The BasicsThe Basics

Preview and Processing

1. Does time or a calendar exist naturally?

2. How have humans manipulated or created time or a calendar ?

3. What does time or a calendar provide in terms of historical research?

Basic terms:Basic terms:•DecadeDecade•CenturyCentury•MillenniumMillennium•Gregorian calendarGregorian calendar (adopted in1582 by Pope (adopted in1582 by Pope Gregory XIII)Gregory XIII)

How to count:How to count:•BC and or BC and or BCEBCE (counts (counts down)down)

•ADAD and or CE (counts and or CE (counts up)up)

•CIRCACIRCA: around or : around or approximateapproximate

BC=Before ChristBC=Before ChristBCEBCE=before common era=before common eraADAD=anno domini “in the =anno domini “in the year of our Lord”year of our Lord”

CE=common eraCE=common era

Gregorian rangeGregorian range Julian rangeJulian range DifferenceDifference

From 15 October 1582From 15 October 1582to 28 February 1700to 28 February 1700

From 5 October 1582From 5 October 1582to 18 February 1700to 18 February 1700

10 days10 days

From 12 March 1700From 12 March 1700to 28 February 1800to 28 February 1800

From 1 March 1700From 1 March 1700to 17 February 1800to 17 February 1800

11 days11 days

From 13 March 1800From 13 March 1800to 28 February 1900to 28 February 1900

From 1 March 1800From 1 March 1800to 16 February 1900to 16 February 1900

12 days12 days

From 14 March 1900From 14 March 1900to 28 February 2100to 28 February 2100

From 1 March 1900From 1 March 1900to 15 February 2100to 15 February 2100

13 days13 days

From 15 March 2100From 15 March 2100to 28 February 2200to 28 February 2200

From 1 March 2100From 1 March 2100to 14 February 2200to 14 February 2200

14 days14 days

Making the Making the ConnectionConnection

What is our current What is our current century?century?

Why is it off by 100 Why is it off by 100 years?years?

How is the How is the puzzle of past puzzle of past civilizations civilizations

put together?put together?

Three main groups Three main groups of people who put of people who put the puzzle together:the puzzle together:•ArchaeologistArchaeologist•HistorianHistorian•AnthropologistAnthropologist

ArchaeologistArchaeologist (prehistory) (prehistory)•Altamira (pgs 12 & 13)Altamira (pgs 12 & 13)•Don MarcelinoDon Marcelino•Lascaux CavesLascaux Caves•Leakey FamilyLeakey Family•Donald JohansonDonald Johanson

““Lucy” in Ethiopia 1974 Lucy” in Ethiopia 1974 3.5 million years old3.5 million years old

Dating Dating fossilsfossils and and artifactsartifacts•Where foundWhere found

LocationLocationLayer of earthLayer of earth

•Relative not absoluteRelative not absolute•Carbon 14Carbon 14

HistorianHistorian

(our goal)(our goal)•Do not deal with Do not deal with prehistoryprehistory

•Written symbolsWritten symbols•Written record for the Written record for the last 5,000 yearslast 5,000 years

AnthropologistAnthropologist•How societies & cultures How societies & cultures are organizedare organizedSocietySociety: people who : people who interact w/ ea. otherinteract w/ ea. other

CultureCulture: sharing ideas, : sharing ideas, habits, skills, traditions, habits, skills, traditions, values, lang.values, lang.

Paleolithic AgePaleolithic Age ( Old Stone Age) ( Old Stone Age) 45,000 years ago45,000 years ago

•Earliest part of human prehistoryEarliest part of human prehistory•Ice Age=pop. shiftIce Age=pop. shift

Rift Valley, Africa (Ethiopia)Rift Valley, Africa (Ethiopia)•NomadsNomads: hunters and gatherers: hunters and gatherers•TechnologyTechnology: ability to use what is : ability to use what is

createdcreatedFire, clothing, shelterFire, clothing, shelterSmall groupsSmall groupsLang.Lang.

•Equal SocietyEqual SocietyKung of Africa’s Kung of Africa’s KalahariKalahari

Aborigines: an Aborigines: an example of a modern example of a modern day equal societyday equal society

Painting=magicPainting=magicAfter-lifeAfter-life

Neolithic AgeNeolithic Age

(new stone age)(new stone age)(4,000-2200 BCE)(4,000-2200 BCE)

•Women began to farmWomen began to farmOld campsOld campsCavesCavesSaved seedsSaved seeds

•Permanent HomesPermanent HomesJarmo (Iraq 6750 BCE)Jarmo (Iraq 6750 BCE)

•MudMudCatal Huyuk (Turkey)Catal Huyuk (Turkey)Jericho (Palestine)Jericho (Palestine)

•Animals domesticatedAnimals domesticatedobsidianobsidian

Catal Huyuk (Turkey)

Jericho

•FarmingFarmingNew tools & skillsNew tools & skills•Pottery, spinning Pottery, spinning & weaving& weaving

•Pop. growthPop. growth