The autonomic nervous system

The nervous system is divided anatomically into central amp peripheral NS

The nervous system is divided physiologically into

somatic (deals with voluntary amp conscious aspects as skeletal movements ampsomatic sensation)

autonomic(deals with involuntary mechanisms as regulation of heart blood vessels digestive function)

Both systems are inter- related and their functions are complementary

Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System

The division of the autonomic nervous systemANS does not arise from all segments of the nervous

system but from certain regions only ANS is divided intoSympathetic NS arise from lateral horn cells of

thoracic segments and the upper two lumbar segments (thoraco-lumbar outflow)

Parasympathetic NS (cranio-sacral outflow) cranial nerves IIIVII IX to the head amp neck

structures and X (Vagus) to thorax and abdomen

sacral outflow from lateral horn cells of 2nd 3rd amp4th sacral segments to the pelvis

Organization of the autonomic nervesIt is two neurons systemPreganglionic amp postganglionicPreganglionic sympathetic arises from lateral

horn cells of all thoracic amp upper lumbar amp relay in paravertebral sympathetic chain

Autonomic gangliaDef it is collection of nerve cells (postganglionic

neurons) outside CNS They are stations where impulses from preganglionic

relay to the postganglionic neuronsTypes1- lateral ganglia 2 sympathetic chains on either sides

of the vertebral column2- collateral ganglia in the abdomen on large arteries

for sympathetic or parasympathetic3- terminal ganglia parasympathetic at the organsFunctionsRelay stationsDistributing centerRelease chemical transmittersRegeneration of postganglionic fibers

Sympathetic pathways

Autonomic Nervous System

1048708 Sympathetic nerves (fight or flight)1048708 Sympathetic chain (ganglia) next to spinal

cord1048708 Parasympathetic nerves (rest and digest)1048708 Ganglia next to organs

Functions of sympathetic NSOn head amp neck Origin Preganglionic fibers originate from upper thoracic segments and relay in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion Postganglionic fibers pass with the carotid

arteries Functions1- the eye Dilatation of the pupil (mydriasis)Relaxation of ciliary muscle (decrease the lens power for far vision)Motor to tarsal muscles widens the palpebral fissureMotor to Muller`s muscle exophthalmos in animalsVasoconstriction of the blood vessels of the eyeLacrimal glands decrease tear secretion amp VC2- skinSweat glands Copious secretions (cholinergic fibers) BV vasoconstrictionErection of hair3- salivary glands Trophic secretion (small in amount viscid amp concentrated)4- cerebral vesselsMild vasoconstriction but the cerebral blood flow increase due to increase blood

pressure

On thorax (cardiopulmonary)Origin upper 4 thoracic segments relay in the

cervical and the upper 4 thoracic ganglia1- heartIncrease all cardiac muscle properties cardiac

metabolism amp O2 consumption (contractility rhythmicity conductivity excitability)

(Increase strength of contraction heart rate)

2-dilatation of the coronary3- bronchial muscleBroncho-dilatation amp inhibit bronchial secretion4- pulmonary BVs vasoconstriction

On the abdomen (splanchnic) Origin lower 8 thoracic amp upper 2 lumbar forming greater amp lesser splanchnic

nerves relay in the celiac amp superior mesenteric ganglia The lumbar fibers of both sides unite to form presacral nerve relay in the inferior mesenteric ganglion

1-GITglands decrease secretion2-Wall motility decrease3-Sphincters contraction 4-Splanchnic vessels mainly vasoconstriction5-Spleen contraction of the capsule to add 50ml stored blood into the circulation6-Liver glycogenolysishellip Increase blood glucose level7-Pancreas inhibit insulin secretion8-Kidney decrease renal blood flow decrease urine volume increase rennin

secretion9-Adrenal medulla secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline10-Urinary bladder inhibition of the wall ampcontraction of internal urinary

sphincter retention of urine amp prevent semen flow to bladder11-Ureters uterus amp fallopian tubes mainly relaxation may be stimulator to the

uterus in late pregnancy12-rectum inhibitory to the wall amp motor to the internal anal sphincter (retention

of feces13-Smooth muscles of epididymis vas deferens seminal vesicles and prostate

motor Ejaculation of semen

Somatic division to the upper amp lower limbsUpper limb origin from 4th to 8th thoracic

segments relay in lower cervical amp upper 4 thoracic ganglia posttganglionic fibers join the brachial plexus

Lower limbs origin 10th thoracic to the 2nd lumbar segment relay in lumbar amp sacral ganglia

FunctionBlood vessels of skeletal muscles vasodilatationSkeletal muscles delay fatigue (Orbilli

phenomenon)SkinSweat gland secretion of sweatCutaneous blood vessels VCErector pilae muscle piloerection hair erection

General function of the sympathetic nervous system (alarm respnse or stress response)

In emergency conditions in fight flight muscular exercise emotions pain cold generalized sympathetic stimulation occurs

a- acceleration of the heartb- vasoconstriction in inactive regions skin amp

splanchnicc- dilatation of the bronchid- contraction of spleene- excess sweat secretionf- delay muscle fatigueg- glycogenolysish- stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline amp

noradrenaline to intensify all reactionsi- adrenaline stimulation of the brain to increase

alertness and shorten response time

Horner`s SyndromeIt is unilateral lesion affecting the sympathetic

supply to the head amp neck due to lesion in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

Manifestations 1- Ptosis drop of upper eye lid2- Miosis pupillo-constriction3- Anhydrosis dryness of skin due to absence of

sweat4- Enophthalmos inward sinking of the eye ball5- Flushing (redness) and warming of the affected

side of the face due to vasodilatation of the skin vessels

Parasympathetic pathways

Functions of parasympathetic NSOcculomotor nerve (III cranial nerve) arises in midbrain relay in ciliary ganglion

postganglionic as short ciliary nervesfunctions in the eye 1- constriction of the pupil (miosis)2- contraction of ciliary muscle increase the

power of lens for near vision

Facial nerve (VII cranial nerve)Origin pons amp upper medulla gives Functions chorda tympani branch relay in submaxillary

ganglion to submaxillary amp sublingual salivary glands increase

secretion rich in enzymes with lingual nerve to tongue vasodilatationsome fibers relay in sphenopalatine ganglion post

ganglionic fibers supply nasopharynx and lacrimal glands increase secretion and vasodilatation

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX cranial nerve)Origin medullaRelay in otic ganglionPostganglionic fibers supply parotid salivary gland

secretory amp vasodilataion

The vagus nerve (X cranial nerve) Origin medulla Relay in the terminal ganglia 75 of parasympathetic fibres are in vagus nerve Functions1- heartDecrease heart rate (bradycardia)Slow conductivtyInhibit contractility of the atria only No effect on strength of contraction of ventricle (vagus does not supply the

ventricles)Decrease cardiac metabolism 2-coronary vasoconstriction3- bronchial muscleBroncho constriction amp increase mucus secretion High vagal tonerarrbronchial

asthma

4- Gastrointestinal tractsWall motility increaseSphincters relaxation Secretions increase stomach exocrine pancreas amp liver secretion5-Gall bladder weak contraction of the wall6-Pullmonary amp gastric blood vessels weak vasodilatation

5- the sacral autonomic outflow (pelvic visceral nerve)

Origin lateral horn cells of sacral segments23 amp4Relay in terminal gangliaFunctions1-Urinary bladder motor to the wall inhibitory to the

internal urinary sphincter rarr micturition2-Distal half of the colon motor to the wall amp inhibitory to

the internal anal sphincter rarr defecation3-Erectile tissue of the external genitalia rarrerection4-Seminal vessels and prostate rarrstimulate secretion5-Pelvic blood vessels rarrvasodilatation

General functions of parasympathetic system

Parasympathetic system is anabolic and energy preserving at rest digest reading

1- inhibits cardiac properties2-increases activity of GIT

Neurotransmitters and receptors in the autonomic nervous system

Autonomic pathways

Sympathetic and ParasympatheticThe effects of sympathetic and

parasympathetic stimulation are produced by the release of chemical substances called chemical transmitters

Chemical Transmitters Types acetyl choline ampnoradrenaline Nerves secrete Ach are called cholinergic

nerves Nerves secrete noradrenaline are called

adrenergic nerves Receptors activated by Ach are called

cholinergic receptors with subtypes nicotinic amp muscarinic

Receptors activated by noradrenaline are called adrenergic receptors with subtypes α amp β

Acetyl cholineSites of release of acetyl choline (cholinergic fibers)1-Central cholinergic fibers arises directly from the

CNSAll preganglionic sympathetic fibers including the

preganglionic fiibers to the adrenal medullaAll preganglionic parasympathetic fibers In all the ganglia the transmitters is ACETYL

CHOLINE All the somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles2-Peripheral cholinergic fibers (postganglionic)All postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic VD fibers to skeletal

muscle BV postganglionic sympathetic secretory to sweat

gland

ACh AChSweatglands

Striatedmuscle

AChSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HeartSm musGlands

ACh AChParasympathetic

AChE NE

Ad M

HeartSm musGlands

ACh NE

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System

The division of the autonomic nervous systemANS does not arise from all segments of the nervous

system but from certain regions only ANS is divided intoSympathetic NS arise from lateral horn cells of

thoracic segments and the upper two lumbar segments (thoraco-lumbar outflow)

Parasympathetic NS (cranio-sacral outflow) cranial nerves IIIVII IX to the head amp neck

structures and X (Vagus) to thorax and abdomen

sacral outflow from lateral horn cells of 2nd 3rd amp4th sacral segments to the pelvis

Organization of the autonomic nervesIt is two neurons systemPreganglionic amp postganglionicPreganglionic sympathetic arises from lateral

horn cells of all thoracic amp upper lumbar amp relay in paravertebral sympathetic chain

Autonomic gangliaDef it is collection of nerve cells (postganglionic

neurons) outside CNS They are stations where impulses from preganglionic

relay to the postganglionic neuronsTypes1- lateral ganglia 2 sympathetic chains on either sides

of the vertebral column2- collateral ganglia in the abdomen on large arteries

for sympathetic or parasympathetic3- terminal ganglia parasympathetic at the organsFunctionsRelay stationsDistributing centerRelease chemical transmittersRegeneration of postganglionic fibers

Sympathetic pathways

Autonomic Nervous System

1048708 Sympathetic nerves (fight or flight)1048708 Sympathetic chain (ganglia) next to spinal

cord1048708 Parasympathetic nerves (rest and digest)1048708 Ganglia next to organs

Functions of sympathetic NSOn head amp neck Origin Preganglionic fibers originate from upper thoracic segments and relay in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion Postganglionic fibers pass with the carotid

arteries Functions1- the eye Dilatation of the pupil (mydriasis)Relaxation of ciliary muscle (decrease the lens power for far vision)Motor to tarsal muscles widens the palpebral fissureMotor to Muller`s muscle exophthalmos in animalsVasoconstriction of the blood vessels of the eyeLacrimal glands decrease tear secretion amp VC2- skinSweat glands Copious secretions (cholinergic fibers) BV vasoconstrictionErection of hair3- salivary glands Trophic secretion (small in amount viscid amp concentrated)4- cerebral vesselsMild vasoconstriction but the cerebral blood flow increase due to increase blood

pressure

On thorax (cardiopulmonary)Origin upper 4 thoracic segments relay in the

cervical and the upper 4 thoracic ganglia1- heartIncrease all cardiac muscle properties cardiac

metabolism amp O2 consumption (contractility rhythmicity conductivity excitability)

(Increase strength of contraction heart rate)

2-dilatation of the coronary3- bronchial muscleBroncho-dilatation amp inhibit bronchial secretion4- pulmonary BVs vasoconstriction

On the abdomen (splanchnic) Origin lower 8 thoracic amp upper 2 lumbar forming greater amp lesser splanchnic

nerves relay in the celiac amp superior mesenteric ganglia The lumbar fibers of both sides unite to form presacral nerve relay in the inferior mesenteric ganglion

1-GITglands decrease secretion2-Wall motility decrease3-Sphincters contraction 4-Splanchnic vessels mainly vasoconstriction5-Spleen contraction of the capsule to add 50ml stored blood into the circulation6-Liver glycogenolysishellip Increase blood glucose level7-Pancreas inhibit insulin secretion8-Kidney decrease renal blood flow decrease urine volume increase rennin

secretion9-Adrenal medulla secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline10-Urinary bladder inhibition of the wall ampcontraction of internal urinary

sphincter retention of urine amp prevent semen flow to bladder11-Ureters uterus amp fallopian tubes mainly relaxation may be stimulator to the

uterus in late pregnancy12-rectum inhibitory to the wall amp motor to the internal anal sphincter (retention

of feces13-Smooth muscles of epididymis vas deferens seminal vesicles and prostate

motor Ejaculation of semen

Somatic division to the upper amp lower limbsUpper limb origin from 4th to 8th thoracic

segments relay in lower cervical amp upper 4 thoracic ganglia posttganglionic fibers join the brachial plexus

Lower limbs origin 10th thoracic to the 2nd lumbar segment relay in lumbar amp sacral ganglia

FunctionBlood vessels of skeletal muscles vasodilatationSkeletal muscles delay fatigue (Orbilli

phenomenon)SkinSweat gland secretion of sweatCutaneous blood vessels VCErector pilae muscle piloerection hair erection

General function of the sympathetic nervous system (alarm respnse or stress response)

In emergency conditions in fight flight muscular exercise emotions pain cold generalized sympathetic stimulation occurs

a- acceleration of the heartb- vasoconstriction in inactive regions skin amp

splanchnicc- dilatation of the bronchid- contraction of spleene- excess sweat secretionf- delay muscle fatigueg- glycogenolysish- stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline amp

noradrenaline to intensify all reactionsi- adrenaline stimulation of the brain to increase

alertness and shorten response time

Horner`s SyndromeIt is unilateral lesion affecting the sympathetic

supply to the head amp neck due to lesion in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

