royals; Top-Mast-Studding-Sails ; Top- Gal

lant-Studding-Sails; Sloops' Top-Sails ; Sloops' Save-all-

Top-Sails ; and Sloops' Top- Gallant-Sails.

Add the number of cloths in the head and foot, and halve the

product to make it square; then multiply by the depth of the mid

dle cloth ; and add the quantity in the linings, bands, and pieces,

and the quantity in the foot-gores, when the foot is cut hollow.

To find the quantity in the foot-gores, add together the number

of inches gored on each cloth on one side of the sail, and multiply

the product by half the number of gored cloths, and divide by

36, to bring that into yards.

THE QUANTITY OF CANVAS, &C. 31

Example of a Main-Course for a Ship of20 Guns.

Tofind the Quantity in the Foot-Gores.

1"\29

31

Cloths in the head.

Cloths in the foot.

J)60 Halve the product.

30 Square Cloths.

10 Yards deep.

300 Yards in the sail.

11J foot-gores.

22 leech linings.

13 buntline cloths.

11} reef-bands.

18 middle band.

Total 376 Yards for a ship of 20 guns.

Number of inches gored in

i each cloth, on one side

of the sail.

45 Inches.

9 Half the number of gored

cloths.

36)405 Inches.

11J Yards in the foot-gores.

Example of a Main-Top-Mast-Studding-Sail, for a 20 Gun

Ship, having no Foot- Gores.

8 Cloths in the head.

12 Cloths in the foot.

1)20 Halve the product.

10 Square cloths.

14 Yards deep.

140

1J Yard in the reef-band.

Total 141J

RULE II.

To find the Quantity of Canvas in Mizen Courses.

Add the depth of the fore and after leech together, and halve

the product for a medium depth ; then multiply the medium depth

by the number of cloths ; and add to that the additional canvas

contained in the foot-gores, linings, bands, and pieces.

Tofind the quantity in thefoot-gores.—The number ofcloths in

the sail must be multiplied by the additional length that the square

cloth in the middle is more than those at the tack and clue ; then,

the gores to the tack and clue being subtracted, the remainder is

32 THE QUANTITY OF CANVAS

the answer in inches, and which, divided by 36, gives the quantity

in yards.

Example ofa Mizen Coursefor a Ship of 20 Guns.

Tofind the Quantity in the Foot-Ooret.131 Yards, depth of the after-

leech.

8 Yards, depth of the mast-

leech.

J)21i Halve the product.

10| Medium depth.

10 Number of cloths.


2 reef-band.

7 pieces.

2J foot-gores.

Total 118| Yards for a ship of 20 guns.


10 Inches, depth of the square

cloth below the depth at

the tack.

100

20 Inches, gores to the tack and

clue.

36)80 Inches.

2J Yards nearly in the foot-gore3.

RULE III.

Tofind the Quantity ofCanvas containedin Jibs; Main andFore

Stay-Sails; Fore-Top-Mast-Stay-Sails; Storm-Mizens; Sky-

Scrapers; Boats' Fore-Sails ; and Boats' Lateen Sails.

Multiply half the number of cloths by the depth of the leech,

and add the quantity in the pieces, and in the foot-gores, when

cut with a gore on the foot.

Tofind the quanIity in the foot-gores.—Multiply half the num

ber of cloths in the foot by the regular gore per cloth, and that

product multiplied by the whole number of cloths in the foot,

gives the answer in inches, which divide by 36 to bring into

yards.

Example of a Main-Stay-Sail for a Ship of'20 Guns.

11 Half the number of cloths.

10 Yards, depth of the leech.


4 pieces.

Total 114 Yards for a 20-gun-ship.

IN THE DIFFERENT SAILS. 33

Example of a Jib for a 20-Gun Skip.


9} Half the number of cloths.

171 Yards.

4 in the pieces.

15 foot-gores.

Total 190 Yards.

To find the quantity in the foot-gores.


3 Inches gore per cloth.

284

19 Cloths in the foot.

36)5411 Inches.

15 Yards.

RULE IV.

To find the quantity of Canvas contained in Mizen-Stay-Sails ;

Main- Top-Mast-SIay-Sails ; Mizen- Top-Mast-Stay-Sails ;

Sloops' Gaff- Top-Sails ; Sloops' Ring-Tail-Sails; Boats'

Settee- Sails ; Boats' Main, Fore, and Mizen, Sprit-Sails.

Add the depth of the tack, hunt, or fore-leech, to the depth of

the after-leech, and halve them for a medium depth : add the num

ber of cloths in the head and foot together, and halve them, to

reduce them square ; then multiply the number of squared cloths

by the medium depth ; and add to that the additional canvas con

tained in the linings, bands, and pieces.

Example ofa Mizen- Top-Mast-SIay-Sailfor a Ship of20 Guns.

Cloths in the head- • 11

Cloths in the foot ••12

4)23


3 bunt.

))131

6f Medium depths.

111 Square cloths.

77f Yards in the sail.

41 lining and pieces.

Total 824 Yards for a 20-gun ship.


RULE V.

Tofind the Quantity of Canvas contained in Middle-Stay-Sails

and Main-Top- Gallant-Stay-Sails,

Add the depth of the bunt to the depth of the leech, and halve

the same for a medium depth ; then multiply the medium depth

by the number of cloths, and add the quantity in the lining and

pieces.

Example of a Middle-Stay-Sail for a Ship of2Q Guns.

10J Yards, depth of the leech.

4j hunt.

4)141 Halve the product.

7\ Medium depth.


1 16 Yards in the sail.

5f lining and pieces.

Total 121J Yards for a 20-gun ship.

RULE VI.

To find the Quantity of Canvas contained in Lower Studding-

Sails; Sprit-Sail- Courses ; Sloops' Square-Sails, or Cross-

Jack; and Sloops' Water- Sails.

Multiply the number of cloths by the shortest depth, and add

the quantity in the bands and pieces, and the quantity in the foot-

gores, when the foot is cut hollow.

Tofind the quantity of thefoot-gores. Add together the gores

on each cloth on one side of the sail, and multiply that sum by

half the number of gored cloths.

Example of a Lower Main- Studding- Sailfor a Ship of'20 Guns.

13 Yards deep.


156 Yards in the sails.

If reef-band.

1 pieces.

Total 158f Yards.


Example of a Sloop's Square-Sail, having a hollow Foot.



9| Yards deep.

146J Yards.

3J in the reef-bands.

6 pieces.

31 foot-gores.

Total 159

Înches gored on one side of

the sail.

1

2

3

4

5

6

21

6 Halfthe number ofgored cloths.

126 Inches, or 31 yards nearly.

RULE VII.

To find the Quantity of Canvas contained in Spankers, Driver

Boom- Sails; Brigs' Main- Sails ; Cutters' Main-Sails; Cut

ters' Try- Sails ; Sloops' Main-Sails ; Sloops' Try- Sails ;

and Smacks' Main- Sails.

Add together the number of cloths in the head and foot, and

halve the product to make it square ; add together the depth of

the fore and after-leeches, and halve that sum for a medium depth ;

then multiply the number of square cloths by the medium depth ;

and add the quantity in the pieces and foot-gores.

To find the quantity in the foot-gores. Add together the gores

from the tack to the first square cloth in the foot, and multiply

half the sum by the number of cloths in the foot : then (if there

are gores to the clue) add together the gores from the clue to the

first square cloth in the foot, and multiply half the sum by the

number of cloths gored to the clue ; which, subtracted from the

product of the gores to the tack, gives the answer.


Example of a Cutter's Main-Sail.


Inches.

1)20 Gores to the clue.

Inches.

1)110 Gores to the tack.

55

10 30 Cloths in the foot.

13 Cloths gored to the

clue. 1650 Inches.

130 Inches subtracted. 130

36)1520 Inches.

42J Yards.

24 Yards, depth of the

after-leech.

18 fore-leech.

21 Yards, medium depth.

26 Square cloths.

546

53f Yards in the reef-

bands, linings, and

pieces.

—42J Yards in the foot-

gores.

Total 642 Yards.

RULE VIII.

To find the Quantity of Canvas in Sloops' Fore-Sails; Sloops1

Jibs; Sloops' Storm-Jibs; Sloops' Flying-Jibs; Smacks'

Fore-Sails; Smacks' Jibs ; Boats' Jibs.

Multiply half the number of cloths in the sail by the depth of

the leech, and add the quantity in the foot-gores, bands, and

pieces.

To find the quantity in the foot-gores. Multiply the number

of cloths by the depth of the gores when added together ; and

five-eighths of the product is the answer.

Example of a Sloop's Fore-Sail.


wXm, j Total, 21 Inches.



46 Yards.

3 in the foot-gores.

61 bands and pieces.

Total 554 Yards.

21 Inches.

8 Number of cloths.

1)168

105 Inches, or 3 yards, nearly.


RULE IX.

To find the Quantity of Canvas in Boats' Lug-Sails.

Add together the number of cloths in the head and foot, and

halve the sum to make it square : add the depth of the leeches

together, and halve the sum for a medium depth : then multiply

the number of square cloths by the medium depth, and add the

quantity in the foot-gores and reef-bands.

To find the quantity in the foot-gores. Multiply the number

of gored cloths to the tack by the foot-gore on the cloth next the

tack.

6 Square cloths.

4 Yards, medium depth

EXAMPLE.


24 Yards.

3J in the foot-gores.

1 reef-bands.

Total 28J Yards.

5 Number of cloths gored to

the tack.

20 Inches; gore on the cloth

next the tack.

Total 100 Inches, or little more than 2

yards and three-quarters.

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39

PARTICULAR DIRECTIONS

FOR

MAKING EVERY SAIL,

EACH ILLUSTRATED WITH A FIGURE.

MAIN-COURSE.

This sail is quadrilateral, square on the head, and made of can

vas No. 1 or 2. It bends at the head to the main-yard, which

hangs to the mast at right angles with the ship's length, and pa

rallel to the deck. It extends within 18 inches of the cleats on

the yard-arms, and drops to clear the foot from the boat upon the

booms.

Gores. One cloth is gored on each leech ; and the gore on

the foot is of one inch per cloth, beginning at two cloths within

the nearest buntline cringle, and increasing to the clues. Some

times, in the merchant-service, two cloths are gored on the leeches,

and the gore on the foot is 2 inches per cloth.

For seams, tablings, reef and head holes, consult the

general instructions, pages 17—20.


This sail has two reef-bands, of one-third the breadth of a

cloth : the upper reef-band is at one-sixth of the depth of the sail

from the head, and the lower reef-band is at the same distance

from the upper one. The ends go four inches under the leech-

linings, which are seamed over them. Ships of forty-four guns

and upwards have only one reef-band.

It has also a middle-band, of one breadth of cloth half-way

between the lower reef-band and the foot, of the same canvas as

the top-lining of the main-top-sail. Middle-bands, in the royal

navy, are now formed of half a breadth of canvas, and are simply

sewed on at both edges ; the sort of canvas is one number less

than that the sail is composed of. It is first folded and rubbed

down at one third of the breadth ; then tabled on the selvage and

stuck along the crease ; it is then turned down, and tabled and

stuck through both the double and single parts with from 68 to 72

stitches per yard. A middle-band is seldom used in the merchant-

service.

Foot-bands. In the royal navy this course has now a foot-

band, extending from clue to clue, and formed of half a breadth

of canvas.

Linings are of one breadth of cloth from the clue to the earing

on the leeches, seamed on and stuck in the middle with from 68 to

72 stitches per yard.

Four buntline-cloths are placed at equal distances between

the leeches, extending from the foot to the lower side of the mid

dle band, which is tabled upon the ends of the buntline-cloths. In

the merchant-service, the buntline-cloths run up one-quarter of

the depth of the sail, and are two in number only, unless for large

vessels : when used, they are generally put on when the sail is

half worn.

Two reef-cringles are made on each leech, one at each reef-

band : three bowline-cringles are made at equal distances be

tween the lower reef-cringle and the clue ; and buntline-crin-

qles are made on the foot, one at the end of each buntline-cloth.

In sewing on the bolt-rope, two inches of slack-cloth are

taken up in every cloth, in the head and foot, and one inch and a

half in every yard in the leeches.

The marling-holes extend from the clue to the lower bowline-

cringle on the leech, and to the first buntline-cringle at the foot.

The clue is described in the general instructions, page 24.

To find the quantity of canvas, refer to Rule I. page 30.


FORE-COURSE


vas No. 1 or 2. It is bent, at the head, to the fore-yard, which

hangs to the fore-mast at right angles with the ship's length, and

parallel to the deck. It extends within 18 inches of the cleats on

the yard-arms, and drops to the main-stay at the foot.

Gores. One cloth is gored on each leech, and a gore is made

on the foot, to drop the clue, 5 to 6 inches per cloth, beginning

at two cloths within the nearest buntline-cringle, and increasing

to the clues. Sometimes two cloths are gored on each leech, in

the merchant-service : and sometimes the foot, with the leeches,

are square.

For seams, TiBLiNGs, reef and head-holes, consult the


Two reef-bands, of one-third the breadth of a cloth, are put

on at one-sixth of the depth of the sail asunder, the upper one

being at that distance from the head : the ends go four inches

under the leech linings, which are sewed over them. Ships of

forty-four guns and upwards have only one reef-band.

A middle-band (see Main-Course), of one breadth of cloth, is

put on half-way between the lower reef-band and the foot, of the

same canvas as the top-lining of the fore-top-sail. It is put on in

the same way as that of the main-course. In the merchant-

service middle-bands are seldom used.

Foot-bands. See Main-Course.

Linings on the leeches are of one breadth of cloth, extend

G


from the clue to the earing, and are put on as those of the main-

course.

Four buntline-cloths, at equal distances between the leeches

on the foot, are carried up to the lower side of the middle-band,

which is tabled upon the ends of the buntline-cloths. In the

merchant-service, the buntline-cloths run up one quarter of the

depth of the sail, and are two only in number, unless for large

vessels.

Two reef-cringles are made on the leeches, one at the end of

each reef-band ; as also are two bowline-cringles ; the upper

bowline-cringle is made in the middle of the leech, and the lower

one equally distant from the upper one and the clue: a buntline-

cringle is also made at the end of each buntline-cloth on the

foot. The ends of the buntline- cringles next the clues should be

left long enough to be worked under the service, and meet the

ends of the clue-rope.

In sewing on the bolt-rope, two inches of slack-cloth should

be taken up in every cloth, in the head and foot, and one inch

and a half in every yard in the leeches.

Marling-holes are made in the tabling from the clue to the

nearest buntline-cringle on the foot, and one-eighth of the depth

of the sail up the leech. They are turned on the contrary side to

the roping, in fixing the sail.



THE PRACTICE OP SAIL-MAKING. 43

MIZEN-COURSE.

This sail is quadrilateral, and made of canvas No. 2 or 3.

The head is bent to the mizen-yard or gaff, and extends within 9

inches of the cleats. The fore-leech is attached to the mizen-mast

within 6 or 7 feet of the deck, so that it hangs fore and aft in the

plane of the ship's keel. The foot is extended by a sheet to the

stern.

Gores. The head is cut with a gore of 16 to 22 inches per

cloth, agreeable to the peek: the foot is gored one inch per cloth,

leaving two cloths square in the middle. One cloth on the mast-

leech is sometimes gored in the navy, and sometimes two cloths in

the merchant-service.

For SEAMS, TABLINGS, HEAD-HOLES, and REEF-HANKS, Consult

the general instructions, pages 17—20, 27.

This sail has a reef-band, 6 or 8 inches broad, at one-fifth of

the depth of the mast-leech from the foot.

Lining. The after-leech is lined from the clue with one

breadth of cloth 5 yards in length up the leech, and the nock

and peek with pieces so cut from each other that each contains

one yard.

One cringle is made on each leech at the ends of the reef-

band ; and one at the distance of every three-quarters of a yard

g 2


on the mast-leech, or sometimes holes are worked in the tabling

of the mast-leech : a cringle is also made 5 yards from the clue

on the after-leech for the throat-brails.

Two inches of slack-cloth in every yard should be taken up

in sewing the bolt-rope on the mast-leech, but none in the foot or

after-leech.

The marling-holes extend two feet each way from the clue.


To find the quantity of canvas, refer to Rule II. page 31.

MAIN-TOP-SAIL.

This sail is quadrilateral, square on the head and foot, in the

navy, and made of canvas No. 2 or 3, and sometimes 4, or even 5,

for small vessels ; it is bent at the head to the main-top-sail-yard,

which hangs to the main-top-mast at right angles with the ship's

length, and parallel to the main-yard : the sail extends within 18

inches of the cleats on the yard-arms, and drops to the main-yard

when its own yard is hoisted to the hounds.

Gores. The cloths on the leeches are gored sufficiently for the

foot to spread the cleats on the main-yard.


For seams, tablings, reef and head-holes, consult the


This sail has three or four reef-bands, put on at one eighth of

the depth of the sail asunder, the upper one being at that distance

from the head, and they extend from leech to leech over the linings.

They are each half a breadth of canvas put on double ; the first

side is stuck twice, and the last turned over, so that the reef-holes

may be worked upon the double part of the band, which is also

stuck with 68 to 72 stitches per yard. Ships above 28 guns have

four reef- bands.

A middle band is put on half-way between the lower reef-

band and the foot ; made and put on in the same way as that of

the main- course.

Linings. The leeches are lined from clue to earing with

one cloth, so cut and sewed, as, when put on, to be half a cloth

broad at the head, and a cloth and a half broad at the foot ; the

piece cut out being half the breadth of the cloth at one end, and

tapering to a point at the other. This sail has also a top-lining

on the aft-side, of canvas No. 5 or 6, which covers one- fifth of the

cloths in the foot.

Two mast-cloths are put on in the middle of the sail, on the

aft-side, between the middle-band and lower reef-band.

Two buntline-cloths are put on the fore-side of the sail, one

on each side of the top-lining ; their ends are carried up under

the middle-band, which is tabled on them. Buntline-cloths, in

the royal navy, are now put on in a diagonal direction, agreeable

to the figure.

One reef-cringle is made on the leeches at the end of each

reef-band, and a reef-tackle-pendant-cringle between the

lower reef and upper bowline-cringles : below these are four

bowline -cringles ; the upper one is on the middle of the leech ?

and the other three are equally distant from each other between

the upper one and the clue. One buntline-cringle is made in

the middle of each buntline-cloth at the foot.

Reef-tackle-pieces. Top-sails have now a reef-tackle-piece

at each leech, extending about three cloths on the sail, and point

ing directly to the opposite clue, as in the figure.

Three inches of slack-cloth are taken up in sewing on the

bolt-rope in every cloth in the head and foot ; 2 inches are allowed

for every cloth left open in the top-brim ; and one inch and a half

is taken up in every yard in the leeches.


The bolt-rope along the top-brim, and for one cloth and a half

on each side beyond, is wormed, parcelled, and served, as the

clues, and is marled to the sail : but sometimes the whole length

of the foot-rope, from clue to clue, is wormed, parcelled, &c. In

the royal navy, the latter is now universally the custom.

The marling-holes extend 3 feet each way from the clue, and

along the breadth of the top-lining at the top-brim.


In the merchant service, the reef-bands are farther distant

from each other : the foot is gored from 2 to 4 inches per cloth,

one-third of the breadth of the foot from the clues; the leech-linings

are but 9 inches broad at the head, and 15 inches broad at the

foot ; the top-lining and buntline-cloths cover one-third of the

cloths in the foot, and are carried up one-third of the depth of the

sail ; the buntline-cloths are half a yard shorter than the top-lining,

and the leeches have only three bowline-cringles.


FORE-TOP-SAIL.

