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The Asian Citrus Psyllid and the Citrus Disease Huanglongbing. Psyllid. M. Rogers. Beth Grafton-Cardwell University of California Riverside. Huanglongbing. The psyllid (pronounced s í l - lid) is a small insect, about the size of an aphid. The pest insect. M. Rogers. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Asian Citrus Psyllid and the The Asian Citrus Psyllid and the Citrus Disease HuanglongbingCitrus Disease HuanglongbingPsyllid
Huanglongbing
M. Rogers
Beth Grafton-CardwellUniversity of CaliforniaRiverside
The psyllid (pronounced sThe psyllid (pronounced sííl - lid) is a small l - lid) is a small insect, about the size of an aphidinsect, about the size of an aphid
The pest insect
M. Rogers
It has an egg stage, It has an egg stage, 5 wingless intermediate stages called 5 wingless intermediate stages called
nymphs, and winged adultsnymphs, and winged adults
Adult
Egg 5 Nymphs (insects molt to grow bigger)
The pest insect
Adult psyllids can feed on either young or Adult psyllids can feed on either young or mature leaves. This allows adults to survive mature leaves. This allows adults to survive
year-round.year-round.
When feeding, the adult leans forward on its elbows and tips its rear end up in a very characteristic 45o angle.
The pest insect
M. Rogers
M. Rogers
The eggs are yellow-orange, tucked into The eggs are yellow-orange, tucked into the tips of tiny new leaves. They are the tips of tiny new leaves. They are
difficult to see because they are so smalldifficult to see because they are so small
The pest insect
M. Rogers
The nymphs produce waxy tubules that direct The nymphs produce waxy tubules that direct the honeydew away from their bodies. These the honeydew away from their bodies. These
tubules are unique and easy to recognize.tubules are unique and easy to recognize.
Nymphs can only survive by living on young, tender
leaves and stems.
Thus, nymphs are found only when the plant is producing new leaves.
The pest insect
M. Rogers
M. Rogers
As the psyllid feeds, it injects a salivary toxin As the psyllid feeds, it injects a salivary toxin that causes the tips of new leaves to easily that causes the tips of new leaves to easily
break off. If the leaf survives, then it twists as break off. If the leaf survives, then it twists as it grows.it grows.
Twisted leaves can be a sign that the psyllid has been there.
The pest insect
M. Rogers
M. Rogers
M. Rogers
What plants can the psyllid attack? What plants can the psyllid attack? All types of citrus and closely related plants All types of citrus and closely related plants
in the Rutaceae familyin the Rutaceae family• Citrus (limes, lemons, oranges, grapefruit,
mandarins…)• Fortunella (kumquats) • Citropsis (cherry orange)• Murraya paniculata (orange jasmine)• Bergera koenigii (Indian curry leaf)• Severinia buxifolia (Chinese box orange)• Triphasia trifolia (limeberry)• Clausena indica (wampei)• Microcitrus papuana (desert-lime)• Others…..
Calamondin
Plants affected
Asian citrus psyllid feeds and reproduces on Asian citrus psyllid feeds and reproduces on plants that we don’t think of as citrus: plants that we don’t think of as citrus:
like the ornamental orange jasminelike the ornamental orange jasmine
This orange jasmine plant, Murraya paniculata, is grown throughout Florida as a bush, tree or hedge. It is a preferred host for the psyllid because it produces new leaves continuously. It is not a common plant in California or Arizona.
Plants affected
Katrina Vitkus
How did the psyllid spread through Florida?How did the psyllid spread through Florida?
The psyllid was first detected in backyard citrus trees in southern Florida in 1998. The psyllid spread very rapidly both by flying (pink areas) as well as riding on nursery plants moved between retail nurseries throughout the state.
In retail nurseries, orange jasmine (Murraya paniculata) was a common host.
Distribution of the pest
Asian citrus psyllid feeds and Asian citrus psyllid feeds and reproduces on Indian Curry Leafreproduces on Indian Curry Leaf
This Indian curry leaf, Bergera koenigii, is grown in Hawaii and the leaves are shipped to California for use in restaurants. It is a favorite host of the psyllid. Shipments of ACP-infested leaves have been intercepted at airports.
Plants affected
Why are we so worried about this psyllid?Why are we so worried about this psyllid?The Asian citrus psyllid can pick up the bacterium that The Asian citrus psyllid can pick up the bacterium that
causes Huanglongbing (HLB) disease and move the causes Huanglongbing (HLB) disease and move the disease from citrus tree to citrus tree as it feedsdisease from citrus tree to citrus tree as it feeds
Huanglongbing means “yellow shoot disease” in Chinese.
It causes branches of citrus trees to turn yellow.
The bacterial disease
E. Grafton-Cardwell
What is HLB?What is HLB?HLB is thought to be caused by a bacterium that
affects the plant’s ability to move nutrients
Bacterium: Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus
The bacterial disease
*Some researchers think that a phytoplasma may also be required to produce symptoms
An early sign of the disease is An early sign of the disease is yellowing of the leavesyellowing of the leaves
Leaves with nutrient deficiencies (Zinc is an example) have the same yellow pattern on both sides of the leaf.