Manifestations 1- Ptosis drop of upper eye lid2- Miosis pupillo-constriction3- Anhydrosis dryness of skin due to absence of

sweat4- Enophthalmos inward sinking of the eye ball5- Flushing (redness) and warming of the affected

side of the face due to vasodilatation of the skin vessels

Parasympathetic pathways

Functions of parasympathetic NSOcculomotor nerve (III cranial nerve) arises in midbrain relay in ciliary ganglion

postganglionic as short ciliary nervesfunctions in the eye 1- constriction of the pupil (miosis)2- contraction of ciliary muscle increase the

power of lens for near vision

Facial nerve (VII cranial nerve)Origin pons amp upper medulla gives Functions chorda tympani branch relay in submaxillary

ganglion to submaxillary amp sublingual salivary glands increase

secretion rich in enzymes with lingual nerve to tongue vasodilatationsome fibers relay in sphenopalatine ganglion post

ganglionic fibers supply nasopharynx and lacrimal glands increase secretion and vasodilatation

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX cranial nerve)Origin medullaRelay in otic ganglionPostganglionic fibers supply parotid salivary gland

secretory amp vasodilataion

The vagus nerve (X cranial nerve) Origin medulla Relay in the terminal ganglia 75 of parasympathetic fibres are in vagus nerve Functions1- heartDecrease heart rate (bradycardia)Slow conductivtyInhibit contractility of the atria only No effect on strength of contraction of ventricle (vagus does not supply the

ventricles)Decrease cardiac metabolism 2-coronary vasoconstriction3- bronchial muscleBroncho constriction amp increase mucus secretion High vagal tonerarrbronchial

asthma

4- Gastrointestinal tractsWall motility increaseSphincters relaxation Secretions increase stomach exocrine pancreas amp liver secretion5-Gall bladder weak contraction of the wall6-Pullmonary amp gastric blood vessels weak vasodilatation

5- the sacral autonomic outflow (pelvic visceral nerve)

Origin lateral horn cells of sacral segments23 amp4Relay in terminal gangliaFunctions1-Urinary bladder motor to the wall inhibitory to the

internal urinary sphincter rarr micturition2-Distal half of the colon motor to the wall amp inhibitory to

the internal anal sphincter rarr defecation3-Erectile tissue of the external genitalia rarrerection4-Seminal vessels and prostate rarrstimulate secretion5-Pelvic blood vessels rarrvasodilatation

General functions of parasympathetic system

Parasympathetic system is anabolic and energy preserving at rest digest reading

1- inhibits cardiac properties2-increases activity of GIT

Neurotransmitters and receptors in the autonomic nervous system

Autonomic pathways

Sympathetic and ParasympatheticThe effects of sympathetic and

parasympathetic stimulation are produced by the release of chemical substances called chemical transmitters

Chemical Transmitters Types acetyl choline ampnoradrenaline Nerves secrete Ach are called cholinergic

nerves Nerves secrete noradrenaline are called

adrenergic nerves Receptors activated by Ach are called

cholinergic receptors with subtypes nicotinic amp muscarinic

Receptors activated by noradrenaline are called adrenergic receptors with subtypes α amp β

Acetyl cholineSites of release of acetyl choline (cholinergic fibers)1-Central cholinergic fibers arises directly from the

CNSAll preganglionic sympathetic fibers including the

preganglionic fiibers to the adrenal medullaAll preganglionic parasympathetic fibers In all the ganglia the transmitters is ACETYL

CHOLINE All the somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles2-Peripheral cholinergic fibers (postganglionic)All postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic VD fibers to skeletal

muscle BV postganglionic sympathetic secretory to sweat

gland

ACh AChSweatglands

Striatedmuscle

AChSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HeartSm musGlands

ACh AChParasympathetic

AChE NE

Ad M

HeartSm musGlands

ACh NE

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

The division of the autonomic nervous systemANS does not arise from all segments of the nervous

system but from certain regions only ANS is divided intoSympathetic NS arise from lateral horn cells of

thoracic segments and the upper two lumbar segments (thoraco-lumbar outflow)

Parasympathetic NS (cranio-sacral outflow) cranial nerves IIIVII IX to the head amp neck

structures and X (Vagus) to thorax and abdomen

sacral outflow from lateral horn cells of 2nd 3rd amp4th sacral segments to the pelvis

Organization of the autonomic nervesIt is two neurons systemPreganglionic amp postganglionicPreganglionic sympathetic arises from lateral

horn cells of all thoracic amp upper lumbar amp relay in paravertebral sympathetic chain

Autonomic gangliaDef it is collection of nerve cells (postganglionic

neurons) outside CNS They are stations where impulses from preganglionic

relay to the postganglionic neuronsTypes1- lateral ganglia 2 sympathetic chains on either sides

of the vertebral column2- collateral ganglia in the abdomen on large arteries

for sympathetic or parasympathetic3- terminal ganglia parasympathetic at the organsFunctionsRelay stationsDistributing centerRelease chemical transmittersRegeneration of postganglionic fibers

Sympathetic pathways

Autonomic Nervous System

1048708 Sympathetic nerves (fight or flight)1048708 Sympathetic chain (ganglia) next to spinal

cord1048708 Parasympathetic nerves (rest and digest)1048708 Ganglia next to organs

Functions of sympathetic NSOn head amp neck Origin Preganglionic fibers originate from upper thoracic segments and relay in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion Postganglionic fibers pass with the carotid

arteries Functions1- the eye Dilatation of the pupil (mydriasis)Relaxation of ciliary muscle (decrease the lens power for far vision)Motor to tarsal muscles widens the palpebral fissureMotor to Muller`s muscle exophthalmos in animalsVasoconstriction of the blood vessels of the eyeLacrimal glands decrease tear secretion amp VC2- skinSweat glands Copious secretions (cholinergic fibers) BV vasoconstrictionErection of hair3- salivary glands Trophic secretion (small in amount viscid amp concentrated)4- cerebral vesselsMild vasoconstriction but the cerebral blood flow increase due to increase blood

pressure

On thorax (cardiopulmonary)Origin upper 4 thoracic segments relay in the

cervical and the upper 4 thoracic ganglia1- heartIncrease all cardiac muscle properties cardiac

metabolism amp O2 consumption (contractility rhythmicity conductivity excitability)

(Increase strength of contraction heart rate)

2-dilatation of the coronary3- bronchial muscleBroncho-dilatation amp inhibit bronchial secretion4- pulmonary BVs vasoconstriction

On the abdomen (splanchnic) Origin lower 8 thoracic amp upper 2 lumbar forming greater amp lesser splanchnic

nerves relay in the celiac amp superior mesenteric ganglia The lumbar fibers of both sides unite to form presacral nerve relay in the inferior mesenteric ganglion

1-GITglands decrease secretion2-Wall motility decrease3-Sphincters contraction 4-Splanchnic vessels mainly vasoconstriction5-Spleen contraction of the capsule to add 50ml stored blood into the circulation6-Liver glycogenolysishellip Increase blood glucose level7-Pancreas inhibit insulin secretion8-Kidney decrease renal blood flow decrease urine volume increase rennin

secretion9-Adrenal medulla secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline10-Urinary bladder inhibition of the wall ampcontraction of internal urinary

sphincter retention of urine amp prevent semen flow to bladder11-Ureters uterus amp fallopian tubes mainly relaxation may be stimulator to the

uterus in late pregnancy12-rectum inhibitory to the wall amp motor to the internal anal sphincter (retention

of feces13-Smooth muscles of epididymis vas deferens seminal vesicles and prostate

motor Ejaculation of semen

Somatic division to the upper amp lower limbsUpper limb origin from 4th to 8th thoracic

segments relay in lower cervical amp upper 4 thoracic ganglia posttganglionic fibers join the brachial plexus

Lower limbs origin 10th thoracic to the 2nd lumbar segment relay in lumbar amp sacral ganglia

FunctionBlood vessels of skeletal muscles vasodilatationSkeletal muscles delay fatigue (Orbilli

phenomenon)SkinSweat gland secretion of sweatCutaneous blood vessels VCErector pilae muscle piloerection hair erection

General function of the sympathetic nervous system (alarm respnse or stress response)

In emergency conditions in fight flight muscular exercise emotions pain cold generalized sympathetic stimulation occurs

a- acceleration of the heartb- vasoconstriction in inactive regions skin amp

splanchnicc- dilatation of the bronchid- contraction of spleene- excess sweat secretionf- delay muscle fatigueg- glycogenolysish- stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline amp

noradrenaline to intensify all reactionsi- adrenaline stimulation of the brain to increase

alertness and shorten response time

Horner`s SyndromeIt is unilateral lesion affecting the sympathetic

supply to the head amp neck due to lesion in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

Manifestations 1- Ptosis drop of upper eye lid2- Miosis pupillo-constriction3- Anhydrosis dryness of skin due to absence of

sweat4- Enophthalmos inward sinking of the eye ball5- Flushing (redness) and warming of the affected

side of the face due to vasodilatation of the skin vessels

Parasympathetic pathways

Functions of parasympathetic NSOcculomotor nerve (III cranial nerve) arises in midbrain relay in ciliary ganglion

postganglionic as short ciliary nervesfunctions in the eye 1- constriction of the pupil (miosis)2- contraction of ciliary muscle increase the

power of lens for near vision

Facial nerve (VII cranial nerve)Origin pons amp upper medulla gives Functions chorda tympani branch relay in submaxillary

ganglion to submaxillary amp sublingual salivary glands increase

secretion rich in enzymes with lingual nerve to tongue vasodilatationsome fibers relay in sphenopalatine ganglion post

ganglionic fibers supply nasopharynx and lacrimal glands increase secretion and vasodilatation

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX cranial nerve)Origin medullaRelay in otic ganglionPostganglionic fibers supply parotid salivary gland

secretory amp vasodilataion

The vagus nerve (X cranial nerve) Origin medulla Relay in the terminal ganglia 75 of parasympathetic fibres are in vagus nerve Functions1- heartDecrease heart rate (bradycardia)Slow conductivtyInhibit contractility of the atria only No effect on strength of contraction of ventricle (vagus does not supply the

ventricles)Decrease cardiac metabolism 2-coronary vasoconstriction3- bronchial muscleBroncho constriction amp increase mucus secretion High vagal tonerarrbronchial

asthma

4- Gastrointestinal tractsWall motility increaseSphincters relaxation Secretions increase stomach exocrine pancreas amp liver secretion5-Gall bladder weak contraction of the wall6-Pullmonary amp gastric blood vessels weak vasodilatation

5- the sacral autonomic outflow (pelvic visceral nerve)

Origin lateral horn cells of sacral segments23 amp4Relay in terminal gangliaFunctions1-Urinary bladder motor to the wall inhibitory to the

internal urinary sphincter rarr micturition2-Distal half of the colon motor to the wall amp inhibitory to

the internal anal sphincter rarr defecation3-Erectile tissue of the external genitalia rarrerection4-Seminal vessels and prostate rarrstimulate secretion5-Pelvic blood vessels rarrvasodilatation

General functions of parasympathetic system

Parasympathetic system is anabolic and energy preserving at rest digest reading

1- inhibits cardiac properties2-increases activity of GIT

Neurotransmitters and receptors in the autonomic nervous system

Autonomic pathways

Sympathetic and ParasympatheticThe effects of sympathetic and

parasympathetic stimulation are produced by the release of chemical substances called chemical transmitters

Chemical Transmitters Types acetyl choline ampnoradrenaline Nerves secrete Ach are called cholinergic

nerves Nerves secrete noradrenaline are called

adrenergic nerves Receptors activated by Ach are called

cholinergic receptors with subtypes nicotinic amp muscarinic

Receptors activated by noradrenaline are called adrenergic receptors with subtypes α amp β

Acetyl cholineSites of release of acetyl choline (cholinergic fibers)1-Central cholinergic fibers arises directly from the

CNSAll preganglionic sympathetic fibers including the

preganglionic fiibers to the adrenal medullaAll preganglionic parasympathetic fibers In all the ganglia the transmitters is ACETYL

CHOLINE All the somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles2-Peripheral cholinergic fibers (postganglionic)All postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic VD fibers to skeletal

muscle BV postganglionic sympathetic secretory to sweat

gland

ACh AChSweatglands

Striatedmuscle

AChSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HeartSm musGlands

ACh AChParasympathetic

AChE NE

Ad M

HeartSm musGlands

ACh NE

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Organization of the autonomic nervesIt is two neurons systemPreganglionic amp postganglionicPreganglionic sympathetic arises from lateral

horn cells of all thoracic amp upper lumbar amp relay in paravertebral sympathetic chain

Autonomic gangliaDef it is collection of nerve cells (postganglionic

neurons) outside CNS They are stations where impulses from preganglionic

relay to the postganglionic neuronsTypes1- lateral ganglia 2 sympathetic chains on either sides

of the vertebral column2- collateral ganglia in the abdomen on large arteries

for sympathetic or parasympathetic3- terminal ganglia parasympathetic at the organsFunctionsRelay stationsDistributing centerRelease chemical transmittersRegeneration of postganglionic fibers

Sympathetic pathways

Autonomic Nervous System

1048708 Sympathetic nerves (fight or flight)1048708 Sympathetic chain (ganglia) next to spinal

cord1048708 Parasympathetic nerves (rest and digest)1048708 Ganglia next to organs

Functions of sympathetic NSOn head amp neck Origin Preganglionic fibers originate from upper thoracic segments and relay in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion Postganglionic fibers pass with the carotid

arteries Functions1- the eye Dilatation of the pupil (mydriasis)Relaxation of ciliary muscle (decrease the lens power for far vision)Motor to tarsal muscles widens the palpebral fissureMotor to Muller`s muscle exophthalmos in animalsVasoconstriction of the blood vessels of the eyeLacrimal glands decrease tear secretion amp VC2- skinSweat glands Copious secretions (cholinergic fibers) BV vasoconstrictionErection of hair3- salivary glands Trophic secretion (small in amount viscid amp concentrated)4- cerebral vesselsMild vasoconstriction but the cerebral blood flow increase due to increase blood

pressure

On thorax (cardiopulmonary)Origin upper 4 thoracic segments relay in the

cervical and the upper 4 thoracic ganglia1- heartIncrease all cardiac muscle properties cardiac

metabolism amp O2 consumption (contractility rhythmicity conductivity excitability)

