The Art – Way of CommunicationThe Art – Way of Communication

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This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication (communication) reflects the views only of theauthor and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of information contained therein.

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Folk music, in the original sense of the term, is music by and of the people. Folk music arose, and best

survives, in societies not yet affected by mass communication and the commercialization of culture. It normally was shared and performed by the entire community and was transmitted by word of mouth.

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Despite becoming a Roman colony after the defeat of the Dacian King Decebalus (AD 101-106) and numerous invasions by Goths, Tartars and Huns, Romania still

maintained a separate musical identity. Influences from neighbouring Turks and Greeks can be detected however. As

in Russia, Serbia and Bulgaria, the early Christian rites in Romania were influenced by the Eastern traditions of the Byzantine Empire with it's mixture of Roman, Greek and

Persian cultures. Romanian folk music is ancient, spanning over two thousand years and includes incantations, laments, ritual dances and

songs.

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Much of the music provides a social function such as at weddings, funerals, parties, and so on. In some areas there

are still weekly dances. Wedding parties can last up to a couple of days and the musicians normally initiate the celebrations either at the bride or groom's house. The "cantecul miresei" is the bride's farewell song. Music

accompanies the procession to the church and while the wedding ceremony is taking place, music entertains the guests outside and during the procession to the party

afterwards. There can be particular pieces of music for certain courses of the banquet. The bride's dance is known as "jocul miresei", where the guests dance with and offer

money to the bride.

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During the 20th century, the term folk music took on a second meaning: it describes a particular kind of

popular music which is culturally descended from or otherwise influenced by traditional folk music. "Folk music is usually seen as the authentic

expression of a way of life now past or about to disappear (or in some cases, to be preserved or

somehow revived).

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Many Romanian ritual customs have their origins in pre-Christian rites. Carol singing is popular as singers visit houses with good luck songs known as colinde.

These are different to carols sang in the West. Midwinter pagan songs also exist in Western

Romania, characterised by strong and irregular rhythms. New Year is traditionally celebrated with

masked dances and the capra or goat ritual.

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The musicians in the South of Romania have a large repertoire of songs and ballads which include legends such as "Sarpele" and "Ciocirlia". Wallachian villages famous for

their Gypsy bands include Mirsa, Dobrotesti, Sutesti and Braila.

Muntenia is home to the taraf bands (a small instrumental group), which are perhaps the best-known expression of

Romanian folk culture. Dances associated with tarafs include brâu, geampara, sârba and hora. The fiddle leads the music, with the dulcimer and the double bass accompanying it. The

members of the taraf are known by the generic name of lautari (fiddlers). They perform in villages or at the periphery

of the cities, during popular events.

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A rich variety of traditional dances still exist in Romania due to the continuation of the feudal system

until the mid 19th century and subsequently the isolation imposed by communists, which resulted in the continuance of a peasant life style. Romania is a

unique European country as its folklore still exists in its natural environment, but this is now fast vanishing with the spread of western culture and modern technology.

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To introduce to a wider audience the beauty of Romanian folklore, larger orchestras were formed - commonly called

"ensembles of folk music" - comprised of many instrumentalists with advanced musical studies, under the direction of conductors

specialized in this musical genre. Long the capital region of Romania, Muntenia has a more diverse set of instrumentation, but presently clarinets and

accordions are more often used. Oltenia's folk music and dance is similar to Muntenia. Violins and pipes are used, as are ţambal and guitar, replacing the cobza as

the rhythmic backing for tarafs. The cimpoi (bagpipe) is also popular in this region.

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Any "dance" is a combination of elements: formation, regional style; motifs, musical rhythm, choreography and the social

occasion. A change in one or more of these elements can give another dance, sometimes too subtle for a visitor to understand.

Organised performances by village folk dance groups within Romania can be traced back to the mid nineteenth century and

earlier. Folk ensembles based in towns date from the period immediately after the 2nd World War. The first professional

ensembles were founded around 1949, with amateur ensembles in the main regional towns from around 1950.