Zinc
HLB
Leaves with HLB disease have a blotchy yellow pattern that is not the same on both sides of the leaf.The
bacterial disease
M. Keramane
HLB leaf symptoms can range from HLB leaf symptoms can range from slight to nearly completely yellowslight to nearly completely yellow
The bacterial disease
S. Halbert
HLB symptomsin Grapefruit
HLB symptoms in orangeMottled leaf color plus vein
thickening
HLB disease prevents the fruit from HLB disease prevents the fruit from developing the proper colordeveloping the proper color
The lower half of the fruit may remain green, which is why this disease is also sometimes called citrus greening.The
bacterial disease
S. Halbert
S. Halbert
Even more devastating, HLB causes the Even more devastating, HLB causes the fruit to be small, oddly shaped, with fruit to be small, oddly shaped, with
aborted seeds and bitter juiceaborted seeds and bitter juice
The fruit grows crookedly, forming uneven segments
The bacterial disease
Symptoms may not show up in the tree until Symptoms may not show up in the tree until
1 to 2 years after it becomes infected1 to 2 years after it becomes infected
The bacterial disease
E. Grafton-CardwellE. Grafton-Cardwell
E. Grafton-Cardwell
In as little as 5 years after HLB infection, the In as little as 5 years after HLB infection, the tree stops bearing fruit and eventually dies. tree stops bearing fruit and eventually dies.
There is no cure for the disease!There is no cure for the disease!
This citrus tree in a backyard in Florida is obviously very sick, with few leaves and no fruit.
The bacterial disease
S. Halbert
The HLB leaf and fruit symptoms The HLB leaf and fruit symptoms can look very similar to another citrus disease can look very similar to another citrus disease
called citrus stubborncalled citrus stubborn
Other diseases
So don’t panic if you see yellowed leaves or off-colored fruit – but do get them checked out!
D. Gumpf
G. vidalakis
How does the insect pick up the bacteria? How does the insect pick up the bacteria?
The psyllid carries the bacteria in its body for the rest of its life (weeks to months).
The pest insectand the pathogen
When the insect feeds it takes up the bacteria and passes it on when it feeds on the next citrus tree
or ‘citrus-like’ plant
M. Rogers
M. Rogers
Both the psyllid and HLB diseaseAsian citrus psyllid, but not the disease
HLB Disease found inFlorida in 2005 and Cuba in 2007
Where did Asian citrus psyllid and Where did Asian citrus psyllid and the HLB disease come from?the HLB disease come from?
Most likely ACP and HLB came from India or Asia. Both the psyllid and disease are affecting citrus production in Brazil, Cuba, Mexico, Belize and Florida.
Distribution of the pest and diseasearound the world
G. Montez
How fast did the disease spread in Florida? How fast did the disease spread in Florida? Less than 3 years to spread through most of the citrus
growing regions of the state.
The disease
Oct 2005 to August, 2008
From 2 to 32 counties
Citrus production in FL has been reduced by nearly 50% due to two diseases: Canker and HLB
HLB was present in Florida before the psyllid arrived.
Orange jasmine and the retail nurseries helped spread the
disease.
ACP (orange) and HLB (green areas) have been found in portions of:
Where are the psyllid and the disease found in Where are the psyllid and the disease found in the US and neighboring countries?the US and neighboring countries?
Distribution of the pest
Distribution of Asian citrus psyllid in orange and distribution of ACP + Huanglongbing in green.
To track HLB, see the USDA site: www.saveourcitrus.org
HLB was found in a single tree in S. California in 2012 – the tree was destroyed
Psyllid-infested curry leaves shipped in boxes Unprocessed fruit infested areas
Citrus riding across the border in vans
On ornamentals in floral bouquets from Mexico
How do the psyllid (and HLB) get around? How do the psyllid (and HLB) get around? It can spread naturally by flying or It can spread naturally by flying or
it can be transported on plants into new areas of Californiait can be transported on plants into new areas of California
The pest insect
Asian citrus psyllid arrived in California from Asian citrus psyllid arrived in California from Mexico in 2008 and was found in backyard Mexico in 2008 and was found in backyard citrus in San Diego and Imperial Countiescitrus in San Diego and Imperial Counties
The red dots indicate locations where the psyllid has been found in California and the green dots in Mexico.
HLB was found in a homeowners tree in HLB was found in a homeowners tree in California in 2012. How did it get here?California in 2012. How did it get here?
Inside the psyllid vector: HLB could have been inside the body of a psyllid that was transported by humans on fruit, leaves or stems of citrus relatives and it fed on and infected the tree.
OR
Illegally imported citrus trees or budwood: An HLB infected tree or budwood was brought illegally into California and planted in a yard.