(Increase strength of contraction heart rate)

2-dilatation of the coronary3- bronchial muscleBroncho-dilatation amp inhibit bronchial secretion4- pulmonary BVs vasoconstriction

On the abdomen (splanchnic) Origin lower 8 thoracic amp upper 2 lumbar forming greater amp lesser splanchnic

nerves relay in the celiac amp superior mesenteric ganglia The lumbar fibers of both sides unite to form presacral nerve relay in the inferior mesenteric ganglion

1-GITglands decrease secretion2-Wall motility decrease3-Sphincters contraction 4-Splanchnic vessels mainly vasoconstriction5-Spleen contraction of the capsule to add 50ml stored blood into the circulation6-Liver glycogenolysishellip Increase blood glucose level7-Pancreas inhibit insulin secretion8-Kidney decrease renal blood flow decrease urine volume increase rennin

secretion9-Adrenal medulla secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline10-Urinary bladder inhibition of the wall ampcontraction of internal urinary

sphincter retention of urine amp prevent semen flow to bladder11-Ureters uterus amp fallopian tubes mainly relaxation may be stimulator to the

uterus in late pregnancy12-rectum inhibitory to the wall amp motor to the internal anal sphincter (retention

of feces13-Smooth muscles of epididymis vas deferens seminal vesicles and prostate

motor Ejaculation of semen

Somatic division to the upper amp lower limbsUpper limb origin from 4th to 8th thoracic

segments relay in lower cervical amp upper 4 thoracic ganglia posttganglionic fibers join the brachial plexus

Lower limbs origin 10th thoracic to the 2nd lumbar segment relay in lumbar amp sacral ganglia

FunctionBlood vessels of skeletal muscles vasodilatationSkeletal muscles delay fatigue (Orbilli

phenomenon)SkinSweat gland secretion of sweatCutaneous blood vessels VCErector pilae muscle piloerection hair erection

General function of the sympathetic nervous system (alarm respnse or stress response)

In emergency conditions in fight flight muscular exercise emotions pain cold generalized sympathetic stimulation occurs

a- acceleration of the heartb- vasoconstriction in inactive regions skin amp

splanchnicc- dilatation of the bronchid- contraction of spleene- excess sweat secretionf- delay muscle fatigueg- glycogenolysish- stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline amp

noradrenaline to intensify all reactionsi- adrenaline stimulation of the brain to increase

alertness and shorten response time

Horner`s SyndromeIt is unilateral lesion affecting the sympathetic

supply to the head amp neck due to lesion in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

Manifestations 1- Ptosis drop of upper eye lid2- Miosis pupillo-constriction3- Anhydrosis dryness of skin due to absence of

sweat4- Enophthalmos inward sinking of the eye ball5- Flushing (redness) and warming of the affected

side of the face due to vasodilatation of the skin vessels

Parasympathetic pathways

Functions of parasympathetic NSOcculomotor nerve (III cranial nerve) arises in midbrain relay in ciliary ganglion

postganglionic as short ciliary nervesfunctions in the eye 1- constriction of the pupil (miosis)2- contraction of ciliary muscle increase the

power of lens for near vision

Facial nerve (VII cranial nerve)Origin pons amp upper medulla gives Functions chorda tympani branch relay in submaxillary

ganglion to submaxillary amp sublingual salivary glands increase

secretion rich in enzymes with lingual nerve to tongue vasodilatationsome fibers relay in sphenopalatine ganglion post

ganglionic fibers supply nasopharynx and lacrimal glands increase secretion and vasodilatation

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX cranial nerve)Origin medullaRelay in otic ganglionPostganglionic fibers supply parotid salivary gland

secretory amp vasodilataion

The vagus nerve (X cranial nerve) Origin medulla Relay in the terminal ganglia 75 of parasympathetic fibres are in vagus nerve Functions1- heartDecrease heart rate (bradycardia)Slow conductivtyInhibit contractility of the atria only No effect on strength of contraction of ventricle (vagus does not supply the

ventricles)Decrease cardiac metabolism 2-coronary vasoconstriction3- bronchial muscleBroncho constriction amp increase mucus secretion High vagal tonerarrbronchial

asthma

4- Gastrointestinal tractsWall motility increaseSphincters relaxation Secretions increase stomach exocrine pancreas amp liver secretion5-Gall bladder weak contraction of the wall6-Pullmonary amp gastric blood vessels weak vasodilatation

5- the sacral autonomic outflow (pelvic visceral nerve)

Origin lateral horn cells of sacral segments23 amp4Relay in terminal gangliaFunctions1-Urinary bladder motor to the wall inhibitory to the

internal urinary sphincter rarr micturition2-Distal half of the colon motor to the wall amp inhibitory to

the internal anal sphincter rarr defecation3-Erectile tissue of the external genitalia rarrerection4-Seminal vessels and prostate rarrstimulate secretion5-Pelvic blood vessels rarrvasodilatation

General functions of parasympathetic system

Parasympathetic system is anabolic and energy preserving at rest digest reading

1- inhibits cardiac properties2-increases activity of GIT

Neurotransmitters and receptors in the autonomic nervous system

Autonomic pathways

Sympathetic and ParasympatheticThe effects of sympathetic and

parasympathetic stimulation are produced by the release of chemical substances called chemical transmitters

Chemical Transmitters Types acetyl choline ampnoradrenaline Nerves secrete Ach are called cholinergic

nerves Nerves secrete noradrenaline are called

adrenergic nerves Receptors activated by Ach are called

cholinergic receptors with subtypes nicotinic amp muscarinic

Receptors activated by noradrenaline are called adrenergic receptors with subtypes α amp β

Acetyl cholineSites of release of acetyl choline (cholinergic fibers)1-Central cholinergic fibers arises directly from the

CNSAll preganglionic sympathetic fibers including the

preganglionic fiibers to the adrenal medullaAll preganglionic parasympathetic fibers In all the ganglia the transmitters is ACETYL

CHOLINE All the somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles2-Peripheral cholinergic fibers (postganglionic)All postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic VD fibers to skeletal

muscle BV postganglionic sympathetic secretory to sweat

gland

ACh AChSweatglands

Striatedmuscle

AChSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HeartSm musGlands

ACh AChParasympathetic

AChE NE

Ad M

HeartSm musGlands

ACh NE

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Autonomic gangliaDef it is collection of nerve cells (postganglionic

neurons) outside CNS They are stations where impulses from preganglionic

relay to the postganglionic neuronsTypes1- lateral ganglia 2 sympathetic chains on either sides

of the vertebral column2- collateral ganglia in the abdomen on large arteries

for sympathetic or parasympathetic3- terminal ganglia parasympathetic at the organsFunctionsRelay stationsDistributing centerRelease chemical transmittersRegeneration of postganglionic fibers

Sympathetic pathways

Autonomic Nervous System

1048708 Sympathetic nerves (fight or flight)1048708 Sympathetic chain (ganglia) next to spinal

cord1048708 Parasympathetic nerves (rest and digest)1048708 Ganglia next to organs

Functions of sympathetic NSOn head amp neck Origin Preganglionic fibers originate from upper thoracic segments and relay in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion Postganglionic fibers pass with the carotid

arteries Functions1- the eye Dilatation of the pupil (mydriasis)Relaxation of ciliary muscle (decrease the lens power for far vision)Motor to tarsal muscles widens the palpebral fissureMotor to Muller`s muscle exophthalmos in animalsVasoconstriction of the blood vessels of the eyeLacrimal glands decrease tear secretion amp VC2- skinSweat glands Copious secretions (cholinergic fibers) BV vasoconstrictionErection of hair3- salivary glands Trophic secretion (small in amount viscid amp concentrated)4- cerebral vesselsMild vasoconstriction but the cerebral blood flow increase due to increase blood

pressure

On thorax (cardiopulmonary)Origin upper 4 thoracic segments relay in the

cervical and the upper 4 thoracic ganglia1- heartIncrease all cardiac muscle properties cardiac

metabolism amp O2 consumption (contractility rhythmicity conductivity excitability)

(Increase strength of contraction heart rate)

2-dilatation of the coronary3- bronchial muscleBroncho-dilatation amp inhibit bronchial secretion4- pulmonary BVs vasoconstriction

On the abdomen (splanchnic) Origin lower 8 thoracic amp upper 2 lumbar forming greater amp lesser splanchnic

nerves relay in the celiac amp superior mesenteric ganglia The lumbar fibers of both sides unite to form presacral nerve relay in the inferior mesenteric ganglion

1-GITglands decrease secretion2-Wall motility decrease3-Sphincters contraction 4-Splanchnic vessels mainly vasoconstriction5-Spleen contraction of the capsule to add 50ml stored blood into the circulation6-Liver glycogenolysishellip Increase blood glucose level7-Pancreas inhibit insulin secretion8-Kidney decrease renal blood flow decrease urine volume increase rennin

secretion9-Adrenal medulla secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline10-Urinary bladder inhibition of the wall ampcontraction of internal urinary

sphincter retention of urine amp prevent semen flow to bladder11-Ureters uterus amp fallopian tubes mainly relaxation may be stimulator to the

uterus in late pregnancy12-rectum inhibitory to the wall amp motor to the internal anal sphincter (retention

of feces13-Smooth muscles of epididymis vas deferens seminal vesicles and prostate

motor Ejaculation of semen

Somatic division to the upper amp lower limbsUpper limb origin from 4th to 8th thoracic

segments relay in lower cervical amp upper 4 thoracic ganglia posttganglionic fibers join the brachial plexus

Lower limbs origin 10th thoracic to the 2nd lumbar segment relay in lumbar amp sacral ganglia

FunctionBlood vessels of skeletal muscles vasodilatationSkeletal muscles delay fatigue (Orbilli

phenomenon)SkinSweat gland secretion of sweatCutaneous blood vessels VCErector pilae muscle piloerection hair erection

General function of the sympathetic nervous system (alarm respnse or stress response)

In emergency conditions in fight flight muscular exercise emotions pain cold generalized sympathetic stimulation occurs

a- acceleration of the heartb- vasoconstriction in inactive regions skin amp

splanchnicc- dilatation of the bronchid- contraction of spleene- excess sweat secretionf- delay muscle fatigueg- glycogenolysish- stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline amp

noradrenaline to intensify all reactionsi- adrenaline stimulation of the brain to increase

alertness and shorten response time

Horner`s SyndromeIt is unilateral lesion affecting the sympathetic

supply to the head amp neck due to lesion in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

Manifestations 1- Ptosis drop of upper eye lid2- Miosis pupillo-constriction3- Anhydrosis dryness of skin due to absence of

sweat4- Enophthalmos inward sinking of the eye ball5- Flushing (redness) and warming of the affected

side of the face due to vasodilatation of the skin vessels

Parasympathetic pathways

Functions of parasympathetic NSOcculomotor nerve (III cranial nerve) arises in midbrain relay in ciliary ganglion

postganglionic as short ciliary nervesfunctions in the eye 1- constriction of the pupil (miosis)2- contraction of ciliary muscle increase the

power of lens for near vision

Facial nerve (VII cranial nerve)Origin pons amp upper medulla gives Functions chorda tympani branch relay in submaxillary

ganglion to submaxillary amp sublingual salivary glands increase

secretion rich in enzymes with lingual nerve to tongue vasodilatationsome fibers relay in sphenopalatine ganglion post

ganglionic fibers supply nasopharynx and lacrimal glands increase secretion and vasodilatation

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX cranial nerve)Origin medullaRelay in otic ganglionPostganglionic fibers supply parotid salivary gland

secretory amp vasodilataion

The vagus nerve (X cranial nerve) Origin medulla Relay in the terminal ganglia 75 of parasympathetic fibres are in vagus nerve Functions1- heartDecrease heart rate (bradycardia)Slow conductivtyInhibit contractility of the atria only No effect on strength of contraction of ventricle (vagus does not supply the

ventricles)Decrease cardiac metabolism 2-coronary vasoconstriction3- bronchial muscleBroncho constriction amp increase mucus secretion High vagal tonerarrbronchial

asthma

4- Gastrointestinal tractsWall motility increaseSphincters relaxation Secretions increase stomach exocrine pancreas amp liver secretion5-Gall bladder weak contraction of the wall6-Pullmonary amp gastric blood vessels weak vasodilatation

5- the sacral autonomic outflow (pelvic visceral nerve)

Origin lateral horn cells of sacral segments23 amp4Relay in terminal gangliaFunctions1-Urinary bladder motor to the wall inhibitory to the

internal urinary sphincter rarr micturition2-Distal half of the colon motor to the wall amp inhibitory to

the internal anal sphincter rarr defecation3-Erectile tissue of the external genitalia rarrerection4-Seminal vessels and prostate rarrstimulate secretion5-Pelvic blood vessels rarrvasodilatation

General functions of parasympathetic system

Parasympathetic system is anabolic and energy preserving at rest digest reading

1- inhibits cardiac properties2-increases activity of GIT

Neurotransmitters and receptors in the autonomic nervous system

Autonomic pathways

Sympathetic and ParasympatheticThe effects of sympathetic and

parasympathetic stimulation are produced by the release of chemical substances called chemical transmitters

Chemical Transmitters Types acetyl choline ampnoradrenaline Nerves secrete Ach are called cholinergic

nerves Nerves secrete noradrenaline are called

adrenergic nerves Receptors activated by Ach are called

cholinergic receptors with subtypes nicotinic amp muscarinic

Receptors activated by noradrenaline are called adrenergic receptors with subtypes α amp β

Acetyl cholineSites of release of acetyl choline (cholinergic fibers)1-Central cholinergic fibers arises directly from the

CNSAll preganglionic sympathetic fibers including the

preganglionic fiibers to the adrenal medullaAll preganglionic parasympathetic fibers In all the ganglia the transmitters is ACETYL

