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THE ATMOSPHERE
The AtmosphereAir is a MIXTURE of
gases.Nitrogen = 78%Oxygen = 21%Argon = < 1%CO2 = .039%
The AtmosphereComponents of Air
1. Gases2. Water vapor
a. Varies 0 – 4%b. Depends on location and weather pattern
3. Aerosols (solids and liquids suspended in air)
4. Ozonea. 3 atoms of oxygen bonded together. O3b. Ozone layer located at the top of the Stratosphere
Structure of AtmosphereAir Pressure
Decreases as you rise in altitude
Average = 1013.2 mb (millibars)
Measured with a barometer
Structure of Atmosphere4 layers based on
temperature change.Troposphere
Layer we live in Temp. decrease
Stratosphere Ozone layer here Temp. increase
Mesosphere Coldest
Thermosphere Space shuttle Hubble telescope Temp. increase
Atmospheric HeatingHeating of the Atmosphere from the Sun’s energy.3 methods of heat transfer
1. Conductiona. by contact of
molecules
2. Convectiona. By different
densities of air (hot/cold)
3. Radiationa. By electromagnetic
waves
Surface
Energy Transfer
GREEN HOUSE EFFECT Incoming radiation
Mostly visible light
Gets absorbed by surface Changed to Infrared (heat)
Greenhouse gases: H2O CO2 Absorb Infrared heat and keep air
near surface warm.
Increase of Greenhouse gases Causes increase of heat trapped Called Global Warming
Ozone LayerOzone Layer
O3Absorbs UV rays from sun
Changes it to heat Causes increase temperature in
stratosphere
Ozone ProblemO3 layer is getting thinnerBroken up by CFC’s
(chlorofluorocarbons)Causes increase UV rays to reach
surface (increase skin cancer)
Atmospheric Energy BudgetWhat happens to the Energy of the Sun as it
hits the atmosphere?Of the total energy that strikes our atmosphere:
•Radiation absorbed by clouds or atmosphere?
•Total scattered and reflected back to space?
•Absorbed by Earth’s surface?
100%
20%
30%
50%
Affect of Surface MaterialAlbedo: Reflectivity of the
surfaceHigh Albedo = Very reflective,
poor absorberLow Albedo = Good absorber,
poor reflector
Color: Darker color = good absorber
= Low AlbedoLight color = good reflector =
High Albedo
Effect of Surface Material Land Verses Water
Which heats up the quickest?Which heats to a higher temperature?Which will cool down the quickest?Which will cool to a cooler temperature?
How does this temperature change affect where you live?
Effect of Surface MaterialHow does living near the ocean affect the air
temperature?Winter?Summer?
How does living inland affect the air temperature?Winter?Summer?
Which location would have a greater change of temperature during the year?
Moisture in the AtmosphereHumidity = Amount of water vapor in the air
5g H2O/kg of airSaturated air = Holding all the water vapor it can hold.Capacity = The amount of something it can hold
When something is filled to CAPACITY it is SATURATED.
Water vapor Capacity or Air
Direct Relationship:As air temperature INCREASES, its water vapor capacity INCREASES.
Moisture in the AtmosphereRelative Humidity = The amount of water
vapor in the air compared to how much it can hold at that temperature. Given as a % of fullness.As the temperature changes throughout the
day, so does the Relative Humidity.
Moisture in the AtmosphereDew-point Temperature: The temperature the air
must cool down to for the water-vapor in the air to condense as liquid onto objects.Usually occurs in the evening as the temperature
decreases.Relative humidity = %Air is (holding all the water-vapor it can
hold)More humid air = higher dew-point temperature
What do you call it when the dew-point is below freezing?
Moisture in the AtmosphereCloudsClassified
by: 1. Height
above ground
Low Middle High
2. Appearance
Layered Puffy Wispy
CloudsCloud TYPE roots: Draw here:
1. Cirro = curly
2. Cumulo = puffy(heaped)
3. Strato = layered
4. Alto = middle level
5. Nimbo/bus = rain
CloudsClassification of clouds
Cirro = High and wispyStratus = cover whole skyCumulo = clumpy (puffy)
Examples: Description:Cirrocumulus = Altocumulus = Cirrostratus = Nimbostratus = Cumulonimbus =
Name each cloud type:
Cumulonimbus cloud = Thunderstorms
Cumulus Updraft Breaks
clouds builds vertical up
Thunderstorm:
•Heavy down pour of rain
•Thunder and lightning
•Gusty winds
•Hail
•Tornado possible