Biography of Ali Ibn Abi Talib (May Allah be pleased with him)

Volume I A Comprehensive Study of His Personality and Era

By: ‘Ali Muhammad As-Sallabi

Published By: Darussalam Publishers & Distributers

Copyright: Darussalam Publishers

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher.

   

Contents  

The Biography of Ali Ibn Abi Talib (May Allah be pleased with him) ................................................ 19  

A poet said: .............................................................................................................................................. 21  

Another poet said: .................................................................................................................................... 22  

The poet Abu Muhammad Al-Qahtaani said: .......................................................................................... 24  

Another poet said: .................................................................................................................................... 25  

A poet said: .............................................................................................................................................. 29  

A poet said: .............................................................................................................................................. 31  

SECTION I: 'Ali Bin Abi Taalib’ (May Allah be pleased with him) at Makkah ................................ 37  

His name, pedigree, nickname, description and family ......................................................................... 37  

His name, nickname and agnomen ........................................................................................................... 37  

His name and pedigree: ........................................................................................................................... 37  

His nickname: .......................................................................................................................................... 37  

His nicknames also include: .................................................................................................................... 37  

His agnomen also includes: ..................................................................................................................... 38  

His birth: .................................................................................................................................................. 38  

Family background and its influence on progeny: .................................................................................. 38  

The Tribe of the Quraish: ........................................................................................................................ 39  

Banu Haashim: ......................................................................................................................................... 39  

Abdul Muttalib Bin Haashim, .................................................................................................................. 40  

Abu Taalib, 'Ali Bin Abi Taalib’s father: ................................................................................................ 41  

The mother of the Commander of the Faithful, 'Ali Bin Abi Taalib ....................................................... 43  

The brothers [and sisters] of 'Ali Bin Abi Taalib .................................................................................... 44  

Taalib Bin Abi Taalib: ............................................................................................................................. 45  

Aqeel Ibn Abi Taalib: .............................................................................................................................. 45  

Ja’far Bin Abi Taalib: .............................................................................................................................. 45  

Umm Haanee Bint Abi Taalib: ................................................................................................................ 45  

Jumaanah Bint Abi Taalib: ...................................................................................................................... 46  

His wives and children: ........................................................................................................................... 46  

His Physical Attributes ............................................................................................................................ 46  

His Acceptance of Islam and his actions in Makkah prior to the Hijrah ............................................. 48  

His Islam: ................................................................................................................................................. 48  

How did 'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) become a Muslim? ....................................................... 48  

Between 'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) and Abu Taalib ............................................................. 49  

Did 'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) break idols along with Allah’s Messenger (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) in Makkah? .......................................................................................... 49  

Did 'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) bury Abu Taalib according to the instruction of the Messenger of Allah (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)? ......................................................... 50  

A feeling of security with Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) and his role in conveying Abu Dhar to Allah’s Messenger (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) ............................................................. 50  

Lessons and Benefits of this Incident: ...................................................................................................... 52  

Deliberation and patience in obtaining information: ............................................................................... 52  

Caution and circumspection before giving information: ......................................................................... 52  

Security measures for the movement: ...................................................................................................... 52  

The excellence of the Companions in the area of security and their consciousness regarding it: ........... 52  

Accompanying Allah’s Messenger (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) in his tour of Arab tribes and presenting the Da’wah (call of Islam) to them as well as his presence at his negotiations with Banu Shaiban ........................................................................................................................................... 52  

Offering his life as a sacrifice for the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): ................. 55  

There are a number of lessons, morals and benefits to be learnt from this incident: .............................. 56  

His Hijrah ................................................................................................................................................. 57  

The impact of the Noble Qur’an on his life ............................................................................................. 59  

First: His concept of Allah, existence, life, Paradise and Hell, Divine Decree and Will ........................ 59  

His Concept of Allah, the Exalted ........................................................................................................... 59  

The Status of the Qur’an in Ali’s perception: .......................................................................................... 65  

What was revealed of the Qur’an concerning him: ................................................................................. 66  

Among them are the following statements of Allah (which mean): ........................................................ 66  

He was also one of those concerning whom Allah revealed the following Verse (which means): ......... 67  

The agreement of the Qur’an with his opinion that Jihaad is better than Imamate of the Sacred Mosque: ................................................................................................................................................................. 67  

His Compassion for the Ummah of Muhammad (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): ............. 68  

Conveying the Prophet’s Tafseer (exegesis) of some Verses of the Noble Qur’an: ............................... 69  

Everyone will find easy what he was created for: ................................................................................... 70  

The source and basis upon which the Commander of the Faithful relied in deriving rulings from the Noble Qur’an and understanding its import: ........................................................................................... 71  

His method of deduction is similar to the following: .............................................................................. 71  

Preferring Al-Mujmal (text in summary form) over Mufassar (explanatory texts): ............................... 73  

Preferring Al-Mutlaq (lit. unconditional) Verse over Al-Muqayyad (qualified) Verse in the Noble Qur’an: ..................................................................................................................................................... 74  

The knowledge of An-Naasikh (the abrogating) and Al-Mansookh (the abrogated) Verses: ................. 75  

Consideration for the Arabic language: ................................................................................................... 75  

He also understood one text in the light of another text: ......................................................................... 76  

Asking questions concerning what was ambiguous to him: .................................................................... 78  

Knowledge of the causes of Revelation of Verses: ................................................................................. 78  

Specification (Takhsees) of a general (Aam) text: .................................................................................. 79  

Knowledge of the culture of the Arabs and those (living) in their vicinity: ............................................ 80  

Strength of understanding and amplitude of discernment: ...................................................................... 81  

Explanation of some noble Verses (of the Qur’an) by 'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him): .............. 81  

(Concerning) The Statement of Allah (which means): ............................................................................ 82  

The weeping of the earth over a righteous servant: ................................................................................. 83  

Al-Khushu’ (humility) is in the heart and in yielding your side for a Muslim: ....................................... 83  

Two believing bosom friends and two disbelieving bosom friends: ....................................................... 83  

Asceticism lies between two words in the Qur’an: ................................................................................. 84  

His reflection in Salaat: ........................................................................................................................... 84  

His attachment to the Messenger of Allah, (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) .................... 86  

First: The Commander of the Faithful and the status of Prophethood: ................................................... 86  

The obligation of following the Prophet and his Sunnah and adherence to it: ........................................ 87  

From these narrations is his statement: .................................................................................................... 88  

'Ali used to pay great attention to the Sunnah: ........................................................................................ 88  

'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) explained some of the signs of the Prophethood, among which are: ........................................................................................................................................................... 89  

His informing of what Allah revealed to His Prophet from the matters of the Unseen: ......................... 89  

Assistance with Awe (cast into the hearts of enemies): .......................................................................... 89  

Seal of Prophethood: ................................................................................................................................ 89  

The Mountain greeting the Prophet, (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): ................................ 90  

Awakening desire for the guidance of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): .......... 90  

Explaining his virtue and rights upon his Ummah: ................................................................................. 90  

Here are some of his rights: ..................................................................................................................... 90  

Eschewing the reasons that impel (people) to belie him: ........................................................................ 91  

Having a good opinion of the Hadith of Allah’s Messenger (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): ................................................................................................................................................................. 91  

Sending blessings upon him: ................................................................................................................... 91  

Allah also says (what means): ................................................................................................................. 92  

Having subtle and comprehensive knowledge of the features of the Prophet’s personality: .................. 93  

Explanation of his Physical appearance: ................................................................................................. 93  

Explanation of his Character: .................................................................................................................. 93  

Glimpses of emulating the Sunnah by the Commander of the Faithful: ................................................. 94  