CHOLINE All the somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles2-Peripheral cholinergic fibers (postganglionic)All postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic VD fibers to skeletal

muscle BV postganglionic sympathetic secretory to sweat

gland

ACh AChSweatglands

Striatedmuscle

AChSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HeartSm musGlands

ACh AChParasympathetic

AChE NE

Ad M

HeartSm musGlands

ACh NE

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Sympathetic pathways

Autonomic Nervous System

1048708 Sympathetic nerves (fight or flight)1048708 Sympathetic chain (ganglia) next to spinal

cord1048708 Parasympathetic nerves (rest and digest)1048708 Ganglia next to organs

Functions of sympathetic NSOn head amp neck Origin Preganglionic fibers originate from upper thoracic segments and relay in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion Postganglionic fibers pass with the carotid

arteries Functions1- the eye Dilatation of the pupil (mydriasis)Relaxation of ciliary muscle (decrease the lens power for far vision)Motor to tarsal muscles widens the palpebral fissureMotor to Muller`s muscle exophthalmos in animalsVasoconstriction of the blood vessels of the eyeLacrimal glands decrease tear secretion amp VC2- skinSweat glands Copious secretions (cholinergic fibers) BV vasoconstrictionErection of hair3- salivary glands Trophic secretion (small in amount viscid amp concentrated)4- cerebral vesselsMild vasoconstriction but the cerebral blood flow increase due to increase blood

pressure

On thorax (cardiopulmonary)Origin upper 4 thoracic segments relay in the

cervical and the upper 4 thoracic ganglia1- heartIncrease all cardiac muscle properties cardiac

metabolism amp O2 consumption (contractility rhythmicity conductivity excitability)

(Increase strength of contraction heart rate)

2-dilatation of the coronary3- bronchial muscleBroncho-dilatation amp inhibit bronchial secretion4- pulmonary BVs vasoconstriction

On the abdomen (splanchnic) Origin lower 8 thoracic amp upper 2 lumbar forming greater amp lesser splanchnic

nerves relay in the celiac amp superior mesenteric ganglia The lumbar fibers of both sides unite to form presacral nerve relay in the inferior mesenteric ganglion

1-GITglands decrease secretion2-Wall motility decrease3-Sphincters contraction 4-Splanchnic vessels mainly vasoconstriction5-Spleen contraction of the capsule to add 50ml stored blood into the circulation6-Liver glycogenolysishellip Increase blood glucose level7-Pancreas inhibit insulin secretion8-Kidney decrease renal blood flow decrease urine volume increase rennin

secretion9-Adrenal medulla secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline10-Urinary bladder inhibition of the wall ampcontraction of internal urinary

sphincter retention of urine amp prevent semen flow to bladder11-Ureters uterus amp fallopian tubes mainly relaxation may be stimulator to the

uterus in late pregnancy12-rectum inhibitory to the wall amp motor to the internal anal sphincter (retention

of feces13-Smooth muscles of epididymis vas deferens seminal vesicles and prostate

motor Ejaculation of semen

Somatic division to the upper amp lower limbsUpper limb origin from 4th to 8th thoracic

segments relay in lower cervical amp upper 4 thoracic ganglia posttganglionic fibers join the brachial plexus

Lower limbs origin 10th thoracic to the 2nd lumbar segment relay in lumbar amp sacral ganglia

FunctionBlood vessels of skeletal muscles vasodilatationSkeletal muscles delay fatigue (Orbilli

phenomenon)SkinSweat gland secretion of sweatCutaneous blood vessels VCErector pilae muscle piloerection hair erection

General function of the sympathetic nervous system (alarm respnse or stress response)

In emergency conditions in fight flight muscular exercise emotions pain cold generalized sympathetic stimulation occurs

a- acceleration of the heartb- vasoconstriction in inactive regions skin amp

splanchnicc- dilatation of the bronchid- contraction of spleene- excess sweat secretionf- delay muscle fatigueg- glycogenolysish- stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline amp

noradrenaline to intensify all reactionsi- adrenaline stimulation of the brain to increase

alertness and shorten response time

Horner`s SyndromeIt is unilateral lesion affecting the sympathetic

supply to the head amp neck due to lesion in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

Manifestations 1- Ptosis drop of upper eye lid2- Miosis pupillo-constriction3- Anhydrosis dryness of skin due to absence of

sweat4- Enophthalmos inward sinking of the eye ball5- Flushing (redness) and warming of the affected

side of the face due to vasodilatation of the skin vessels

Parasympathetic pathways

Functions of parasympathetic NSOcculomotor nerve (III cranial nerve) arises in midbrain relay in ciliary ganglion

postganglionic as short ciliary nervesfunctions in the eye 1- constriction of the pupil (miosis)2- contraction of ciliary muscle increase the

power of lens for near vision

Facial nerve (VII cranial nerve)Origin pons amp upper medulla gives Functions chorda tympani branch relay in submaxillary

ganglion to submaxillary amp sublingual salivary glands increase

secretion rich in enzymes with lingual nerve to tongue vasodilatationsome fibers relay in sphenopalatine ganglion post

ganglionic fibers supply nasopharynx and lacrimal glands increase secretion and vasodilatation

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX cranial nerve)Origin medullaRelay in otic ganglionPostganglionic fibers supply parotid salivary gland

secretory amp vasodilataion

The vagus nerve (X cranial nerve) Origin medulla Relay in the terminal ganglia 75 of parasympathetic fibres are in vagus nerve Functions1- heartDecrease heart rate (bradycardia)Slow conductivtyInhibit contractility of the atria only No effect on strength of contraction of ventricle (vagus does not supply the

ventricles)Decrease cardiac metabolism 2-coronary vasoconstriction3- bronchial muscleBroncho constriction amp increase mucus secretion High vagal tonerarrbronchial

asthma

4- Gastrointestinal tractsWall motility increaseSphincters relaxation Secretions increase stomach exocrine pancreas amp liver secretion5-Gall bladder weak contraction of the wall6-Pullmonary amp gastric blood vessels weak vasodilatation

5- the sacral autonomic outflow (pelvic visceral nerve)

Origin lateral horn cells of sacral segments23 amp4Relay in terminal gangliaFunctions1-Urinary bladder motor to the wall inhibitory to the

internal urinary sphincter rarr micturition2-Distal half of the colon motor to the wall amp inhibitory to

the internal anal sphincter rarr defecation3-Erectile tissue of the external genitalia rarrerection4-Seminal vessels and prostate rarrstimulate secretion5-Pelvic blood vessels rarrvasodilatation

General functions of parasympathetic system

Parasympathetic system is anabolic and energy preserving at rest digest reading

1- inhibits cardiac properties2-increases activity of GIT

Neurotransmitters and receptors in the autonomic nervous system

Autonomic pathways

Sympathetic and ParasympatheticThe effects of sympathetic and

parasympathetic stimulation are produced by the release of chemical substances called chemical transmitters

Chemical Transmitters Types acetyl choline ampnoradrenaline Nerves secrete Ach are called cholinergic

nerves Nerves secrete noradrenaline are called

adrenergic nerves Receptors activated by Ach are called

cholinergic receptors with subtypes nicotinic amp muscarinic

Receptors activated by noradrenaline are called adrenergic receptors with subtypes α amp β

Acetyl cholineSites of release of acetyl choline (cholinergic fibers)1-Central cholinergic fibers arises directly from the

CNSAll preganglionic sympathetic fibers including the

preganglionic fiibers to the adrenal medullaAll preganglionic parasympathetic fibers In all the ganglia the transmitters is ACETYL

CHOLINE All the somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles2-Peripheral cholinergic fibers (postganglionic)All postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic VD fibers to skeletal

muscle BV postganglionic sympathetic secretory to sweat

gland

ACh AChSweatglands

Striatedmuscle

AChSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HeartSm musGlands

ACh AChParasympathetic

AChE NE

Ad M

HeartSm musGlands

ACh NE

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Autonomic Nervous System

1048708 Sympathetic nerves (fight or flight)1048708 Sympathetic chain (ganglia) next to spinal

cord1048708 Parasympathetic nerves (rest and digest)1048708 Ganglia next to organs

Functions of sympathetic NSOn head amp neck Origin Preganglionic fibers originate from upper thoracic segments and relay in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion Postganglionic fibers pass with the carotid

arteries Functions1- the eye Dilatation of the pupil (mydriasis)Relaxation of ciliary muscle (decrease the lens power for far vision)Motor to tarsal muscles widens the palpebral fissureMotor to Muller`s muscle exophthalmos in animalsVasoconstriction of the blood vessels of the eyeLacrimal glands decrease tear secretion amp VC2- skinSweat glands Copious secretions (cholinergic fibers) BV vasoconstrictionErection of hair3- salivary glands Trophic secretion (small in amount viscid amp concentrated)4- cerebral vesselsMild vasoconstriction but the cerebral blood flow increase due to increase blood

pressure

On thorax (cardiopulmonary)Origin upper 4 thoracic segments relay in the

cervical and the upper 4 thoracic ganglia1- heartIncrease all cardiac muscle properties cardiac

metabolism amp O2 consumption (contractility rhythmicity conductivity excitability)

(Increase strength of contraction heart rate)

2-dilatation of the coronary3- bronchial muscleBroncho-dilatation amp inhibit bronchial secretion4- pulmonary BVs vasoconstriction

On the abdomen (splanchnic) Origin lower 8 thoracic amp upper 2 lumbar forming greater amp lesser splanchnic

nerves relay in the celiac amp superior mesenteric ganglia The lumbar fibers of both sides unite to form presacral nerve relay in the inferior mesenteric ganglion

1-GITglands decrease secretion2-Wall motility decrease3-Sphincters contraction 4-Splanchnic vessels mainly vasoconstriction5-Spleen contraction of the capsule to add 50ml stored blood into the circulation6-Liver glycogenolysishellip Increase blood glucose level7-Pancreas inhibit insulin secretion8-Kidney decrease renal blood flow decrease urine volume increase rennin

secretion9-Adrenal medulla secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline10-Urinary bladder inhibition of the wall ampcontraction of internal urinary

sphincter retention of urine amp prevent semen flow to bladder11-Ureters uterus amp fallopian tubes mainly relaxation may be stimulator to the

uterus in late pregnancy12-rectum inhibitory to the wall amp motor to the internal anal sphincter (retention

of feces13-Smooth muscles of epididymis vas deferens seminal vesicles and prostate

motor Ejaculation of semen

Somatic division to the upper amp lower limbsUpper limb origin from 4th to 8th thoracic

segments relay in lower cervical amp upper 4 thoracic ganglia posttganglionic fibers join the brachial plexus

Lower limbs origin 10th thoracic to the 2nd lumbar segment relay in lumbar amp sacral ganglia

FunctionBlood vessels of skeletal muscles vasodilatationSkeletal muscles delay fatigue (Orbilli

phenomenon)SkinSweat gland secretion of sweatCutaneous blood vessels VCErector pilae muscle piloerection hair erection

General function of the sympathetic nervous system (alarm respnse or stress response)

In emergency conditions in fight flight muscular exercise emotions pain cold generalized sympathetic stimulation occurs

a- acceleration of the heartb- vasoconstriction in inactive regions skin amp

splanchnicc- dilatation of the bronchid- contraction of spleene- excess sweat secretionf- delay muscle fatigueg- glycogenolysish- stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline amp

noradrenaline to intensify all reactionsi- adrenaline stimulation of the brain to increase

alertness and shorten response time

Horner`s SyndromeIt is unilateral lesion affecting the sympathetic

supply to the head amp neck due to lesion in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

Manifestations 1- Ptosis drop of upper eye lid2- Miosis pupillo-constriction3- Anhydrosis dryness of skin due to absence of

sweat4- Enophthalmos inward sinking of the eye ball5- Flushing (redness) and warming of the affected

side of the face due to vasodilatation of the skin vessels

Parasympathetic pathways

Functions of parasympathetic NSOcculomotor nerve (III cranial nerve) arises in midbrain relay in ciliary ganglion

postganglionic as short ciliary nervesfunctions in the eye 1- constriction of the pupil (miosis)2- contraction of ciliary muscle increase the

power of lens for near vision

Facial nerve (VII cranial nerve)Origin pons amp upper medulla gives Functions chorda tympani branch relay in submaxillary

ganglion to submaxillary amp sublingual salivary glands increase

secretion rich in enzymes with lingual nerve to tongue vasodilatationsome fibers relay in sphenopalatine ganglion post

ganglionic fibers supply nasopharynx and lacrimal glands increase secretion and vasodilatation

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX cranial nerve)Origin medullaRelay in otic ganglionPostganglionic fibers supply parotid salivary gland

secretory amp vasodilataion

The vagus nerve (X cranial nerve) Origin medulla Relay in the terminal ganglia 75 of parasympathetic fibres are in vagus nerve Functions1- heartDecrease heart rate (bradycardia)Slow conductivtyInhibit contractility of the atria only No effect on strength of contraction of ventricle (vagus does not supply the

ventricles)Decrease cardiac metabolism 2-coronary vasoconstriction3- bronchial muscleBroncho constriction amp increase mucus secretion High vagal tonerarrbronchial

asthma

4- Gastrointestinal tractsWall motility increaseSphincters relaxation Secretions increase stomach exocrine pancreas amp liver secretion5-Gall bladder weak contraction of the wall6-Pullmonary amp gastric blood vessels weak vasodilatation

5- the sacral autonomic outflow (pelvic visceral nerve)

Origin lateral horn cells of sacral segments23 amp4Relay in terminal gangliaFunctions1-Urinary bladder motor to the wall inhibitory to the

internal urinary sphincter rarr micturition2-Distal half of the colon motor to the wall amp inhibitory to

the internal anal sphincter rarr defecation3-Erectile tissue of the external genitalia rarrerection4-Seminal vessels and prostate rarrstimulate secretion5-Pelvic blood vessels rarrvasodilatation

General functions of parasympathetic system

Parasympathetic system is anabolic and energy preserving at rest digest reading

1- inhibits cardiac properties2-increases activity of GIT

Neurotransmitters and receptors in the autonomic nervous system

Autonomic pathways

Sympathetic and ParasympatheticThe effects of sympathetic and

parasympathetic stimulation are produced by the release of chemical substances called chemical transmitters