The bacterial disease pathways
E. Grafton-Cardwell
It is very important to obtain ‘certified’ trees
and budwood from reputable nurseries, rather than trading
plant material of unknown origin
How are agricultural personnel detecting the How are agricultural personnel detecting the psyllid?psyllid?
Visual surveys and yellow sticky cards
Sticky cards are most effective at 1 meter height
Detect the insect
E. Grafton-Cardwell
M. Rogers
Where have psyllids been found?Where have psyllids been found?
Yellow dots indicate traps in commercial citrus, pink dots indicate ACP finds mostly in urban areas
Detect the insect
If a psyllid is found, all of the host plants in that yard and 400 meters around the yard, are treated with a foliar and a systemic insecticide.
A professional applicator treats the backyard citrus trees and closely related plants with insecticides cyfluthrin (Tempo) a foliar pyrethroidimidacloprid (Merit) a systemic neonicotinoid
Homeowners now have available: imidacloprid (Bayer Advanced) Fruit, Citrus & Vegetables
What happens when Asian citrus psyllids are What happens when Asian citrus psyllids are found in a California or Arizona backyard?found in a California or Arizona backyard?
Backyard citrus
A. SanchezA. Sanchez
• Citrus and closely related plants can not be moved out of the quarantine area.
• Wholesale nurseries must treat their plants with insecticides just prior to shipping if the plants are destined for retailers within the quarantine area.
How does the quarantine affect plant How does the quarantine affect plant movement?movement?
Nurseries
http://phpps.cdfa.ca.gov/PE/InteriorExclusion/acptreatments.pdf
Wholesale Nursery treatment choices – both a systemic and foliar insecticide treatment are requiredsystemic insecticides
imidacloprid (Admire, Merit, Marathon, Discus, CoreTect)thiamethoxam (Flagship)dinotefuran (Safari)
foliar insecticidesfenpropathrin (Danitol, Tame)cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL, Tempo SC Ultra)chlorpyrifos (Chlorpyrifos Pro)carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus, Sevin SL)spirotetramat (Movento)
•Citrus nurseries are already placing their nursery stock inside screenhouses
•HLB-infected citrus trees will need to be removed and destroyed
•The disease will spread in spite of pesticide treatments and tree removal.
•The expected lifespan of citrus trees will drop from >50 years to <15 years in infected orchards.
If the devastating HLB disease gets to If the devastating HLB disease gets to commercial citrus, what will happen?commercial citrus, what will happen?
Increased costs and a reduction Increased costs and a reduction in citrus production and acreagein citrus production and acreage
Infected tree removal
•Areawide treatments are essential for slowing ACP spread through the state (both urban and commercial citrus)
•The lower we suppress ACP, the less likelihood of it finding an HLB infected plant and moving the disease into commercial citrus
•We are buying time for the scientists to create a plant that can resist the disease
• We can not ‘live with HLB’. It will destroy the California citrus industry
If we don’t have HLB in California & Arizona, If we don’t have HLB in California & Arizona, why should I treat for Asian citrus psyllid?why should I treat for Asian citrus psyllid?
ACP Management
• The grower will need to treat during periods of flush and to make sure the trees are disinfested prior to harvest.
• This will increase the number of insecticide treatments in citrus from by 2-3/year
• Treatments will negatively affect the IPM program because many of the effective insecticides harm natural enemies needed for other pests.
How does a psyllid infestation affect How does a psyllid infestation affect commercial citrus orchards?commercial citrus orchards?
Citrus Orchards Commercial citrus orchard treatments for psyllid
systemic insecticides imidacloprid (Admire)spirotetramat (Movento)
foliar insecticidesfenpropathrin (Danitol, Tame), cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL)
chlorpyrifos (Lorsban Pro), dimethoatecarbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus, Sevin SL), formetanate (Carzol)spinetoram (Delegate)diflubenzuron (Micromite)spirotetramat (Movento)
You can help search for the psyllid!You can help search for the psyllid!It is critical for California and Arizona to It is critical for California and Arizona to
keep this insect from establishingkeep this insect from establishing
Look for immature stages of psyllids (eggs and Look for immature stages of psyllids (eggs and nymphs) on the tips of branches in the new flush. nymphs) on the tips of branches in the new flush.
Detect the insect
E. Grafton-Cardwell
What should I look for?What should I look for?Look for psyllids and waxy tubules in the new flushLook for psyllids and waxy tubules in the new flush
Detect the insect
M. Rogers
•Plant only certified disease-free citrus plants (or graft budwood) obtained from a reputable nursery.
•Do not bring citrus trees in from other states or countries (its illegal)
•Learn to recognize the pest and disease.
•Call the Department of Food and Agriculture hotline if you think you might have the psyllid or the disease.
How can you prevent HLB disease from How can you prevent HLB disease from establishing in California?establishing in California?
Detect and Report
www.CaliforniaCitrusThreat.orgwww.PeligranCitrocosenCalifornia.com This web site, funded by the Citrus Research Board, provides
users with basic information about the psyllid and disease.
For more Information