This sail is quadrilateral, square on the head and foot in the

royal navy, and made of canvas No. 2 or 3, of sometimes 4, or

even 5, for small vessels. The head is bent to the fore-top-sail-


yard, and it hangs to the fore-mast at right angles with the ship's

length, and parallel to the fore-yard, extending, at the head, within

18 inches of the cleats on the yard-arms.

Gores. The cloths on each leech are gored sufficiently for the

foot to spread the length of the fore-yard. Sometimes, in the mer

chant-service, the foot is gored 2 to 4 inches per cloth, from one-

third of the breadth of the foot to the clues.

For seams, tablings, reef, and head-holes, consult the


One reef-cringle is made at the end of each reef-band, and

a reef-pendant-cringle between the lower reef and upper

bowline cringles. The reef and reef-pendant-cringles are stuck

through holes made in the tabling ; and beneath them are made

three bowline-cringles ; the upper one upon the middle of the

leech, and the others equally asunder between that and the clue :

two buntline-cringles are also made, one in the middle of each

buntline-cloth on the foot.

Reef-tackle-pieces, as main-top-sail.

The linings, mast-cloths, middle and reef bands, clues,

&c. are the same as for the main-top-sail, page 44.

Slack-cloth, bolt-rope, and marling-holes, as main-top

sail.



MIZEN -TOP-SAIL.


vas No. 4, 5, or 6 : it is bent at the head to the mizen-top-sail

yard, and hangs to the mizen-top-mast at right angles, with the

ship's length, and parallel to the cross-jack-yard, extending within

12 inches of the cleats on the yard-arms.

Gohes. The cloths on the leeches are gored sufficiently for the

foot to spread the length of the cross-jack-yard, and the clues

reach the sheet-blocks on the cross-jack-yard-arms, when both

yards are hoisted. The gore on the foot is three-quarters of a

yard deep, and begins at two cloths from the buntline-cringle, on

the side next the clues. In the merchant-service, the foot is some

times square.

For seams, tablings, reef and head-holes, consult the ge

neral instructions, pages 17—19.

Mizen-top-sails, for 50-gun ships and upwards, have three reef-

bands at one-eighth of the depth of the sail asunder from the

head ; and for 44-gun ships and under, two reef-bands, one-

seventh of the depth of the sail asunder, put on as those of the

main-top-sail. In the merchant-service, they have two reefs, as

the 44-gun ship, but no middle-band.

A middle-band, of one breadth of cloth, the same as the main

top-sail, is put on half-way between the lower reef-band and the

foot.

The leeches are lined with one breadth of cloth, as the main


top-sail. In the merchant-service, they are lined with part of a

cloth, 9 inches broad at the head, and 15 inches at the foot.

The top-lining is put on the aft-side, and covers one-fifth of

the cloths in the foot, as the main and fore-top-sails. In the mer

chant-service, the top-lining covers one-third of the cloths in the

foot, and is carried up one-third of the depth of the sail, and the

buntline-cloths are half a yard shorter than the top-lining.

The buntline-cloths are on the fore-side, and are carried

under the middle-band, as the main and fore top-sails.

One inch and a half of slack-cloth is taken up, in sewing on

the bolt-rope, in every yard in the leeches, three inches in every

cloth in the head and foot, and two inches are allowed for every

cloth in the top-brim.

One reef-cringle is made on the leeches at the end of each

reef-band, and three bowline-cringles are made on each leech,

the upper one in the middle of the leech, and the others equally

distant between that and the clue. Forty-four-gun ships and up

wards have a reef-pendant-cringle between the lower reef

and upper bowline-cringles, and, of course, reef-tackle-pieces

as the main-top-sail.

The bolt-rope that comes abreast the top-brim is wormed,

parcelled, served, and marled, as the main-top-sails.

The clues are described in the general instructions, page 24.


MAIN-TOP-GALLANT-SAIL.

This sail is quadrilateral, and square on the head and foot, in

the navy, and made of canvas No. 6 or 7; the head is bent to the

H


main-top-gallant-yard, which hangs to the main-top-gallant-mast

at right angles with the ship's length, and parallel to the main

top-sail-yard, extending within 6 inches of the cleats on the yard-

arms. The clues reach to the main-top-sail-yard-arms, when both

yards are hoisted.


foot to spread the length of the main-top-sail-yard. A gore of 2

or 3 inches per cloth is often made on the foot in the merchant-

service, beginning at one-third of the breadth from the clue. The

foot of top-gallant-sails, in the royal navy, have now one-half or

three-quarters of a yard gored ; see the figure.

For seams, tablings, head-holes, and clues, consult the

general instructions, pages 17—19, and 25.

The cloth at the clue is so cut as to fall to the foot, and form its

own lining (this is only practised in the merchant-service); and

earing-pieces of one-quarter of a yard are put on each corner at

the head.

Three bowline-cringles are made on each leech, the upper

one in the middle, and the others equally asunder between that

and the clue.

Two inches of slack-cloth are allowed in every cloth in the

foot, and one inch in every yard in the leech.


FORE-TOP-GALLANT-SAIL.


the navy, and made of canvas No. 6 or 7; the head is bent to the

fore-top-gallant-yard, which hangs to the fore- top-gallant-mast at

Tight angles with the ship's length, and parallel with the fore-top

sail-yard, extending within 6 inches of the cleats on the yard


arms. The clues reach to the fore-top-sail-yard-arms, when both

yards are hoisted.


foot to spread the length of the fore-top-sail-yard. In the mer

chant-service, a gore is sometimes made on the foot, of 2 or 3

inches per cloth, beginning at one-third of the breadth from the

clue. Foot-gores, in the royal navy, as main-top-gallant-sails.

The cloth at each clue is so cut as to fall to the foot, and form

its own lining (this is only practised in the merchant-service),

and a piece, of one-quarter of a yard, is put on each corner at

the head.



Three bowline-cringles are made on each leech, the upper

one in the middle, and the others equally distant from that and

the clue ; as this sail may be occasionally used for the main-top

gallant-sail. In the merchant-service, it has no cringles.

Slack-cloth the same as the main-top-gallant-sail.


MIZEN-TOP-GALLANT-SAIL.


the navy, and made of canvas No. 7 or 8. The head is bent to

the mizen-top-gallant-yard, and it hangs to the mizen-top-mast at

right angles with the ship's length, and parallel with the mizen-

top- sail-yard, extending within 6 inches of the cleats on the yard-

arms. The clues reach to the mizen-top-sail-yard-arms, when

both yards are hoisted.

Gores. The leeches are gored sufficiently for the foot to spread

h 2


the length of the mizen-top-sail-yard. In the merchant-service, a

small gore is sometimes made on the foot, beginning at one-third

of the breadth from the clue. The foot-gores, in the royal navy,

as the main-top-gallant-sail.

The pieces at the clues and earings are each a quarter of a yard

in length.

For the seams, tablings, head-holes, and clues, consult the


Slack-cloth the same as the main-top-gallant-sail.


MAIN-ROYAL.

This sail is quadrilateral, square on the head and foot, and made

of canvas No. 8. The head is bent to the main-royal-yard, which

hangs to the main-top-gallant-royal-mast-head, at right angles with

the ship's length, and parallel with the main-top gallant-yard, ex

tending within 4 inches of the cleats on the yard-arms.


foot to spread the length of the main-top-gallant-yard, and it drops

for the clues to reach to the main-top-gallant-yard-arms, when

both yards are hoisted.





FORE-ROYAL.

This sail is quadrilateral, square on the head and foot, and

made of canvas No. 8. The head is bent to the fore-royal-yard,

which hangs to the fore-top-gallant-royal- mast-head, at right

angles with the ship's length, and parallel with the fore-top-gal

lant-yard, extending within 4 inches of the cleats on the yard-

arms.

Gores. The cloths are gored on the leeches sufficiently for the

foot to spread the length of the fore-top-gallant-yard, and it drops

for the clues to reach the fore-top-gallant-yard-arms, when both

yards are hoisted.

For seams, tablings, HEAd-HOLES, and clues, consult the



MIZEN-ROYAL.


of canvas No. 8. The head is bent to the mizen-royal-yard, which

hangs to the head of the mizen-top-gallant-royal-mast, at right

angles with the ship's length, and parallel with the mizen-top

gallant-yard, extending within four inches of the cleats on the

yard-arms. It is a sail very seldom used.


Gores. The cloths are gored on each leech sufficiently for

the foot to spread the mizen-top-gallant-yard, and it drops for the

clues to reach to the mizen-top-gallant-yard-arms, when both yards

are hoisted.




MAIN-STAY- SAIL.

This sail is triangular, square on the foot in the royal navy,

and made of canvas No. 1 to 3. It is extended upon the main

stay-sail-stay, between the main and fore masts, so that the foot

will clear the boat upon the booms. This sail is seldom used in

large vessels.

A regular gore is made on the stay of 17 to 19 inches per

cloth.

The cloth at the tack is so cut as to fall to the foot and form its

own lining. The clue-piece extends two yards up the leech,

and the peek-piece is one yard in length.

For seams and tablings, consult the general instructions,

pages 17 and 18.

Holes are made on the stay, 27 inches asunder ; generally


one hole is made at every seam ; and marling-holes are made

2 feet each way from the clue.

In sewing on the bolt-rope, 3 inches sLack should be taken up

in every yard in the stay, and one inch in every cloth in the foot,

but none in the leech.

Iron thimbles are sometimes stuck at the tack and peek, but

when none, the tack and peek are the same as the clue.


A cringle is made on the leech for the brails ; but is usually

done by the seamen on board.

In the merchant-service, this sail is frequently cut with a bunt,

and a gore is sometimes made on the foot, with a sweep. It also

frequently has a reef-band at about 4 feet from the foot, and some

times a bonnet.

To find the quantity of canvas, refer to Rule III. page 32.

FORE-STAY-SAIL.

This sail is triangular, square on the foot, and made of canvas

No. 1 to 3. It is extended on the fore-stay, between the fore-mast

and bow-sprit.

A regular gore is made on the stay, of 21 to 23 inches per

cloth.

The cloth at the tack is so cut as to fall to the foot, and form

its own lining : the clue-piece extends two yards up the leech,

and the peek-piece is half a yard in length.


For seams and tabllvgs consult the general instructions, pages

17 and 18.

The holes on the stat are 27 inches asunder ; generally one

hole is made at every seam ; and the mariing-holes extend 2

feet each way from the clue.

Three inches slack should be taken up in every yard in the stay

.when sewing on the bolt-rope, and one inch in every cloth in the

foot, but none in the leech.

Thimbles are sometimes stuck at the tack and peek, but when

none, the tack and peek are the same as the clue.



MIZEN-STAY-SAIL.

This sail is quadrilateral, square on the foot, and made of can

vas No. 2 or 3. It has a bunt, or fore-leech, three-fifths of the

depth of the after-leech, in the navy, and one-third or one-fourth

of the depth of the after-leech in the merchant-service ; and it is

extended on the mizen-stay, between the main and mizen-masts.

The foot drops within 6 or 7 feet of the quarter-deck.

Gokes. Two cloths are generally gored on the bunt ; and the

stay is gored from 10 to 12 inches per cloth. If the depth of the

bunt be subtracted from the depth of the leech, the remainder,

divided by the number of gored cloths, gives the depth of each

gore on the stay.



pages 17 and 18.

The bunt or fore-leech is lined with half a breadth of cloth;

the clue-piece is two yards long, and the peek-piece one yard.

In the merchant-service, the tack, peek, and nock-pieces, are

generally but three-quarters of a yard in length.

One or two cringles are made on the after-leech for the

brails, and thimbles are stuck in the middle of the sail, to lead

them fair through ; but this is usually done by the seamen on

board.

Holes are made on the stay, three-quarters of a yard asunder ;

generally one hole is made to every seam, and marling-holes

two feet each way from the clue.

Three inches of slack-cloth should be taken in with the rope



Thimbles are sometimes stuck at the tack and peek; but, when

thimbles are not used, the tack and peek are frequently marled as

the clue.


To find the quantity of canvas, refer to Rule IV. page 33.


MAIN-TOP-MAST-STAY-SAlL.

This sail is quadrilateral, cut square on the foot, and made of

canvas No. 5 or 6. It is extended on the main-top-mast-preven

ter-stay, between the main and fore-top-masts. The leech is 4 or

5 yards deeper than the main-top-sail, and there are one or two

cloths more in the foot than the leech is yards in depth.

In large merchant-ships the leech is 4 or 5 yards deeper than

the main-top-sail ; but in smaller ships, only one or two yards ;

and there are from one to three cloths more in the foot than the

leech is yards in depth.

The bunt is two-fifths of the depth of the leech : but in the

merchant-service it is from two-fifths to one-half of the depth.

Gohes. Two cloths are generally gored on the bunt, and the

stay is gored 22 inches per cloth. If the depth at the nock-seam

be subtracted from the depth of the leech, the remainder, divided

by the number of gored cloths, gives the depth of each gore on

the stay.


pages 17 and 18.


The bunt is lined with half a breadth of cloth. The clue-

piece is two yards long, and the peek-piece one yard. In the

merchant-service, this sail generally has tack, nock, and peek-

pieces, each three-quarters of a yard in length.

One or two cringles are made on the after-leech for the brails,

and thimbles are stuck in the middle of the sails, to lead them fair

through ; but this is usually done by the seamen on board.

The holes on the stay are 27 inches asunder ; generally one

hole is made at every seam ; and marling-holes are made two

feet each way from the clue.

Three inches of slack-cloth should be taken up in every yard

in the stay, and one inch in every cloth in the foot, but none in

the leech.

Thimbles are sometimes stuck in the tack and peek ; when

there are none, the tack and peek are the same as the clue, and

are fixed or marled on.



FORE-TOP-MAST-STAY-SAIL.

This sail is triangular, cut square on the foot, and made of

canvas No. 5, 6, or 7, in the royal navy; and of canvas No. 1,

i 2


2, or 3, in the merchant-service. It is extended on the fore-top

mast-stay-sail-stay, and the foot is spread on the bowsprit. The

leech is of the same depth as the fore-top-sail ; and 2 or 3 cloths

are allowed in the foot for every yard in the depth of the leech.

In the merchant-service, one cloth only is allowed in the foot for

every yard in the depth of the leech.

Goees. The stay is gored 30 inches per cloth. The depth of

the gore on each cloth in the stay is found by dividing the depth

of the leech by the number of cloths. In the merchant-service,

the foot is gored from the clue to the tack, corresponding with the

direction of the bowsprit.


pages 17 and 18.

The cloth at the tack is so cut as to fall to the foot, and form

its own lining. The clue-piece is two yards long, and the

peek-piece one yard. In the merchant-service, the piece at the

clue is in general but one yard in length, and the tack and peek-

pieces half a yard each.

The holes on the stay are 27 inches asunder, and the marling-

holes extend two feet each way from the clue.

Three inches slack should be taken up in sewing on the rope,



Thimbles are sometimes stuck at the tack and peek; when


are fixed or marled on.

The clue is seized with small line, and is described in the ge

neral instructions, page 25.



MIDDLE-STAY-SAIL.


canvas No. 6 or 7. It has a square bunt, or fore-leech, five-

twelfths of the depth of the after-leech, and it is extended on the

middle-stay-sail-stay, between the main-top-mast-stay and main

top-gallant-stay.

The leech is from 4 to 7 yards deeper than the main-top-gallant-

sail, and there are from 6 to 8 cloths more in the foot than the

leech is yards in depth. Sloops and brigs in the navy have only

from one to three cloths more in the foot than yards in the depth

of the leech.

In the merchant-service, the leech is sometimes of the same

depth as the main-top-gallant-sail, but, generally, one, two, or

three yards more ; and the sail has from 5 to 10 cloths more in

the foot than yards in the depth of the leech.

Gohes. The stay is gored 13 inches and a half per cloth. If

the depth of the bunt be subtracted from the depth of the leech,

the remainder, divided by the number of cloths, gives the depth

of each gore on the stay.

For seams and tablings, consult the general instructions, pages

17 and 18.

The bunt is lined with half a breadth of cloth, the clue with

a piece two yards long, and the peek with a piece one yard in

length.


Three inches of slack-cloth should be taken up in every yard

in the stay, when sewing on the rope, and one inch in every cloth

in the foot, but none in the leech.

Thimbles are sometimes stuck at the tack and peek ; when


are marled on.

The clue is desoribed in the general instructions, page 25.

To find the quantity of canvas, refer to Rule V. page 34.

MIZEN-TOP-MAST-STAY-SAIL.


canvas No. 7. It has a bunt, or fore-leech, three-sevenths or

one-third of the depth of the after-leech, and is extended on the

mizen-top-mast-stay, between the main and mizen-top-masts.

The leech is one or two yards deeper than the mizen-top-sail,

and there are from 2 to 5 cloths more in the foot than the leech is

yards in depth.

One cloth is generally gored on the bunt, and the stay is gored

twenty-four inches per cloth. If the length of the nock-seam be

subtracted from the depth of the leech, the remainder, divided by

the number of cloths in the stay, gives the depth of each gore.



pages 17 and 18.

The bunt is lined with half a breadth of cloth : the clue-piece

is two yards long, and the peek-piece one yard. In the mer

chant-service, the clue- piece is generally one yard long, and the

peek-piece half a yard.

Three inches slack should be taken up in every yard in the

stay, and one inch in every cloth in the foot, but none in the

leech.

Thimbles are generally stuck in the tack and peek ; but, when

no thimbles, the tack and peek are the same as the clue.



MAIN-TOP-GALLANT-STAY-SAIL.


canvas No. 7. It has a bunt from one-third to three-sevenths of

the depth of the leech, and is extended on the main-top-gallant-

stay-sail-stay between the main and the fore-top-gallant-masts.

The leech is nearly of the same depth as the leech of the mid

dle-stay-sail, and there are from 3 to 6 cloths more in the foot

than the leech is yards in depth. In the merchant-service, there


are from 2 to 8 cloths more in the foot than the leech is yards in

depth.

The stay is gored 24 inches per cloth. If the depth of the

bunt be subtracted from the depth of the leech, the remainder,

divided by the number of cloths, gives the depth of the gore on

each cloth.


pages 17 and 18.

The bunt is lined with half a breadth of cloth, the clue-piece

is two yards long, and the peek-piece one yard. In the mer

chant-service, the clue-piece is only one yard ; and the tack, nock,

and peek-pieces, are each half a yard in length.

The holes on the stay are 27 inches asunder.

In sewing on the bolt-rope, three inches slack should be taken

up in every yard in the stay, and one inch in every cloth in the

foot, but none in the leech.

Thimbles are generally stuck at the tack, nock, and peek.

When there are no thimbles, the tack and peek are the same as

the clue.




I

i I

LOWER-MAIN-STUDDING-SAILS.

These sails are quadrilateral, cut square on the head, foot, and

leeches, and made of canvas No. 6 or 7. They spread beyond the

leeches of the main-course, the heads being bent to the main-

studding-sail-yards, and the feet extended on the boom.

The sails are 2 or 3 yards deeper than the main-course. In

large ships, two cloths more, and in small ships, one cloth less, are

allowed, for the breadth, than the number of yards in the depth.

In the royal navy, studding-sails are now made much broader :

see Table. But in the merchant-service, they are only one yard

deeper, or of the same depth as the main-course ; and from 2 to

7 cloths are allowed in the foot more than the number of yards in

the depth.

For seams, tablings, reef and head-holes, consult the gene

ral instructions, pages 17—20.

A reef-band, 6 inches wide, is put on at one-eighth of the

depth from the head, and vieces of one-quarter or half a yard in

length, are sometimes put on at the clues and barings.

One inch of slack-cloth should be taken up, in sewing on the

bolt-rope, in every cloth in the foot. The rope should be sewed

home to the clue, and a beef-cringle made at each end of the

reef-band.