Chemical Transmitters Types acetyl choline ampnoradrenaline Nerves secrete Ach are called cholinergic

nerves Nerves secrete noradrenaline are called

adrenergic nerves Receptors activated by Ach are called

cholinergic receptors with subtypes nicotinic amp muscarinic

Receptors activated by noradrenaline are called adrenergic receptors with subtypes α amp β

Acetyl cholineSites of release of acetyl choline (cholinergic fibers)1-Central cholinergic fibers arises directly from the

CNSAll preganglionic sympathetic fibers including the

preganglionic fiibers to the adrenal medullaAll preganglionic parasympathetic fibers In all the ganglia the transmitters is ACETYL

CHOLINE All the somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles2-Peripheral cholinergic fibers (postganglionic)All postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic VD fibers to skeletal

muscle BV postganglionic sympathetic secretory to sweat

gland

ACh AChSweatglands

Striatedmuscle

AChSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HeartSm musGlands

ACh AChParasympathetic

AChE NE

Ad M

HeartSm musGlands

ACh NE

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Functions of sympathetic NSOn head amp neck Origin Preganglionic fibers originate from upper thoracic segments and relay in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion Postganglionic fibers pass with the carotid

arteries Functions1- the eye Dilatation of the pupil (mydriasis)Relaxation of ciliary muscle (decrease the lens power for far vision)Motor to tarsal muscles widens the palpebral fissureMotor to Muller`s muscle exophthalmos in animalsVasoconstriction of the blood vessels of the eyeLacrimal glands decrease tear secretion amp VC2- skinSweat glands Copious secretions (cholinergic fibers) BV vasoconstrictionErection of hair3- salivary glands Trophic secretion (small in amount viscid amp concentrated)4- cerebral vesselsMild vasoconstriction but the cerebral blood flow increase due to increase blood

pressure

On thorax (cardiopulmonary)Origin upper 4 thoracic segments relay in the

cervical and the upper 4 thoracic ganglia1- heartIncrease all cardiac muscle properties cardiac

metabolism amp O2 consumption (contractility rhythmicity conductivity excitability)

(Increase strength of contraction heart rate)

2-dilatation of the coronary3- bronchial muscleBroncho-dilatation amp inhibit bronchial secretion4- pulmonary BVs vasoconstriction

On the abdomen (splanchnic) Origin lower 8 thoracic amp upper 2 lumbar forming greater amp lesser splanchnic

nerves relay in the celiac amp superior mesenteric ganglia The lumbar fibers of both sides unite to form presacral nerve relay in the inferior mesenteric ganglion

1-GITglands decrease secretion2-Wall motility decrease3-Sphincters contraction 4-Splanchnic vessels mainly vasoconstriction5-Spleen contraction of the capsule to add 50ml stored blood into the circulation6-Liver glycogenolysishellip Increase blood glucose level7-Pancreas inhibit insulin secretion8-Kidney decrease renal blood flow decrease urine volume increase rennin

secretion9-Adrenal medulla secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline10-Urinary bladder inhibition of the wall ampcontraction of internal urinary

sphincter retention of urine amp prevent semen flow to bladder11-Ureters uterus amp fallopian tubes mainly relaxation may be stimulator to the

uterus in late pregnancy12-rectum inhibitory to the wall amp motor to the internal anal sphincter (retention

of feces13-Smooth muscles of epididymis vas deferens seminal vesicles and prostate

motor Ejaculation of semen

Somatic division to the upper amp lower limbsUpper limb origin from 4th to 8th thoracic

segments relay in lower cervical amp upper 4 thoracic ganglia posttganglionic fibers join the brachial plexus

Lower limbs origin 10th thoracic to the 2nd lumbar segment relay in lumbar amp sacral ganglia

FunctionBlood vessels of skeletal muscles vasodilatationSkeletal muscles delay fatigue (Orbilli

phenomenon)SkinSweat gland secretion of sweatCutaneous blood vessels VCErector pilae muscle piloerection hair erection

General function of the sympathetic nervous system (alarm respnse or stress response)

In emergency conditions in fight flight muscular exercise emotions pain cold generalized sympathetic stimulation occurs

a- acceleration of the heartb- vasoconstriction in inactive regions skin amp

splanchnicc- dilatation of the bronchid- contraction of spleene- excess sweat secretionf- delay muscle fatigueg- glycogenolysish- stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline amp

noradrenaline to intensify all reactionsi- adrenaline stimulation of the brain to increase

alertness and shorten response time

Horner`s SyndromeIt is unilateral lesion affecting the sympathetic

supply to the head amp neck due to lesion in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

Manifestations 1- Ptosis drop of upper eye lid2- Miosis pupillo-constriction3- Anhydrosis dryness of skin due to absence of

sweat4- Enophthalmos inward sinking of the eye ball5- Flushing (redness) and warming of the affected

side of the face due to vasodilatation of the skin vessels

Parasympathetic pathways

Functions of parasympathetic NSOcculomotor nerve (III cranial nerve) arises in midbrain relay in ciliary ganglion

postganglionic as short ciliary nervesfunctions in the eye 1- constriction of the pupil (miosis)2- contraction of ciliary muscle increase the

power of lens for near vision

Facial nerve (VII cranial nerve)Origin pons amp upper medulla gives Functions chorda tympani branch relay in submaxillary

ganglion to submaxillary amp sublingual salivary glands increase

secretion rich in enzymes with lingual nerve to tongue vasodilatationsome fibers relay in sphenopalatine ganglion post

ganglionic fibers supply nasopharynx and lacrimal glands increase secretion and vasodilatation

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX cranial nerve)Origin medullaRelay in otic ganglionPostganglionic fibers supply parotid salivary gland

secretory amp vasodilataion

The vagus nerve (X cranial nerve) Origin medulla Relay in the terminal ganglia 75 of parasympathetic fibres are in vagus nerve Functions1- heartDecrease heart rate (bradycardia)Slow conductivtyInhibit contractility of the atria only No effect on strength of contraction of ventricle (vagus does not supply the

ventricles)Decrease cardiac metabolism 2-coronary vasoconstriction3- bronchial muscleBroncho constriction amp increase mucus secretion High vagal tonerarrbronchial

asthma

4- Gastrointestinal tractsWall motility increaseSphincters relaxation Secretions increase stomach exocrine pancreas amp liver secretion5-Gall bladder weak contraction of the wall6-Pullmonary amp gastric blood vessels weak vasodilatation

5- the sacral autonomic outflow (pelvic visceral nerve)

Origin lateral horn cells of sacral segments23 amp4Relay in terminal gangliaFunctions1-Urinary bladder motor to the wall inhibitory to the

internal urinary sphincter rarr micturition2-Distal half of the colon motor to the wall amp inhibitory to

the internal anal sphincter rarr defecation3-Erectile tissue of the external genitalia rarrerection4-Seminal vessels and prostate rarrstimulate secretion5-Pelvic blood vessels rarrvasodilatation

General functions of parasympathetic system

Parasympathetic system is anabolic and energy preserving at rest digest reading

1- inhibits cardiac properties2-increases activity of GIT

Neurotransmitters and receptors in the autonomic nervous system

Autonomic pathways

Sympathetic and ParasympatheticThe effects of sympathetic and

parasympathetic stimulation are produced by the release of chemical substances called chemical transmitters

Chemical Transmitters Types acetyl choline ampnoradrenaline Nerves secrete Ach are called cholinergic

nerves Nerves secrete noradrenaline are called

adrenergic nerves Receptors activated by Ach are called

cholinergic receptors with subtypes nicotinic amp muscarinic

Receptors activated by noradrenaline are called adrenergic receptors with subtypes α amp β

Acetyl cholineSites of release of acetyl choline (cholinergic fibers)1-Central cholinergic fibers arises directly from the

CNSAll preganglionic sympathetic fibers including the

preganglionic fiibers to the adrenal medullaAll preganglionic parasympathetic fibers In all the ganglia the transmitters is ACETYL

CHOLINE All the somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles2-Peripheral cholinergic fibers (postganglionic)All postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic VD fibers to skeletal

muscle BV postganglionic sympathetic secretory to sweat

gland

ACh AChSweatglands

Striatedmuscle

AChSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HeartSm musGlands

ACh AChParasympathetic

AChE NE

Ad M

HeartSm musGlands

ACh NE

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

On thorax (cardiopulmonary)Origin upper 4 thoracic segments relay in the

cervical and the upper 4 thoracic ganglia1- heartIncrease all cardiac muscle properties cardiac

metabolism amp O2 consumption (contractility rhythmicity conductivity excitability)

(Increase strength of contraction heart rate)

2-dilatation of the coronary3- bronchial muscleBroncho-dilatation amp inhibit bronchial secretion4- pulmonary BVs vasoconstriction

On the abdomen (splanchnic) Origin lower 8 thoracic amp upper 2 lumbar forming greater amp lesser splanchnic

nerves relay in the celiac amp superior mesenteric ganglia The lumbar fibers of both sides unite to form presacral nerve relay in the inferior mesenteric ganglion

1-GITglands decrease secretion2-Wall motility decrease3-Sphincters contraction 4-Splanchnic vessels mainly vasoconstriction5-Spleen contraction of the capsule to add 50ml stored blood into the circulation6-Liver glycogenolysishellip Increase blood glucose level7-Pancreas inhibit insulin secretion8-Kidney decrease renal blood flow decrease urine volume increase rennin

secretion9-Adrenal medulla secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline10-Urinary bladder inhibition of the wall ampcontraction of internal urinary

sphincter retention of urine amp prevent semen flow to bladder11-Ureters uterus amp fallopian tubes mainly relaxation may be stimulator to the

uterus in late pregnancy12-rectum inhibitory to the wall amp motor to the internal anal sphincter (retention

of feces13-Smooth muscles of epididymis vas deferens seminal vesicles and prostate

motor Ejaculation of semen

Somatic division to the upper amp lower limbsUpper limb origin from 4th to 8th thoracic

segments relay in lower cervical amp upper 4 thoracic ganglia posttganglionic fibers join the brachial plexus

Lower limbs origin 10th thoracic to the 2nd lumbar segment relay in lumbar amp sacral ganglia

FunctionBlood vessels of skeletal muscles vasodilatationSkeletal muscles delay fatigue (Orbilli

phenomenon)SkinSweat gland secretion of sweatCutaneous blood vessels VCErector pilae muscle piloerection hair erection

General function of the sympathetic nervous system (alarm respnse or stress response)

In emergency conditions in fight flight muscular exercise emotions pain cold generalized sympathetic stimulation occurs

a- acceleration of the heartb- vasoconstriction in inactive regions skin amp

splanchnicc- dilatation of the bronchid- contraction of spleene- excess sweat secretionf- delay muscle fatigueg- glycogenolysish- stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline amp

noradrenaline to intensify all reactionsi- adrenaline stimulation of the brain to increase

alertness and shorten response time

Horner`s SyndromeIt is unilateral lesion affecting the sympathetic

supply to the head amp neck due to lesion in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

Manifestations 1- Ptosis drop of upper eye lid2- Miosis pupillo-constriction3- Anhydrosis dryness of skin due to absence of

sweat4- Enophthalmos inward sinking of the eye ball5- Flushing (redness) and warming of the affected

side of the face due to vasodilatation of the skin vessels

Parasympathetic pathways

Functions of parasympathetic NSOcculomotor nerve (III cranial nerve) arises in midbrain relay in ciliary ganglion

postganglionic as short ciliary nervesfunctions in the eye 1- constriction of the pupil (miosis)2- contraction of ciliary muscle increase the

power of lens for near vision

Facial nerve (VII cranial nerve)Origin pons amp upper medulla gives Functions chorda tympani branch relay in submaxillary

ganglion to submaxillary amp sublingual salivary glands increase

secretion rich in enzymes with lingual nerve to tongue vasodilatationsome fibers relay in sphenopalatine ganglion post

ganglionic fibers supply nasopharynx and lacrimal glands increase secretion and vasodilatation

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX cranial nerve)Origin medullaRelay in otic ganglionPostganglionic fibers supply parotid salivary gland

secretory amp vasodilataion

The vagus nerve (X cranial nerve) Origin medulla Relay in the terminal ganglia 75 of parasympathetic fibres are in vagus nerve Functions1- heartDecrease heart rate (bradycardia)Slow conductivtyInhibit contractility of the atria only No effect on strength of contraction of ventricle (vagus does not supply the

ventricles)Decrease cardiac metabolism 2-coronary vasoconstriction3- bronchial muscleBroncho constriction amp increase mucus secretion High vagal tonerarrbronchial

asthma

4- Gastrointestinal tractsWall motility increaseSphincters relaxation Secretions increase stomach exocrine pancreas amp liver secretion5-Gall bladder weak contraction of the wall6-Pullmonary amp gastric blood vessels weak vasodilatation

5- the sacral autonomic outflow (pelvic visceral nerve)

Origin lateral horn cells of sacral segments23 amp4Relay in terminal gangliaFunctions1-Urinary bladder motor to the wall inhibitory to the

internal urinary sphincter rarr micturition2-Distal half of the colon motor to the wall amp inhibitory to

the internal anal sphincter rarr defecation3-Erectile tissue of the external genitalia rarrerection4-Seminal vessels and prostate rarrstimulate secretion5-Pelvic blood vessels rarrvasodilatation

General functions of parasympathetic system

Parasympathetic system is anabolic and energy preserving at rest digest reading

1- inhibits cardiac properties2-increases activity of GIT

Neurotransmitters and receptors in the autonomic nervous system

Autonomic pathways

Sympathetic and ParasympatheticThe effects of sympathetic and

parasympathetic stimulation are produced by the release of chemical substances called chemical transmitters

Chemical Transmitters Types acetyl choline ampnoradrenaline Nerves secrete Ach are called cholinergic

nerves Nerves secrete noradrenaline are called

adrenergic nerves Receptors activated by Ach are called

cholinergic receptors with subtypes nicotinic amp muscarinic

Receptors activated by noradrenaline are called adrenergic receptors with subtypes α amp β

Acetyl cholineSites of release of acetyl choline (cholinergic fibers)1-Central cholinergic fibers arises directly from the

