The Beginnings of The Beginnings of RomeRome

• Geography of Italy and RomeGeography of Italy and Rome

• Peoples of Ancient RomePeoples of Ancient Rome

• The Legend of Romulus and The Legend of Romulus and RemusRemus

The Geography of The Geography of ItalyItaly

The Geography of The Geography of ItalyItaly

Importance of Italian Peninsula to the growth of the Roman Empire?

The Geography of The Geography of RomeRome

Based on location alone, how would Rome’s location be beneficial?

• Italians built their cities on the hill. Italians built their cities on the hill. WHY?WHY?

• Two major mountain ranges, the Alps and the Two major mountain ranges, the Alps and the Apennines. Apennines. IMPORTANCE?IMPORTANCE?

• Some of Italy’s mountains were volcanic. Their Some of Italy’s mountains were volcanic. Their eruptions could devastate Roman towns. eruptions could devastate Roman towns. (Foreshadowing)(Foreshadowing)

• They also built cities near rivers for a source of They also built cities near rivers for a source of fresh water. Rome lies on the Tiber River.fresh water. Rome lies on the Tiber River.

• Rome had a mild climate that led to a plentiful Rome had a mild climate that led to a plentiful food supply and the city’s early growth.food supply and the city’s early growth.

The Geography of The Geography of RomeRome

Seven Hills of RomeSeven Hills of Rome

Seven Great Hills of Seven Great Hills of RomeRome

• AventineAventine: : RemusRemus chose to live. Also, home of the chose to live. Also, home of the plebeians. plebeians.

• CaelianCaelian: Many of Rome's : Many of Rome's eliteelite lived on this hill during the lived on this hill during the Roman Republic. Roman Republic.

• CapitolineCapitoline: This hill was the site of many of Rome's earliest : This hill was the site of many of Rome's earliest fortresses. It was also the hill of the government. fortresses. It was also the hill of the government.

• Esquiline : This hill had a walled city on it since at least the Esquiline : This hill had a walled city on it since at least the 700s BCE. 700s BCE.

• PalatinePalatine: This hill is the hill of : This hill is the hill of RomulusRomulus. . In Classical times In Classical times it was the hill where Rome's rich and powerful chose to live. it was the hill where Rome's rich and powerful chose to live.

• QuirinalQuirinal: : It is on this hill that the It is on this hill that the SabinesSabines once lived and once lived and built their city. built their city.

• Viminalis: This is the smallest of the Seven Great Hills, and Viminalis: This is the smallest of the Seven Great Hills, and was one of the last to be included inside the walls of Rome. was one of the last to be included inside the walls of Rome.

The Peoples of ItalyThe Peoples of Italy

• Latium (Latins)Latium (Latins)

• Campania (Samnites, Oscans)Campania (Samnites, Oscans)

• Sabinum (Sabellians)Sabinum (Sabellians)

• Etruria (Etruscans)Etruria (Etruscans)

• Magna Graecia (Greeks)Magna Graecia (Greeks)

• GaulGaul

The EtruscansThe Etruscans

• Mystery – their origins are lost to Mystery – their origins are lost to prehistoryprehistory– Numerous hypothesesNumerous hypotheses

• Indigenous (first humans to live in region)Indigenous (first humans to live in region)• Migrated from east, north, or south, circa 1000 Migrated from east, north, or south, circa 1000

BCEBCE

• Lived north of RomeLived north of Rome– Region today called “Tuscany” after them Region today called “Tuscany” after them

(ancient Etruria)(ancient Etruria)– Enemies of the RomansEnemies of the Romans

• Taught the Romans:Taught the Romans:– Arch in architecture, drainage and sewer-Arch in architecture, drainage and sewer-

building, phalanx military formationbuilding, phalanx military formation

The LatinsThe Latins

• Indo-European tribe from the Indo-European tribe from the northnorth

• Settled south of the Tiber River in Settled south of the Tiber River in an area that came to be called an area that came to be called LatiumLatium

• Latin League formed for Latin League formed for protectionprotection– Rome was the leading city in this Rome was the leading city in this

leagueleague

The Mythical Founding The Mythical Founding of Rome:of Rome:

Romulus & RemusRomulus & Remus

The Mythical Founding The Mythical Founding of Rome:of Rome:

Romulus & RemusRomulus & Remus

Why are myths and legends created?Why are myths and legends created?