To find the quantity of canvas, refer to Rule VI. page 34.

K


LOWER-FORE-STUDDING-SAILS.

These sails are quadrilateral, square on the head, foot, and

leeches, and made of canvas No. 6 or 7. They are spread be

yond the leeches of the fore-course, the heads being bent to the

fore-studding-sail-yards, and the feet extended on the boom.

The depth is the same as the main-course, or from one to two

yards more, and the breadth is one cloth less than the main-stud

ding-sail.

For seams, tablings, and head-holes, consult the general in

structions, pages 17—20.

One quarter or half a yard of cloth is sometimes put on as a

lining at the clues and earings.

One inch of slack-cloth should be taken up in every cloth in

the foot, when sewing on the bolt-rope, which is to be sewed home

to the clues.



THE PRACTICE OF 8AIL-MAKING. 67

MAIN-TOP-MAST-STUDDING-SAILS.

These sails are quadrilateral, and made of canvas No. 6 or 7.

They are spread beyond the leeches of the main-top-sail, the heads

being bent to their respective yards, and the feet extended on the

boom.

The depth is one yard more than the main-top-sail, and two

cloths less are allowed for the breadth of the foot than the number

of yards in the depth of the leech.

Gores. Four cloths are gored on the outer leech, in the navy,

and from 4 to 7 cloths in the merchant-service; and a regular gore

is made on the head and foot of 4 inches per cloth, decreasing to

the outer earing at the head, and increasing to the tack or outer

clue at the foot.

For seams, tablings, reep and head-holes, consult the gene

ral instructions, pages 17—20.

A reef-band, 6 inches broad, is put on at one-eighth of the

depth of the sail from the head.

One inch and a half slack-cloth should be taken up in every

yard in the gored leech, when sewing on the bolt-rope, and one

k2


inch in every cloth in the foot, but none in the square leech. The

rope is to be sewed home to the clues.

One reef-cringle is made on the leeches at each end of the

reef-band, and a downhaul-cringle is made on the outer leech,

about half the depth of the leech from the head.



FORE-TOP-MAST-STUDDING-SAILS.


They are spread beyond the leeches of the fore-top-sail, the heads

being bent to their respective yards, and the feet extended on the

boom.

The depth is one yard more than the fore-top-sail, and one

cloth less is allowed for the breadth of the foot than in the main

top-mast-studding-sail.

Gores. Four cloths are gored on the outer leech, in the navy,

and from 4 to 7 cloths, in the merchant-service ; and a regular


gore is made on the head and foot of 4 inches per cloth, decreas

ing to the outer earing at the head, and increasing to the tack or

outer clue at the foot.

For seams, tablings, and head-holes, consult the general

instructions, pages 17—20.

One inch and a half slack-cloth should be taken up in every

yard in the gored leech, when sewing on the rope, and one inch

in every cloth in the foot, but none in the square leech. The rope

is to be sewed home to the clues.

A downhaul-cringle is made on the outer leech at about half

the depth of the sail from the head.



MAIN-TOP-GALLANT-STUDDING-SAILS.


They are spread beyond the leeches of the main-top-gallant-sail,

the heads being bent to their respective yards, and the feet ex

tended on the boom.

The depth is half a yard more than the main-top-gallant-sail.

In large ships there are 5 cloths more allowed for the breadth of

the foot than the number of yards in the depth, but in small ships

there are only 3 more, or the same number of cloths in the breadth

of the foot as yards in the depth of the leech.

Gores. The outer leech is gored from two to four cloths, and

an even gore is made on the head and foot from 3 to 5 inches per


cloth, decreasing to the outer earing at the head, and increasing

to the tack at the foot.



One inch and a half of slack-cloth should be taken up in

every yard, when sewing the bolt-rope on the gored leech, and

one inch in every cloth in the foot, but none in the square leech.



FORE-TOP-GALLANT-STUDDING-SAILS.


They are spread beyond the leeches of the fore-top-gallant-sail,

the heads being bent to their respective yards, and the feet ex

tended on the boom.

The depth is half a yard more than the fore-top-gallant-sail. In

large ships there are 5 cloths more allowed for the breadth of the

foot than the number of yards in the depth, but in small ships

there are only 3 more, or the same number of cloths in the foot

as yards in the depth of the leech.

Gores. The outer leech is gored from 2 to 4 cloths, and an

even gore is made on the head and foot from 3 to 5 inches per

cloth, decreasing to the outer earing at the head, and increasing

to the tack at the foot.




Once inch and a half of slack-cloth should be taken up in

every yard in the gored leech, when sewing on the rope, and one

inch in every yard in the foot, but none in the square leech.



JIB.

This sail is triangular, and made of canvas No. 6 or 7. It is

the foremost sail of a ship, and differs in shape but little from a

stay-sail. The foot is extended from the outer end of the bowsprit

by the jib-boom, and it slides on the jib-stay, which is attached

to the fore-top-mast-head. The leech is about twice the depth of

the leech of the fore-stay-sail, and one cloth more is allowed for

the breadth of the foot, than the leech is yards in depth.


Gores. The stay is cut with a small curve, or roach. The

length of the regular gore per cloth may be found by dividing the

depth of the stay by the number of cloths. The gores should be

allowed full, and the curve cut fair after the sail is sewed toge

ther ; which, it is supposed, makes it set better when bent.

The foot has an even gore of three inches per cloth, decreasing

from the tack to the clue, which is governed by the stive of the

bowsprit. For brigs, this sail has a circular foot, and sometimes

for ships, in the merchant-service. The seams are generally one

inch broader at the foot than at the head, when cut with a circular

or roach foot.


pages 17 and 18.

The clue-piece is two yards, and the peek-piece is one yard

long, and the cloth at the tack is so cut as to fall to the foot, and

form its own lining.

Marling-holes are made two feet each way from the clue, and

one hole is made in every yard in the stay.

In sewing on the bolt-rope, four or five inches of slack-cloth

should be taken up in every yard in the stay, one inch in every

cloth in the foot, and none on the leech.

Iron Trimbles are sometimes seized on at the tack and peek,

but, when thimbles are not used, the tack and peek are the same

as the clue, and are frequently marled on.

The clue is made with clue-rope, exactly like the clues of lower

stay-sails, as described in the general instructions, page 25.



SPRIT-SAIL-COURSE.

This sail is quadrilateral, square on the head, foot, and leeches,

and made of canvas No. 2 or 3. It is bent at the head to the

sprit-sail-yard, and hangs under the bowsprit at right angles with

the ship's length, extending within 9 inches of the cleats on the

yard-arms.

For seams, tablings, reef and head-holes, consult the


Two reef-bands, one-third of the breadth of a cloth, are put

on diagonally ; the ends on the leeches being 27 inches from the

clues, and those at the head on the first or second seam from the

earings. In the royal navy the cross-reefs are now entirely obso

lete. Sometimes a reef-band is put on from leech to leech, at

one-fifth of the depth of the sail from the head.

A water-hole, from 4 to 6 inches diameter, is made in the

second cloth from each leech, near the foot, or opposite the reef-

cringles. The water-holes are also obsolete. The marling-

holes extend to two feet each way from the clues.


A reef-cringle is made on the leeches at the end of each

reef-band, and two buntline-cringles are made on the foot-

rope, at one-third of the breadth of the foot from each clue.

No slack-cloth is taken up in sewing on the bolt-rope.



SPRIT-SAIL-TOP-SAIL.

This sail is quadrilateral, cut square on the head and foot, and

made of canvas No. 6 or 7. The head is bent to the sprit-sail-

top-sail-yard, which hangs under the jib-boom, at right angles

with the ship's length, and the foot is spread on the sprit-sail-

yard. It has as many cloths in the head as the fore-top-gallant-

sail ; and is of the same depth as the main-top-gallant-sail, in the

navy, but from one to two feet deeper in the merchant-service.

Gores. The leeches are gored from 4 to 5 cloths, sufficiently

for the foot to spread to the cleats on the outer ends of the sprit-

sail-yard.



Two inches of slack-cloth should be taken up in every cloth

in the foot when sewing on the bolt-rope, and one inch in every

yard in the leeches.




DRIVER-BOOM-SAIL.

This sail is quadrilateral, and made of canvas No. 5 or 6, and

is occasionally hoisted to the mizen-yard or gaff, in light fair

winds. The fore-leech is attached to the mizen-mast, and the

head to the mizen-yard or gaff: the foot is extended by the boom

which hangs fore and aft in the plane of the ship's keel.

The fore-leech is nearly of the same depth as the fore-leech of

the mizen-course, and the after-leech is from 2 to 4 yards deeper

than the after-leech of the mizen-course.

Gores. The head, foot, and mast-leech are cut with a roach

or curve ; and as no strict rule can be laid down, the gores must

be judiciously increased or diminished, according to the sweep

required. The gore on the head is at the rate of from 9 to 12

inches per cloth ; and on the foot, from 6 to 9 inches ; or about

27 inches for every cloth in the mast-leech. From 4 to 6 cloths

next the clue are cut square; or, the fifth cloth next the clue

being square, the other four cloths are short-gored one inch per

cloth to the clue. From four to six cloths are gored on the mast- .

leech ; and if the depth of the leech be divided by the number of

cloths in it, the quotient will be the regular gore per cloth, which

l2


must be augmented on the middle cloths, so as to form the sweep

required.

The clue-lining is two or three yards in length, and the tack,

nock, and peek pieces are each one yard in length.

The seams are 6 inches broad for 6 feet up the sail from the

foot ; and 2 inches broad for 4 feet down from the head : the re

mainder is one inch broad. The seams decrease gradually from one

breadth to the other, but the selvage is not cut.

For tablings and head-holes consult the general instructions,

pages 18—20.

Two inches of slack-cloth should be taken up with the rope

in every yard in the mast-leech, and one inch in every cloth in

the foot.

Iron thimbles are generally spliced in the rope at the

tack, nock, and peek, which are otherwise fitted as the mizen-

course.

The clue, likewise, is sometimes made with an iron thimble ;

but if not, it is made as described in the general instructions,

page 25.

Cringles for the lacing are made on the mast-leech, 30 inches

asunder.

To find the quantity of canvas, refer to Rule VII. page 35.


A BRIG'S MAIN-SAIL.

This sail is quadrilateral, and made of canvas No. 1 or 2. The

fore-leech is in depth nearly the length of the main-mast from the

under part of the hounds to the boom, and is fastened, in different

places, to hoops which encircle the mast. The depth of the after-

leech is about one-third more than the depth of the fore-leech.

The head is bent to the gaff, and spreads within 9 inches of the

cleats on the outer end ; and the foot is extended by the boom,

which hangs abaft the main-mast, and spreads within 18 inches of

the sheave-hole at the outer end.

Gores. The head and mast-leech are sometimes gored with a

small circular sweep, which must be regulated by practice. The

regular gore on the head is from 4 to 5 inches per cloth, and the

sweep may be cut after the sail is sewed together. The foot is

gored with a circular sweep, at the rate of 5 or 7 inches per cloth,

leaving 4 or 5 square cloths at the clue ; or at the rate of 14 to 18

inches per cloth for every cloth in the mast-leech, which has 5 or 6

gored cloths in it.

The seams are three inches broad for 8 feet up the sail from the

foot, and two inches broad for 8 feet down from the head : the re

mainder is one inch broad ; the seams decreasing gradually, as in

the driver-boom-sail.


For tabungs and head-holes, consult the general instructions,

pages 18—20.

This sail has three reef-bands, 6 inches broad, parallel to the

foot. The upper one is nearly half-way up the fore-leech, and the

others are at equal distances between that and the foot; it also

sometimes has a balance-reef from the nock to the upper reef-

cringle on the after-leech.

In the royal navy, main-sails have now strengthening-bands,

running from the clue tack and each reef, in the manner delineated

in the figure.

Reef-hanks are generally sewed on the reef-bands : for the

manner of doing which, see the general instructions, page 27.

Linings. The after-leech is lined with one breadth of cloth

from the clue to one yard above the upper reef-band ; half a yard

of the lining is cut down at the upper end, and the inner part is

doubled under, or cut off. The peek-piece is one yard in length,

and the fore-leech is lined with half a breadth of cloth ; or some

times pieces, one yard in length, are put on at the tack and nock,

and small triangular pieces at each hole.

Four inches of slack-cloth should be taken up with the rope

in every yard in the mast-leech.

Large iron thimbles are stuck in the cringles at the clue,

peek, nock, and tack ; also in the cringles made on the leeches at

the ends of the reef-bands ; a luff-cringle is made on the mast-

leech, equi-distant from the lower reef-band and the foot, which

also has a thimble.



A CUTTER'S MAIN-SAIL.


fore-leech is nearly of the depth of the mast from the under part

of the hounds to the boom, and is fastened in different places to

hoops which encircle the mast: the after-leech is about one-third

deeper than the fore-leech. The head is bent to a gaff, and

spreads within 18 inches of the cleats at the outer end ; and the

foot spreads within 2 or 3 feet of the sheave-hole at the outer end

of the boom, which hangs fore and aft abaft the mast.

Gores. Six or eight cloths are gored on the fore-leech, and its

length divided by the number of cloths gored gives the length of

the gore on each cloth. The head is gored at the rate of 5 or 7


inches per cloth ; and sometimes the fore-leech and head are cut

with a small circular sweep, which must be cut by judgment, or

after the sail is sewed together. The foot is gored with a circular

sweep at the rate of 5 to 7 inches per cloth from the tack to the

middle of the foot ; then, two or three cloths being left square,

the remaining cloths to the clue are gored at the rate of a full inch

per cloth.

In the merchant-service, and for the custom, revenue, and

smuggling, cutters, the head is generally wider, and peeks less,

than in the royal navy. The former are better adapted for quick

sailing, the latter for handsome appearance.

For tablings and head-holes, consult the general instructions,

pages 18—20.

Four reef-bands, 8 inches broad, are put on parallel to the

foot ; the upper one is about three-sevenths of the depth up the

fore-leech from the foot, and the others at equal distances between

that and the foot.

Reef-hanks are generally sewed on the reef-bands, as on the

brig's main-sail.

Strengthening-bands, running from the clue tack and each

reef, in the manner delineated in the figure.

The seams are 5 inches broad for 12 feet up the sail from the

foot, and 3 inches broad for 8 feet down from the head ; the re

mainder is one inch and a half broad ; the seams decreasing gra

dually from one breadth to another.

In sewing on the rope, four or five inches of slack-cloth

should be taken up in every yard in the depth of the fore-leech.

Large iron thimbles are stuck in the cringles at the clue,

peek, nock, and tack, and also in the reef-cringles, at the ends

of the reef-bands. A luff-cringle is made on the fore-leech be

tween the lower reef-band and the tack, which also has a thimble.



A CUTTER'S TRY-SAIL.

This sail is occasionally used, instead of the main-sail, in stormy

weather, and is quadrilateral, generally cut square on the head,

and made of canvas No. 1 or 2. It is extended as the main-sail,

the fore-leech being attached to hoops which encircle the mast.

The head is bent to a gaff, and the foot is extended by the boom

or sheet to the horse.

In the head of the try-sail there are two-fifths of the number of

cloths that are in the head of the main-sail : the fore-leech is about

three-fourths of the depth of the fore-leech of the main-sail, and

the after-leech is one-sixth deeper than the fore-leech.

Gores. Eight or ten cloths are gored on the fore-leech ; and

its depth, divided by the number of cloths, gives the length of

each gore : if cut with a sweep, the gores can only be regulated

by practice, or the sweep cut after the sail is sewed up. The foot

is gored with a circular sweep at the rate of 5 or 7 inches per

cloth from the tack, leaving 2 or 3 square cloths at the clue.

The seams should be 5 inches broad for 12 feet up from the

foot, and 3 inches broad for 8 feet down from the head ; the re


mainder is one inch and a half broad. The seams decrease gra

dually from one breadth to another.

For tablings and head-holes, consult the general instruc

tions, pages 18—20.

This sail has three beef-bands, six inches wide, parallel with

the foot ; the upper one is three-eighths of the depth of the fore-

leech from the foot, and the others are at equal distances between

the foot and the upper one.

It also has three strengthening-bands of half a breadth of

cloth, at equal distances between the upper reef-band and the

head, which are seamed on, and stuck along the middle. These

sails have frequently strengthening-bands, the same as the main

sail.


brig's main-sail.

The after-leech is lined with one breadth of cloth, from the

clue to one yard and a half above the upper reef-band, where it is

cut half-way across : and, one half of it being cut off, it is so con

tinued about one yard higher.

Four or five inches of slack-cloth should be taken up with

the rope in every yard in the fore-leech.

Iron thimbles are stuck in cringles made at the clue, peek,

nock, and tack ; also in reef-cringles on the leeches at the ends of

the reef-bands, and in a luff-cringle made on the fore-leech be

tween the lower reef-cringle and the foot.


N

\


A SLOOP'S MAIN-SAIL.



of the hounds to the boom, and is attached to hoops which encircle

the mast. The after-leech is about one-third deeper than the fore-

leech. The head is bent to the gafF, and spreads within 12 inches

of the outer end ; and the foot is extended by the boom, which

hangs fore-and-aft abaft the mast, and spreads within one or two

feet of the sheave-hole at the outer end.

Gores. The head is gored at the rate of 3 to 6 inches per

cloth, and is sometimes cut circular ; and the foot is gored with

a circular sweep, at the rate of 5 inches to 6J inches per cloth,

4 or 5 cloths next the clue being left square. The gore on the foot

is governed by the number of cloths in the mast-leech : from 12 to

14 inches gore being allowed on each cloth in the foot, for every

cloth in the mast-leech. From 6 to 8 cloths are gored on the fore-

leech ; and its depth, divided by that number of cloths, gives the

length of each gore : it is sometimes cut circular.


pages 18—20.

m2


This sail generally has three or four reef-bands, 4 or 6 inches

broad, parallel to the foot; the npper one is about half-way up the

fore-leech, and the others are at equal distances between the upper

one and the foot. Sometimes the reefs are fitted without bands.

It also frequently has a balance-reef from the nock to the upper

reef-cringle.

This sail has frequently strengthening-bands, the same as the

brig's main-sail.


brig's main-sail.

The after-leech is lined with one breadth of cloth from the clue

to two feet above the upper reef-band : this lining is cut down the

middle at the upper end ; and, half of it being cut away, the re

maining part is so continued half a yard higher. The mast-leech

is lined with half a breadth of cloth from the tack to the nock ;

and the peek-piece is one yard and a half in length. Sometimes

pieces one yard and a quarter long are put on at the nock and

tack, and small triangular pieces at each hole instead of a mast-

lining.

The seams should be 4 inches broad for 9 feet up the seam from

the foot : and 2 inches broad for 6 feet down the seam from the

head ; the remainder should be one full inch broad. The seams

decrease gradually from one breadth to another.

The bolt-rope on the mast-leech should be 2^ or 3 inches in

circumference ; and on the head, foot, and after-leech, one inch

and a half. Sometimes the foot-rope is not put on till the sail is

half-worn.

When sewing on the rope, 4 inches of slack-cloth should be

taken up in every yard in the mast-leech.

Iron thimbles are stuck in cringles at the tack, nock, peek,

and clue. Thimbles are also stuck in cringles at the ends of the

reef-bands, and in a luff-cringle on the mast-leech.


^


A SLOOP'S TRY-SAIL, OR STORM MAIN-SAIL.

This sail is quadrilateral, generally cut square on the head, and

made of canvas No. 1 or 2. It is occasionally used for the main

sail in stormy weather. The fore-leech is from three-fourths of

the depth to the same depth as the main-sail, and the after-leech

is one-eighth deeper than the fore-leech. The head has two-fifths

of the number of cloths that are in the head of the main-sail, and

the foot is three times the breadth of the head.