CNSAll preganglionic sympathetic fibers including the

preganglionic fiibers to the adrenal medullaAll preganglionic parasympathetic fibers In all the ganglia the transmitters is ACETYL

CHOLINE All the somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles2-Peripheral cholinergic fibers (postganglionic)All postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic VD fibers to skeletal

muscle BV postganglionic sympathetic secretory to sweat

gland

ACh AChSweatglands

Striatedmuscle

AChSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HeartSm musGlands

ACh AChParasympathetic

AChE NE

Ad M

HeartSm musGlands

ACh NE

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

On the abdomen (splanchnic) Origin lower 8 thoracic amp upper 2 lumbar forming greater amp lesser splanchnic

nerves relay in the celiac amp superior mesenteric ganglia The lumbar fibers of both sides unite to form presacral nerve relay in the inferior mesenteric ganglion

1-GITglands decrease secretion2-Wall motility decrease3-Sphincters contraction 4-Splanchnic vessels mainly vasoconstriction5-Spleen contraction of the capsule to add 50ml stored blood into the circulation6-Liver glycogenolysishellip Increase blood glucose level7-Pancreas inhibit insulin secretion8-Kidney decrease renal blood flow decrease urine volume increase rennin

secretion9-Adrenal medulla secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline10-Urinary bladder inhibition of the wall ampcontraction of internal urinary

sphincter retention of urine amp prevent semen flow to bladder11-Ureters uterus amp fallopian tubes mainly relaxation may be stimulator to the

uterus in late pregnancy12-rectum inhibitory to the wall amp motor to the internal anal sphincter (retention

of feces13-Smooth muscles of epididymis vas deferens seminal vesicles and prostate

motor Ejaculation of semen

Somatic division to the upper amp lower limbsUpper limb origin from 4th to 8th thoracic

segments relay in lower cervical amp upper 4 thoracic ganglia posttganglionic fibers join the brachial plexus

Lower limbs origin 10th thoracic to the 2nd lumbar segment relay in lumbar amp sacral ganglia

FunctionBlood vessels of skeletal muscles vasodilatationSkeletal muscles delay fatigue (Orbilli

phenomenon)SkinSweat gland secretion of sweatCutaneous blood vessels VCErector pilae muscle piloerection hair erection

General function of the sympathetic nervous system (alarm respnse or stress response)

In emergency conditions in fight flight muscular exercise emotions pain cold generalized sympathetic stimulation occurs

a- acceleration of the heartb- vasoconstriction in inactive regions skin amp

splanchnicc- dilatation of the bronchid- contraction of spleene- excess sweat secretionf- delay muscle fatigueg- glycogenolysish- stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline amp

noradrenaline to intensify all reactionsi- adrenaline stimulation of the brain to increase

alertness and shorten response time

Horner`s SyndromeIt is unilateral lesion affecting the sympathetic

supply to the head amp neck due to lesion in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

Manifestations 1- Ptosis drop of upper eye lid2- Miosis pupillo-constriction3- Anhydrosis dryness of skin due to absence of

sweat4- Enophthalmos inward sinking of the eye ball5- Flushing (redness) and warming of the affected

side of the face due to vasodilatation of the skin vessels

Parasympathetic pathways

Functions of parasympathetic NSOcculomotor nerve (III cranial nerve) arises in midbrain relay in ciliary ganglion

postganglionic as short ciliary nervesfunctions in the eye 1- constriction of the pupil (miosis)2- contraction of ciliary muscle increase the

power of lens for near vision

Facial nerve (VII cranial nerve)Origin pons amp upper medulla gives Functions chorda tympani branch relay in submaxillary

ganglion to submaxillary amp sublingual salivary glands increase

secretion rich in enzymes with lingual nerve to tongue vasodilatationsome fibers relay in sphenopalatine ganglion post

ganglionic fibers supply nasopharynx and lacrimal glands increase secretion and vasodilatation

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX cranial nerve)Origin medullaRelay in otic ganglionPostganglionic fibers supply parotid salivary gland

secretory amp vasodilataion

The vagus nerve (X cranial nerve) Origin medulla Relay in the terminal ganglia 75 of parasympathetic fibres are in vagus nerve Functions1- heartDecrease heart rate (bradycardia)Slow conductivtyInhibit contractility of the atria only No effect on strength of contraction of ventricle (vagus does not supply the

ventricles)Decrease cardiac metabolism 2-coronary vasoconstriction3- bronchial muscleBroncho constriction amp increase mucus secretion High vagal tonerarrbronchial

asthma

4- Gastrointestinal tractsWall motility increaseSphincters relaxation Secretions increase stomach exocrine pancreas amp liver secretion5-Gall bladder weak contraction of the wall6-Pullmonary amp gastric blood vessels weak vasodilatation

5- the sacral autonomic outflow (pelvic visceral nerve)

Origin lateral horn cells of sacral segments23 amp4Relay in terminal gangliaFunctions1-Urinary bladder motor to the wall inhibitory to the

internal urinary sphincter rarr micturition2-Distal half of the colon motor to the wall amp inhibitory to

the internal anal sphincter rarr defecation3-Erectile tissue of the external genitalia rarrerection4-Seminal vessels and prostate rarrstimulate secretion5-Pelvic blood vessels rarrvasodilatation

General functions of parasympathetic system

Parasympathetic system is anabolic and energy preserving at rest digest reading

1- inhibits cardiac properties2-increases activity of GIT

Neurotransmitters and receptors in the autonomic nervous system

Autonomic pathways

Sympathetic and ParasympatheticThe effects of sympathetic and

parasympathetic stimulation are produced by the release of chemical substances called chemical transmitters

Chemical Transmitters Types acetyl choline ampnoradrenaline Nerves secrete Ach are called cholinergic

nerves Nerves secrete noradrenaline are called

adrenergic nerves Receptors activated by Ach are called

cholinergic receptors with subtypes nicotinic amp muscarinic

Receptors activated by noradrenaline are called adrenergic receptors with subtypes α amp β

Acetyl cholineSites of release of acetyl choline (cholinergic fibers)1-Central cholinergic fibers arises directly from the

CNSAll preganglionic sympathetic fibers including the

preganglionic fiibers to the adrenal medullaAll preganglionic parasympathetic fibers In all the ganglia the transmitters is ACETYL

CHOLINE All the somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles2-Peripheral cholinergic fibers (postganglionic)All postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic VD fibers to skeletal

muscle BV postganglionic sympathetic secretory to sweat

gland

ACh AChSweatglands

Striatedmuscle

AChSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HeartSm musGlands

ACh AChParasympathetic

AChE NE

Ad M

HeartSm musGlands

ACh NE

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Somatic division to the upper amp lower limbsUpper limb origin from 4th to 8th thoracic

segments relay in lower cervical amp upper 4 thoracic ganglia posttganglionic fibers join the brachial plexus

Lower limbs origin 10th thoracic to the 2nd lumbar segment relay in lumbar amp sacral ganglia

FunctionBlood vessels of skeletal muscles vasodilatationSkeletal muscles delay fatigue (Orbilli

phenomenon)SkinSweat gland secretion of sweatCutaneous blood vessels VCErector pilae muscle piloerection hair erection

General function of the sympathetic nervous system (alarm respnse or stress response)

In emergency conditions in fight flight muscular exercise emotions pain cold generalized sympathetic stimulation occurs

a- acceleration of the heartb- vasoconstriction in inactive regions skin amp

splanchnicc- dilatation of the bronchid- contraction of spleene- excess sweat secretionf- delay muscle fatigueg- glycogenolysish- stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline amp

noradrenaline to intensify all reactionsi- adrenaline stimulation of the brain to increase

alertness and shorten response time

Horner`s SyndromeIt is unilateral lesion affecting the sympathetic

supply to the head amp neck due to lesion in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

Manifestations 1- Ptosis drop of upper eye lid2- Miosis pupillo-constriction3- Anhydrosis dryness of skin due to absence of

sweat4- Enophthalmos inward sinking of the eye ball5- Flushing (redness) and warming of the affected

side of the face due to vasodilatation of the skin vessels

Parasympathetic pathways

Functions of parasympathetic NSOcculomotor nerve (III cranial nerve) arises in midbrain relay in ciliary ganglion

postganglionic as short ciliary nervesfunctions in the eye 1- constriction of the pupil (miosis)2- contraction of ciliary muscle increase the

power of lens for near vision

Facial nerve (VII cranial nerve)Origin pons amp upper medulla gives Functions chorda tympani branch relay in submaxillary

ganglion to submaxillary amp sublingual salivary glands increase

secretion rich in enzymes with lingual nerve to tongue vasodilatationsome fibers relay in sphenopalatine ganglion post

ganglionic fibers supply nasopharynx and lacrimal glands increase secretion and vasodilatation

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX cranial nerve)Origin medullaRelay in otic ganglionPostganglionic fibers supply parotid salivary gland

secretory amp vasodilataion

The vagus nerve (X cranial nerve) Origin medulla Relay in the terminal ganglia 75 of parasympathetic fibres are in vagus nerve Functions1- heartDecrease heart rate (bradycardia)Slow conductivtyInhibit contractility of the atria only No effect on strength of contraction of ventricle (vagus does not supply the

ventricles)Decrease cardiac metabolism 2-coronary vasoconstriction3- bronchial muscleBroncho constriction amp increase mucus secretion High vagal tonerarrbronchial

asthma

4- Gastrointestinal tractsWall motility increaseSphincters relaxation Secretions increase stomach exocrine pancreas amp liver secretion5-Gall bladder weak contraction of the wall6-Pullmonary amp gastric blood vessels weak vasodilatation

5- the sacral autonomic outflow (pelvic visceral nerve)

Origin lateral horn cells of sacral segments23 amp4Relay in terminal gangliaFunctions1-Urinary bladder motor to the wall inhibitory to the

internal urinary sphincter rarr micturition2-Distal half of the colon motor to the wall amp inhibitory to

the internal anal sphincter rarr defecation3-Erectile tissue of the external genitalia rarrerection4-Seminal vessels and prostate rarrstimulate secretion5-Pelvic blood vessels rarrvasodilatation

General functions of parasympathetic system

Parasympathetic system is anabolic and energy preserving at rest digest reading

1- inhibits cardiac properties2-increases activity of GIT

Neurotransmitters and receptors in the autonomic nervous system

Autonomic pathways

Sympathetic and ParasympatheticThe effects of sympathetic and

parasympathetic stimulation are produced by the release of chemical substances called chemical transmitters

Chemical Transmitters Types acetyl choline ampnoradrenaline Nerves secrete Ach are called cholinergic

nerves Nerves secrete noradrenaline are called

adrenergic nerves Receptors activated by Ach are called

cholinergic receptors with subtypes nicotinic amp muscarinic

Receptors activated by noradrenaline are called adrenergic receptors with subtypes α amp β

Acetyl cholineSites of release of acetyl choline (cholinergic fibers)1-Central cholinergic fibers arises directly from the

CNSAll preganglionic sympathetic fibers including the

preganglionic fiibers to the adrenal medullaAll preganglionic parasympathetic fibers In all the ganglia the transmitters is ACETYL

CHOLINE All the somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles2-Peripheral cholinergic fibers (postganglionic)All postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic VD fibers to skeletal

muscle BV postganglionic sympathetic secretory to sweat

gland

ACh AChSweatglands

Striatedmuscle

AChSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HeartSm musGlands

ACh AChParasympathetic

AChE NE

Ad M

HeartSm musGlands

ACh NE

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

General function of the sympathetic nervous system (alarm respnse or stress response)

In emergency conditions in fight flight muscular exercise emotions pain cold generalized sympathetic stimulation occurs

a- acceleration of the heartb- vasoconstriction in inactive regions skin amp

splanchnicc- dilatation of the bronchid- contraction of spleene- excess sweat secretionf- delay muscle fatigueg- glycogenolysish- stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline amp

noradrenaline to intensify all reactionsi- adrenaline stimulation of the brain to increase

alertness and shorten response time

Horner`s SyndromeIt is unilateral lesion affecting the sympathetic

supply to the head amp neck due to lesion in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

Manifestations 1- Ptosis drop of upper eye lid2- Miosis pupillo-constriction3- Anhydrosis dryness of skin due to absence of

sweat4- Enophthalmos inward sinking of the eye ball5- Flushing (redness) and warming of the affected

side of the face due to vasodilatation of the skin vessels

Parasympathetic pathways

Functions of parasympathetic NSOcculomotor nerve (III cranial nerve) arises in midbrain relay in ciliary ganglion

postganglionic as short ciliary nervesfunctions in the eye 1- constriction of the pupil (miosis)2- contraction of ciliary muscle increase the

power of lens for near vision

Facial nerve (VII cranial nerve)Origin pons amp upper medulla gives Functions chorda tympani branch relay in submaxillary

ganglion to submaxillary amp sublingual salivary glands increase

secretion rich in enzymes with lingual nerve to tongue vasodilatationsome fibers relay in sphenopalatine ganglion post

ganglionic fibers supply nasopharynx and lacrimal glands increase secretion and vasodilatation

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX cranial nerve)Origin medullaRelay in otic ganglionPostganglionic fibers supply parotid salivary gland

secretory amp vasodilataion

The vagus nerve (X cranial nerve) Origin medulla Relay in the terminal ganglia 75 of parasympathetic fibres are in vagus nerve Functions1- heartDecrease heart rate (bradycardia)Slow conductivtyInhibit contractility of the atria only No effect on strength of contraction of ventricle (vagus does not supply the

ventricles)Decrease cardiac metabolism 2-coronary vasoconstriction3- bronchial muscleBroncho constriction amp increase mucus secretion High vagal tonerarrbronchial

asthma

4- Gastrointestinal tractsWall motility increaseSphincters relaxation Secretions increase stomach exocrine pancreas amp liver secretion5-Gall bladder weak contraction of the wall6-Pullmonary amp gastric blood vessels weak vasodilatation

5- the sacral autonomic outflow (pelvic visceral nerve)