Why do you think the she-wolf was widely Why do you think the she-wolf was widely accepted as the one who took care of the boys accepted as the one who took care of the boys

straight out of the water instead of the straight out of the water instead of the Sheppard’s wife?Sheppard’s wife?

Why do you think quasi-infanticide was Why do you think quasi-infanticide was acceptable in ancient cultures?acceptable in ancient cultures?

What major developments of Rome do we see What major developments of Rome do we see through the Story of Romulus and Remus?through the Story of Romulus and Remus?

Seven Kings of RomeSeven Kings of Rome

• Roman records list seven kings who Roman records list seven kings who ruled the city, some of whom were ruled the city, some of whom were Etruscans.Etruscans.

• The kingdom was not hereditaryThe kingdom was not hereditary

• The kings were elected by the comitia The kings were elected by the comitia

curiata.curiata.

• Senate of Elders advised the kingSenate of Elders advised the king

King Numa And King Numa And King HostiliusKing Hostilius

• Numa PompiliusNuma Pompilius– Numa established the priesthoods and Numa established the priesthoods and

religious institutions of the Romans. His religious institutions of the Romans. His reign was a peaceful one.reign was a peaceful one.

• Tullius HostiliusTullius Hostilius– Famous for his warlike exploits. Famous for his warlike exploits. – Conquered much surrounding territory Conquered much surrounding territory

and added it to the growing area of land and added it to the growing area of land ruled by Rome. ruled by Rome.

– Tullius Hostilius symbolizes the ambitious Tullius Hostilius symbolizes the ambitious and warlike nature of the Roman people. and warlike nature of the Roman people.

The Struggle for Political Power in Ancient Rome

(article)1. What were the differences between being a patrician or a plebeian?2. After Rome overthrew the Etruscan king, Tarquinius Superbus, they set up a republic. How did this form of government work?3. How is Rome's republican government different that what we have in the United States today?4. What was the Conflict of Orders and what did the Plebeians do in protest?5. What changes were made to the government to resolve this conflict and placate (make happy) the plebeians?

• Democracy – government with the Democracy – government with the participation and consent of those being participation and consent of those being governedgoverned

• Republic – Government in which “the people” Republic – Government in which “the people” have an impact on decisionshave an impact on decisions

• Democratic republic – a representative Democratic republic – a representative democracy – “the people” impact decisions democracy – “the people” impact decisions through direct vote, and through the election through direct vote, and through the election of representatives who vote on many issuesof representatives who vote on many issues

SenateSenate

• Give ADVICE to the ConsulsGive ADVICE to the Consuls

• Did NOT propose legislation but Did NOT propose legislation but DELIBERATED on issuesDELIBERATED on issues– Options: approve or vetoOptions: approve or veto

• Declared WarDeclared War

• Nominate DictatorNominate Dictator

• Served for LifeServed for Life

• Decided Foreign PolicyDecided Foreign Policy

TribunesTribunes

• Looked after the public interestLooked after the public interest

• Able to propose and veto Able to propose and veto legislationlegislation

AssembliesAssemblies

• Ordinary MALE CitizensOrdinary MALE Citizens

• The three citizen assemblies were The three citizen assemblies were called the Comitia Curiata, called the Comitia Curiata, Comitia Centuriata and the (or Comitia Centuriata and the (or Concilium PlebisConcilium Plebis

DictatorDictator

• Could only serve a max of 6 Could only serve a max of 6 monthsmonths

• Temporary positions given in only Temporary positions given in only the times of a crisis or emergencythe times of a crisis or emergency

• No retribution for the actions No retribution for the actions taking during the dictatorshiptaking during the dictatorship

PraetorsPraetors

• Legal Power – JudgesLegal Power – Judges

• Produced the public gamesProduced the public games

• 22ndnd in line to the Consul in line to the Consul

• Assumed duties of Consul when Assumed duties of Consul when the Consuls were absent from the Consuls were absent from RomeRome

ConsulsConsuls

• 2 consuls – 1 patrician and 1 2 consuls – 1 patrician and 1 plebeianplebeian

• Elected through the assemblies by Elected through the assemblies by popular votepopular vote