Supplication upon riding animals: ........................................................................................................... 94  

Drinking while standing and sitting: ........................................................................................................ 95  

Teaching the ablution of the Messenger of Allah, (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): ........... 95  

Prohibition of certain things for Ali (May Allah be pleased with him), by Allah’s Messenger (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): ...................................................................................................... 95  

Sin and forgiveness: ................................................................................................................................. 95  

Obedience is in what is right: .................................................................................................................. 95  

A century will not pass over the people while there is anyone living (now) who would witness it: ...... 96  

Supplication (in a situation) of Distress: ................................................................................................. 96  

He did not make me privy to anythinghe kept secret from other people: ................................................ 96  

Allah is Gentle and loves gentleness: ...................................................................................................... 97  

Payment of Zakaat in advance before its due time: ................................................................................. 97  

Last ten days of Ramadaan: ..................................................................................................................... 97  

Second: Those who narrated from 'Ali Bin Abi Taalib (May Allah be pleased with him): .................... 97  

Those who narrated from him among members of his household: ......................................................... 99  

The more popular of those who narrated from 'Ali among the Taabi’oon: ............................................. 99  

Significant actions of 'Ali Bin Abi Taalib between the Hijrah and the Battle of Ahzaab ................. 102  

The movement of military detachments ................................................................................................ 102  

Battle Sha’eerah: .................................................................................................................................... 102  

Factors leading to the First Battle of Badr: ............................................................................................ 103  

The Battle of Badr ................................................................................................................................. 104  

Ali’s Marriage to Fatimah (May Allah be pleased with her) ................................................................. 105  

Her Mahr (bridal dowry) and trousseau ................................................................................................. 105  

Her Wedding .......................................................................................................................................... 106  

The Wedding Feast: ............................................................................................................................... 106  

The lifestyle of 'Ali and Fatimah, both: ................................................................................................. 106  

Fatimah’s Asceticism and Perseverance: ............................................................................................... 107  

Our souls are in the Hands of Allah, if He wishes to wake us, He would: ............................................ 108  

His two sons Al-Hasan and Al-Husain, ................................................................................................. 108  

Ahadith related regarding the virtues jointly shared by both Al-Hasan and Al-Husain (May Allah be pleased with them) ................................................................................................................................. 111  

The Hadith of the wrapping and the meaning of Ahl Al-Bayt .............................................................. 112  

Rulings specific to the family of the Messenger of Allah, (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): .......................................................................................................................................................... 115  

Their prohibition from taking Zakaah: .................................................................................................. 115  

They shall not inherit the Messenger of Allah, (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): .............. 115  

For them is one fifth (Khums) of Ghaneemah and Fay’: ....................................................................... 115  

Sending blessings on them along with the Prophet: .............................................................................. 116  

They are recipients of a special kind of love: ........................................................................................ 116  

'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) in the Battle of Uhud ................................................................. 117  

Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) in the Battle of Banu An-Nadheer. ............................................ 118  

'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) in the Ghazwah of Hamra Al-Asad ........................................... 119  

Ali’s position on the incident of Ifk (slander): ...................................................................................... 120  

Significant actions of 'Ali Bin Abi Taalib between the Battle of Al-Ahzaab and the death of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) ............................................................................ 122  

'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) in the Battle of Al-Ahzaab ........................................................ 122  

'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) in the Ghazwah of Banu Qurayzah ........................................... 123  

'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) at the treaty of Hudaybiyah and Bay’at Al-Ridhwaan .............. 123  

Umrat Al-Qadaa: 'Ali and the custody of Hamza’s daughter ................................................................ 127  

There are a number of benefits and lessons in this story: ...................................................................... 127  

'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him), at the Ghazwat Khaibar ............................................................ 128  

The blessing of his supplication wherein Allah answered the prayer of His Messenger (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). ........................................................................................................... 130  

There are some benefits in the Hadith of Ali’s merits at the Battle of Khaibar: ................................... 131  

'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) at the Conquest of Makkah and the Ghazwat Hunayn .............. 132  

'Ali Bin Abi Taalib (May Allah be pleased with him), played a number of roles in the conquest of Makkah among which are the following: .............................................................................................. 133  

We grant asylum to whoever you grant asylum O Umm Haanee ......................................................... 134  

The assasination of al-Huwayrith Bin Nuqaydh Bin Wahb: ................................................................. 134  

'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him), in the task of rectification: ....................................................... 134  

'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him), at the Ghazwah of Hunayn: ...................................................... 135  

Ali’s military contingent dispatched to demolish the idol of Al-Falas in the territory of Tayyi’ .......... 135  

The Prophet’s appointment of 'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) to oversee Madinah in his absence during the expedition of Tabuk .............................................................................................................. 135  

'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him), and his role in announcing to the people the Hajj led by Abu Bakr (May Allah be pleased with him) .................................................................................................. 136  

'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him), and the delegation of Najraan Christians and the Verse of Mubaahalah (mutual curse) ................................................................................................................... 138  

'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him), as a caller and judge in Yemen ................................................ 140  

The four that were thrown into a pit dug for a lion: .............................................................................. 141  

Three men who had sexual relationswith a woman in her period of purity: ......................................... 141  

'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) at the Farewell Pilgrimage ........................................................ 142  

His being honored with washing and burial of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) ............................................................................................................................................................... 143  

The story of the document which the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) wanted to write during hislast illness leading to his death ..................................................................................... 143  

'Ali Bin Abi Taalib (May Allah be pleased with him) during the reign of As-Siddiq ....................... 149  

First: Ali’s pledge of allegiance to Abu Bakr (May Allah be pleased with him) .................................. 149  

'Ali and his support of Abu Bakr in the wars of apostasy ..................................................................... 151  

Ali’s preference of Abu Bakr (May Allah be pleased with him) .......................................................... 151  

The naming of Abu Bakr as As-Siddiq (May Allah be pleased with him) and Ali’s attestation to his precedence and valor: ............................................................................................................................ 153  

'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) followed Abu Bakr (May Allah be pleased with him) in Salaat and his acceptance of gifts from him: .................................................................................................... 153  

'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) also used to execute the orders of As-Siddiq (May Allah be pleased with them) ................................................................................................................................. 154  

As-Siddiq, Sayyidat Fatimah and the inheritance of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) ........................................................................................................................................................ 155  

Sunnah and consensus both point to the fact that the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) was not to be inherited: ................................................................................................................. 161  

Sayyidat Fatimah’s Tolerance of Abu Bakr (May Allah be pleased with him) .................................... 162  

Relationship between As-Siddiq and the Ahlul Bait and their naming some of their children after Abu Bakr ........................................................................................................................................................ 165  

'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) at the death of As-Siddiq (May Allah be pleased with him) ..... 166  

'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) during the reign of Al-Faaruq (May Allah be pleased with him) ........................................................................................................................................................... 169  

A woman afflicted with an attack of insanity: ....................................................................................... 169  

Doubling the punishment for one who consumes intoxicants ............................................................... 170  

You do not have authority over what is in her womb: .......................................................................... 170  

Return the ignorant back to the Sunnah: ................................................................................................ 171  

This man overpowered me and disgraced me among my family (i.e. raped me): ................................. 171  

'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) and financial control and administration in the state of Umar (May Allah be pleased with him) On financial matters: ........................................................................ 171  

'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) and administrative matters ........................................................ 172  

Umar (May Allah be pleased with him) appointed 'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) as his deputy over Madinah repeatedly ....................................................................................................................... 173  

Umar’s consultation with 'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) on matters of jihad and other state affairs ..................................................................................................................................................... 173  