Origin lateral horn cells of sacral segments23 amp4Relay in terminal gangliaFunctions1-Urinary bladder motor to the wall inhibitory to the

internal urinary sphincter rarr micturition2-Distal half of the colon motor to the wall amp inhibitory to

the internal anal sphincter rarr defecation3-Erectile tissue of the external genitalia rarrerection4-Seminal vessels and prostate rarrstimulate secretion5-Pelvic blood vessels rarrvasodilatation

General functions of parasympathetic system

Parasympathetic system is anabolic and energy preserving at rest digest reading

1- inhibits cardiac properties2-increases activity of GIT

Neurotransmitters and receptors in the autonomic nervous system

Autonomic pathways

Sympathetic and ParasympatheticThe effects of sympathetic and

parasympathetic stimulation are produced by the release of chemical substances called chemical transmitters

Chemical Transmitters Types acetyl choline ampnoradrenaline Nerves secrete Ach are called cholinergic

nerves Nerves secrete noradrenaline are called

adrenergic nerves Receptors activated by Ach are called

cholinergic receptors with subtypes nicotinic amp muscarinic

Receptors activated by noradrenaline are called adrenergic receptors with subtypes α amp β

Acetyl cholineSites of release of acetyl choline (cholinergic fibers)1-Central cholinergic fibers arises directly from the

CNSAll preganglionic sympathetic fibers including the

preganglionic fiibers to the adrenal medullaAll preganglionic parasympathetic fibers In all the ganglia the transmitters is ACETYL

CHOLINE All the somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles2-Peripheral cholinergic fibers (postganglionic)All postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic VD fibers to skeletal

muscle BV postganglionic sympathetic secretory to sweat

gland

ACh AChSweatglands

Striatedmuscle

AChSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HeartSm musGlands

ACh AChParasympathetic

AChE NE

Ad M

HeartSm musGlands

ACh NE

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Horner`s SyndromeIt is unilateral lesion affecting the sympathetic

supply to the head amp neck due to lesion in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

Manifestations 1- Ptosis drop of upper eye lid2- Miosis pupillo-constriction3- Anhydrosis dryness of skin due to absence of

sweat4- Enophthalmos inward sinking of the eye ball5- Flushing (redness) and warming of the affected

side of the face due to vasodilatation of the skin vessels

Parasympathetic pathways

Functions of parasympathetic NSOcculomotor nerve (III cranial nerve) arises in midbrain relay in ciliary ganglion

postganglionic as short ciliary nervesfunctions in the eye 1- constriction of the pupil (miosis)2- contraction of ciliary muscle increase the

power of lens for near vision

Facial nerve (VII cranial nerve)Origin pons amp upper medulla gives Functions chorda tympani branch relay in submaxillary

ganglion to submaxillary amp sublingual salivary glands increase

secretion rich in enzymes with lingual nerve to tongue vasodilatationsome fibers relay in sphenopalatine ganglion post

ganglionic fibers supply nasopharynx and lacrimal glands increase secretion and vasodilatation

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX cranial nerve)Origin medullaRelay in otic ganglionPostganglionic fibers supply parotid salivary gland

secretory amp vasodilataion

The vagus nerve (X cranial nerve) Origin medulla Relay in the terminal ganglia 75 of parasympathetic fibres are in vagus nerve Functions1- heartDecrease heart rate (bradycardia)Slow conductivtyInhibit contractility of the atria only No effect on strength of contraction of ventricle (vagus does not supply the

ventricles)Decrease cardiac metabolism 2-coronary vasoconstriction3- bronchial muscleBroncho constriction amp increase mucus secretion High vagal tonerarrbronchial

asthma

4- Gastrointestinal tractsWall motility increaseSphincters relaxation Secretions increase stomach exocrine pancreas amp liver secretion5-Gall bladder weak contraction of the wall6-Pullmonary amp gastric blood vessels weak vasodilatation

5- the sacral autonomic outflow (pelvic visceral nerve)

Origin lateral horn cells of sacral segments23 amp4Relay in terminal gangliaFunctions1-Urinary bladder motor to the wall inhibitory to the

internal urinary sphincter rarr micturition2-Distal half of the colon motor to the wall amp inhibitory to

the internal anal sphincter rarr defecation3-Erectile tissue of the external genitalia rarrerection4-Seminal vessels and prostate rarrstimulate secretion5-Pelvic blood vessels rarrvasodilatation

General functions of parasympathetic system

Parasympathetic system is anabolic and energy preserving at rest digest reading

1- inhibits cardiac properties2-increases activity of GIT

Neurotransmitters and receptors in the autonomic nervous system

Autonomic pathways

Sympathetic and ParasympatheticThe effects of sympathetic and

parasympathetic stimulation are produced by the release of chemical substances called chemical transmitters

Chemical Transmitters Types acetyl choline ampnoradrenaline Nerves secrete Ach are called cholinergic

nerves Nerves secrete noradrenaline are called

adrenergic nerves Receptors activated by Ach are called

cholinergic receptors with subtypes nicotinic amp muscarinic

Receptors activated by noradrenaline are called adrenergic receptors with subtypes α amp β

Acetyl cholineSites of release of acetyl choline (cholinergic fibers)1-Central cholinergic fibers arises directly from the

CNSAll preganglionic sympathetic fibers including the

preganglionic fiibers to the adrenal medullaAll preganglionic parasympathetic fibers In all the ganglia the transmitters is ACETYL

CHOLINE All the somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles2-Peripheral cholinergic fibers (postganglionic)All postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic VD fibers to skeletal

muscle BV postganglionic sympathetic secretory to sweat

gland

ACh AChSweatglands

Striatedmuscle

AChSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HeartSm musGlands

ACh AChParasympathetic

AChE NE

Ad M

HeartSm musGlands

ACh NE

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Parasympathetic pathways

Functions of parasympathetic NSOcculomotor nerve (III cranial nerve) arises in midbrain relay in ciliary ganglion

postganglionic as short ciliary nervesfunctions in the eye 1- constriction of the pupil (miosis)2- contraction of ciliary muscle increase the

power of lens for near vision

Facial nerve (VII cranial nerve)Origin pons amp upper medulla gives Functions chorda tympani branch relay in submaxillary

ganglion to submaxillary amp sublingual salivary glands increase

secretion rich in enzymes with lingual nerve to tongue vasodilatationsome fibers relay in sphenopalatine ganglion post

ganglionic fibers supply nasopharynx and lacrimal glands increase secretion and vasodilatation

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX cranial nerve)Origin medullaRelay in otic ganglionPostganglionic fibers supply parotid salivary gland

secretory amp vasodilataion

The vagus nerve (X cranial nerve) Origin medulla Relay in the terminal ganglia 75 of parasympathetic fibres are in vagus nerve Functions1- heartDecrease heart rate (bradycardia)Slow conductivtyInhibit contractility of the atria only No effect on strength of contraction of ventricle (vagus does not supply the

ventricles)Decrease cardiac metabolism 2-coronary vasoconstriction3- bronchial muscleBroncho constriction amp increase mucus secretion High vagal tonerarrbronchial

asthma

4- Gastrointestinal tractsWall motility increaseSphincters relaxation Secretions increase stomach exocrine pancreas amp liver secretion5-Gall bladder weak contraction of the wall6-Pullmonary amp gastric blood vessels weak vasodilatation

5- the sacral autonomic outflow (pelvic visceral nerve)

Origin lateral horn cells of sacral segments23 amp4Relay in terminal gangliaFunctions1-Urinary bladder motor to the wall inhibitory to the

internal urinary sphincter rarr micturition2-Distal half of the colon motor to the wall amp inhibitory to

the internal anal sphincter rarr defecation3-Erectile tissue of the external genitalia rarrerection4-Seminal vessels and prostate rarrstimulate secretion5-Pelvic blood vessels rarrvasodilatation

General functions of parasympathetic system

Parasympathetic system is anabolic and energy preserving at rest digest reading

1- inhibits cardiac properties2-increases activity of GIT

Neurotransmitters and receptors in the autonomic nervous system

Autonomic pathways

Sympathetic and ParasympatheticThe effects of sympathetic and

parasympathetic stimulation are produced by the release of chemical substances called chemical transmitters

Chemical Transmitters Types acetyl choline ampnoradrenaline Nerves secrete Ach are called cholinergic

nerves Nerves secrete noradrenaline are called

adrenergic nerves Receptors activated by Ach are called

cholinergic receptors with subtypes nicotinic amp muscarinic

Receptors activated by noradrenaline are called adrenergic receptors with subtypes α amp β

Acetyl cholineSites of release of acetyl choline (cholinergic fibers)1-Central cholinergic fibers arises directly from the

CNSAll preganglionic sympathetic fibers including the

preganglionic fiibers to the adrenal medullaAll preganglionic parasympathetic fibers In all the ganglia the transmitters is ACETYL

CHOLINE All the somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles2-Peripheral cholinergic fibers (postganglionic)All postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic VD fibers to skeletal

muscle BV postganglionic sympathetic secretory to sweat

gland

ACh AChSweatglands

Striatedmuscle

AChSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HeartSm musGlands

ACh AChParasympathetic

AChE NE

Ad M

HeartSm musGlands

ACh NE

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Functions of parasympathetic NSOcculomotor nerve (III cranial nerve) arises in midbrain relay in ciliary ganglion

postganglionic as short ciliary nervesfunctions in the eye 1- constriction of the pupil (miosis)2- contraction of ciliary muscle increase the

power of lens for near vision

Facial nerve (VII cranial nerve)Origin pons amp upper medulla gives Functions chorda tympani branch relay in submaxillary

ganglion to submaxillary amp sublingual salivary glands increase

secretion rich in enzymes with lingual nerve to tongue vasodilatationsome fibers relay in sphenopalatine ganglion post

ganglionic fibers supply nasopharynx and lacrimal glands increase secretion and vasodilatation

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX cranial nerve)Origin medullaRelay in otic ganglionPostganglionic fibers supply parotid salivary gland

secretory amp vasodilataion

The vagus nerve (X cranial nerve) Origin medulla Relay in the terminal ganglia 75 of parasympathetic fibres are in vagus nerve Functions1- heartDecrease heart rate (bradycardia)Slow conductivtyInhibit contractility of the atria only No effect on strength of contraction of ventricle (vagus does not supply the

ventricles)Decrease cardiac metabolism 2-coronary vasoconstriction3- bronchial muscleBroncho constriction amp increase mucus secretion High vagal tonerarrbronchial

asthma

4- Gastrointestinal tractsWall motility increaseSphincters relaxation Secretions increase stomach exocrine pancreas amp liver secretion5-Gall bladder weak contraction of the wall6-Pullmonary amp gastric blood vessels weak vasodilatation

5- the sacral autonomic outflow (pelvic visceral nerve)

Origin lateral horn cells of sacral segments23 amp4Relay in terminal gangliaFunctions1-Urinary bladder motor to the wall inhibitory to the

internal urinary sphincter rarr micturition2-Distal half of the colon motor to the wall amp inhibitory to

the internal anal sphincter rarr defecation3-Erectile tissue of the external genitalia rarrerection4-Seminal vessels and prostate rarrstimulate secretion5-Pelvic blood vessels rarrvasodilatation

General functions of parasympathetic system

Parasympathetic system is anabolic and energy preserving at rest digest reading

1- inhibits cardiac properties2-increases activity of GIT

Neurotransmitters and receptors in the autonomic nervous system

Autonomic pathways

Sympathetic and ParasympatheticThe effects of sympathetic and

parasympathetic stimulation are produced by the release of chemical substances called chemical transmitters

Chemical Transmitters Types acetyl choline ampnoradrenaline Nerves secrete Ach are called cholinergic

nerves Nerves secrete noradrenaline are called

adrenergic nerves Receptors activated by Ach are called

cholinergic receptors with subtypes nicotinic amp muscarinic

Receptors activated by noradrenaline are called adrenergic receptors with subtypes α amp β

Acetyl cholineSites of release of acetyl choline (cholinergic fibers)1-Central cholinergic fibers arises directly from the

CNSAll preganglionic sympathetic fibers including the

preganglionic fiibers to the adrenal medullaAll preganglionic parasympathetic fibers In all the ganglia the transmitters is ACETYL

CHOLINE All the somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles2-Peripheral cholinergic fibers (postganglionic)All postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic VD fibers to skeletal

muscle BV postganglionic sympathetic secretory to sweat

gland

ACh AChSweatglands

Striatedmuscle

AChSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HeartSm musGlands

ACh AChParasympathetic

AChE NE

Ad M

HeartSm musGlands

ACh NE

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Facial nerve (VII cranial nerve)Origin pons amp upper medulla gives Functions chorda tympani branch relay in submaxillary

ganglion to submaxillary amp sublingual salivary glands increase

secretion rich in enzymes with lingual nerve to tongue vasodilatationsome fibers relay in sphenopalatine ganglion post

ganglionic fibers supply nasopharynx and lacrimal glands increase secretion and vasodilatation

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX cranial nerve)Origin medullaRelay in otic ganglionPostganglionic fibers supply parotid salivary gland

secretory amp vasodilataion

The vagus nerve (X cranial nerve) Origin medulla Relay in the terminal ganglia 75 of parasympathetic fibres are in vagus nerve Functions1- heartDecrease heart rate (bradycardia)Slow conductivtyInhibit contractility of the atria only No effect on strength of contraction of ventricle (vagus does not supply the

ventricles)Decrease cardiac metabolism 2-coronary vasoconstriction3- bronchial muscleBroncho constriction amp increase mucus secretion High vagal tonerarrbronchial

asthma

4- Gastrointestinal tractsWall motility increaseSphincters relaxation Secretions increase stomach exocrine pancreas amp liver secretion5-Gall bladder weak contraction of the wall6-Pullmonary amp gastric blood vessels weak vasodilatation

5- the sacral autonomic outflow (pelvic visceral nerve)

Origin lateral horn cells of sacral segments23 amp4Relay in terminal gangliaFunctions1-Urinary bladder motor to the wall inhibitory to the

internal urinary sphincter rarr micturition2-Distal half of the colon motor to the wall amp inhibitory to

the internal anal sphincter rarr defecation3-Erectile tissue of the external genitalia rarrerection4-Seminal vessels and prostate rarrstimulate secretion5-Pelvic blood vessels rarrvasodilatation