• Commanders-in-Chief of the armyCommanders-in-Chief of the army

• 1 year term1 year term

• Ruled with the ADVICE of the Ruled with the ADVICE of the SenateSenate

CensorsCensors

• Duties:Duties:– TaxesTaxes– CensusCensus– VotingVoting

• In charge of keeping morality (right In charge of keeping morality (right and wrong)and wrong)

U.S./Rome Republic U.S./Rome Republic Government ComparisonGovernment Comparison

Republican Republican GovernmentGovernmentRepublican Republican GovernmentGovernment

2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome)

Senate (Representative body for patricians)

Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians)

The Twelve Tables, 450 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEBCE

The Twelve Tables, 450 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEBCE

Providing political and socialrights for the plebeians.

Punic Wars PowerPoint Punic Wars PowerPoint PresentationPresentation

2Wealth and Slaves flood into Rome

3Senators buy up vast properties

4Smallholders move

to Rome to tryand find work

5The unemployed mob cause

increased corruption& military commanders

become too influential as the armybecomes dependent on

the spoils of war

1The empire expands

Beginnings of the Fall of Beginnings of the Fall of the Republicthe Republic

Tiberius and Gaius Tiberius and Gaius GracchusGracchus

Tiberius GracchusTiberius Gracchus

Possible Motives for Possible Motives for Reforms: Reforms:

– To relieve the plight of the poor and To relieve the plight of the poor and relocate them in the countryrelocate them in the country

– To relieve economic depression in To relieve economic depression in Rome itselfRome itself

– To build up the strength and morale To build up the strength and morale of the armyof the army

– To get revenge against the Senate To get revenge against the Senate for affair in Numantiafor affair in Numantia

Tiberius as a TribuneTiberius as a Tribune• Proposed Proposed agrarian reform whichagrarian reform which limited public land to 320 limited public land to 320

acres. acres.

• All land in excess of this would be allotted to the All land in excess of this would be allotted to the poor for a small rent and would not be taken away poor for a small rent and would not be taken away for any reason.for any reason.

• Another tribune vetoed the law.Another tribune vetoed the law.

– Tiberius persuaded the People's Assembly to impeach Tiberius persuaded the People's Assembly to impeach the tribune and elect someone more sympathetic – the tribune and elect someone more sympathetic – LAW GETS PASSEDLAW GETS PASSED

• The Senate refused to finance the commission.The Senate refused to finance the commission.

• Tiberius bypassed the Senate by persuading the People's Tiberius bypassed the Senate by persuading the People's Assembly to vote to use part of the treasure bequeathed by Assembly to vote to use part of the treasure bequeathed by Attalus, King of Pergamum.Attalus, King of Pergamum.

– TIBERIUS KILLED!TIBERIUS KILLED!

Ramifications of Tiberius' Ramifications of Tiberius' actions actions

• Some people claimed, regardless Some people claimed, regardless of the legality, that Tiberius was of the legality, that Tiberius was giving too much power to the giving too much power to the People's Assembly.People's Assembly.

• Tiberius' prolonged tribuneship Tiberius' prolonged tribuneship frightened some because of its frightened some because of its overtones of mob rule or a overtones of mob rule or a popularly supported dictatorship.popularly supported dictatorship.

Gauis GracchusGauis Gracchus

• Gaius continued the land reformsGaius continued the land reforms

• He proposed a grain law which He proposed a grain law which discounted the price of grain for the discounted the price of grain for the urban poor, and a public works urban poor, and a public works program to increase employment.program to increase employment.

• He tried, unsuccessfully, to extend He tried, unsuccessfully, to extend citizenship to all Latins, Rome's citizenship to all Latins, Rome's earliest allies.earliest allies.

Opposition to GaiusOpposition to Gaius

• Gaius lost bid for re-election, and new Gaius lost bid for re-election, and new tribunes repealed his reforms. Gaius tribunes repealed his reforms. Gaius responded by creating a bodyguard, or responded by creating a bodyguard, or army of followers.army of followers.

• Affairs in Rome became very tense after Affairs in Rome became very tense after rioting, and so the Senate declared rioting, and so the Senate declared martial law, giving full authority to martial law, giving full authority to consuls.consuls.

• A consul, and his army fought Gaius and A consul, and his army fought Gaius and his army, defeating them and leading his army, defeating them and leading Gaius to commit suicide.Gaius to commit suicide.

The Importance of the The Importance of the GracchiGracchi

• They were the first to introduce They were the first to introduce legislation to relieve economic legislation to relieve economic difficulties.difficulties.

• They exposed the weakness of They exposed the weakness of the Roman constitutionthe Roman constitution

Gaius MariusGaius Marius

• Made soldiers a full time job and Made soldiers a full time job and gave them his money and land to gave them his money and land to support their fulltime job – Many support their fulltime job – Many Generals after follow Gaius’ waysGenerals after follow Gaius’ ways– Soldiers not being paid by Rome but by Soldiers not being paid by Rome but by

GeneralGeneral• Allegiance to them and not the stateAllegiance to them and not the state

– Causes Civil Wars Causes Civil Wars (HOW?)(HOW?)– Conflict of interest between Senate and Conflict of interest between Senate and

General, General can use his army as General, General can use his army as force. Also if Generals disagree then force. Also if Generals disagree then they can fight each otherthey can fight each other

L. Cornelius SullaL. Cornelius Sulla

• Successful commander in Africa after 3Successful commander in Africa after 3 rdrd Punic WarPunic War

• Given a command that Marius wantedGiven a command that Marius wanted– Take army to east to make money for Rome Take army to east to make money for Rome

(Money means power)(Money means power)

• Marius upset and forces the Senate to Marius upset and forces the Senate to change their orderchange their order– Sulla refuses to return and disband his armySulla refuses to return and disband his army– Senate makes him an outlaw. Charges him Senate makes him an outlaw. Charges him

of treason which brings deathof treason which brings death– Sulla marches on Rome and kills veterans Sulla marches on Rome and kills veterans

of Mariusof Marius• Puts price tags on their headsPuts price tags on their heads

• Made the Senate declare an Made the Senate declare an emergency and appoint him to dictatoremergency and appoint him to dictator

• Made the Senate reappoint him to Made the Senate reappoint him to dictator every 6dictator every 6thth months months

• Believes himself to be reformer trying Believes himself to be reformer trying to fix Rometo fix Rome

• Eventually retires of dictator and Eventually retires of dictator and returns peacefully to his own farmreturns peacefully to his own farm

• IMPORTANCE OF ROME – 1IMPORTANCE OF ROME – 1stst General to take his army into Rome General to take his army into Rome – Senate can’t push anyone if they show Senate can’t push anyone if they show

they have powerthey have power

SpartacusSpartacus

• Slave that eventually turned into a Slave that eventually turned into a gladiatorgladiator

• Gladiator school – Him and 70 others Gladiator school – Him and 70 others freed themselvesfreed themselves– Free other slaves after 2 years turn into Free other slaves after 2 years turn into

100,000 man army100,000 man army– Many of the slaves, including Spartacus, Many of the slaves, including Spartacus,

wanted to head home – they were taken from wanted to head home – they were taken from other lands during Rome expansionother lands during Rome expansion

- Start south to Mount Vesuvius Start south to Mount Vesuvius building the army then to east building the army then to east over the Apennines Mountains, over the Apennines Mountains, heads north to Alps to return heads north to Alps to return home.home.

– Men convince Spartacus to Men convince Spartacus to return to pillage Rome. Return return to pillage Rome. Return all the way South with the plan to all the way South with the plan to cross over to Sicily.cross over to Sicily.

– Defeat after Rome sends a large Defeat after Rome sends a large army after him in the South. army after him in the South. Unable to cross his army over to Unable to cross his army over to SicilySicily

Rome’s Early Road Rome’s Early Road SystemSystem

Rome’s Early Road Rome’s Early Road SystemSystem

Roman Roads: Roman Roads: The The Appian WayAppian WayRoman Roads: Roman Roads:

The The Appian WayAppian Way

Roman AqueductsRoman AqueductsRoman AqueductsRoman Aqueducts

The Roman The Roman ColosseumColosseumThe Roman The Roman ColosseumColosseum

The Colosseum The Colosseum InteriorInterior

The Colosseum The Colosseum InteriorInterior

Circus MaximusCircus MaximusCircus MaximusCircus Maximus

Carthaginian Carthaginian EmpireEmpire

Carthaginian Carthaginian EmpireEmpire

Hannibal’s RouteHannibal’s RouteHannibal’s RouteHannibal’s Route

Reform LeadersReform LeadersReform LeadersReform Leaders Tiberius and Gaius

Gracchus

• the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land.Military ReformerMilitary ReformerMilitary ReformerMilitary Reformer

Gaius Marius

• recruited an army from the poorand homeless.

• professional standing army.

PompeyPompeyPompeyPompey

Civil War & Civil War & DictatorsDictators

Civil War & Civil War & DictatorsDictators

Julius CaesarJulius CaesarJulius CaesarJulius Caesar

Crossing the Rubicon, Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC49 BC

Crossing the Rubicon, Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC49 BC

The Die is Cast!The Die is Cast!The Die is Cast!The Die is Cast!

The First The First TriumvirateTriumvirate

The First The First TriumvirateTriumvirate

Julius Caesar

Marcus Licinius Crassus

Gaius Magnus Pompey

Beware the Ides of Beware the Ides of March!March!44 BCE44 BCE

Beware the Ides of Beware the Ides of March!March!44 BCE44 BCE

The Second The Second TriumvirateTriumvirateThe Second The Second TriumvirateTriumvirate

Octavian Augustus

Marc Antony

Marcus Lepidus

Octavian Augustus:Octavian Augustus:Rome’s First Rome’s First

EmperorEmperor

Octavian Augustus:Octavian Augustus:Rome’s First Rome’s First

EmperorEmperor

The First Roman The First Roman DynastyDynasty

The First Roman The First Roman DynastyDynasty

Pax RomanaPax Romana: : 27 BCE – 27 BCE – 180 CE180 CE

Pax RomanaPax Romana: : 27 BCE – 27 BCE – 180 CE180 CE

The Greatest Extent The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire

– 14 CE– 14 CE

The Greatest Extent The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire

– 14 CE– 14 CE

The Rise of The Rise of ChristianityChristianityThe Rise of The Rise of ChristianityChristianity

St. Paul: St. Paul: Apostle to the Apostle to the

GentilesGentiles

St. Paul: St. Paul: Apostle to the Apostle to the

GentilesGentiles

The Spread of The Spread of ChristianityChristianity

The Spread of The Spread of ChristianityChristianity

Imperial Roman Road Imperial Roman Road SystemSystem

Imperial Roman Road Imperial Roman Road SystemSystem

The Empire in Crisis: The Empire in Crisis: 3c3c

The Empire in Crisis: The Empire in Crisis: 3c3c

Diocletian Splits the Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: Empire in Two: 294 294

CECE

Diocletian Splits the Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: Empire in Two: 294 294

CECE

Constantine: 312 - Constantine: 312 - 337337

Constantine: 312 - Constantine: 312 - 337337

Constantinople: “The 2Constantinople: “The 2ndnd Rome” (Founded in 330)Rome” (Founded in 330)Constantinople: “The 2Constantinople: “The 2ndnd Rome” (Founded in 330)Rome” (Founded in 330)

Barbarian Invasions: Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c4c-5c

Barbarian Invasions: Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c4c-5c

Attila the Hun:Attila the Hun:“The Scourge of “The Scourge of

God”God”

Attila the Hun:Attila the Hun:“The Scourge of “The Scourge of

God”God”

Byzantium:Byzantium:The Eastern Roman The Eastern Roman

EmpireEmpire

Byzantium:Byzantium:The Eastern Roman The Eastern Roman

EmpireEmpire

The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine EmpireDuring the Reign of During the Reign of

JustinianJustinian

The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine EmpireDuring the Reign of During the Reign of

JustinianJustinian

The Byzantine The Byzantine Emperor JustinianEmperor Justinian

The Byzantine The Byzantine Emperor JustinianEmperor Justinian

The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome

The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome Republic GovernmentRepublic Government

Roman LawRoman Law Latin LanguageLatin Language Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church City PlanningCity Planning Romanesque Architectural Romanesque Architectural

StyleStyle Roman EngineeringRoman Engineering

• AqueductsAqueducts• Sewage systemsSewage systems• DamsDams• CementCement• ArchArch