'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) and his children and their relationship with Umar (May Allah be pleased with him) ................................................................................................................................... 175  

Dialogue between the Commander of the Faithful Umar (May Allah be pleased with him) and 'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) concerning a dream .......................................................................... 176  

Umar’s marriage to Umm Kulthum Bint 'Ali Bin Abi Taalib ............................................................... 177  

‘O daughter of Allah’s Messenger (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), none of the creation is more beloved to us than your father and there is none of the creation after your father more beloved to us than you’ ............................................................................................................................................ 178  

Umar’s nomination of 'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) for the caliphate along with other members of the Shoora and what 'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) said concerning Umar (May Allah be pleased with him) after his martyrdom ................................................................................... 180  

What 'Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) said of Umar (May Allah be pleased with him) after his martyrdom: ............................................................................................................................................ 181  

‘Umar (May Allah be pleased with him) used to dislike alighting there and I also detest that’: .......... 182  

The Ahl Al-Bait’s love for Umar (May Allah be pleased with him): ................................................... 182  

Allah made Umar Bin Al-Khattab (May Allah be pleased with him) a means of benefit for the children of Al-Husain Bin 'Ali Bin Abi Taalib (May Allah be pleased with him): ............................................. 183  

Statement of Abdullaah Bin Al-Hasan Bin 'Ali Bin Abi Taalib concerning Umar (May Allah be pleased with him): ............................................................................................................................................... 183  

‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) in the period of Uthman Bin Affaan (May Allah be pleased with him) ................................................................................................................................................... 184  

‘Ali’s pledge of allegiance to Uthman (May Allah be pleased with him): ............................................ 184  

The myths the Rawaafid interpolated into the story of the Shoora ....................................................... 185  

Accusing the Companions of prejudice in the affairs of the Muslims: ................................................. 185  

The factions of Banu Umayyah and Banu Haashim: ............................................................................. 186  

Lies attributed to ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) and other false slanders ................................ 186  

Comparison between Uthman and ‘Ali ................................................................................................. 187  

Second: The one who prefers ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) over Uthman (May Allah be pleased with him) is not adjudged an innovator due to the closeness of the status of both of them. .... 187  

Uthman’s consultation with ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) and other senior Companions on the conquest of Africa .................................................................................................................................. 188  

‘Ali’s view on Uthman’s gathering people upon one recitation of the Qur’an: .................................... 188  

‘Ali’s (May Allah be pleased with him) position on the Fitnah of Uthman (May Allah be pleased with him) ........................................................................................................................................................ 189  

‘Ali’s (May Allah be pleased with him) position at the onset of the Fitnah ......................................... 190  

‘Ali’s (May Allah be pleased with him) position during the siege ........................................................ 191  

The cordiality that existed between ‘Ali’s family and that of Uthman (May Allah be pleased with him) ............................................................................................................................................................... 193  

From the statements of ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) concerning the Rightly Guided Caliphs ............................................................................................................................................................... 194  

A poet said: ............................................................................................................................................ 194  

The two leaders of the middle-aged and youths of Paradise: ................................................................ 195  

I do not internalize anything concerning them except what I desire to experience ............................... 195  

Here is Uthman Bin ‘Ali who was named after Uthman Bin Affaan (May Allah be pleased with him) ............................................................................................................................................................... 196  

Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman (May Allah be pleased with them) had a special distinction with the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) ............................................................................ 197  

What are the consequences of the Math’hab of the Rafida in Takfir of the Companions (i.e. accusing them of apostasy)? ................................................................................................................................. 197  

Inferences and authentic evidence on the reality of the warm relationship between the Rightly Guided Caliphs: .................................................................................................................................................. 198  

The description of the Companions of the Prophet in the Noble Qur’an .............................................. 199  

A poet said: ............................................................................................................................................ 203  

Pledge of Allegiance to ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) ............................................................ 204  

How was the pledge of allegiance concluded? ...................................................................................... 204  

‘Ali’s aid of Uthman (May Allah be pleased with him) and his defense of him: .................................. 205  

The importance of the caliphate: ........................................................................................................... 205  

‘Ali’s (May Allah be pleased with him) Preference for the Caliphate .................................................. 206  

Talhah and Az-Zubair’s pledge of allegiance ........................................................................................ 209  

The consensus upon the caliphate of ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) ........................................ 210  

‘Ali’s (May Allah be pleased with him) condition for accepting the pledge of allegiance and his first inaugural address: .................................................................................................................................. 215  

From the foregoing account a number of lessons and warnings can be drawn, among which are: ...... 215  

The influential people during the time of the Commander of the Faithful, ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) ................................................................................................................................................ 216  

‘Ali’s (May Allah be pleased with him) desire not to leave the position of Caliph vacant ................... 217  

A refutation of some modern books that have dabbled into the allegiance of ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) ................................................................................................................................................ 217  

The inaugural address delivered by ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) .......................................... 219  

Sequence between the expressions: Al-Imam, Caliph and Commander of the Faithful ....................... 220  

Some of his merits, attributes and the fundamental system of his rule. ............................................. 224  

Knowledge and understanding of the religion ....................................................................................... 225  

People are of three types: ....................................................................................................................... 228  

(1) Knowledge protects its possessor while the possessor of wealth protects it: .................................. 230  

(2) Knowledge grows and becomesfirmly established with action: ...................................................... 230  

(3) Knowledge of the Shari’ah is the judge because the affairs of the world are regulated by it: ......... 231  

4) Knowledge of the Shari’ah earns for its possessor the loyalty of the Muslims and willing obedience from them: ............................................................................................................................................. 231  

Asceticism and piety of ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) ............................................................ 233  

‘O yellow (gold) and white (silver), beguile someone else’ .................................................................. 234  

‘By Allah, I have not prejudiced you concerning any of your wealth’: ................................................ 235  

‘He sold it to me with my pleasure and it was taken with his pleasure’: .............................................. 236  

‘The heart is fearful and the believer follows it’: .................................................................................. 236  

‘Nothing is permissible for the Caliph from Allah’s wealth except two bowls’: .................................. 236  

‘I do not like that anything enters my stomach except what I know’: ................................................... 237  

‘Ali Bin Abi Taalib (May Allah be pleased with him) was the most ascetic of the people concerning the world: ..................................................................................................................................................... 237  

Humility of the Commander of the Faithful ‘Ali Bin Abi Taalib (May Allah be pleased with him) ................................................................................................................................................................... 239  

‘I am the same person who has demeaned the world’: .......................................................................... 240  

‘The father (head) of the family is more deserving of carrying (it)’: .................................................... 241  

His conduct with his uncle, Abbas (May Allah be pleased with him) .................................................. 241  

His generosity and magnanimity ........................................................................................................... 241  

Bashfulness is from Allah (SWT) .......................................................................................................... 244  

The intensity of his servitude, patience and sincerity for Allah ............................................................ 245  

His Gratitude to Allah ............................................................................................................................ 249  

Supplication to Allah (SWT) ................................................................................................................. 250  

The point of reference during the state of ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) ................................ 253  

Following the Rightly Guided Caliphs who would precede him .......................................................... 254  

The right of the Ummah to oversee the rulers ....................................................................................... 255  

Shoora .................................................................................................................................................... 256  

Justice and Equity .................................................................................................................................. 257  

Examples of his justice: ......................................................................................................................... 258  

Freedom ................................................................................................................................................. 260  

His life in society and his concern for commanding good and forbidding evil .................................. 262  

His call to Tawheed (Unity of Allah) and struggle against Shirk (associating partners with Allah) .... 262  

‘Ali’s (May Allah be pleased with him) introduction of the Namesand Attributes of Allah to the people: ............................................................................................................................................................... 268  

‘Ali Bin Abi Taalib (May Allah be pleased with him) teaching people about the favours of Allah which necessitate gratitude to Him ................................................................................................................... 269  

‘Ali Bin Abi Taalib’s desire toobliterate the traces of Jahiliyah ........................................................... 270  

The lawful manner of visiting graves .................................................................................................... 271  

History of celebrations at shrines in the Graveyard ............................................................................... 272  

The connection of shrines to retrogression and ignorance: ................................................................... 273  

Attack of imperialism and erecting tombs ............................................................................................. 273  

Are shrines innovations in the Religion? ............................................................................................... 273  

The eagerness of the Commander of the Faithful, ‘Ali Bin Abi Taalib, to falsify the belief in stars ... 277  

The beginning of the formation of Eeman (faith) in the heart according to ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) and his definition of Taqwa .................................................................................................. 277  

Fate and Predestination in the view of ‘Ali Bin Abi Taalib, (May Allah be pleased with him) ........... 281  

How will Allah take the slaves to account inspite of their great numbers? ........................................... 282  

The Friday sermons of ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) and their analysis ................................. 282  

‘Ali Bin Abi Taalib (May Allah be pleased with him) and Poetry ........................................................ 285  

On patience, he said: .............................................................................................................................. 286  

Concerning friendship, he said: ............................................................................................................. 287  

On secret and keeping it: ....................................................................................................................... 287  

From the maxims of ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) which became widespread among the people: .................................................................................................................................................... 288  

‘Ali Bin Taalib’s speech on the best of slaves, on the voluntary acts of worship of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and his description of the noble Companions ............................. 290  

The dangerous diseaseswhich the Commander of the Faithful warned about: ..................................... 292  

The concern of ‘‘Ali Ibn Abi Taalib, for the organisation of markets and a variety of social issues: .. 298  

Eighth: State Police in the era of ‘Ali Bin Abi Taalib: .......................................................................... 303  

The Nation’s Financial and JudicialInstitutions, During the Era of‘Ali Bin Abi Taalib (May Allah be pleased with him), and Someof His Important Legal Opinions ..................................................... 305  

The Nation’s Financial Institutions ....................................................................................................... 305  

The Judicial System ............................................................................................................................... 307  

First: Judicial and Legislative Policies During the Era of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs, and the Legal Sources that the Companions Relied Upon During That Era ................................................................ 308  

Second: The Distinctive Features of the Judiciary, During the Era of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs ..... 310  

Third: The Most Famous Judicial Appointees of ‘Ali Bin Abi Taalib (May Allah be pleased with him) ............................................................................................................................................................... 312  

Fourth: ‘Ali’s (May Allah be pleased with him) manner of presiding over cases; his philosophy about rulings that were made before his time, and about who was qualified to be a judge; the place where cases were decided, and the principle that it was free for one to make a complaint and have his case heard ...................................................................................................................................................... 314  

Fifth: The Compulsory Duties of a Judge .............................................................................................. 316  

The Jurisprudence of the Leader of the Believers, ‘Ali Bin Abi Taalib (May Allah be pleased with him) ........................................................................................................................................................... 318  

First: Legislations that pertain to acts of worship .................................................................................. 318  

Rulings That Pertain to Purification ...................................................................................................... 318  

His Rulings That Pertain to Prayer ........................................................................................................ 319  

Rulings which Pertain to Washing and enshrouding the deceased ........................................................ 321  

Rulings That Pertain to Zakaat .............................................................................................................. 322  

His Rulings which Pertain to Fasting .................................................................................................... 324  

His Rulings which Pertain to Hajj ......................................................................................................... 325  

Certain Miscellaneous Rulings .............................................................................................................. 326  

Certain Rulings Which Pertain to Financial Dealings ........................................................................... 331  

Second: Punishments ............................................................................................................................. 332  

The Punishment for Adultery ................................................................................................................ 334  

The Punishment for Drinking Alcohol .................................................................................................. 338  

The Punishment for Stealing ................................................................................................................. 338  

Third: Qisas and Serious Crimes ........................................................................................................... 340  

Fourth: Censuring or Disciplining a Sinner ........................................................................................... 346  

Here are Some Examples of the Minor Punishments ............................................................................ 346  

Punishing with Lashes ........................................................................................................................... 347  

Publicly Exposing a Sinner .................................................................................................................... 347  

Imprisonment ......................................................................................................................................... 347  

Shackling and Imprisoning a Sinner ...................................................................................................... 347  

Immersing a Person in a Pile of Filth .................................................................................................... 347  

Execution ............................................................................................................................................... 347  

Destroying that which Leads to or Causes Illegal Activity ................................................................... 348  

The Legal Force of an Opinion of a Companion and of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs ....................... 349  

First: Proofs from the Book of Allah ..................................................................................................... 353  

Second: Proofs from the Sunnah ........................................................................................................... 356  

Third: Proofs from Other Narrations ..................................................................................................... 356  

Fourth: Some Sayings of Imams and Scholars Regarding this Issue: ................................................... 356  

The Institution of Governorship: During the Era of ‘Ali ibn Abi Taalib (May Allah be pleased with him),the Leader of the Believers ............................................................................................................. 358  

The Provinces of the Muslim Nation ..................................................................................................... 358  

(1) Makkah Al-Mukarramah .................................................................................................................. 358  

(2) Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah .......................................................................................................... 358  

(3) Bahrain and ‘Ammaan ..................................................................................................................... 359  

(4) Yemen .............................................................................................................................................. 359  

(5) Ash-Sham ......................................................................................................................................... 360  

(6) Al-Jazeerah ....................................................................................................................................... 363  

(7) Egypt ................................................................................................................................................ 364  

(8) Basrah ............................................................................................................................................... 375  

(9) Kufa .................................................................................................................................................. 382  

Tenth: The Provinces of the East ........................................................................................................... 383  

(1) Faaris ................................................................................................................................................ 383  

(2) Khurasaan ......................................................................................................................................... 384  

(3) Adharbaijaan .................................................................................................................................... 385  

The Appointment of Governors: During the Era of ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) ................. 387  

First: ‘Ali’s (May Allah be pleased with him) Stance vis-à-vis the Governors of Uthman (May Allah be pleased with him), and the Appointments He Gave to His Relatives ............................................. 388  

‘‘Ali’s (May Allah be pleased with him) Stance vis-à-vis the Governors of Uthman (May Allah be pleased with him) ................................................................................................................................... 388  

The first narration, which is related by way of Al-Waaqidee: .............................................................. 388  

The Second Narration ............................................................................................................................ 389  

The Third Narration ............................................................................................................................... 389  

The Fourth Narration ............................................................................................................................. 390  

The Following is a List of the Governors Who Ruled During the Era of ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him): ............................................................................................................................................... 395  

Second: ‘Ali’s (May Allah be pleased with him) Supervision of His Governors, as Well as the Advice and Guidance He Would Give to Them .................................................................................... 397  

Third: The Powers that Were Granted to Governors During the Era of ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) ................................................................................................................................................... 399  

The Appointment of Ministers ............................................................................................................... 399  

2. Forming a Council of Advisors ......................................................................................................... 400  

3. Forming and Mobilizing Armies ....................................................................................................... 401  

4. Forming Foreign Policy in Regard to the Issues of War and Peace .................................................. 401  

(5) Domestic Safety and Security .......................................................................................................... 402  

(6) Establishing the Judiciary in One’s Province .................................................................................. 403  

(7) Government Expenditures ................................................................................................................ 403  

(8) Hiring Provincial Employees and Overseeing Their Work Performance ........................................ 404  

(9) The Various Classes of Society ....................................................................................................... 406  

(10) Training, and disciplining with reward and punishment ................................................................ 407  

(11) The Role of Representatives, or of Al-‘Urafaa .............................................................................. 408  

Fourth: The Administrative Philosophy of the Leader of the Believers, ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) ................................................................................................................................................... 409  

(2) The Factors of Experience and Knowledge ..................................................................................... 409  

(3) The Relationship between a Leader and His People ........................................................................ 410  

(4) Fending Off Laziness and Indolence ............................................................................................... 411  

(5) Supervising Workers ........................................................................................................................ 411  

(6) Hiring Employees Should Be Based upon Their Qualifications, and Not upon Personal Connections ............................................................................................................................................................... 411  

(7) Discipline ......................................................................................................................................... 411  

(8) Mutual Consultation ......................................................................................................................... 412  

(9) Hiring Qualified People for Government Jobs, and Guaranteeing Them Financial and Job Security ............................................................................................................................................................... 412  

(10) Relying on the Help of Experienced People .................................................................................. 413  

(11) A Fatherly Relationship with One’s Subordinates ......................................................................... 414  

The Biography of Ali Ibn Abi Talib (May Allah be pleased with him)

All perfect praise be to Allah (SWT), we praise Him, we seek His Help and His Forgiveness, and we seek refuge in Him from the evil of our own selves and from our sinful deeds, whomever Allah guides, none can misguide and whomever Allah misguides, none can guide, and I bear witness that there is None worthy of worship except Allah, He is the One and He has no partners or associates, and I bear witness that Muhammad is His Slave and Messenger.

"O you who believe! Fear Allah (by doing all that He has ordered and by abstaining from all that He has forbidden) as He should be feared. (Obey Him, be thankful to Him, and remember Him always), and die

not except in a state of Islam (as Muslims) with complete submission to Allah."[Al-'Imran 3:102]

"O mankind! Be dutiful to your Lord, Who created you from a single person (Aadam), and from him (Aadam) He created his wife (Hawwaa’ (Eve)), and from them both He created many men and women and fear Allah through Whom you demand your mutual (rights), and (do not cut the relations of) the

wombs (kinship). Surely, Allah is Ever an All-Watcher over you."[An-Nisa' 4:1]

"O you who believe! Keep your duty to Allah and fear Him, and speak (always) the truth. He will direct you to do righteous good deeds and will forgive you your sins. And whosoever obeys Allah and His

Messenger, he has indeed achieved a great achievement (i.e. He will be saved from the Hell-fire and made to enter Paradise)."[Al-Ahzab 33:70, 71]

O Lord, to You is all Praise as befits Your glorious Face and for the Greatness of Your Dominion, to you is all Praise until You are pleased, and to you is all Praise if You are Pleased, and to You is all Praise after You are Pleased,

To proceed:

This is the fourth book in studying the reign of the Rightly Guided Caliphate. Indeed, I have previously published many books about Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, and ‘Uthmaan, (May Allah be pleased with them), and I entitled this book ‘‘The Biography of the Leader of the Believers ‘Ali Ibn Abi Taalib, His Personality and His Era.’’ This book relates the life of the Leader of the Believers, ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) from birth until his martyrdom. This book relates his name, his family lineage and family name, his birth, his family, his tribe, the circumstances of his embracing Islam, the most important events of his life in

Makkah, his migration, his life during the Revelation of the Qur'an and its impact on him, his concept of Allah, the UniVerse, life, Paradise and Hellfire, Predestination and Decree.

It relates his views about the status of the Qur'an, the Verses of the Qur'an that were revealed about him, and the principles and foundations which the Leader of the Believers, ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) followed in inferring rulings from the Qur'an and understanding its meaning.

This book also talks about his interpretation of some Verses of the Qur'an, his life in the company of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) since his early childhood, his deep knowledge of the status of Prophethood and his knowledge of the etiquette of interacting with him [i. e., the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)]. This is because he clarified his stand in words and actions and he was very keen on teaching the people and urging them to follow the example of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) in his words, actions and in whatever he approved of. Indeed, he exemplified the obligation of obeying the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and the obligation of abiding and preserving his Sunnah. Furthermore, he testified to the evidence that Muhammad (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) was a Prophet, and illustrated his excellence and explained some of his rights on his nation.

In this book, the reader will find some examples of the Leader of the Believers, ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) following the pure Prophetic Sunnah. The names of some Companions, Taabi’is [the generation that came after the Companions and who did not see or meet the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)] and his family who narrated from him, were also mentioned.

Thereafter, the book relates to the reader the life of the Leader of the Believers in Al-Madeenah during the reign of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). It relates the events leading to the marriage of the Leader of the Believers, ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) with Fatimah, (May Allah be pleased with her); the lessons that can be drawn from this marriage like the dowry, the trousseau, the wedding night, and the ascetic life which he led with his wife, and the truthfulness of the statements of Fatimah and her being the best of the women of this world and the Hereafter. Besides, I have stated a brief biography about Al-Hasan and Al-Husain, (May Allah be pleased with them), and clarified their excellence and the narrations which were mentioned with regard to them by the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him).

I have also discussed the concept of Ahlul-Bayt [i.e. the household of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)] according to the understanding of Ahlus-Sunnah and the rulings that apply to them in particular, like being prohibited from taking Zakaah (obligatory charity) money and from inheriting the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him); their right in the fifth of the fifth (i.e., 1 out of 25 portions) of the war booty and the property obtained without waging any war; exalting their mention whenever we exalt the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and the obligation of loving them, respecting them and being kind to them.

I clarified the stand of the Leader of the Believers with regard to the expeditions that the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) sent or the battles that he [the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)] led, like the Battle of Badr, Uhud, Al-Khandaq, Bani Quraydhah, Al-Hudaybiyyah and Khaybar, the Conquest of Makkah, and the Battle of Hunayn, and about the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) appointing ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) as his successor over Al-Madeenah in the Battle of Tabook in the year 8 A.H. and appointing Abu Bakr (May Allah be pleased with him) to lead the people in Hajj. The informative role of ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) is also discussed. The delegation of the Christians of Najraan and the Verse of Al-Mubaahalah are also clarified, along with the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) sending ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) as a Daa’iyah (i.e., a caller to Islam) and a judge to Yemen, and the period over which he ruled

in Yemen. The position of ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) in the Farewell Pilgrimage is also mentioned, as well as the story of the letter that the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) was about to write during his last illness, his relationship with the Rightly Guided Caliphs, and his status in the state of the Rightly Guided Caliphate.

Therefore, I spoke about his pledge of allegiance to Abu Bakr (May Allah be pleased with him) for the Caliphate and his support to him in the wars of apostasy, and him considering Abu Bakr (May Allah be pleased with him) better than himself, and being led by him in the prayers and accepting gifts from him. I also pointed out to the relationship between Abu Bakr and Fatimah, (May Allah be pleased with them) and the story of the inheritance of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). I refuted the misconceptions which the Rafidhah Shiites raised about the story of inheritance and I refuted their claims and proofs with convincing and clear-cut evidence. I divulged their weak [inauthentic] and fabricated narrations, and I clarified the love of Fatimah, may Allah be pleased with her, for the truth and her abidance by the Sharee’ah [the Islamic Law], her respect for Abu Bakr (May Allah be pleased with him) the Caliph of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and her tolerance with him. I also pointed to the respect of the household of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) for Abu Bakr (May Allah be pleased with him) the mutual relationship by marriage between the family of Abu Bakr and the household of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and their love for him and the instances of naming their children after him. I also related the contributions of ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) to judicial matters during the reign of ‘Umar (May Allah be pleased with him) and the administrative and financial arrangements, and his appointment by ‘Umar (May Allah be pleased with him) (during his absence) as his successor over Al-Madeenah many times. In addition to this, ‘Umar (May Allah be pleased with him) sought his advice over matters related to Jihaad (fighting in the Cause of Allah) and affairs of the state.

I spoke about the warm and cordial relationship between ‘Umar (May Allah be pleased with him) and the household of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and the marriage of ‘Umar (May Allah be pleased with him) with Umm Kulthoom, the daughter of ‘Ali Ibn Abi Taalib (May Allah be pleased with him) and I highlighted the reality of this auspicious and blessed marriage. In clarifying the above, I provided clear-cut and strong evidence which refuted and eradicated the lies and allegations of the liars. Historical facts show us the true love and friendship between the Companions, (May Allah be pleased with them) as illustrated in the Qur'an. In addition to this, I highlighted the pledge of allegiance of ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) to ‘Uthmaan (May Allah be pleased with him) and I refuted the lies that were raised in this regard. Therefore, I spoke about his [Ali’s] efforts in supporting the state of ‘Uthmaan (May Allah be pleased with him) and defending him before the demagogues. I highlighted his position at the beginning of the ordeal of the assassination of ‘Uthmaan (May Allah be pleased with him) when the latter was besieged and after he died as a martyr. Moreover, I spoke about the marital alliances between the members of the family of ‘Uthmaan (May Allah be pleased with him). I quoted the statements of ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) about the Rightly Guided Caliphs who preceded him, which prove the love, respect and friendship that they had towards each other. ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) was free and innocent of those who insulted and cursed them, and proof establishing the Hadd [the corporal punishment determined by Islamic Law] applied on someone who accuses a person of having committed Zina (fornication or adultery) and on whoever insults and curses Abu Bakr and ‘Umar.

Indeed, a Muslim reader will not be able to hold back his tears while pondering over the statements of the Leader of the Believers (i.e., ‘Ali) on the Caliphs and his relationship with that unique and noble Qur'anic generation.

A poet said:

It is amazing that I long for them

And I ask whomever I meet about them while they are with me,

And I am eager to see them even while I am looking at them

And I miss them while they are next to me.

Another poet said:

I love Abu Hafs and his supporters and I love ‘Ateeq who was in the cave,

And I am pleased with ‘Ali as an example and a knowledgeable person, But I am not pleased with the assassination of ‘Uthmaan in his house,

All the Companions are my masters and my confidence;

So, am I ashamed to say this statement?

Additionally, I discussed the pledge of allegiance for ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) to be a Caliph, how it took place and how he deserved it. Indeed, there was a consensus among the Companions, (May Allah be pleased with them), about it, and Talhah and Zubayr, (May Allah be pleased with them), pledged allegiance to him voluntarily and without being forced. A consensus was reached about his Caliphate and about the conditions of being a Leader of the Believers in his pledge of allegiance. I stated his first khutbah (sermon) and mentioned the Ahl Al-halli wal ‘aqd (the people of opinion and consultation whom people consult in regard to the affairs pertaining to the country and to the people).

Moreover, I discussed some of his virtues, the most important of his characteristics and the principles of the system of his rule. I included a comprehensive study on his characteristics and clarified his vast knowledge and great contribution to Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). I stated that he led an ascetic life, was humble, generous, kind, bashful, and worshipped Allah devoutly, was patient, sincere, and he was grateful to Allah and supplicated Him humbly. In addition to this, I spoke about his state [government] being the highest authority and that it followed the Book of Allah and the Sunnah of His Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him).

I clarified that he followed the example of the Rightly Guided Caliphs who preceded him, and believed that the nation has a right to keep watch over the rulers, a right to consultation, justice, equity and freedom. I mentioned how he lived in the society of his time and how he was concerned about enjoining good and forbidding evil, calling to Tawheed [Oneness of Allah] and fighting Shirk [associating partners with Allah]. He taught the Names and Attributes of Allah to the people, clarifying the blessings [that Allah bestowed on the people] and the necessity of being grateful to Allah for them, and concerned himself with eradicating the effects of the pre-Islamic era of ignorance. I highlighted that he was keen on denying the belief in the stars, and mentioned that he burned to death those who extolled him and claimed that he was God. He stated how belief starts in the heart and gave a definition of the word piety and the concept of Predestination and Decree, and explained how Allah would judge the people despite their great number.

Furthermore, I quoted some of his khutbahs [Friday sermons], his admonitions, the poetry that is attributed to him and the poetry they recited on various occasions. Thus, I chose a good number of his wise sayings that were popular among the people. I also spoke about his Statement about the characteristics of the best people and about the supererogatory acts of worship of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and the description of the Companions, (May Allah be pleased with them). He warned against serious diseases that affect the heart, like having numerous desires that one

wants to achieve, following one’s whims, showing off and pride. He was concerned with in bringing discipline into the markets and fighting against innovations and the practices contradicting the Sharee’ah among the common people.

Moreover, I spoke about the institutions in his government, like the treasury, judiciary and governors; the judicial and legislative plans during the reign of the Rightly Guided Caliphs; the sources which the Companions, (May Allah be pleased with them) relied upon during that reign; the distinctive features of the judiciary during the reign of the Rightly Guided Caliphs and the best judges of the Leader of the Believers, ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him). I mentioned his judicial style and his views on the rulings which were issued before him; on the people who were qualified for the judiciary and his Fiqh Ijtihaad (A juristic opinion on matters which are not specified in the Qur'an or the Sunnah); on acts of worship, financial transactions, Hudud [plural of Hadd, which is a corporal punishment determined by Islamic Law], capital retribution, and criminal law.

On the other hand, I indicated that the Statement of a Companion and the Statement of a Rightly Guided Caliph are considered evidence.

In my discussion, I clarified the institution of the governors, the state provinces during his reign and the events that occurred in every territory. I also spoke about his methodology in appointing governors, supervising his employees, and some of the guidelines and powers that were given to the governors, such as appointing ministers with every governor in every province. They were also given the task of setting up Consultation Committees, establishing armies in every province, and defining foreign policy in the field of war and peace, protecting internal security and establishing the judicial institution in every province. Besides, they oversaw the financial expenses, supervising the workers belonging to each province and the role of the people’s representatives in establishing the system of the provinces. I clarified some administrative concepts stated by the Leader of the Believers, ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) like the right to dignity and honor for every human being, appointing officials on the basis of experience and knowledge, establishing the relationship between the leader and his subordinates, and confronting recession. The state exercised vigilant control and had a policy of consultation in decision-making; supervised the decisions and choices of the governor; granted material and psychological guarantees for government employees. ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) conceptualized an administration whose employees would be like a father looking after the benefit and well-being of his children, and people were employed on the basis of stringent conditions and not through personal relations.

Then, I discussed the internal problems during the reign of ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him). Thus, I spoke about the Battle of the Camel starting from the incidents that preceded it, and I mentioned the effect of the plans of ‘Abdullaah Ibn Saba’ in triggering this battle and his role in fostering internal tribulations. I also spoke about the difference of opinion among the Companions about the method of applying legal retribution on the killers of ‘Uthmaan (May Allah be pleased with him). I elucidated the position of ‘Aa’ishah, the Mother of the Believers, (May Allah be pleased with her), and Talhah, Zubayr, Mu’aawiyah Ibn Abu Sufyaan, and those who were of their view about making haste in applying legal retribution on the killers of ‘Uthmaan (May Allah be pleased with him).

I also clarified the position of those who isolated themselves from this tribulation, like Sa’d Ibn Abu Waqqaas, ‘Abdullaah Ibn ‘Umar, Muhammad Ibn Salamah, Abu Moosa Al-Ash’ari, ‘Imraan Ibn Husayn, Usaamah Ibn Zayd, and those who followed their approach. Moreover, I spoke about those who were in favor of delaying execution of the legal retribution until the circumstances became stable, like the Leader of the Believers, ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) and the attempts of reconciliation before the Battle of the Camel was triggered.

I elaborated on the beginning of the fighting, its first and second stages, and the martyrdom of Talhah and Az-Zubayr, (May Allah be pleased with them); the allegiance of the people of Basrah to ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him); and the attitude of ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) towards the Mother of the Believers, ‘Aa’ishah, (May Allah be pleased with her), and how he treated her, respected her and valued her position, and took her back to Al-Madeenah honored and dignified. Therefore, I pointed out to her virtues and summarized her biography, and I also gave a biography of Az-Zubayr and Talhah, (May Allah be pleased with them), because they were influential people during the reign of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and during the reign of the Rightly Guided Caliphates and the reign of the Leader of the Believers, ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) and I defended both of them as a way of defending the truth because they were wronged. Therefore, I clarified their virtues and their status in Islam, and I refuted the misconceptions and lies that were attributed to them, while confirming the truth and clear evidence.

I clarified their superior characteristics and qualities, and their great moral conduct so that a Muslim reader would know the truth without any ambiguities about these unique personalities, and so that he will not be influenced by the weak narrations or by the stories fabricated by the historians of the Rafidhah Shiites, which distort the people’s perceptions about these great personalities. Hence, talking about the biography of ‘Aa’ishah, or Talhah and Az-Zubayr, (May Allah be pleased with them), or other great Companions who participated in the incidents that occurred during the reign of the Leader of the Believers, ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) corresponds with my methodology in studying the personality of the Leader of the Believers and his era, and the personalities that had an effect during his reign, while abiding by the methodology of Ahlus-Sunnah Wal Jamaa’ah, in general and in details, in principles and in branches in my presentation.

The poet Abu Muhammad Al-Qahtaani said:

Be generous and kind to Talhah, Zubayr, Sa’d

and Sa’eed and Abdur-Rahmaan,

And Abu ‘Ubaydah, who is a religious and pious person,

And praise this group who pledged allegiance to the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) (under the tree),

Say the best Statement about the Companions of Muhammad and praise all the members of the Prophet’s household and his wives,

Forget what happened between the Companions in the battle with their swords when the two groups met (face to face),

The killed persons and the killers amongst them are all Muslims who made Ijtihaad and they are rewarded whether or not they were correct,

But both groups are forgiven on the Day of Resurrection,

And Allah will take away the hatred

That they had in their hearts on the Day of Resurrection.

However, do not trust the Raafidhah Shiites because they insulted and cursed the Companions without any evidence,

They cursed and hated the Companions while it is an obligation on every person (Muslim) to be friendly and loving with them,

It is a Sunnah to love the Companions and their relatives and this is something I will meet my Lord with on the Day He will resurrect me.

Another poet said:

The Raafidhah Shiites are the most evil people who walked on this earth from among any human beings or Jinn,

They praised the Prophet while they unjustly and wrongly accused his companions of betrayal,

They loved his household whereas they insulted his Companions; and these are indeed two contradicting arguments in the Sight of Allah,

It is like the household of the Prophet and his Companions are two different bodies with one single soul.

Indeed, the creed of those two groups [the Companions who fought each other] is the Islamic Law brought by Muhammad whom I ransom by my father and mother,

Verily, those two groups followed the path of guidance and they both acted according to the religion of Allah.

In addition to this, I related the events of the Battle of Siffeen, and the reasons why Mu’aawiyah (May Allah be pleased with him) refused to pledge allegiance. I mentioned the correspondence that he exchanged with ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) and his attempt for reconciliation. I mentioned the start of the fighting and the call for arbitration by two judges -- a judge from Mu’aawiyah’s side and a judge from ‘Ali’s side, and the killing of ‘Ammaar Ibn Yaasir (May Allah be pleased with him) and its impact on the Muslims. I spoke about the noble relationship from both sides during the war and when they were fighting face to face, and how they dealt with the prisoners, and I mentioned how many people were killed.

I stated that the Leader of the Believers, ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) sought forgiveness for the dead from both sides, and he forbade insulting Mu’aawiyah and cursing the people of Ash-Shaam [ (ancient Levant, which comprised Palestine, Syria, Jordan and Lebanon), who were the people who supported Mu’aawiyah because he was a ruler over them.]

Afterwards, I spoke about the story of arbitration. Thus, I edited a biography of Abu Moosa Al-Ash’ari and ‘Umar Ibn Al-’Aas, (May Allah be pleased with them), and I clarified the falsehood of the lies and the unsound and fabricated stories which were attributed to them in the incident of arbitration, and I pointed out to the method of benefiting from the story of arbitration in solving disputes between Muslim countries. I stressed the position of Ahlus-Sunnah about these wars and I warned against some books which unjustly and wrongly distorted the history of the Companions, (May Allah be pleased with them), such as the book of Imaamah and Siyaasah that was wrongly attributed to Ibn Qutaybah, and the book of Al-Aghaani authored by Al-Asfahaani, and (the book entitled) Taareekh Al-Ya’qoobi and Al-Mas’oodi, and other books that have deviated from the methodology of Ahlus-Sunnah wal-Jamaa’ah.

Furthermore, I clarified the role of the Orientalists in forging, falsifying and distorting Islamic history and how they benefited from the books of the Raafidhah Shiites; how they established an opposing school of thought that contributed to polluting the ideas, distorting the truth and suppressing the facts and magnifying the dark period in our history while exaggerating and frightening people under glittering slogans, like the “unbiased scientific research”, “realism”, “objectivism” and “neutrality”. Unfortunately, the offspring of some Muslims adopted those ruinous ideas: they belong to Islam but do not understand Islam properly and they are not able to present it or act upon it properly or defend it. Rather, they take the side of the enemies of Islam [because they contribute to the plots against Islam while they do not realize it] who work towards forging the history of the Muslim nation and the civilization established by its great religion.

I carried out an objective and scientific study in the last chapter of the book on Al-Khawaarij and the Rafidhah Shiites, in which I clarified the origin of Al-Khawaarij and wrote an introduction about them. I also mentioned the Prophetic narrations which dispraised them, as they took the side of Harooraa’ (which is a region where the Khawaarij appeared), and Ibn ‘Abbaas debated with them. I clarified the policy of the Leader of the Believers in dealing with them and the reasons why he fought against them, and how the war was triggered with them. I mentioned the story of Dhu Ath-Thudayah or Al-Mukhdaj, and the effect of his assassination on the army of ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him).

I elaborated on the Fiqh rulings on which the Leader of the Believers, ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) made Ijtihaad (a juristic opinion on matters which are not specified in the Qur'an or the Sunnah) in his battles, like the Battle of the Camel, Siffeen, and the battle against the Khawaarij. I clarified how the jurists, may Allah have mercy upon them, relied on these rulings afterwards as they wrote them in their books under what is known as ‘The rulings of the Fiqh of the transgressors’. I pointed out to the most important characteristics of the Khawaarij during the reign of the Leader of the Believers, ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) such as exaggerating in matters of the religion, lacking religious knowledge, seceding away from the Muslim ruler and not obeying him; considering a person out of the fold of Islam because of the sins they committed, and considering it lawful to shed the blood of the Muslims and take their money, as well as cursing people and considering them misguided, and being suspicious and harsh against the Muslims.