This sail is extended as the main-sail; the fore-leech being

attached to hoops which encircle the mast : the head is bent to a

gaff, and the foot is extended by the boom or the stern.

Gores. Eight or ten cloths are gored on the fore-leech ; and

its depth, divided by the number of cloths, gives the length of

each gore ; if cut with a sweep, the gores can only be regulated

by judgment. The foot is gored with a circular sweep, at the rate

of 6 or 8 inches per cloth.


pages 18—20.

This sail has three or four reef-bands, from 4 to 6 inches

wide, parallel with the foot ; the upper one is nearly half-way up

the fore-leech, and the others are at equal distances between that

and the foot. It also has two or three strengthening-bands,

half a cloth broad, at equal distances asunder, above the upper

86 THE PRACTICE OP SAIL-MAKING.

reef-band, which are stuck or stitched along the middle. This

sail has frequently strengthening-bands, the same as the brig's

main-sail.


brig's main-sail.

The after-leech is lined with one breadth of cloth, from the

clue to one yard and a quarter above the upper reef-band, which

is there cut down the middle ; and one part being cut away, the

other is so continued about one yard higher. The fore-leech is

lined with half a breadth of cloth, and the peek with a piece one

yard and a half in length. Sometimes a piece, one yard in length,

is put on at the nock.

The seams should be 5 inches broad for 12 feet up the seam

from the foot, and 3 inches broad for 8 feet down the seam from

the head : the remainder is one inch and a half broad. The

seams decrease gradually from one breadth to another.

The bolt-rope for the mast-leech should be two inches and a

half or three inches in circumference ; for the head, foot, and

after-leech, one inch and a half.

When sewing on the rope, 4 or 5 inches of slack-cloth should

be taken up in every yard in the fore-leech.

Iron thimbles are stuck in the clue, peek, nock, and tack ;

also in the cringles at the ends of the reef-bands ; and in a luff-

cringle, made on the fore-leech, between the lower reef-cringle

and the tack.



A SLOOP'S SQUARE-SAIL, OR CROSS-JACK.

This sail is quadrilateral, square on the head and leeches, and

made of canvas No. 6 or 7. The head is bent to the cross jack-

yard, and it hangs at right angles with the ship's length, and pa

rallel to the deck, extending within 6 inches'of the cleats on the

yard-arms. The depth of this sail is four-fifths of the depth of

the fore-leech of the main-sail.

Gores. The foot is gored one inch per cloth, increasing to

each clue : two or three square cloths being left in the middle.



This sail has two reef-bands, four inches broad ; the lower

one is at one-sixth of the depth of the sail from, and parallel to,

the foot ; and the upper one is at the same distance from the

head.


brig's main-sail.

Linings. One yard of cloth is put on at each clue, half a

yard at each earing, and half a yard against every cringle on the

leeches. These linings are all put on the aft-side.

A reef-cringle is made at each end of the upper reef-band ;

and three bowline-cringles are made on each leech ; the upper

bowline-cringle is on the middle of the leech, and the others are

equally distant from that and the clue.

Sometimes the clues are marled on ; and, for this purpose, ten

marling-holes are made each way from the clues ; but consult the

general instructions, page 24.


The bolt-rope, on the foot and leeches, should be one inch

and a half or two inches in circumference ; and, on the head, one

inch, or one inch and a half.

When sewing on the bolt-rope, one inch of slack-cloth should

be taken up in every cloth in the head and foot.


A SLOOP'S TOP-SAIL.

This sail is quadrilate al, square on the head, and made of can

vas No. 6 or 7. It is bent at the head to the top-sail-yard, ex

tending within 18 inches of the cleats, and hangs to the mast at

right angles with the ship's length, and parallel to the cross-jack-

yard. The depth in the middle is one-third of the depth of the

cross-jack, or square-sail.

Gores. From one to two cloths are gored on the leeches,

sufficiently for the foot to spread to the cleats on the cross-jack-

yard ; and the foot is hollowed from one-third to half of the depth

of the sail in the middle (on account of the jib-stay), or at the rate

of 10 or 12 inches per cloth from the middle to the clue, the

middle cloth being left square.

For seams, tablings, reef and head holes, consult the


This sail has one reef-band, four inches broad, at about one.

third of the depth of the middle-cloth on the head.

Linings. Pieces, half a yard in length, are put on at each

earing ; and six small pieces, cut out of half a yard of cloth, are

put on the leeches, one against each bowline-cringle. The pieces

are all put on the aft-side.


About three-quarters of an inch of slack-cloth should be

taken up in every yard in the leeches, half an inch in every cloth

in the head, and one inch in every cloth in the foot.

The bolt-rope on the foot and leeches should be one inch and

a half, or two inches, in circumference ; and on the head one inch,

or one inch and a half.


Sometimes one reef and three bowline-cringles are made

on each leech. The reef-cringles are made at the ends of the

reef-band ; the upper bowline-cringle in the middle of the leech,

and the others equally distant from that and the clue.


A SLOOP'S SAVE-ALL-TOP-SAIL.


of canvas No. 8. The head is extended by haliards, fastened to

its earing-cringles, in the upper part of the hollow foot of the top

sail, and the foot spreads the cross-jack-yard between the clues of

the top-sail. It is seldom used but in calm weather.

Gores. Two or three cloths only are left square for the head,

and the rest are gored for the leeches.

Linings. The cloth at each clue is so cut as to fall to the foot,

and form the clue-pieces.

The bolt-rope on the head, foot, and leeches, should be one

inch in circumference.



-

yo THE PRACTICE OF SAIL-MAKING.

A SLOOP'S GAFF-TOP-SAIL.

This sail is quadrilateral, and sometimes triangular, and made

of canvas No. 8. The fore-leech is four-fifths of the depth of the

fore-leech of the main-sail, and is attached to the top-gallant-mast;

the head is bent to a small gaff or yard, by which it is hoisted to

the top-gallant-mast-head, and the foot spreads the gaff of the

main-sail. This sail is only used in light breezes.

Gores. The depth of the gore on each cloth in the mast-leech

is found by dividing the depth of the leech by the number of cloths.

The head is gored 6 or 8 inches per cloth, and the foot 6 or 8 inches

per cloth : a short gore to the clue, that the foot may answer the

peek of the main-sail.

The bolt-rope on the fore-leech should be one inch and a

half in circumference ; and on the head, foot, and after-leech, one

inch.




A SLOOP'S TOP-GALLANT-SAIL.

This sail is quadrilateral, cut square on the head and foot, and

made of canvas No. 8. It is bent on the head to the top-gallant-

yard, which hangs above the top-sail-yard at right angles with the

vessel's length. The head spreads the top-gallant-yard, and ex

tends within six inches of the cleats ; and the foot spreads to the

cleats on the top-sail-yard. This sail is from 3 to 5 yards deep,

or the depth of the leeches of the top-sail.

Gores. One or more cloths are gored on the leeches.

Linings. Sometimes pieces, half a yard in length, are put on

the aft-side of the sail at the clues and earings.



The bolt-rope on the foot and leeches should be one inch in

circumference; and on the head three-quarters of an inch, or one

inch.

One inch of slack-cloth should be taken up with the rope in

every cloth in the foot, and three-quarters of an inch in every

yard in the leeches.



n2


A SLOOP'S WATER-SAIL.

This sail is quadrilateral, cut square on the head, and made of

canvas No. 7. It is occasionally spread under the boom of the

main-sail in fair wind. The depth of the sail is from one-half to

three-fourths of the length of the boom, and it is 4 or 5 cloths

wide.

Gores. The leeches are either cut square, or have one gored

cloth.



The bolt-hope on the head, foot, and leeches should be one

inch and a half in circumference.



When sloops have lower-studding-sails, they are similar to the

water-sail ; the leeches are square, and they are one yard deeper

than the leech of the cross-jack, or square-sail.

Some ships have a water-sail, similar to a sloop's water-sail.


A SLOOP'S FORE-SAIL.

This sail is triangular, made of canvas No. 1 or 2, and bends

with hanks to the stay next before the mast. The depth of the

leech is nearly the same as the depth of the foremost leech of the

main-sail ; and there are as many cloths in the foot as will bring

it clear of the mast.

Gores. The depth of the hoist, or fore-part, divided by the

number of gored cloths, gives the length of each gore. The foot

has a short gore, of one inch per cloth, increasing to the clue ;

leaving one or two square cloths at the tack.

The leech-cloth is left three-quarters of a yard longer than the

depth of the leech, for the head-lining and tabling ; and the

cloth at the tack is so cut as to fall to the foot, and form its own

LINING.

The seams should be three or four inches wide at the foot, and

decreasing to one inch at the hoist.

Two reef-bands, 4 inches broad, are generally put on at one-

eighth of the depth of the sail asunder; the lower one being at that

distance from the foot. Sometimes a bonnet is used instead of the

lower reef.

Reef-hanks are generally sewed on, instead of using reef-

points ; for which see page 27.

The leech is lined with a breadth of cloth from the clue to half

a yard above the upper reef-band, where it is cut half-way across :


and, one-half of it being cut away, the other part is so continued

about one yard higher. Sometimes small triangular pieces are

sewed on at each hole in the hoist.

The bolt-rope on the stay should be 2J or 3 inches in circum

ference, and on the foot and leech 1£ or 2 inches.

Three or four inches of slack-cloth should be taken up with

the rope in every yard in the hoist.

The hoist-rope is put through the holes in the head-stick ;

then served with spunyarn, and spliced into the leech-rope. The

middle of the head-stick is then seized to the head of the sail ; and

a thimble is seized in the bight of the rope.

Thimbles are generally stuck in the cringles at the tack and

clue, as mentioned in page 25.

To find the quantity of canvas, refer to Rule VIII. page 36.

A SLOOP'S JIB.

This sail is triangular, made of canvas No. 2 to 6, and is some

times bent to hanks on the stay before the fore-sail. The depth of


the leech is one yard for every cloth in the foot, and the foot is

made vide enough to spread the bowsprit.


number of cloths gored, gives the length of each gore. The foot

is gored with a sweep, at the rate of 5 or 6 inches per cloth,

increasing to the clue; leaving one square cloth at the tack.

The leech-cloth is left three-quarters of a yard longer than the

depth of the leech, for the head-lining and tabling ; the cloth

at the tack is so cut as to fall to the foot and form its own lining ;

and the clue-piece is two yards in length.

The seams on the foot should be 3 or 4 inches broad, and

should decrease to one full inch on the hoist.

Bolt-hope. If hoisted with a stay, the rope on the hoist

should be 2£ or 3 inches in circumference ; but if not hoisted

with a stay, the rope on the hoist should be five inches. The rope

on the foot and leeches should be two inches and a half.

Four or five inches of slack-cloth should be taken up in every

yard in the hoist, when sewing on the rope, and the rope on the

hoist put through the holes in the head-stick ; then served with

spunyarn, and spliced into the leech-rope.

The head-stick is seized round the middle to the head of the

sail, and a thimble seized in the bight of the rope.

Thimbles are generally stuck in the cringles at the tack and

clue. This sail sometimes has a bonnet.


Observe, that the sloop's second jib is seven-eighths of the size

of the first jib; the third jib is three-fourths of the size of the

first jib ; but they are both made like the first jib, as above.


A SLOOP'S STORM-JIB.


two-thirds of the size of the first jib, and is used in stormy-

weather, in lieu of a larger one.

Gores. The depth of the hoist, divided by the number of

gored cloths in it, gives the length of each gore. The foot is gored

at the rate of 5 or 6 inches per cloth, increasing to the clue.

The seams should be 3 or 4 inches broad at the foot, and should

decrease to one inch on the hoist. The bolt-rope on the hoist

should be five inches in circumference, and on the foot and leech

two inches and a half.

Two strengthening-bands of half a breadth of cloth are put

on parallel to the foot, at one-third of the depth of the sail

asunder.

The clue is lined with a breadth of cloth one yard and a half

in length ; a piece, one yard long, is put on at the peek ; and the

cloth at the tack is so cut as to fall to the foot, and form its own

lining.

Thimbles are sometimes seized in the peek, tack, and clue.



A SLOOP'S FLYING-JIB.

This sail is triangular, made of canvas No. 6, and is two-thirds

of the size of the first jib. It is the foremost sail, and hoists with

out a stay.


number of cloths, gives the length of each gore. The foot is gored

with a sweep, at the rate of 8 or 9 inches per cloth, increasing to

the clue.

The piece at the clue is one yard and a half in length ; that at

the peek is one yard ; and the cloth at the tack is so cut as to

fall to the foot, and form its own lining.

The seams should be two inches and a half broad at the foot,

and should decrease to one inch at the hoist.

The rope on the hoist should be three inches and a half in cir

cumference; on the foot, two inches; and, on the leech, one inch.

Three inches of slack-cloth should be taken up with the rope

in every yard in the hoist.

Thimbles are sometimes spliced in the tack and peek.




A SLOOP'S RINGTAIL-SAIL.

This sail is quadrilateral, and made of canvas No. 7 or 8. It

is occasionally hoisted abaft the after-leech of the main-sail, to

which the fore-leech is made to answer. The head is bent to a

small yard at the outer end of the gaff; and the foot is spread on

the boom, which is prolonged by a piece lashed to the outer end.

Gohes. The depth of the fore-leech, being divided by the

number of cloths in it, gives the length of the gore on each cloth.

The head has a regular gore to answer the peek of the main-sail,

and the foot is gored with a gore of one inch per cloth, increasing

to the tack.

The bolt-rope on the head, foot, and after-leech, should be

one inch in circumference ; and, on the fore-leech, one inch and a

half.

A sail of this kind, but more square, is sometimes extended in

light winds, on a small mast, erected for that purpose on the upper

part of the stern of some vessels ; the foot being spread out by a

boom that projects horizontally from the stern.




A SMACK'S MAIN -SAIL.



of the hounds to the boom, and is attached to hoops which encircle

the mast. The after-leech is about one-fifth deeper than the fore-

leech. The head is bent to the gaff, and spreads within 12 inches

of the cleats at the outer end ; and the foot is spread upon the

boom, extending within 18 inches of the sheave-hole at the outer

end of it.

Gores. The depth of the fore-leech, divided by the number

ofcloths to the mast, gives the length of the regular gore per cloth ;

but, if cut with a sweep, the gores must be regulated by judgment.

The head is gored at the rate of 4 or 5 inches per cloth ; and the

foot, with a circular sweep, at the rate of 12 or 14 inches per cloth,

for every cloth in the mast-leech, it having a short gore to the clue

on 5 or 6 cloths, at the rate of 3 or 4 inches per cloth.

o2


The fore-leech is lined with a breadth of cloth, from the

tack to the nock ; and the after-leech is lined with a breadth

of cloth from the clue to two yards above the upper reef-band,

where it is cut half way across : and, one part being cut away,

the other is so continued about one yard higher. The peek is

lined with a piece one yard and a half in length.

The seams should be 4 inches broad 9 feet up from the foot,

and 2 inches broad 6 feet down from the head ; the remainder of

the seam should be one inch broad.

Four reef-bands, from 6 to 8 inches broad, are put on parallel

with the foot : the upper one is at three-sevenths of the depth of

the fore-leech from the foot, and the others are at equal distances

from the upper one. Sometimes a balance-reef is put on from

the nock to the upper reef-cringle on the after-leech.


points ; for which see page 28.

For tablings and head-holes, consult the general instruc

tions, pages 18—27.

The bolt-rope on the mast-leech should be three inches in

circumference, and, on the head, foot, and after-leech, one inch

and a half.

Four inches of slack-cloth should be taken up with the rope

in every yard in the mast-leech.

Iron thimbles are stuck in the cringles at the tack, nock,

peek, and clue ; in cringles made on each leech, at the ends of the

reef-bands, and in a luff-cringle made on the fore-leech between

the lower reef-cringle and the tack.



A SMACK'S FORE-SAIL.

This sail is triangular, made of canvas No. 1 or 2, and bends

with hanks to the stay next before the mast. The leech is of the

same depth as the fore-leech of the main-sail, and there are as

many cloths in the foot as will keep clear of the mast.

Gohes. The depth of the hoist, divided by the number of

cloths, gives the length of the gore on each cloth. The foot is

gored with a short gore, increasing to the clue, of one inch per

cloth, leaving two or three square cloths at the tack.

The leech-cloth is cut square at the upper end, and is so

doubled as to form its own lining. The cloth at the tack is cut

in the same manner. The leech is lined with a breadth of cloth

from the clue to one yard and a half above the upper reef-band,

where it is cut half across ; and one part being cut away, the other

part is so continued about one yard higher.

A broad tabling is generally made on the hoist, but sometimes

small triangular pieces are put on at each hole instead of it.

Stay-holes are made, one on each seam.

The seams should be 3 or 4 inches wide at the foot, and to de

crease to one full inch at the hoist.


Two reef-bands, four inches broad, are sometimes put on

parallel to the foot, at about one-ninth of the depth of the leech

asunder ; but a bonnet is more frequently used to this sail.


points, for which see page 27.

The bolt-rope on the stay should be two inches and a half, or

three inches, in circumference ; and on the foot and leech, one

inch and a half or two inches.

Three or four inches of slack-cloth should be taken up with


Iron thimbles are generally stuck in the cringles at the tack

and clue, and in the bight of the rope at the peek. Sometimes

this sail has a head-stick.


A SMACK'S JIB.

This sail is triangular, made of canvas No. 1 or 2, and gene

rally hoists by haliards, without a stay, next before the fore-sail.

The foot is made to spread the bowsprit, and the depth of the


leech is from three-quarters of a yard to one yard for every cloth

in the foot.

Gores. The depth of the hoist, or fore-part, divided hy the

number of cloths, gives the length of each gore. The fourth and

fifth cloths from the tack are cut square on the foot, and the

cloths each way from them are gored with a sweep, at one inch

per cloth, increasing to the tack and clue.

The upper end of the leech-cloth is cut square, and is

doubled back to form its own lining. The tack and clue are

lined with a breadth of cloth two yards in length. When this

sail is made to hoist with a stay, it either has small triangular

pieces put on at each hole in the hoist, or a broad tabling.

Stay-holes are made, one on each seam.

The seams should be 3 or 4 inches wide at the foot, and to

decrease to one full inch at the hoist.

The rope on the stay should be five inches in circumference ;

and that on the foot and leech two inches.

Four or five inches of slack-cloth should be taken up with


Thimbles are stuck in the cringles at the tack and clue ; and

one is seized in the bight of the rope at the peek, which is seized

with spunyarn.

This sail sometimes has a head-stick.


SKY-SCRAPERS.

These sails are triangular, and made of canvas No. 8. The foot

spreads half of the royal-yards, and each sail has half the number

of cloths in the foot as are in the head of its respective royal-sail.

The peek is hoisted by a haliard to the truck on the mast-head.


This sail is very seldom used, and is not usually made in the

general practice.


THE UNDERMENTIONED SAILS ARE VERY SELDOM USED; AND ARE

NOT USUALLY MADE IN THE GENERAL PRACTICE.

ROYAL STAY-SAILS are quadrilateral, and made of canvas

No. 8. They are the same as a top-gallant-stay-sail, only with

one or two cloths less, and are hoisted next above them.


STORM-MIZEN. This sail is triangular, and similar to a

fore-top-mast-stay-sail. It is made of canvas No. 2 or 3, and

bends on the fore part to a horse, abaft and parallel to the mizen-

mast. The foot is extended towards the tafferel by a sheet.


SPRIT-SAIL-TOP-GALLANT-SAIL is quadrilateral, cut

square on the head, and is similar to the sprit-sail-top-sail. It is

made of canvas No. 8, and is bent on the head to the sprit-sail-

top-gallant- sail-yard, which hangs at right angles under the outer

end of the jib-boom. The foot spreads the sprit-sail-top-sail-yard,

and contains the same number of cloths in it as the head of the

sprit-sail-top-sail. One or two cloths are gored on each leech.