General functions of parasympathetic system

Parasympathetic system is anabolic and energy preserving at rest digest reading

1- inhibits cardiac properties2-increases activity of GIT

Neurotransmitters and receptors in the autonomic nervous system

Autonomic pathways

Sympathetic and ParasympatheticThe effects of sympathetic and

parasympathetic stimulation are produced by the release of chemical substances called chemical transmitters

Chemical Transmitters Types acetyl choline ampnoradrenaline Nerves secrete Ach are called cholinergic

nerves Nerves secrete noradrenaline are called

adrenergic nerves Receptors activated by Ach are called

cholinergic receptors with subtypes nicotinic amp muscarinic

Receptors activated by noradrenaline are called adrenergic receptors with subtypes α amp β

Acetyl cholineSites of release of acetyl choline (cholinergic fibers)1-Central cholinergic fibers arises directly from the

CNSAll preganglionic sympathetic fibers including the

preganglionic fiibers to the adrenal medullaAll preganglionic parasympathetic fibers In all the ganglia the transmitters is ACETYL

CHOLINE All the somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles2-Peripheral cholinergic fibers (postganglionic)All postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic VD fibers to skeletal

muscle BV postganglionic sympathetic secretory to sweat

gland

ACh AChSweatglands

Striatedmuscle

AChSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HeartSm musGlands

ACh AChParasympathetic

AChE NE

Ad M

HeartSm musGlands

ACh NE

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

The vagus nerve (X cranial nerve) Origin medulla Relay in the terminal ganglia 75 of parasympathetic fibres are in vagus nerve Functions1- heartDecrease heart rate (bradycardia)Slow conductivtyInhibit contractility of the atria only No effect on strength of contraction of ventricle (vagus does not supply the

ventricles)Decrease cardiac metabolism 2-coronary vasoconstriction3- bronchial muscleBroncho constriction amp increase mucus secretion High vagal tonerarrbronchial

asthma

4- Gastrointestinal tractsWall motility increaseSphincters relaxation Secretions increase stomach exocrine pancreas amp liver secretion5-Gall bladder weak contraction of the wall6-Pullmonary amp gastric blood vessels weak vasodilatation

5- the sacral autonomic outflow (pelvic visceral nerve)

Origin lateral horn cells of sacral segments23 amp4Relay in terminal gangliaFunctions1-Urinary bladder motor to the wall inhibitory to the

internal urinary sphincter rarr micturition2-Distal half of the colon motor to the wall amp inhibitory to

the internal anal sphincter rarr defecation3-Erectile tissue of the external genitalia rarrerection4-Seminal vessels and prostate rarrstimulate secretion5-Pelvic blood vessels rarrvasodilatation

General functions of parasympathetic system

Parasympathetic system is anabolic and energy preserving at rest digest reading

1- inhibits cardiac properties2-increases activity of GIT

Neurotransmitters and receptors in the autonomic nervous system

Autonomic pathways

Sympathetic and ParasympatheticThe effects of sympathetic and

parasympathetic stimulation are produced by the release of chemical substances called chemical transmitters

Chemical Transmitters Types acetyl choline ampnoradrenaline Nerves secrete Ach are called cholinergic

nerves Nerves secrete noradrenaline are called

adrenergic nerves Receptors activated by Ach are called

cholinergic receptors with subtypes nicotinic amp muscarinic

Receptors activated by noradrenaline are called adrenergic receptors with subtypes α amp β

Acetyl cholineSites of release of acetyl choline (cholinergic fibers)1-Central cholinergic fibers arises directly from the

CNSAll preganglionic sympathetic fibers including the

preganglionic fiibers to the adrenal medullaAll preganglionic parasympathetic fibers In all the ganglia the transmitters is ACETYL

CHOLINE All the somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles2-Peripheral cholinergic fibers (postganglionic)All postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic VD fibers to skeletal

muscle BV postganglionic sympathetic secretory to sweat

gland

ACh AChSweatglands

Striatedmuscle

AChSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HeartSm musGlands

ACh AChParasympathetic

AChE NE

Ad M

HeartSm musGlands

ACh NE

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

5- the sacral autonomic outflow (pelvic visceral nerve)

Origin lateral horn cells of sacral segments23 amp4Relay in terminal gangliaFunctions1-Urinary bladder motor to the wall inhibitory to the

internal urinary sphincter rarr micturition2-Distal half of the colon motor to the wall amp inhibitory to

the internal anal sphincter rarr defecation3-Erectile tissue of the external genitalia rarrerection4-Seminal vessels and prostate rarrstimulate secretion5-Pelvic blood vessels rarrvasodilatation

General functions of parasympathetic system

Parasympathetic system is anabolic and energy preserving at rest digest reading

1- inhibits cardiac properties2-increases activity of GIT

Neurotransmitters and receptors in the autonomic nervous system

Autonomic pathways

Sympathetic and ParasympatheticThe effects of sympathetic and

parasympathetic stimulation are produced by the release of chemical substances called chemical transmitters

Chemical Transmitters Types acetyl choline ampnoradrenaline Nerves secrete Ach are called cholinergic

nerves Nerves secrete noradrenaline are called

adrenergic nerves Receptors activated by Ach are called

cholinergic receptors with subtypes nicotinic amp muscarinic

Receptors activated by noradrenaline are called adrenergic receptors with subtypes α amp β

Acetyl cholineSites of release of acetyl choline (cholinergic fibers)1-Central cholinergic fibers arises directly from the

CNSAll preganglionic sympathetic fibers including the

preganglionic fiibers to the adrenal medullaAll preganglionic parasympathetic fibers In all the ganglia the transmitters is ACETYL

CHOLINE All the somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles2-Peripheral cholinergic fibers (postganglionic)All postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic VD fibers to skeletal

muscle BV postganglionic sympathetic secretory to sweat

gland

ACh AChSweatglands

Striatedmuscle

AChSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HeartSm musGlands

ACh AChParasympathetic

AChE NE

Ad M

HeartSm musGlands

ACh NE

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

General functions of parasympathetic system

Parasympathetic system is anabolic and energy preserving at rest digest reading

1- inhibits cardiac properties2-increases activity of GIT

Neurotransmitters and receptors in the autonomic nervous system

Autonomic pathways

Sympathetic and ParasympatheticThe effects of sympathetic and

parasympathetic stimulation are produced by the release of chemical substances called chemical transmitters

Chemical Transmitters Types acetyl choline ampnoradrenaline Nerves secrete Ach are called cholinergic

nerves Nerves secrete noradrenaline are called

adrenergic nerves Receptors activated by Ach are called

cholinergic receptors with subtypes nicotinic amp muscarinic

Receptors activated by noradrenaline are called adrenergic receptors with subtypes α amp β

Acetyl cholineSites of release of acetyl choline (cholinergic fibers)1-Central cholinergic fibers arises directly from the

CNSAll preganglionic sympathetic fibers including the

preganglionic fiibers to the adrenal medullaAll preganglionic parasympathetic fibers In all the ganglia the transmitters is ACETYL

CHOLINE All the somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles2-Peripheral cholinergic fibers (postganglionic)All postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic VD fibers to skeletal

muscle BV postganglionic sympathetic secretory to sweat

gland

ACh AChSweatglands

Striatedmuscle

AChSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HeartSm musGlands

ACh AChParasympathetic

AChE NE

Ad M

HeartSm musGlands

ACh NE

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Neurotransmitters and receptors in the autonomic nervous system

Autonomic pathways

Sympathetic and ParasympatheticThe effects of sympathetic and

parasympathetic stimulation are produced by the release of chemical substances called chemical transmitters

Chemical Transmitters Types acetyl choline ampnoradrenaline Nerves secrete Ach are called cholinergic

nerves Nerves secrete noradrenaline are called

adrenergic nerves Receptors activated by Ach are called

cholinergic receptors with subtypes nicotinic amp muscarinic

Receptors activated by noradrenaline are called adrenergic receptors with subtypes α amp β

Acetyl cholineSites of release of acetyl choline (cholinergic fibers)1-Central cholinergic fibers arises directly from the

CNSAll preganglionic sympathetic fibers including the

preganglionic fiibers to the adrenal medullaAll preganglionic parasympathetic fibers In all the ganglia the transmitters is ACETYL

CHOLINE All the somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles2-Peripheral cholinergic fibers (postganglionic)All postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic VD fibers to skeletal

muscle BV postganglionic sympathetic secretory to sweat

gland

ACh AChSweatglands

Striatedmuscle

AChSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HeartSm musGlands

ACh AChParasympathetic

AChE NE

Ad M

HeartSm musGlands

ACh NE

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Autonomic pathways

Sympathetic and ParasympatheticThe effects of sympathetic and

parasympathetic stimulation are produced by the release of chemical substances called chemical transmitters

Chemical Transmitters Types acetyl choline ampnoradrenaline Nerves secrete Ach are called cholinergic

nerves Nerves secrete noradrenaline are called

adrenergic nerves Receptors activated by Ach are called

cholinergic receptors with subtypes nicotinic amp muscarinic

Receptors activated by noradrenaline are called adrenergic receptors with subtypes α amp β

Acetyl cholineSites of release of acetyl choline (cholinergic fibers)1-Central cholinergic fibers arises directly from the

CNSAll preganglionic sympathetic fibers including the

preganglionic fiibers to the adrenal medullaAll preganglionic parasympathetic fibers In all the ganglia the transmitters is ACETYL

CHOLINE All the somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles2-Peripheral cholinergic fibers (postganglionic)All postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic VD fibers to skeletal

muscle BV postganglionic sympathetic secretory to sweat

gland

ACh AChSweatglands

Striatedmuscle

AChSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HeartSm musGlands

ACh AChParasympathetic

AChE NE

Ad M

HeartSm musGlands

ACh NE

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Sympathetic and ParasympatheticThe effects of sympathetic and

parasympathetic stimulation are produced by the release of chemical substances called chemical transmitters

Chemical Transmitters Types acetyl choline ampnoradrenaline Nerves secrete Ach are called cholinergic

nerves Nerves secrete noradrenaline are called

adrenergic nerves Receptors activated by Ach are called

cholinergic receptors with subtypes nicotinic amp muscarinic

Receptors activated by noradrenaline are called adrenergic receptors with subtypes α amp β

Acetyl cholineSites of release of acetyl choline (cholinergic fibers)1-Central cholinergic fibers arises directly from the

CNSAll preganglionic sympathetic fibers including the

preganglionic fiibers to the adrenal medullaAll preganglionic parasympathetic fibers In all the ganglia the transmitters is ACETYL

CHOLINE All the somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles2-Peripheral cholinergic fibers (postganglionic)All postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic VD fibers to skeletal

muscle BV postganglionic sympathetic secretory to sweat

gland

ACh AChSweatglands

Striatedmuscle

AChSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HeartSm musGlands

ACh AChParasympathetic

AChE NE

Ad M

HeartSm musGlands

ACh NE

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Chemical Transmitters Types acetyl choline ampnoradrenaline Nerves secrete Ach are called cholinergic

nerves Nerves secrete noradrenaline are called

adrenergic nerves Receptors activated by Ach are called

cholinergic receptors with subtypes nicotinic amp muscarinic

Receptors activated by noradrenaline are called adrenergic receptors with subtypes α amp β

Acetyl cholineSites of release of acetyl choline (cholinergic fibers)1-Central cholinergic fibers arises directly from the

CNSAll preganglionic sympathetic fibers including the

preganglionic fiibers to the adrenal medullaAll preganglionic parasympathetic fibers In all the ganglia the transmitters is ACETYL

CHOLINE All the somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles2-Peripheral cholinergic fibers (postganglionic)All postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic VD fibers to skeletal

muscle BV postganglionic sympathetic secretory to sweat

gland

ACh AChSweatglands

Striatedmuscle

AChSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HeartSm musGlands

ACh AChParasympathetic

AChE NE

Ad M

HeartSm musGlands

ACh NE

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Acetyl cholineSites of release of acetyl choline (cholinergic fibers)1-Central cholinergic fibers arises directly from the

CNSAll preganglionic sympathetic fibers including the

preganglionic fiibers to the adrenal medullaAll preganglionic parasympathetic fibers In all the ganglia the transmitters is ACETYL

CHOLINE All the somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles2-Peripheral cholinergic fibers (postganglionic)All postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic VD fibers to skeletal

muscle BV postganglionic sympathetic secretory to sweat

gland

ACh AChSweatglands

Striatedmuscle

AChSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HeartSm musGlands

ACh AChParasympathetic

AChE NE

Ad M

HeartSm musGlands

ACh NE

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

ACh AChSweatglands

Striatedmuscle

AChSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HeartSm musGlands

ACh AChParasympathetic

AChE NE

Ad M

HeartSm musGlands

ACh NE

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Actions of acetyl choline1- activation of the autonomic ganglia cells amp

the motor end plate of skeletal muscle These actions are also produced by small doses of nicotine so they are called nicotinic ndash like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called nicotinic receptors

2- activation of parasympathetic action on the eye and viscera amp sympathetic actions to sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscle amp some parts in the brain These actions are also produced of muscarine so they are called muscarine -like actions of acetyl choline amp the receptors are called muscarinic receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

a disease of neuromuscular junctionCharacterized by weakness of skeletal muscle easy

fatigability may affect the respiratory muscles and cause death

More in female Affects young adults (18-25)It is suspected to be a cellular type of autoimmunity (the

patient T- lymphocytes attack the neuromuscular junction) leading to

1- lack of acetyl choline release2- widening of synaptic cleft at the motor end plate 3- destruction of the cell membrane over the motor end

plate decreasing the receptor area for acetyl choline

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Catecholamines Noradrenaline Site of release most postganglionic

sympathetic nerves amp Adrenal medulla in addition to adrenaline

Adrenergic receptors They are either1- alpha adrenergic (alpha1 alpha2)2- beta adrenergic (beta1 beta2)Different receptors produce different actionsThe effect of catecholamine on organs depends

on the type of receptors in this organ

• بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم