The attached image shows a gastric parietal cell. Where is the correct site of action for

Ranitidine, Omeprazole, Acetazolamide, Ouabain?

The attached image shows the intracellular Ca2+ concentration of a gastric parietal cell. Which of the following is used as a stimulus at the time point indicated by the arrow?

A. HistamineB. PGE2C. AcetylcholineD. SomatostatinE. Saline solution

The hormone enterogastrone

A. Is secreted by the duodenum in response to duodenal filling

B. Accelerates gastric emptyingC. Is produced by the pancreas and regulates blood glucose

levelsD. Causes G cells to produce gastrinE. Causes the pyloric sphincter to open

Peristalsis is a form of gastrointestinal motility that primarily functions to:

A. Mix chymeB. Prevent chyme refluxC. Separate chymeD. Propel chyme aboradE. Stimulate chyme synthesis

Which of the following complications would you expect to find in a patient suffering from gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison) disease?

A. GallstonesB. Intestinal ulcersC. High serum insulinD. Intestinal alkalosisE. Weight gain

Which of the following hormones' secretion is stimulated by acidity of chyme?

A. GastrinB. SecretinC. CholecystokininD. Gastric Inhibitory Peptide

Secretin and cholecystokinin are produced and secreted by cells in the lining of the alimentary tract. Which of the following statements about these 2 secretions is true?

A. They are produced by enteroendocrine cells in the lining of the stomach

B. They are digestive enzymes present within the lumen of the duodenum

C. They are produced by Paneth cellsD. They are hormones whose target cells are primarily

in the pancreas and biliary tractE. They are produced by Brunner's glands and released

into the lumina of the crypts of Lieberkühn

The swallowing center is located in the

A. Cerebral cortexB. MedullaC. HypothalamusD. ThroatE. Spinal cord

Which of the following conditions in the esophagus is caused by the decreased number of VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) containing neurons?

A. AerophagiaB. FlatusC. BorborygmiD. AchalasiaE. Carbon Monoxide poisoning

Swallowing initiates primary peristalsis in the esophagus

Stretch of the esophageal wall initiates secondary peristalsis

Motility in esophagus :-Primary and secondary peristalsis.

-Function of peristalsis is toPropel a bolus of food to stomach.

Stages:

Oral – voluntary

Pharyngeal – rapid involuntary

Esophageal – slow involuntary

Swallowing centre- Medulla

SWALLOWING

Clinical correlaton-

-Peptic Ulcer.

-Gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)

-Achalasia-Chagas disease

Barium swallow showing bird's beak“ or "rat's tail" appearance in achalasia.

Lipid absorption

A. Is facilitated by specific transport proteins in the brush border

B. Is accelerated by the formation of micellesC. Depends on the lipid solubility of lipase for

hydrolysis of triglyceridesD. Is facilitated by pancreatic enzymes

Defecation

A. Cannot be delayed by conscious contraction of the external sphincter and levator ani muscles

B. Requires intact sympathetic innervation of the rectum for proper reflex integration

C. Depends on information from stretch receptors in the wall of the duodenum

D. Is a reflex interruption of anal continence