WING-SAIL FOR KETCHES. This sail is quadrilateral,

and similar to the mizen-course of a ship. It is made of canvas

No. 6 or 7, and bends abaft the main-mast to hoops which encircle

the mast. The head is extended by a gaff.

To find the quantity of canvas, refer to Rule II. page 31.


A BOAT'S SETTEE-SAIL.


head is bent to a latteen-yard, which hangs obliquely to the mast,

at one-third of its length, and extends within six inches of the

cleats.

Gores. The cloth at the tack is cut goring to the nock, and

the bunt is of the depth of the reef,, which is one-fifth the depth

of the leech. The leech is five-sixths of the length of the head.

The length of the head, divided by the number of cloths in it,

gives the length of each gore. The foot is cut with a circular

sweep, after the sail is sewed together.

Two small holes are made in each cloth, along the head; and

holes are made across the sail, on each seam, at one-fifth of the

depth of the leech from the foot, for the reef.

Reef-hanks are used instead of reef-points ; for which see

page 27.

A small reef-cringle is made on the after-leech-rope, and

cringles are made at the nock and peek.



A BOAT'S LATTEEN-SAIL.


so called from its head being bent to the latteen-yard, which hangs

obliquely to the mast at one-third of its length, extending within

six inches of the cleats.

GonEs. The length of the head, divided by the number of

cloths, gives the length of the gore on each cloth. The foot is

cut square.

Two small holes are made in each cloth along the head, through

which the lacings are reeved.



A BOAT'S SLIDING-GUNTER-SAIL.

This sail is the same as the boat's latteen-sail ; but it is thus

called when the head of it (then called the fore-leech) is laced to

a mast and top-mast, the top-mast being made to slide down the

mast by means of hoops.

p 2


A BOAT'S SHOULDER-OF-MUTTON-SAIL.

This is the same as the boat's latteen-sail, but is called a

shoulder-of-mutton-sail, when heed by the fore-leech to a

single mast.

THE PRACTICE OP SAIL-MAKING. 109

A BOAT'S LUG-SAIL.


head is bent to a yard, which hangs obliquely to the mast at one-

third of its length, and extends within 4 inches of the cleats.

The fore-leech is as deep as the length of the head, and the

after-leech is longer than the fore-leech by nearly half the depth

of the fore-leech.

Gores. Two or three cloths are gored on the fore-leech, and

an even gore of 6 inches per cloth is made on the head. The foot

is gored with a sweep ; the cloth at the clue being cut with a three-

inch short gore, the next cloth is square, and the cloths from

thence to the tack are gored at the rate of six or eight inches per

cloth.

Two small holes are made in each cloth in the head.

This sail has two reefs parallel with the foot ; the upper one

is half-way up the fore-leech, and the other is equally distant from

that and the foot. Sometimes reef-bands, three or four inches

broad, are put on at the reefs, but when these are not used, a small

hole is made in every seam instead of them.

Reef-hanks are used instead of reef-points; for which see

page 27. .


Small cringles are made on the leeches at each reef; baring-

cringles are made at the nock and peek ; and 10 or 12 strands

in the length of the rope are seized at the tack and clue.

To find the quantity of canvas, refer to Rule IX. page 37.

A BOAT'S MAIN-SPRIT-SAIL.

BOATS' SPRIT-SAILS.

These sails are quadrilateral, and made of canvas No. 7 or 8 :

the fore-leeches are attached to their respective masts by lacings,

reeved through holes made in them ; and the heads are elevated

THE PHACTICE OF SAIL-MAKING. Ill

A BOAT'S FORE-SPRIT-SAIL.

BOATS' SPRIT-SAILS, continued.

and extended by sprits, or small yards, that cross the sail diago

nally from the mast to the peek ; the lower end of the sprit rests

in a wreath or collar of rope called a snotter, which encircles the

mast at the foot of the sail.

Gores. The fore-leeches of the main and fore sprit-sails

are the depth of the mast within twelve inches of the gunwale,

and have one or two gored cloths. The heads of them have an

even gore of 12 or 14 inches per cloth.

The fore-leech of the mizen-sprit-sail is the depth of the


A BOAT'S MIZEN-SPRIT-SAIL.

BOATS' SPRIT-SAILS, continued.

mast, so as to clear the gunwale, and is square. The head has an

even gore of 11 inches per cloth.

Small holes are made in the fore-leeches : those in the main

and fore sprit-sails are one in each yard, and those in the mizen

are three-quarters of a yard asunder. Holes are also made in the

seams, across the sail, at one-fifth of the depth of the after-leech

from the foot, for the reef.

Reef-hanks are used instead of reef-points; for which see

page 27.

Ten or twelve turns or twists of the strands in the length of the

rope is seized, to form bights, at the tack, nock, peek, and

CLUE.



A BOAT'S FORE-SAIL. A BOAT'S JIB.

A BOAT'S FORE-SAIL.

This sail is triangular, and made of canvas No. 8. The leech

is of the same depth as the fore-leech of the fore-sprit-sail, and

the foot is made wide enough to spread from the stem to the mast.

Gohes. The depth of the fore-part, or hoist, divided by the

number of cloths, gives the length of each gore. The foot is cut

square.


in every yard in the depth of the hoist.


A BOAT'S JIB.

This sail is triangular, and made of canvas No. 8. The leech is

of the same depth as the leech of the fore-sail, and the foot is as

wide as the length of the bowsprit.

Gores. The depth of the fore-part, or hoist, divided by the

number of cloths, gives the length of each gore. The foot is cut

with a sweep, at the rate of 6 or 7 inches per cloth, with a short

gore to the clue.


in every yard in the hoist.



4&

MAST-COATS.

Mast-coats are made of canvas No. 1 or 2, to fit round the

mast and hole in the deck. When fixed, they have the shape of a

cone.

Girth the mast about, at 18 inches above the deck, and girth

round the deck, at three inches from the mast-hole : this gives the

circumference at top and bottom. The length is obtained by mea

suring strait the distance between the places girthed.

Divide the lower girths into an equal number of parts, suitably

to the width of the canvas, allowing for the seams, which are one

inch wide. The cloths must be gored upwards, to produce the

circumference of the mast at the top-girth, and when sewed

together, cut with a sweep, to set neatly round the mast. The

upper part is then sewed into a double canvas collar, six inches

wide.

To find the quantity of canvas in mast-coats, multiply the num

ber of cloths by the length, and add the quantity in the collar.

EXAMPLE.

Ft. In.

1 8 Length

4 Number of cloths

6 8

3 Feet in the collar

Total 9 8 or 3J Yards.


RUDDER-COATS.

Rudder-coats are made of canvas No. 1 or 2, to fit round the

rudder and the hole in the counter. Girth the circumference of

the rudder-hole ; then round the rudder and part of the stern-post

about four feet below the counter. This gives the width at top

and bottom. The length is obtained by measuring the distance

between the places girthed.

Divide the upper girths into an equal number of breadths, suit

ably to the canvas, allowing for the seams. The cloths are gored

downwards with a small sweep, that the coat may bag, and not

set too tight when fixed. The seams are one inch wide, and a two

or three inch tabling is made all round.

To find the quantity of canvas in a rudder-coat, multiply the

number of cloths by the length of the coat.

EXAMPLE.

Ft. In.

4 9 Length of the coat.

6 Number of cloths.

Total 28 6 or 91 Yards.


WIND-SAIL, OR VENTILATOR.

The wind-sail or ventilator is made of canvas No. 1 or 2. It

is used for circulating fresh air between deck, and is in the form

of a cylinder.

Four breadths are sewed together, and the outer selvages

joined, with an inch seam, leaving one cloth four feet short of the

top.

A three inch tabling goes round the top and bottom. It is

kept distended by circular hoops, made of ash, sewed to the

inside ; one at top, and one at every six feet distance. The upper

part, or top, is covered with canvas, and a small rope sewed

round the edge ; into which are spliced, at the quarters, the ends

of two pieces of rope, that are sewed up to the middle, and an

eye formed by seizing the bights. The length of a wind-sail is

taken nine feet above the deck to three or four feet below the

lower hatchway.

To find the quantity of canvas in the ventilator, multiply the

number of cloths by the length.

EXAMPLE.

4 Number of cloths.

9 Yards in length.

Total 36 Yards.


QUARTER-CLOTHS.

Quarter-cloths are made of canvas No. 1 or 2. They are ex

tended from the rough-tree-rail of the quarter-deck to the plank-

sheer.

The length is taken from the aft part of the stern, along the

rough-tree-rail upon the quarter, to the haunch, or where the rail

ends.

The depths are taken from the rail to the plank-sheer, at the

fore part of the rail, at the taffarel, and at the midway between.

They contain in general two whole cloths, and one gored cloth,

which is always placed at the lower part.

The seams are one inch broad, and a two or three inch tabling

is made all round.

To find the quantity of canvas in quarter-cloths, multiply the

number of whole cloths by the length, and add the quantity in the

gored cloth.

To find the quantity in the gored cloth, take the breadth of

the gored cloth at the ends and in the middle ; add them together,


and divide their sum by three for a medium breadth. Then mul

tiply that medium breadth by the length of the cloth.

EXAMPLE.

20 Yards, length.

2 Number of whole cloths.

40 Yards.

6 1 in the gored cloth.

Total 46? Yards in the quarter-cloth.

To find the quantity in the gored cloth.

Breadth at the fore part of the rail 12 Inches.

middle 8

aft-part 4

3)24

8 inches, or J of a breadth multiplied

— by 20 yards, the length is 6 yards,

24 inches.

"


AWNINGS.

Awnings are made of canvas No. 1 or 2.

The length of the main-deck awning is from the centre of

the fore-mast to the centre of the main-mast. The width is

shaped agreeably to the breadths of the ship, taken at the main

mast, the fore-mast, and at the midway between.


The length of the quarter-deck-awning is from the centre

of the main-mast to the centre of the mizen-mast. The width is

shaped agreeably to the breadths of the ship, taken at the main

mast, the mizen-mast, and at the midway between.

The length of the poop or after-awning is from the centre

of the mizen-mast to the ensign-staff, about seven feet above the

deck. The width is shaped agreeably to the breadths of the ship,

taken at the mizen-mast, the taffarel, and at the midway between.

Vessels in harbour, particularly in the royal navy, have up

rights (instead of masts), one fixed at the break of the quarter

deck, one at the forecastle, and one at the knight-heads forward.

The lengths and breadths are taken as before, only at those up

rights instead of at the masts.

The canvas is cut out to the given breadths of the awning,

allowing about nine inches to hang down on each side, which is

sometimes scolloped and bound with green baize, and is sewed

together with an inch seam, and tabled all round with a two or

three inch tabling. Half the diameter of the masts is cut out in

the middle at each end, and lacing-holes are made across the

ends to connect one awning to another.

On the upper part, along the middle and sides, is sewed one

inch and half or two inch rope, to which the trucks are sewed at

about three-quarters of a yard asunder. A thimble is spliced in

each end of the rope.

Sometimes curtains are made to hang to the sides of the

awnings, of the same length as the awnings. Their depth is

taken from the sides of the awning to the gunwale, supposing

the awning to be in its place. The seams and tablings are

the same as those of the awnings, and lacing-holes are made

along the upper tabling of the curtain, and the side tabling of the

awning.

To find the quantity of canvas in awnings, multiply the number

of cloths by the medium breadth. The medium breadth is

found by adding together the three breadths, and dividing the

sum by three.

To find the quantity in the curtain, multiply the number of

cloths by the length.

THK PRACTICE OF SAIL-MAKING. 121

Example of a Main-Deck Awning.

Breadth at main-mast- 9

fore-mast • • 8

midway • • • 10

3)2724 Number of cloths.

- 9 Yards, medium breadth.

Total 216

Example for the Curtain.

4 Number of cloths.

15 Yards in length.

60 Yards.

A SMOKE-SAIL.

This sail is quadrilateral, square on the head and foot, and

made of canvas No. 1 or 2. It is extended to a small yard by the

earings at the head, and by sheets at the foot, near the aft part of

the forecastle, to prevent the smoke from the galley- chimney

coming aft.


The leeches are commonly square, or may be gored half a cloth,

as has been recommended.

The number of the cloths is about one-fourth of the cloths in

the fore-course. The depth is one-half of the depth of the fore-

course.

The roping and rule to find the contents as the top-gallant-sails.

A slit is made up the middle of the sail from the foot, with a

hole to go over the main-stay, and lace-holes on each side to lace

it together when in its place.


TABLES

OF THE

AND

THE QUANTITIES OF CANVAS

CONTAINED

IN EVERY PART OF EACH SAIL, WITH THE SORTS OF CANVAS

OF WHICH THEY ARE RESPECTIVELY MADE,

FOR

StHPS of all l&ates.

OBSERVATIONS.

The Canvas which is used for the Hoyal Navy is twenty-four inches wide ;

and it is certainly the strongest. This is the width by which the following Tables

are calculated.

There are eight different sorts of this Canvas ; of which the weight y holt,

or piece, of 38 yards is as follows:—No. 1, 441b. No. 2, 41ft. No. 3, 38ft.

No. 4, 35 ft. No. 5, 32 ft. No. 6,29 ft. No. 7, 24 ft. and No. 8, 21 ft.

R %

124

DIMENSIONS OF THE SAILS, AND QUANTITY OF CANVAS

Contained in every Part of each Sail, with the Sorts of Canvas of which they are

respectively made, for

A SHIP OF 100 GUNS, or 2164 TONS.

■6rt

So sOQ

ClothsOS

a

'S

ffi>

-aa

93s

§m «SB &

■NAMES OF THE SAILS. Yards

Deep

ia

E-i

J.o Total

Yards

.a en ■30

6 DO D a E

o

O

s co rt to 3 o

n M A X

31 31

31

16

9}

101

191

2

6

8

6

1

2

2

2

5

3

3

6

7

1

2

2

2

5

3

3

286|

270|

178

381 $

574

12i

20;

•27

40

26

12J

20

26 §

10|

2 ....

42 17 2816J

4

11J7311261 43 19 38 40 "i 5i

61}

"i

94

Top-Gallant-Sail 20

12

27

20

50

91 2231

7

14|

112

48 19| 341 20 18 814|

14§

15}

301 481 21 44 44 12 Hi 912*

74

lO|

12|

Top-Gallant-Sail 23

14

17

21

31

23

18

311

10i r,

7

2

4

6

5

5

7

8

1

5

1

5

7

6

2

6

8

6

6

7

6

6

7

5

1

2831

71

10 20

14J 15

138|

3| 111 7 282J

221 311 91 4 5i438 1

37|

8)

Top-Gallant-Sail 16 2116| 71

64

4

7

1201

6611

152f

211

2611

486}

265

325|

274|

240

1491

285

340

130

3634.

398|

154

473|

165}

91 16

23 12}9J 2

2

2

22 19

32 14| 131

26

22

25

23

20

18

19

15

11

20

16

12

24

81

28 10 26 8]

61Main-Top-Gallant 22 7 161 ....

25 8 17i

81 14

7

25 71

6i

51

21 7 16

5 1118

19 15

19 20

Fore-Top-Gallant- 15 10

20 183i

20 22 2|

Main-Top-Gallant 16 11

30 91 21 56

12

6

13

• - • •

15 9) 12i11

125





NAMES OF THE SAILS.

Sprit-Course

Top-Sail

Flying-Jib

Jib

Fore-Course

Middle-Band

Foot do.

Top-Sail

Top-Lining

Foot- Band

Middle do.

Top-Gallant-Sail

Royal

Main-Course

Foot-Band

Middle do.

Top-Sail

Top-Lining

Foot-Band

Middle do.

Top-Gallant-Sail

Royal

Mizen-Course

Top-Sail

Top-Lining

Foot- Band

Middle do.

Top-Gallant-Sail

Royal

Stay -Sails, Fore

Fore-Top

M ain

Main-Top

Main-Top-Gallant

Middle

Mizen

Mizen-Top

Royal

Studding-Sails, Fore

Fore-Top

Fore-Top-Gallant .

Main

Main-Top

Main-Top-Gallant

Driver

Cloths

40

.20

30

41

47.

.21 J

15

.22

SI

SI

27

21

.24

.24

20

17

18

IS

14

I!)

1!)

18

80

14.

Yards

Deep

10

18j.i.-j

18

.20

10

H

91 19

13* 14,

6* 7

51

"i18

13|

9i 25

61 151

71 161

8 131

61 151

41 10|

141

lit

<H

17)

'21

101

9 19|

16 ! 27

371 38

3i

31 1

42

801

18

24 i

15 J 10J

10:

18}

12

14

5i

5J

5-:

Total

Yards

261

240

160f

3531

524^

12

101

678i

58

8|

10|

196|

98 J

»A13|

14+

855|

69|

101

121

2571

130J

253J

412

36f

6i

7|

118

euIMf

191

228|

448|

2371

295

2511

21 8|

134|

261

304

111

335|

359*

1361

45U

Try-Sail 9 12152J

126





io

03

S0C

3Cloths

60

a

B

.S) c ■ aiO

«^

'5S

sa 3

i

[A 0be a

NAMES OF THE SAILS. Yards

DeepA.

aen I 5

0 Total

Yardsa) G as-

E

E0

O b N

O

1V o

sQ

a M t-5 O 5 M 03

31 31

31

16

27

41

9 2

6

8

6

1

2

2

2

5

3

3

6

7

1

2

2

2

5

3

3

6

7

2

4

6

5

5

7

8

1

5

1

5

7

6

2

6

8

6

6

7

6

6

7

5

1

279

257J

178

381f

7121

121

18 101

19)

26

20 2

426f....

43 15 m 34i20 10|

«l28 44 19 41 40 "1 6i 761

61 §

111

Top-Gallant-Sail 18

11

49*

28 91

6|

21 S|

18i 984

511 161 20| 372 21i 18 922^

141

151

32 501 21 952

74

111

13i

Top-Gallant-Sail . . . . 211

18j|

32

22

18

31 1

101

72280J

136

17

22

121 23

141 15|

3| 111 7 3291

23 32 9| 4 H 4541

39|

7

Top-Gallant-Sail 16

91

221 6| 7} 4

81

134

701

1761

16 51

22 15 91 2

21 19 2 2011

26

3216J 13 h 2 .... 276|

28 10 25 81 473iMain-Top-Gallant 22 22 7 161 6| 265J

25 25 7i 16) 7 297f

201 221 9 181 71 2461

20 21 7 16 6| 2402

18 18 5 Ul 51 1521

18 18 17 306

14 18 20 320

Fore-Top-Gallant 10 14 9| 117

19 19 191 H 370f

15 19 22376i

Main-Top-Gallant 11 15 11 143

25 33 Hi 24 651

12

6 590J

81 15 H) 14J 11 14 189|

127





NAMES OF THE SAILS.

Sprit-Course

Top-Sail

Flying Jib

Jib

Fore-Course

Foot-Band

Middle do

Top-Sail

Foot-Band

Middle do.

Top-Lining

Top-Gallant-Sail • •

Royal

Main-Course

Foot-Band

Middle do

Top-Sail

Foot-Band • • • l

Middle do.

Top-Lining

Top-Gallant-Sail • .

Royal

Mizen-Course

Top-Sail

Foot-Band

Middle do.

Top-Lining

Top-Gallant-Sail •,

Royal

Stay-Sails, Fore

Fore-Top

Main

Main-Top

Main-Top-Gallant

Middle

Mizen

Mizen-Top

Royal


Fore-Top

Fore-Top-Gallant •

Main

Main-Top

Main-Top-Gallant

Driver

Try-Sail

Cloths

41

27

19

Hi

47

18

42

27

19i

49

48

21

13*

16 |

20)

81

22

17

30)

26

21

24

20 J

19

17

18

14

10

19

16

11

20

8

21)

15

22

21

32

27

21

24

22»

20

17

18

18

14

19

19

10

31j

14°i

Yards

Deep

81

10

18|

26

13)

18

9

6?

16J

20)

10

7I

'2

11 21

14| 15

IS]

18

15|

9i 25

6* 15*

7* 16*

9 13*

6* 15*

4* 10|

151

19

91

18:]

21j10*

10* 21i

10* 13

16:

38)

195

433

3

22J

9.1

13)

30 17:1

38 10|

354,

42i

31)

101

21

12J

10

00

12)

o

18 2

26§ 4

lO| -••

14

6J

H

H

Total

Yards

250

245

160|

381 *

608^

11

12J

696J

9

11

08

207

100|

846}

«}14|

882*

ioJ

12|

72*

262*

133*

282

431 i

6i

8

381

127 J

64

157|*

191

267*

448|

237*

295

246*

218|

134J

276

304

114

359*

363i

136*

514*

167*

128


Contained in every Part of each Sail, toith the Sorts of Canvas of which they are


A SHIP OF 64 GUNS, ok 1569 TONS.

NAMES OF THE SAILS.

Sprit-Course

Top-Sail

Flying Jib

Jib

Fore-Course

Foot-Band

Middle do.

Top-Sail

Foot-Band

Middle do

Top-Lining

Top-Gallant-Sail

Royal

Main-Course

Foot-Band

Middle do.

Top-Sail

Foot-Band

Middle do.

Top-Lining

Top-Gallant-Sail

Royal

Mizen- Course

Top-Sail

Foot-Band

Middle do.

Top-Lining

Top-Gallant-Sail

Royal

Stay-Sails, Fore

Fore-Top

Main

Main-Top

Main-Top-Gallant

Middle

Mizen

Mizen-Top

Royal


Fore-Top

Fore-Top-Gallant-

Main

Main-Top

Cloths

38

24 1

28

131

81

38;

25

16}

IS

44

19)

14

20

19

29

24

18

21

22

17

14

16

16

12

17

17

18

28

131

Yards

Deep

n0

17+

24

12

16

8

»\

14

18

61

91 18

12J 13

5| 63

*i12

16

14

9 221

5 14

6 131

8 12

5 131

4J 9

14

17

81

17

10

9)

15*

;}--,

17|

40|

20

B1

18i

26 1

34

27i

16

01

18]

10|

o

10:

Main-Top-Gallant

Driver

Try-Sail

9 19

9 11*

6

H)

6i

5*

.-i!

Total

Yards

202*.

1931

138|

3261

509|

10

11

5741

81

10

471

164

76i

694 J12|

13|

726|

Si

"t58

2094,

95f

230|

2471

5|

29

985

53 1

1301

154

217*

363

1761

210|

215

156

971

224

238

894,

291 |

2871

109J

4111

1371

129



respectiveIy made, for


NAMES OF THE SAILS.

Sprit-Course

Top-Sail

Flying Jib

Jib

Fore- Course

Foot-Band

Middle do.

Top-Sail

Foot-Band

Middle do.

Top-Lining

Top-Gallant-Sail ••

Royal

Main-Course

Foot-Band

Middle do.

Top-Sail

Foot- Band

Middle do.

Top-Lining

Top-Gallant-Sail • •

Royal

Mizen-Course

Top-Sail

Foot-Band

Middle do.

Top- Lining

Top-Gallant- Sail

Royal

Stay-Sails, Fore

Fore-Top

Main

Main-Top

Main-Top-Gallant

Middle

Mizen

Mizen-Top

Royal

Studding Sails, Fore

Fore-Top

Fore Top-Gallant •

Main

Main-Top

Main-Top - Gallant

Driver

Try-Sail

Cloths

as

14)

34.

22 J

14*

!)

40

26

17

10)

IS

171

12

21

17

20

18

US

IS

16

11

8

10

12

!)

21

64

•2.',

26

18

39

88)

86i

401

Yards

Deep

7

8

15i•21

11

14«

71

I2)

1«*

261 8

171 5|

14 81 16i

251111 i 12

51 6

*i11

15

121

8| 21|

41 13i

6) 13

7 12

41 13

4 81

13

16|

71

15

171

81

8 17

8 101

18J

33

16]

38

18]

n

ii

25

3U

28 1

34.

25:

14:

18]

»l

7:1

10)

H

to

Wi

a

ft. cd

0)a

^S a

-I

*i

Total

Yards

175

158

119f

251 !

4331

H10

494J

71

!»!

43 ?

135|

64

584?

"3121

615)

8|

10J

52|

174

801

1851

298

5i

ei

26§

86J

40J

108 jj1291

1751

386|

1581

191

1841

139

86i

195

204|

73|

242|

243|

89}

353

115

130





NAMES OF THE SAILS.

Cloths

Sprit-Course

Top-Sail

Flying-Jib

Jib

Fore-Course .

Middle-Band • .

Foot do.

Top-Sail

Top-Lining

Middle-Band .

Foot do.

Top-Gallant-Sail •

Boyal

Main-Course

Middle-Band .

Foot do. . . •

Top-Sail

Top-Lining . . .

Middle-Band .

Foot do. . .

Top-Gallant-Sail .

Boyal

Mizen-Course

Top-Sail

Top-Lining . . .

Middle-Band .

Foot do. . . .

Top-Gallant-Sail •

Royal

Stay-Sails, Fore

Main

Mizen

Main-Top . . -

Fore-Top

Main-Top-Gallant

Mizen-Top . . .

Middle

Royal

Studding-Sails, Main •

Main-Top

Main-Top-Gallant

Fore

Fore-Top

Fore-Top-Gallant .

38

84)

28

13

si

38)

Yards

Deep

7)

0

17J

.24

12

16

8

5|

14

44

19)

14

20

29

.22

24

1!)

18

17

21

14

17

17

13

16

16

12

28

13)

18

I6)

35

175

40

26

34

31

9

61

91 18

Hi 13

5| 6)

4|

12

14

8 12

9 221

16

5 14

5 131

6 131

4J 9

17

10

9)

14

17

8)

20

8

12)

38

16

0)

18f

lO|

271 8^

10)

Driver

Try-Sail

9 19

9 11'

61

11)

6)

6)

."'!

Total

Yards

2021

1931

138|

3261

509|

11

10

5731

471

10

81

164

76i

694J

13|

12|

725|

58

ll|

9|

209+

95J

230|

351 |

29

7i

»l

98J

53|

1301

2171

215

363

154

1761

156

210|

97|

291 |

2874,

1091

224

238

891

4111

1371

131




A SHIP OF 40 GUNS, ok 1200 TONS.

NAMES OF THE SAILS.

Sprit-Course

Top Sail

Flying-Jib

Jib

Fore-Course

Middle-Band • • •

Foot do. • • •

Top-Sail

Top-Lining

Middle- Band

Foot do.

Top-Gallant-Sail...

Royal

Main-Course

Middle-Band •••-

Foot do.

Top-Sail ,

Top-Lining

Middle-Band

Foot do.

Top-Gallant-Sail

Royal

Mizen-Course

Top-Sail

Top-Linin?

Middle-Band

Foot do. — •

Top-Gallant-Sail

Royal

Stay-Sails, Fore

Main

Mizen

Main-Top

Fore-Top

Main-Top-Gallant

Mizen-Top

Middle

Royal

Studding-Sails, Main

Main-Top

Main-Top-Gallant

Fore

Fore-Top

Fore-Top-Gallant •

Driver

Cloths

•25

15'

34.

-23 35

Yards

Deep

7

i6

90

us

20

17

10]

is

18

L31

8

I5

19

18

11

14

11

8

13

10

7

301

el

40

261

171

14

14$

75

13J

16|

131

33

16'

26 15J

Mi

30

38

6

H? 20

12 121

5$ 04,

*1

Hi

13$

7 12

8 201

14|

15 41 12

4 12

61 101

4 81

15$

17$

9

13J

15$

71

111 201

30

18J

101

361

--»:!

5.!

6J

0

Total

Yards

175

1761

1141

229

460}»

10

j»i406

441

'-)!

H143

68

6291

121

111

627 §

54 1

101

91

184J

84

230 ^

316

28 1

6$

51

951

491

108J

177

175

295|

120

129J

111

150

73$

223

223J

851

172J

1811

65}

430

1424Try-Sail 11 13 1aj

s2

132




A SHIP OF 36 GUNS, on 900 TONS.

1}

'-3

Q'/i

Clothsto

to

a

5

u

>a

-aS

Bto

a

o«

oa

Cm

Total

Yards

NAMES OF THE SAILS.la

Yards

Deep

M l»S

7 l•!B

o

V QO

S

g Eo

O

ic

a■

5o32

24

15

24

25

13

21

32

7 3 168

165

114i

229

461

8i

9|

437

391

9*

7i

137|

64i

5871

12

Hi

599

49|

10|

8}

15

20

11}

7

15 2

8

15 4 7

33 131 27 161 6 1

2

2

22 34 141 31| 301 9 5} 3

6

4

4

Top-Gallant-Sail 15

91

38

23 7i

13|

7

15

40

8

1629J

171 8 1

2

2

25 39 16! 36= 34i 94 5i3

6

4

49J

1771Top-Gallant-Sail 171

Hi

13

171

251

18

14

251

8i

6

11 181

7

8 881

216

300

2| 9 7 3

Hi i2i 181 26 6! 4 21 5

727i

6 6|

516

Top-Gallant-Sail 13

61

18 5| 6+ 2+ .... 8 91f

131H

13J

8 491

113*

174

175

300i

118

1251

111

1521

17 7

10

2 2

24 13i 2 2

17

20

19 7 12 6i 3

Main-Top ....>... 22 8 20i

14)

7J 6

16 2 6

Main-Top-Gallant 15

13

18

11

14

11

15 4i Hi5J

5

7

14 4 12

5J 11

3| 8J

15J

17i

8|

14

15i

71

10i 20

10i 12i

.... 7

18 5|

5

7

11 8 71

21 6|

220|

Studding- Sails, Main ••••

Main-Top-Gallant

14 2| 7

14 2 7

8

13

10

11 8 83*

182

1784.

13 7

13 7

Fore-Top-Gallant- 7

20

10 8 654

401|

1344

26 45

10

6

12i

5

6 12 *l

i

1

133





m

CJ

B

ClothsaB 0l

CJ

>-J. D

la CJ 3

a tr ■C

0


Deep

i El.-o Total

Yards|3 CJ

1B

oo

IS

6 § s-

o

15

o

cs CJ | o

mm h3 e

23

131

23

23

12

20

291

3 1491

141J

991

206 3

387 J

7|7

14} 12

13J

2

3

8

19

11

7

301 12 241 14| (i 1

2 8

2 9

418201 31 13$ 13| 30 281 8| 5i

.... 3

6|4

4 8}

6 35 1

Top-Gallant-Sail 131

8i

35

21

14

37

6|

5

13

7 116|

8 56J

141 29 174 8 1 536 1

2 10*

2 iii

231 36 151 331 321 91 ....6i

.... 3 531i

84

4

6

7

8

3

5

6

6

7

8

8

2

6

2

6

7

8

7

3

7

7

7

8

7

7

8

5

1

91

42^

Top-Gallant-Sail 15i 24

16

11

231

7|153*

9*

11

16

72i

10 18 7

4

7 163

11 11| 17 241 71 21 2681

;5

6

23

Top-Gallant-Sail - • • • 11i 17

12

16

15

23

31

14

10

17

17

13

12

12

9

13

13

10

24J

10

5J 5| 2i.... 77

40

96|

7

11 6? 2

1ooi13|

13

2

91 2 161

286

110

19

14

10

17

15

12

12

8 201 7

Main-Top-Gallan t 3j in 5

3| 8i

41 Hi

61 11)

31 111

5 65

1411

148

51

61

12|

5 96|

153

154J9 14|

Fore-Top-Gallant- 6

13

10

H54|

197i

1911

15

161

2J

11

Main-Top-Gallant 7

19

8i

- 91 18

91 11

70i

338H

5) n

.... ... 33J

8

- • . * 6

108|

134





00

O

Cloths

0

3s p

>s

B

'3

V nSGa

a

3 rt


Deep

PQ

3a

0 O

.a i,!,

i

A *^

a$

E-

i3

o Total

a c o

o

aYards

W PS

iu

G

«o

O

fi

K 5

u

O

OS

22

13

22

22

11

19

6i

Hi

3

7

8

7

1

2

2

3

4

4

6

7

8

1

2

2

3

4

4

6

7

8

3

5

6

6

7

8

8

2

6

2

6

7

8

7

3

7

7

7

8

7

7

8

5

1

1371

131i

854

186 1

351*

n131 9

12j

.... 2

318

29i 281 10* Hi22J 13f 6

*18|

191 20 13 281 27* 8 .... 6* .... B84A

63

»I811

Top-Gallant-Sail 13 20 61 107i

8

331

131 4|

121

«*351 131 28

16f 8 497f

9|

101

22* 341 14| 33 31 9 .... 5* ....489i

H

9*

401-

Top-Gallant-Sail .... 15 23 7* 1421

6519 151

10 11 91 17

101 H i

7 7 1531

161 231 7 4 21 246,',

41

5|

21|

73J

37

90S

991

Top-Gallant-Sail 11 166J 5| 2+ ....

7 111 4

1610i

13

GJ 2

215

23 121 91 2 155J

19 21 8 201 7 286

Main-Top-Gallant 14 14 31 1115 110

62110 10 31 8 5

17 17 41 111 61 1411

15 17 6 11 6 1391

96|12 13 31 111 5

11 11 12 132

8 11 14 133

45Fore-Top-Gallant . 5 8

12

12

7

12 141 1764

!) 15|16/J

60Maiit-Top-Gallant 6 9

24

10

8 . «> .

18 9 171 30 313*

99£5 9 101 71'4

135





NAMES OF THE SAILS.

Sprit-Course .

Top-Sail .

Flying-Jib . . .

Jib

Fore-Course

Foot-Band . '-

Middle do. . .

Top-Sail

Foot-Band . .

Middle do. . .

Top-Lining . .

Top-Gallant-Sail

Royal .

Main-Course

Foot-Band . .

Middle do.- . .

Top-Sail

Foot-Band- . .

Middle do.

Top-Lining

Top-Gallant-Sail

Royal

Mizen-Course

Top-Sail

Foot-Band

Middle do.

Top-Lining

Top-Gallant-Sail

Royal

Stay-Sails, Fore

Fore-Top

Main

Main-Top

Main-Top-Gallant

Royal

Middle

Mizen

Mizen-Top


Fore-Top

Fore-Top-Gallant.

Main

Main-Top

Main-Top-Gallant

Driver

Try-Sail

Cloths

19

121

.27

17.

18

n31

-20

14

17

I3

0

10

14

11

11

8

5

12

9

0

le

4*

27.

31.'

201

14}

10

20

Yards

Deep

6|

131

18

6

103

13|

5

81 15)

9+ 10

4| 6J

3|

9

12*

10|

7 18

2| lOf

3i 7

4J 10|

5 101

3 10)

lO|

18*

6*

18f

14|

7i

8 151

8 9i

103

.2.i'i

121

29.

2

14J

*i

20

2(i

23;

28 1

21

12

14i

8i

O

9

18§4

0*

25

»1

2

2

2

8,

4

4

5j

5"

4

10.

Total

Yards

114

109 g85i

1861

285 J

6j

7|

336J

6

7i

261

911

46J

398^

9

9!

4I71

81

7

33 1

116i

57£

134

201+j

5i

4

16i

60f2

304

71

82J

128^

226

89

50?

1254,

1161

801

1184,

126f421

154

156 1

541

254+

7M

136





Q

Cloths

in

S]

aio

Q

«

O

c

38o

as'3

b£u o


Deep

i

►5

sHi

J.I

«ô Total

Yards«j cC

£

o

O

3

-wU

1o s

« 5o

H « m OD

a .i./-i

19

111

195J

3 1041

1916J

7

8

7

1

2

2

3

4

4

6

7

8

1

2

2

3

4

4

6

7

8

3

5

6

6

7

8

8

2

6

2

6

7

8

7

3

7

7

7

8

7

7

8

6

1

1031

6910 12 7 .... 2

3 149J17 16 10J

26 25 9 101 20 12 4 276

61

71

17261 Hf 25 241 n ....

5i310

5|

6|

25^

Top-Gallant-Sail 111 18

12

32

6i84|

7 4J401

30 10* 12i 23 13f6 372§

8|

191301

13i281 271 8* .... 5* ....

91

392 i

8

321


131

9t

191

6| 110

518 AS

8 141

9i 10

2

14J

5|

4 2J'

6 120f

131 21 6* 195|

Top-Gallant-Sail 10

6

14

10

14

13

21

19

13

41 5 »t

4

5*

161

561

29J

71

77 1

3 2f

9 6 2

"f

10J

2

9 2 H8f

17

13

7 18

2| 10J

3 6|

4J lO|

5 10

3 101

61 226

89

48|

Main-Top-Gallant 41

9

16

14

11

10

9

16

15

12

10

10

4$

5* 125J

51

4|

113

801

10| 1071

7 123 107 if

371Fore-Top-Gallant 5

11

7

11

11

6J

12

142

7i

71 15

2 134

8 136J

50|Main-Top-Gallant 6

15^

8

21 24

6|

.... 6

10J

235J

4) 81 8 9J 6i m

137




A SLOOP OF 422 TONS.

NAMES OF THE SAILS.

Sprit-Course

Top-Sail

Flying-Jib

Jib

Fore-Course

Foot- Band

Middle do.

Top-Sail

Foot-Band

Middle do.

Top-Lining

Top-Gallant-Sail

Boyal

Main-Course

Foot-Band

Middle do.

Top-Sail

Foot-Band

Middle do

Top-Lining

Top-Gallant-Sail

Royal- ."

Mizen-Course

Top-Sail

Foot-Band

Middle do.

Top-Lining

Top-Gallant-Sail

Royal

Stay-Sails, Fore

Fore-Top

Alain

Main-Top

Main-Top-Gallant

Royal

Middle

Mizen

Mizen-Top


Fore-Top

Fore-Top-Gallant-

Main

Main-Top

Main-Top-Gallant

Driver

Try-Sail

Cloths

241

I6)

18

18)

8

15

12

8

ia

12

a

10

7

5

11

8

e

18

18

10

17

S3)

25

16)

12

28 J

18

ia

10)

18

Yards

Deep

12

16

9i

HI

10

I2|

0:1

5

8J 15

7i 8)

H H

8J

-,

n|10

6 16

n 9j

3 61

4 10

5 9

3 91

10|

IS)

6|

11|

131

7i

8 14f

8 9\

20.

23 I 241

10| 22 J

2

18|

ft)

261

18

IS*

7)

I3)

7

mt

n

20

2

2

a

0

4)

4)

5

ft)

4)

8

m

Total

Yards

96

97

69

149J

7

29241

6i

7

25£

86

43J

844

8

9

353^1

6

nMl

104f

52i

1301

155ft

8)

4)

13f

41f

22

67f

721

105

177

761

421

96

92

62J

1071

1061

40)

151J

1294

56|

218|

79ft

138

DIMENSIONS OF THE SAILS, AND QUANTITY- OF CANVAS

Contained in every Part of each SaiI, with the Sorts of Canvas of which they are


A SLOOP OF 361 TONS.

tO

5Gl

to

Cloths

09 cd

60CO

>■

a

gc

rt §

ao

oll-l


Deep

nCO

E o Total

Yardsa)4* CU

3

4»

O CU co

s E9

ao

17

$.3

3 q5o « tc

17

10i

5

6

4

7

8

7

1

2

2

4

5

5

7

7

8

1

2

2

4

5

5

7

7

8

4

6

7

7

7

8

8

3

6

3

6

7

8

7

4

7

7

7

8

7

7

8

5

1

85

m 84

9

16

23

"i 6| 2

3

59|

15

8|

9i

4

— 132+

24 9| 18| "! 249J

6

6|

151 241 10$ 221 22+ 6| .... 21 .... 263+

H

61

23i

Top-Gallant-Sail 101

6)

16

11

29

5i

4

70]

35

27 n 11 21 121 6 311 1

n8|

397J17 28 12 251 25 71 21 ....

6

H

29i


121

91

18

6

4A

90

n431

tit- n9 7| 14

7| 8i

11 5

4

6

21

1121

12 12| 18 H....

155ft

31

41

13|

Top-Gallant-Sail 8

5

121 3| 4i 2i40|

8i

13

12

18

17

12

21|1

8|

10|

51 2 64 i

661

93|

177

761

401

96

92

62)

2

7] 2

15

12

6 16 6

Main-Top-Gallant 2| 9j

2|6+

41

8

13

12

8

13

13

10

10

10

41

4 10 5

5 9

3 91

10i

51

Mizen-Top 9

10

41

1021

7 Hi 97|

Fore-Top-Gallant- 5

11

7

11

11

5| 34;

122|

122#

11 14

8 12|

Main-Top-Gallant 6

14

8

19

61 451

202|71 14 19 .... 5

9 60*51 7 n 8i 5 51

139




A BRIG OF 14 GUNS, or 200 TONS.

NAMES OF THE SAILS.

Jib

Sprit-Sail-Course -

Top-Sail

Fore-Stay-Sail

Top-Stay-Sail

Course

Middle-Bands

Top-Sail

Middle-Bands .

Top-Lining . . .

Top-Gallaut-Sail . . .

Royal

Studding-Sail .

Top-Studding-Sail . .

Top-Gallant do.

Main-Sail

Top-Sail

Top-Lining . .

Top-Gallant-Sail . . .

Royal '

Stay-Sail ,

Top-Stay-Sail

Top-Studding-Sail . .

Top-Gallant do

Ring-Tail-Sail

Cloths

19

I3

10)

n

10

8

6

12)

13

10)

'i

18

18

6

6

5)

18

15

15)

1)

10

18

19..

14

11

10

10

19)

19)

Yards

Deep

13

4

6

9

10

7)

9)

10i

13 8|

9|

5)

4

9 1

11 5

10)

6i

161 14

21

161

20 9)

83

20) 11

8)

23+

Si

2|

14

as aj

S 2

«

a 3

3 .g

5 '

8)

Total

Yards

89

66)

78

43)

53

193

11)

198)

10)

16

78

37

91

184)

43;

813J

214

15

73

37

70

111|

96

43

122|

T2

140




A CUTTER OF 14 GUNS, ok 200 TONS, and

BOATS OF ABOUT 6 TONS.

NAMES OF THE SAILS.

Cloths

First Jib

Second Jib

Third Jib

Fourth Jib

Storm Jib

Top-Sail

Top-Lining

Top-Gallant-Sail

Cross-Jack

Ring-Tail- Sail

Water-Sail

Main Studding-Sail

Top- Studding Sail

Top-Gallant do. • •

Fore- Sail

Storm-Fore-Sail

Try-Sail

Strengthening-Bands

Main-Sail

BOATS' SAILS.

Latteen-Sail

Settee-Sail

Lug-Sail

Sprit-Sails, Main-

Fore

Mizen • • • •

Jib

Fore-Sail

24

Yards

Deep

•20

19

16

10

8

154 13|

34

7

11

7

Ci

6i

3

3

a

6)

20

27 24

15

20

15

7

201 16

12

171 I4

10

1|

24 18

6}

7 1

5 3J

7i5i

6 4|

3i 2|

41

5

81

184.■l

10

Total

Yards

302

2691

180

85

56

378

14

78

600

225

45

232

1511

451

186J

121

2841

24

682

7 211

7 42

7 24|

7 371

7 27

7 H

8 61

8 71

141

NUMBER OF SAILS IN A SUIT FOR EIGHT MONTHS SERVICE IN

THE ROYAL NAVY.

2 Main-Courses 1 Main-Top-Gallant-Stay-Sail

2 Main-Top-Sails 1 Fore-Top-Mast-Stay Sail

1 Main-Top-Gallant-Sail 2 Jibs

1 Main-Royal 1 Flying-Jib

2 Fore-Courses 1 Mizen-Top-Mast-Stay-SaU

2 Fore-Top-Sails 1 Mizen-Royal-Stay-Sail

2 Fore-Top-Gallant-Sails 2 Main-Studding-Sails

1 Fore- Royal 2 Main-Top-Mast-Studding-Sails

2 Mizen-Courses 2 Main-TopGallantStudding-Sails

2 Mizen-Top-Sails 2 Fore-Studding-Sails

1 Mizen-Top-Gallant-Sail 2 Fore-Top-Mast-Studding Sails

1 Mizen Royal 1 Fore-Top-Gallant-Studding-Sail

1 Main-Stay-Sail 1 Sprit-Sail-Course

2 Fore-Stay-Sails 1 Sprit-Sail-Top-Sail

] Mizen-Stay-Sail 1 Driver or Spanker-Boom-Sail

2 Main-Top-Mast-Stay-Sails 1 Smoke-Sail

1 Middle-Stay-Sail 1 Royal-Stay-Sail

THE QUALITY OF CANVAS OF WHICH THE DIFFERENT SAILS ARE

MADE IN THE MERCHANT- SERVICE.

CANVAS of No. 1.

Main and Fore-Courses, and Main and Fore-Stay-Sails, of Bast India Ships.

CANVAS of No. 2.

Main and Fore-Stay-Sails, and Main and Fore-Courses, of West India Ships.

CANVAS of No. 8.

Main and Fore-Top-Sails, Mizen-Courses, Mizen-Stay-Sails, and Sprit-Sail-

Courses, of large East India Ships.

CANVAS of No. 4.

Mizen-Top-Sails of East India Ships.

CANVAS of No. 5.

Mizen-Top-Sails of West India Ships, Main-Top-Mast-Stay-Sails of East India

Ships, and Driver or Spanker Boom-Sails of large East India Ships.

CANVAS of No. 6.

Fore-Top-Mast-Stay-Sails of East India Ships, Main-Top-Mast-Stay-Sails of

West India Ships, and Driver or Spanker Boom-Sails of East and West India

Ships, Sprit-Sail-Top-Sails, and Main and Fore-Top-Gallant-Sails of large East

India Ships.

CANVAS of No. 7.

Main and Fore-Top-Gallant-Sails, Middle-Stay-Sails, Flying-Jibs, Lower-

Studding-Sails, Main-Top-Mast-Studding-Sails, Main-Top-Gallant-Stay-Sail of

East and West India Ships, and Fore-Top-Mast-Stay-Sail of West India Ships.

CANVAS of No 8.

Small Flying-Jibs in large East India Ships, Mizen-Top-Gallant-Sails, and

Main-Top Gallant-Studding-Sails of East and West India Ships, Mizen-Top-

Mast-Stay-Sails of East India Ships, and Royals, if any.

142

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143

PARLIAMENTARY REGULATIONS

RELATIVE TO

SAILS AND SAIL-CLOTH.

The manufacturing of sails and sail-cloth has attracted the atten

tion of the legislature. Regulations have been established and

encouragements given, from time to time, for the maker of sail

cloth as well as for the sail-maker.

The act of the 7 and 8 William III. c. 10, § 14, enacts, " That

so much of English sail-cloth as shall be found fit for the ser

vice of his Majesty's navy, shall have the preference of all foreign

sail-cloth ; and the commisssioners of the navy are directed and

required, from time to time, to contract and agree for such Eng

lish-made sail-cloth, and to allow the makers and manufacturers

thereof a recom pence of two-pence per yard for the same, above

what they pay for foreign cloth of equal strength and goodness."

The acts, however, that materially affect this subject, are the

9 Geo. II. c. 37, and the 19 Geo. II. c. 27, both of which, though

originally made to continue for seven years only, were found so be

neficial, that they were rendered perpetual (except provisions re

lating to duties), by the 45 Geo. III. c. 68 ; the latter remains still

in force, but part of the former has been lately repealed by 1 Geo.

IV. c. 25, that is, as much "as relates to the materials to be used

in the manufacture of British sail-cloth, and the manner of manu

facturing the same." We here subjoin correct abstracts of both.

Abstract of " An Act forfurther encouraging and regulating the

manufacture of British sail-cloth, and for the more effectual

securing the duties* now payable onforeign sail-cloth imported

into this kingdom."

All foreign-made sail-cloth or canvas, usually entered as hol-

lands, duck, or vitry canvas, fit for the making of sails, and im

ported into Great Britain by way of merchandize, for which any

* The Duties are now reduced by the Tariff of July, 1842.

144 PARLIAMENTARY REGULATIONS

duties are payable, shall be stamped at the time of the landing

thereof, in the port where the same shall be imported or landed.

The commissioners of the customs shall provide stamps for all

foreign-made sail-cloth or canvas imported, with which, after the

duty is paid, it shall be stamped ; and for that purpose the com

missioners shall cause stamps to be distributed to the proper offi

cers of the customs, at every port where such foreign-made sail

cloth or canvas shall be imported ; which officers are required to

stamp every such piece or parcel of foreign-made sail-cloth or

canvas : the stamp shall denote the place or country from whence

the said cloth or canvas shall be imported; and the commissioners,

in providing the stamps, shall take care that they be so contrived

that the impression may be durable, and so as the same may be

the least liable to be counterfeited ; and the said stamps may be

altered or renewed, from time to time, as his Majesty shall think

fit ; and if any person shall counterfeit or forge any such stamp

or impression upon any foreign-made sail-cloth, then such person

so offending, and duly convicted thereof, shall forfeit the sum of

fifty pounds ; and if any person shall sell, or expose to sale, any

such foreign-made sail-cloth with a counterfeit stamp thereon,

knowing the same to be counterfeit, such offender shall forfeit the

sum of fifty pounds.

And for the better ascertaining and distinguishing the sail-cloth

of the British manufacture from foreign sail-cloth, every manu

facturer of sail-cloth in Great Britain shall affix or impress, or

cause to be fixed or impressed, on every piece of sail-cloth by

him manufactured, a stamp, containing the name and place of

abode of such manufacturer, in plain distinct letters, and words

at length ; and if any manufacturer of sail-cloth, or other person,

shall sell or expose to sale, or work up into sails, any piece or

bolt of British sail-cloth without being stamped as aforesaid, such

manufacturer or other person so offending, and being thereof

lawfully convicted upon the oath of one or more credible witness

or witnesses, before any justice of the peace for the place where

the offence shall be committed, shall forfeit the sum often pounds

for every piece of sail-cloth by him or them sold or exposed to

sale, or worked up into sails, not being so stamped ; and if any

person shall wilfully or maliciously cut off, destroy, or obliterate,

any stamp so affixed (except in the tarring or working up the

same), or shall affix or impress any stamp on which shall be

stamped the name or place of abode of any other person, and not

RELATIVE TO SAILS AND SAIL-CLOTH. 145

his or their real name or names and place or places of abode,

such person, being convicted of any of the said offences, shall, for

every offence, forfeit the sum of five pounds; which last-mentioned

forfeiture shall be levied and recovered by distress and sale of the

offender's goods and chattels, by warrant under the hands and seals

of two or more justices of the peace for the place where the offence

shall be committed, and shall be applied to the use of the informer

or informers.

And, for encouraging the use and consumption of the ma

nufacture of British sail-cloth, every ship or vessel which shall

be built in Great Britain, and every ship or vessel which shall be

built in any of his Majesty's plantations in America, shall, upon

her first setting out to sea, have or be furnished with one full and

complete set of sails, made up of sail-cloth manufactured in Great

Britain ; and in case such ship shall not, on her first setting out,

be so fitted out and furnished, that then, and for every such ne

glect and default, the master of such ship shall forfeit the sum of

fifty pounds.

No sail-maker, or other person, in this kingdom, shall make up

into sails or tarpawlins any foreign-made sail-cloth or canvas, not

stamped according to the directions of this act ; and in case any

person shall make or work up into sails or tarpawlins any foreign-

made sail-cloth or canvas, other than as aforesaid, such sails and

tarpawlins shall be forfeited ; and such sail-maker, &c. shall like

wise forfeit the sum of twenty pounds.

All sail-cloth made in Great Britain shall be manufactured in

the manner and according to the directions hereinafter mentioned,

viz. every piece or bolt of British sail-cloth, that shall be 24 inches

in breadth, and 38 yards in length, shall weigh according to the

numbers and weights here mentioned, viz. No. 1, 44 pounds each

bolt; No. 2, 41 ; No. 3, 38 ; No. 4, 35; No. 5, 32; No. 6, 29;

No. 7, 24 ; No. 8, 21 ; No. 9, 18 ; and No. 10, 15 pounds each

bolt.

And in case any piece or bolt of either of such respective num

bers or sorts of British sail-cloth shall be made of a different

breadth or length than before-mentioned, such piece or bolt of

British sail-cloth shall be increased or diminished in weight, in

proportion to the difference in such length or breadth, and shall

be marked or stamped with such number as shall be agreeable to

the weight ; and the warp or chain of every piece or bolt of the


first six numbers of such British sail-cloth shall be wholly wrought

and made of double yarn, and shall contain, in every piece or

bolt of 24 inches in breadth, at least 560 double threads of yarn ;

and in every piece of such sail-cloth, that shall be 30 inches in

breadth, at least 700 double threads of yarn ; and in every bolt

of such sail-cloth, that shall be of any other breadths than as

aforesaid, a certain number or quantity of double threads of yarn,

in proportion to the number of double threads of yarn expressed

to be contained in the breadth, as aforesaid, and the warp and

shoot-yarn, which shall be wrought in every piece or bolt of the

first four numbers of such sail-cloth, shall be made of long flax,

without any mixture of short or bar flax, or of long flax, or

Italian hemp, or Braak hemp ; and all the flax and hemp used in

making the warp and shoot-yarn of such sail-cloth, of the afore

said first four numbers, shall be of a strong staple, fresh, sound,

and good in its kind, and well dressed ; and the yarn well clean

sed, even spun, and well twisted ; and all the shoot-yarn of each

piece of sail-cloth of the first four numbers shall be full as strong

as the warp-yarn, and close stuck with four shoots of treble

threads, at the distance of every two feet or thereabouts ; and both

the warp and shoot-yarn shall be as strong as the warp and shoot-

yarn that are usually wrought in the sail-cloth of those first four

numbers that are made for and used in his Majesty's navy ; and

no flax-yarn used in any British sail-cloth shall be whitened with

lime, on forfeiture of sixpence per yard for every yard that shall

be so whitened, made, sold, or worked up into new sails, in

Great Britain, any ways essentially different, lighter, or inferior

in strength and goodness, to any of the aforesaid directions or

restrictions.

Every sail-maker or other person, who shall make or work up

sail-cloth into sails or tarpawlins, shall cause this act, or an ab

stract thereof, to be put up or affixed, there to continue, in some

public part of the loft, shop, or workshop, where his said trade

is carried on, or his workmen employed, under the penalty of

forty shillings.


Abstract of " An Act for the more effectual securing the duties

now payable on foreign-made sail-cloth imported into this king

dom ; for charging allforeign-made sails with a duty; andfor

explaining a doubt concerning ships being obliged at theirfirst

setting out to sea to be furnished with one complete set of sails

made of British sail-cloth."

Every master of any ship or vessel belonging to any of his

Majesty's subjects, navigated with any foreign-made sail or sails,

or who shall have any foreign-made sail or sails on board his ship

or vessel, shall, at the time of making his entry or report of such

ship or vessel at the Custom-house, make a report upon oath of all

foreign-made sails used in or being on board such ship or vessel ;

and he shall, before such ship or vessel is cleared by the officers of

the customs inwards, where such ship makes any discharge of her

lading, pay the same duties as are payable for all foreign-made

sails imported by way of merchandize.*

Every such sail shall be stamped at the port where such ship

makes her entry, in manner hereinafter mentioned ; and in case the

master of such ship shall not make the said entry, and pay such

duty before the ship shall be cleared by the officers of the customs,

such sails shall be forfeited, and the master shall for every offence

forfeit the sum of fifty pounds, one moiety thereof to the use of his

Majesty, and the other moiety to the person who shall sue for the

same.

Provided always, if the master of such ship shall, after his

report made, and before the ship is cleared by the officers of the

customs, declare his intention of not paying the said duty, and

shall deliver to the officers of the customs of the port where he

makes such report, the sails for which he has declared his inten

tion of not paying the said duty ; in such case the sails are hereby

declared to be forfeited to his Majesty ; and such master shall

not be subject or liable to pay the said duty or penalty of fifty

pounds.

Provided always, that nothing herein contained shall be deemed,

construed, adjudged, or taken, to charge or make liable any cap

tain or master of any ship coming from the East Indies, with any

of the duties or forfeitures aforesaid, for or upon account of such

ship being navigated with, or having on board, any foreign-made

* See the Duties of 1842.

u 2


sail or sails, which shall be by such captain or master brought from

the East Indies.

All foreign-made sail-cloth or canvas, usually entered as hol-

lands, duck, or vitry canvas, fit to be made use of for the making

of sails, which shall be imported into Great Britain, by way of

merchandize, and upon the importation whereof any duties are

made payable, shall be stamped at the time of the landing thereof,

at or in the port or place where the same shall be imported, as

hereafter mentioned.

And whereas the stamps used in pursuance of the former act

are of too small dimensions, and make a very obscure mark and

impression, liable to be soon defaced and become undistinguish-

able, it is enacted, that the commissioners of the customs shall

provide stamps of eight inches diameter each, for the stamping of

all foreign-made sails and foreign-made sail-cloth, and shall

cause the said stamps to be distributed amongst proper officers

of the customs, of every port in Great Britain ; and the officers

of every port are hereby required to stamp all foreign-made sails,

and foreign-made sail-cloth, which shall be imported into the

several ports where they reside ; and which stamps shall, in order

to make the impression durable, be dipped in a liquor made of

red-lead, mixed with linseed-oil well boiled; and the stamp or

impression therewith made shall express and denote the place

and port in which such sails and foreign-made sail-cloth are en

tered ; and the commissioners, in providing the stamps, shall

take care that they be so contrived, that the impression may be

plain and durable, and so as the same may be the least liable to

be counterfeited ; and if any person shall counterfeit or forge

any stamp provided in pursuance of this act, upon any foreign-

made sail-cloth, or foreign-made sails, or shall sell such sail

cloth with counterfeited or forged stamps, knowing the same to be

forged, then such person so offending shall forfeit the sum of fifty

pounds.

No sail-maker or other person, within Great Britain or in his

Majesty's plantations in America, shall make up into sails or tar-

pawlins any foreign-made sail-cloth not stamped according to this

act ; and in case any person shall make up into sails or tarpawlins

any foreign sail-cloth other than as aforesaid, such sails and tar

pawlins shall be forfeited ; and every person so offending, and

being thereof lawfully convicted, upon the oath of one or more

credible witnesses, before one or more justices of the peace for


the place where the offence shall be committed, shall forfeit the

sum of fifty pounds for every such sail or tarpawlin : which penalty

of fifty pounds shall be levied and recovered by distress and sale

of the offender's goods and chattels, by warrant under the hands

and seals of two or more justices of the peace for the place where

the offence shall be committed, and shall go and be applied to the

use of the informers ; and for want of such distress, such justices

may commit such person to gaol for the space of six months, or

until he pays the penalty of fifty pounds.

Every person who shall make up into sails any foreign-made

sail-cloth, shall place the stamps affixed or impressed on such

foreign sail-cloth in the most conspicuous part of such sails, that

is to say, on the aft-side of such sails, and in such manner, that

the number of stamps in every sail may appear proportionably to

the number of bolts or pieces contained in the said sail ; and in

case any person shall make up any foreign-made sail-cloth or

canvas, into sails, in any other manner than as aforesaid, such

sails shall be forfeited, and such person shall for every offence

forfeit the sum of ten pounds.

No person whatsoever shall alter, repair, or mend, any sails,

made of foreign-made sail-cloth, not stamped according to this

act ; and in case any person shall alter, repair, or mend, any sails

not stamped as aforesaid, such person shall, for every sail so

mended, forfeit the sum of twenty pounds.

Every sail-maker in Great Britain, and in his Majesty's plan

tations in America, shall affix or impress, or cause to be affixed

or impressed, on every new sail by him so made, a stamp, eight

inches in diameter, containing the name and place of abode of

such sail-maker, in plain distinct letters, and words at length;

and which said stamp, in order to make the impression durable,

shall be dipped in a liquid made with lamp-black, mixed with

linseed-oil well boiled ; and in case any person shall make any

new sail, and shall deliver the same to any captain or master

of any ship or vessel, not being stamped with his name and place

of abode, such sail shall be forfeited ; and every person shall, for

every sail by him so delivered, not stamped, forfeit the sum of

ten pounds.

And whereas doubts have arisen about the meaning of a clause

in the preceding act, of the ninth year of his present Majesty's

reign, by which ships are obliged, at their first setting out, or

being first navigated at sea, to be furnished with one full and


complete set of sails, made of sail-cloth manufactured in Great

Britain : to obviate such doubts for the future, it is enacted, that

every ship or vessel built in Great Britain, or in his Majesty's

plantations in America, shall, upon her first setting out, or being

first navigated, be furnished with one complete set of new sails,

(bond fide belonging to such ship or vessel,) made of sail-cloth

manufactured in Great Britain ; and in case such ship or vessel

shall not, on her first setting out, be furnished with a new set of

sails, made of sail-cloth of the manufacture of Great Britain, as

aforesaid, that, for every such default, the master of such ship or

vessel shall forfeit the sum of fifty pounds.

It has been subsequently enacted, by the 33 Geo. III. c. 49,

that no part of the penalties contained in the 9 Geo. II. c. 37,

which do not attach to double sail-cloth, shall extend to British

canvas, made with single-thread warps, corded or not corded,

and fit for, or made into sails. And that such single canvas shall

be deemed British sail-cloth, and be equally entitled, with double

canvas, to the bounties. Provided that the said single-thread

sail-cloth be made of equally good materials, and be conformable,

in weight and all other things, to the restrictions on double-thread

sail-cloth.

It is the practice of Government to mark each bolt or piece of

canvas, before it is made up into sails, with a blue streak down

the middle ; made with a composition of linseed-oil, white-lead,

and ground indigo, well boiled together.

By the 9 and 10 Wm. III. c. 41, any person in whose pos

session any canvas with the blue streak up the middle, being the

king's mark, is found, without a certificate of its having been pur

chased of the commissioners of the navy, forfeits the property,

and is liable to the penalty of two hundred pounds, with costs of

suit. By the 9 Geo. I. c. 8. the judge, before whom such offen

der is convicted, is empowered to mitigate the penalty, commit

until the same be paid ; or kept to hard labour for a time, not ex

ceeding six months.

The commissioners of his Majesty's navy, by the 1 Geo. I.

c. 15, are empowered, for embezzlement of the king's stores,

under the value of twenty shillings, to fine the offender, not ex

ceeding double the value taken ; or to imprison, not exceeding

three months.


Sails and Cordage of British manufacture, exported from Great

Britain to the colonies, and afterwards imported into the United

Kingdom, are in all cases, other than those in which they are im

ported by bill of store, to be deemed foreign ; and such Sails and

Cordage, although not liable to duty so long as the vessel conti

nues to belong to the colony, become subject to the duties in

question as soon as the vessel becomes the property of persons

residing in this country.—(Treasury Order, 29^ January,

1828.)

DUTIES PAYABLE UPON THE IMPORTATION OF

SAIL-CLOTH AND SAILS,

ACCORDING TO THE TARIFF OF JULY, 1842.

Linen—Plain Linens and Diaper, not otherwise

enumerated or described, and whether

chequered or striped with dyed yarn or

not , for every £100 value

Sails, for every £100 value

in actual use of a British ship, and

fit and necessary for such ship, and

not otherwise disposed of

, if and when otherwise disposed of,

for every £100 value

Thread, not otherwise enumerated or described,

for every £100 value

Of or from Of and from

Foreign

Countries.

British

Possessions.

£ ». d. £. s. d.

16 0 0 15 0 0

15 0 0 15 0 0

Free. Free.

15 0 0 15 0 0

10 0 0 5 0 0

152

INSTRUCTIONS

FOB

MANUFACTURING CANVAS FOR HER MAJESTY'S NAVY.

Admiralty, April, 1842.

FIRST.

The warp and weft of the canvas to be spun wholly from the

longs of the best British or Irish, or of the best Riga, Pernau,

Revel, Narva 12-head, or St. Petersburgh 12-head, or from the

best long white Dutch, long white Flemish, or Friesland flax.

The flax to be free from blacks and any mixture of short flax,

and to be well dressed. The yarns to be well and evenly spun,

and properly twisted.

N.B. Although different kinds of flax are named, the Lords Commissioners

of the Admiralty prefer that of British or Irish growth, but re

serve to themselves the right of restricting to any one or more, as the

quality or braak of flax, or other circumstances, may render necessary

from time to time.

SECOND.

Both warp and weft to be twice boiled, with best American

pot and pearl ashes, and carefully and thoroughly washed and

cleansed, and no acid, chloride of lime, nor other preparation of

chlorine, nor any deleterious substance whatever to be used in

any stage of the process.

The operations of boiling, washing, &c, to be performed as

under, viz. :—

First Boil.

1. The yarns to be boiled a sufficient length of time, in a

solution of the best American pot ash, in the proportion of 7

pounds ashes for every 100 pounds green yarn ; the water to be

in the proportion of one gallon for every pound of yarn.

2. The yarns to be mill-washed, the warp 6 minutes, and the

INSTRUCTIONS FOB MANUFACTURING CANVAS, &C. 153

weft 15 minutes, then carefully washed in a considerable stream

of clear running water, and wrung.

Second Boil.

1. The yarns to be again boiled for a sufficient length of time

in a solution of American pearl ashes, in the proportion of 4

pounds for every 100 pounds green yarn, the water to be in the

same proportion as in the first boil.

2. The yarns to be carefully rinsed or washed in a clear stream

of water, and to be carefully dried, and frequently shaken in the

course of drying, so that all the fibres of the flax may be equally

stretched.

N.B. The yarns to be all prepared in the above manner between the 1st of

February and 31st of October, and not during the months of November,

December, or January.

THIRD.

No starch, tallow, paste, or weavers' dressing of any description,

to be used in the manufacture of the Canvas.

FOURTH.

The warp to consist of the following proportions of clean un

starched yarn, viz. :—

No. 0 not less than 28 lbs. 16J Score Reed, 660 Double Threads

1 26 do. do.

2 24 do. do.

3 22 do. do.

4 21 17 680

5 19 do. do.

6 18 do. do.

7 15 20 800 Single Threads

8 14 do. do.

FIFTH.

The Canvas to be 24 and 18 inches wide. No bolt, from No. 0

to 6 inclusive, to contain more than thirty-nine yards, and No. 7

and 8 to contain forty yards. The thrums to be left on, and the

bolt of 24 inches to weigh as follows (the 18 inches in propor

tion), viz.

154 INSTRUCTIONS FOR MANUFACTURING CANVAS, &C.

No. 0 48 pounds

1 46

2 43

3 40

4 30

5 33

0 30

7 27

8 25

SIXTH.

Each bolt to be completely manufactured, and particular atten

tion to be paid to the weaving, so that it be struck sufficiently

close. All cylindering or calendering is strictly prohibited.

SEVENTH.

The Canvas to be stamped with the manufacturer's name,

place of residence, and the month and year in which it is manu

factured, and the stamp to be at least three yards in the bolt.

The letters to be 1 inch by £.

EIGHTH.

The manufactories of persons manufacturing Canvas for Her

Majesty's Navy, and the works of spinners and bleachers em

ployed by them, to be open at all times to an Inspector, or to any

other person authorized by Government for the special purpose of

inspecting the same.

N. B.—These Instructions areframedfor the information, and guidance of

all Contractors, with the view of insuring the supply of Canvas of a superior

quality and durabilityfor the Navy ; and any Contractor who shall deliver at

any of Her Majesty's Dock Yards, Canvas made ofyarns not of the description

and quality specified, or not prepared in strict and full conformity to the

directions contained in these Instructions, shall be held incompetent to be

employed in future. And further, if any manufacturer shall, by collusion

with any other person or persons part with or assign over his Contract to any

other person, or introduce any other person to a share thereof, without the

previous approbation of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty ; or slutll

attempt to send in any other Canvas than such as has been bonafide manufac

tured by himself, in terms of, and in strict conformity to, these Instructions,

hisfuture Tenderfor supplying Canvas will not be accepted.

FORM OP TENDER FOR CANVAS, &C. 155

A Copy of these Instructions mill be delivered to every manufacturer, which

he is to paste on a hoard, and hang up in the most conspicuous place in his

manufactory,for the information and guidance ofall parties employed therein ;

and on the Day of Treaty every Tender must be accompanied by a Decla

ration made by the person tendering before a Magistrate, in conformity to Act

6 Wm. IV. cap. 62, that the Canvas offered by him shall, if accepted, be made

entirely of Long Flax of some or one of the descriptions herein specified,

prepared wholly and solely in the manner herein prescribed, and that these

Instructions shall be strictly and carefully attended to in every other respect

in manufacturing the same, and without such Declaration no Tender will be

accepted on the Day of Treaty, and the last delivery of Canvas at each of Her

Majesty's Dock Yards, infulfilment of any Contract, must also be accompanied

by a Declaration made in like manner, and particularly enumerating the said

stipulations, to the effect that each and every of the same have been duly and

faithfully complied with, as respects the whole of the Canvas delivered at each

respective Yard under the said Contract.

FORM OF TENDER FOR CANVAS FOR HER

MAJESTY'S NAVY.

Sir,

184

hereby offer to supply the following

Canvas for the service of Her Majesty's Navy, viz. :

Ins.

24 wide

18 „

No. of Bolts.

at per cent

vnnce or\ adva

i abatement

on or from the

undermentioned prices, namely;

Ins.

24 wide

No,

1

2

;s

4

r.

6

7

8

Price

per Yard.

d.

17

16

15

14

13

12

II

Id

Ins.

18 wide

No.

1

2

8

4

6

7

8

Price

per Yard.

d.

14

13

12

11

10

1)

8)

8

x2

156 CONDITIONS.

And engage that the Canvas shall be made in every

respect according to the " Instructions for Manufacturing Can

vas for Her Majesty's Navy" and to the following Conditions,

and that it shall consist of such numbers, and be delivered within

the time prescribed, in such proportions at Her Majesty's Dock

yards at Deptford, Portsmouth, and Plymouth, as shall be

determined by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.

Your very humble Servant,

Signature,

Address

The Secretary of the Admiralty,

Somerset Place.

Proposed Sureties.

Christian Names

at full length.Surnames.

Place of Profession

Abode, or Business.

Namesand Residence

of Referee.

CONDITIONS.

Tenders may be made for any quantity not less than 1000

Bolts.

The Canvas to be delivered by the 31st of December next, and

to be good, sound, merchantable, well conditioned, such as shall

be approved of by the Officers of the said respective Yards, and

in every respect fit for the service of Her Majesty's Navy.

Rejected Canvas to be removed by and at the expense of the

Contractor, within one month after notice given to him of the re

jection.

In case the Contractor fails to deliver the Canvas within the

period specified, the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to be

CONDITIONS. 157

at liberty to purchase other Canvas in lieu thereof, and to charge

him with all extra expenses.

The Contractor is to covenant not to transfer the Contract, and

not to pay fees to any servant of the public in the Naval De

partment.

Every Tender must be accompanied by a letter, addressed to

the Secretary of the Admiralty, Somerset Place, and signed by

two responsible persons, offering to become bound with the

person tendering, in the sum of £25 per cent, on the value of the

Canvas, for the due performance of the Contract ; and the said

letter must contain a reference to some person or persons, well ac

quainted with the sufficiency of the parties so offering to become

bound, and persons in partnership with the Contractor or with

each other will not be accepted as Sureties.

Bills of Parcels in duplicate are to be sent to the said respec

tive Yards by the Contractor with every delivery of Canvas. The

duplicate will be returned to him by the Officers, with the

quantities received by them inserted therein ; and when he

lodges at the Admiralty, Somerset Place, invoices thereof, claim

ing payment for the same (according to a form to be furnished by

the Accountant-General of the Navy), bills for the amount due

will immediately be made out payable at sight.

For each Yard of 36 inches legal measure, the Contractor is to

deliver, according to the custom of the trade, one additional inch

per Yard, without charge for the same.

Their Lordships will not treat with parties making Tenders at

low prices, unless satisfied of their competency to fulfil their Con

tracts, both as regards the quality of Canvas required to be sup

plied, and the period of its delivery at Her Majesty's Dock-yards.

158

DECLARATION TO ACCOMPANY THE TENDER.

of in the county

of Canvas Manufacturer, do solemnly and

sincerely declare, that the Canvas hereby offered by shall,

if accepted, be made entirely of long Flax, of some or one of the

descriptions mentioned in the "Instructions for Manufacturing

Canvasfor Her Majesty's Navy" prepared wholly and solely in

the manner therein prescribed, and that the said Instructions

shall be strictly and carefully attended to in every other respect

in manufacturing the said Canvas.

And make this solemn Declaration, conscientiously

believing the same to be true, and by virtue of the provisions of

an Act made and passed in the sixth year of the reign of his late

Majesty King William the Fourth, intituled " An Act to repeal

an Act of the present Session of Parliament, intituled an Act for

the more effectual abolition of Oaths and Affirmations taken and

made in various Departments of the State, and to substitute

Declarations in lieu thereof, and for the more entire Suppression

of voluntary and extra-judicial Oaths and Affidavits, and to

make other provisions for the abolition of unnecessary Oaths."

Declared before me at

this day of 184

Mem°.—No Tender whatever will be accepted, unless accompanied by the above

Declaration, duly subscribed and made before a Magistrate upon this printed

Form.

The quantity of Canvas taken by the Government of late

years, has been from 30,000 to 35,000 Bolts annually, varying

from 15d. to 16%d. No. 1, falling about three farthings per yard

each number from 1 to 8.

THE END.

A EIST OF VALUABLE WORKS

PUBLISHED BY

CHARLES WILSON,

(LATE J. W. NORIE AND WILSON,)

AT THE NAVIGATION WAREHOUSE AND NAVAL ACADEMY,

157, LEADENHALL STREET, LONDON.

Extracted from Catalogue, 1840.

222 Norie's Complete Epitome of Practical Navigation, con

taining all necessary Instructions for keeping a Ship's

Reckoning at Sea, &c. &c. Twelfth Edition. Price 16s.

223 Norie's Set of Nautical Tables. Tenth Edition, sewed.

Price 12s.

225 Norie's Set of Linear Tables. Boards. Price 15s.

227 Norie's Seaman's new Daily Assistant. Price 5s.

229 Norie's Book of Formula for finding the Longitude by the

Linear Tables. Price 2s. 6d.

230 Norie's Book of Formulae for finding the Longitude by the

Fourth Method. Price 2s. 6d.

231 Norie's Book of Formula for finding the Longitude by

Chronometers. Price 2s. 6d.

482 The Shipwright's Vade Mecum ; a clear and familiar Intro

duction to Ship-building, including the more complex Rules of

Arithmetic, made use of in that Art, with so much of the

principles of practical Geometry and Mensuration as are re

quired in the practice thereof, &c. Boards, with Four large

Drafts, separately done up. Price £1. 5s.

483 The Art of making Masts, Yards, Gaffs, Booms, Blocks, and

Oars, as practised in the Royal Navy, and according to the

most approved Methods in the Merchant- Service, including a

Description of an improved Rule for Mast-makers ; also a new

Method by which large Yards may be made from small Trees,

and repaired when sprung in the Slings, &c. In Boards, accom

panied with a separate Volume of large Engravings. Second

Edition, in which is included the new Method of Douling.

Price £1.

484, 485, 486 Improved Mast Maker's Rule, as described in the

above. Price 7s. Wood Slide, 8s. Brass, and 9s. Ivory.

487 The Art of Rigging; containing an alphabetical Expla

nation of the Terms, Directions for the most minute Ope

rations, and the Method of Progressive Rigging, with full

and correct Tables of the Dimensions and Quantities of

List of Valuable Works published by Cliarles Wilson.

every Part of the Rigging of all Ships and Vessels, illustrated

with numerous Engravings. Third Edition, considerably en

larged and improved, with additional Tables, expressly adapted

for Merchant Shipping, in Boards. In the Press. Price 12s.

489 The System of Naval Tactics ; combining the established

Theory with general Practice, and particularly the late Prac

tice of the British Navy, during the General War, and by

the use of which many important Naval Battles were won.

8vo. Boards. Price 8s.

490 Seamanship, both in Theory and Practice, in two Parts, illus

trated with numerous Engravings. 8vo. Boards. Second

Edition. Price 8s. 6d.

49 1 The Sea Gunner's Vade Mecum ; being an Introduction to

practical Gunnery, expressly accommodated to the Use of the

Royal Navy, &c. by Robert Simmons. One Volume, Boards.

Price 9s.

492 Observations and Instructions for the Use of the Commissioned,

the Junior, and other Officers of the Royal Navy, on all the

material Points of professional Duty ; including also Forms

of general and particular Orders, for the better Government

and Discipline of Her Majesty's Ships, together with a variety

of new and useful Tables, by a Captain in the Royal Navy, in

One Volume, 8vo. Bound. Second Edition. Price 6s.

493 Cobin's short and plain Principles of Linear Perspective;

adapted to Naval Architecture, containing Rules to draw

correctly the Forms of Ships, in every possible position, with

separate Volume of Plates. Price 5s.

494 Goodfellow's Merchant and Ship-Master's Ready Calculator.

Price 7s. Gd.

507 The Ship-builder's Assistant or Marine Architecture, revised

by W. Sutherland. Price 9s.

DanieVs Charges on Vessels (British and Foreign) at all the

Ports, Sub-ports, and Creeks of Great Britain and Ireland,

and Islands thereof, comprising Pilotage, Harbour and Dock

Dues, Depth of Water, Plankage, Quayage, Anchorage, Pier

Lights, and Flag Fees, Buoyage, Keelage, Towage, Perches,

and other Information. Cloth boards. Price 5s.

LiddeVs new Seaman's Vade Mecum ; containing a practical

Essay on Naval Book-Keeping, with the Method of keeping

the Captain's Accounts, and complete Instructions in the Duty

of a Captain's Clerk, Purser, &c. in the Royal Navy. Fifth

Edition, newly arranged and enlarged. Bound. Price 12s.

Steel's Atlantic and West Indian Navigator. Price 5s.

SteePs Ship Masters' Assistant and Owners' Manual, contain

ing valuable Information necessary for Captains and Persons

connected with Maritime Affairs. Price £1. Is.

J. Dennett, Printer, 121, Fleet StreeI.

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The Art of Sail Making - Shady Isle Pirate Society