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STICK DANCES

Oltenia is where the world-famous ‘Căluşul’ dance is performed - which is actually a ritual dance with ancient,

savage roots.The ‘Căluş’ of southern Romania, also found with the northern Vlachs of Bulgaria and Serbia, consists of a

suite of separate dances, each with its own name, melody and ritual purpose which were danced at Rusalii.

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Once this was a sacred dance danced only in the spring by a chosen number of men. Today Calusarul is

a form of entertainment and the members of the groups still dancing it probably don’t even know its

mystic signification. The ancient rules behind it are no longer respected, but the dance, even in its

commercial form, is still mysterious and stunning.

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‘Calus’ is probably the most famous Romanian folk dance. It’s believed to be inherited from the Dacians,

Romanian’s ancestors.Its primordial meanings are lost in time, but folklorists

and historians believe that the dance was either a fertility ritual or a ritual performed to cure off delirium

caused by possession by “iele” (fairies).

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CHAIN DANCES

In chain dances the dancers are linked to their neighbours using their hands or  arms. The line and

circle dances of Romania are descendents of ancient dances possibly associated with rituals.

Some dances are in a circle, either a complete circle or an open circle with dance leaders on the open

ends. These formations are common in social occasions with larger numbers of participants and

mostly use simple hand hold which is more flexible not requiring exact movement in unison from the dancers.

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HORA

Hora mare or Hora dreaptă is circle dance and is the most widespread dance in Romania, partly because any number of

participants of both men and women, of any ability or age, can join in. Hora is frequently performed as a ritual dance at

weddings and funerals. The hold in Hora has the hands joined at shoulder height and held slightly forward. The formation is a closed circle, apart from in some parts of Banat and north Oltenia where it is danced in an open circle with a leader who can take the

dance into a spiral. Mostly these dances progress to the right, often with a diagonal forward and back path.

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The Romania Hora is a structured in 2 or 4 measure phrases. Unlike the Bulgarian Pravo Horo and Macedonian Oro which are structured in 3 measure phrases, however the Horo from

north west Bulgaria and the Sitno from northern Bulgaria, have a similar form to the Romanian Hora.

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Sârba

Musically the term Sârba is usually applied to a lively 2/4 melody with triplet grouping, giving a 6/8 feel. This is a common dance

rhythm across the Balkans, in dances such as the Serbian Čačak and the Bulgarian fast Pravo Horo.

In dance, the Sârba mostly refers to a lively 3-measure structured social dance and belongs to a very ancient and widespread dance

form throughout the Balkans. Sârba is found in the same areas as Hora with the highest variety

of variants being found along the sub-Carpathians. Unlike Hora, an open circle formation is the norm, apart from south Oltenia where it

is generally danced in a closed circle.The name Sârba may mean 'Serb like', and the same dance is

known in Greece as Servikos.

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Brâul

Brâul is a term used for types of men's chain dances, although there are now mixed and women's versions. The

term is applies to several different regional families of dances that have little choreographic similarity.

The word Brâul (pl. Brâuri) comes from the Dacio-Illyrian language group meaning belt. Formations where the

dancers hold their neighbour's belts are common throughout Bulgaria (known as na pojas) and east Serbia.

Belt hold causes the dancers to be connected more rigidly than hand holds, thus the dance formations are restricted to

short lines and semicircles. The belt hold rarely exists in Romania and has been replaced by front or back cross-hand

hold.

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Rustemul

This category includes all dances with a musical rhythm based on "short-long", usually written in 5/16 (2+3). The

timing is not perfectly in 5/16, sometimes it will drift nearer to 3/8, and in some areas it looses the asymmetry getting close

to 2/4, this being common in the sub-Carpathian regions. Most of these dances are performed in a circle with low hand hold and arms which swing forward and back with the steps. The steps include many crossing steps and galloping steps.

There are many features of Romanian folklore that are common to both the Romanian and Bulgarian sides of the

Danube. The uneven rhythm dances are part of this shared tradition.

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Thank you!

Mulţumesc !

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