Moreover, I discussed some of the ideologies of the Khawaarij, like considering a person who commits a grave major sin as being a non-Muslim [going out of the fold of Islam], and their viewpoint on the Imaamah [i.e., the Caliphate, the Muslim ruler, the greater leadership], and cursing some Companions, and considering ‘Uthmaan, and ‘Ali, (May Allah be pleased with them) as non-Muslims [out of the fold of Islam]. I elaborated on the reason of the deviation of the Khawaarij and their tendencies in the modern era, like lack of knowledge of religious sciences because of rejecting the scholars and reading from books without a teacher [i.e. without a Shaykh]. They also exaggerate in considering the view of the other party as being wrong without any evidence, the neglect of their duties on the part of many scholars, the spread of injustice and corruption among the people, and resorted to man-made laws for judgment, and their failure to purify their souls.

Hence, I pointed to the major signs of their exaggerating, such as being too strict with regard to their own religion; making things difficult for others, pretending to be knowledgeable and having self-conceit; becoming opinionated, regarding others as ignorant, defaming the scholars who act according to the Book of Allah and the Sunnah of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him); suspicion, being harsh and violent with others, and declaring Muslims as non-Muslims.

Therefore, I spoke about the Raafidhah Shiite sect and clarified the linguistic meaning (in Arabic) of the word Ash-Shee’ah as well as its religious meaning, and the linguistic meaning of the word Ar-Rafdh as well as its religious meaning. I discussed the reason why they are called Raafidhah, their origin, the role

of the Jews in this movement, and the stages that the Shiites passed through. I stated the most important beliefs of the Raafidhah Shiites, and the position of the Leader of the Believers and the scholars of the household of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) on the beliefs that were attributed to them, like the belief in the Imaamah and the ruling on those who do not believe in it, and their [Shiite] belief that the Imaam is infallible. I clarified that their evidence on the infallibility of the Imaam was void, and I discussed the evidence which they provided from the Qur'an that ‘Ali is the Caliph after the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) like the Verse on purification claiming that it means that the household of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) are infallible; the Verse on Al-Mubaahalah; Al-Wilaayah, and the evidence which they claim to be from the Sunnah, like the khutbah of Ghadeer Khum, and the narration: ‘’You are from me, like Haroon (Aaron) is from Moosa (Moses).’’ I clarified the weak and fabricated narrations which they provided as evidence on the Imaamah, like the narration of the bird and the narration of the house, and ‘‘I am the town of knowledge and ‘Ali is its door’’

I have included an index for weak and fabricated narrations which the Raafidhah Shiites provide as evidence in order to warn the Muslims from falling into their traps. I clarified the reality of the deviant form of Tawheed [Oneness of Allah] which the Raafidhah Shiites believe in, and how they distorted the texts of Tawheed and turned it into the principle of Wilaayah of the Imaams, just as they make the Imaamah the basis for the acceptance of deeds. They believe that the Imaams are the intermediaries between Allah and His Creation, and they say that the people cannot be guided except through the Imaams and that supplication cannot be accepted except if it is done by mentioning the names of the Imaams. They believe that pilgrimage to the Shiite sites is more important for them than Hajj to the House of Allah (i.e., to the Masjid Al-Haram in Makkah), and according to them, the Imaam prohibits whatever he wishes and makes lawful whatever he wishes. They believe that it is the Imaam who controls and disposes of the affairs of this worldly life and the Hereafter as he wishes. They even attribute global events and happenings to the Imaams and they say: ‘’The Imaams have the knowledge of what happened in the past, and what will happen in the future and there is nothing hidden for them.’’

I also discussed their exaggeration in likening the Attributes of Allah to the attributes of His Creation (Ithbaat) and the reality of Ta’teel (i.e. they deny the Names and Attributes of Allah) in their view, and they say that the Qur'an is created and that seeing Allah in the Hereafter is not possible. They believe that the Imaams are better than the Prophets and Messengers. Their position about the Qur'an is that some of their scholars believe that the Book of Allah is forged, and I answered them on this issue. I also pointed to the position of the Raafidhah Shiites about the Companions, (May Allah be pleased with them) and the noble Prophetic Sunnah, and the concept of Taqiyyah (i.e., they lie and say something different from what they believe in when they are asked about certain issues) in their view, and their belief in Al-Mahdi, and the Raj’ah (that the Mahdi will return) and their Statement about Al-Bidaa’ (i.e., that it appears to Allah that He was wrong in a specific ruling, and then Allah withdraws His Words, and then He legislates another ruling instead).

Therefore, I pointed out the position of the Leader of the Believers, ‘Ali Ibn Abi Taalib (May Allah be pleased with him) and the Imaams of the household of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and the scholars of Ahlus-Sunnah from those wrong ideologies which deviated from the Book of Allah. In my discussion, I strove to abide by good morals and manners and avoided insulting and cursing. I debated with these people [Raafidhah Shiites] based on their own principles and their reliable books. I was keen on clarifying the truth for the Shiites who claim to love the household of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and invited them to take the Leader of the Believers, ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) as an example. I warned them against those who infiltrated the cloak of the household of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) with the purpose of spoiling the creed of the people and distancing them from the Book of Allah and the Sunnah of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him).

In addition to this, I sincerely wish to introduce the vast majority of the people of Ahlus-Sunnah to the reality of the Raafidhah Shiites. This is because this issue affects people globally -- from Africa, Asia, Europe to North and South America. We notice that the callers to the Rafidhi Shiite sect are very active in their deviated call; they exert their utmost efforts for it and ally themselves with the enemies of true Islam in order to eradicate it and falsify its methodology. This is not something new, unfortunately, the people of Ahlus-Sunnah – except those upon whom Allah has mercy – are in lassitude, deep sleep and heedlessness of what is targeted at them. Some of them say: ‘’The conflict between the Rafidhi Shiites and the Sunni Muslims is a long forgotten conflict’’, but this Statement is a disgrace in reality, and it is evidence of their ignorance because it entails deceiving the vast majority of Muslims in the name of conciliation and uniting the Islamic front.

Indeed the correct methodology of bringing together the Islamic front is for the Sunni scholars to spearhead a comprehensive effort in spreading the correct creed, that springs from the Book of Allah and the Sunnah of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), and clarify its authenticity and distinguish it from the methodology of the innovators. Ahlus-Sunnah wal-Jamaa’ah are those who follow the way of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and his Companions and are affiliated to the Sunnah of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) who urged the people to hold fast to it as he (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: “Thus, you must adhere to my Sunnah and to the way of the Rightly Guided Caliphs after me. Hold fast to it and stick firmly to it,” and he warned against acting contrarily to it as he said: ‘’Beware of newly invented matters (in religion), because every newly invented matter is an innovation and every innovation is a misguidance.’’ And his saying, ‘’Whoever turns away from my Sunnah is not one of us.’’

Of course, this is contrary to the people who follow their desires and innovations and who treaded a path other than the path followed by the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). Indeed, the creed of the people of Ahlus-Sunnah appeared with the commissioning of Muhammad (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) as a Prophet, and it [the sound creed] is protected by Allah in His Book and in the Sunnah of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). On the other hand, the creed of the people who follow their desires appeared after the time of the Prophet, (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), and some of it appeared during the last period of the reign of the Companions, (May Allah be pleased with them) and some of it appeared after this time period.

In fact the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) informed his Companions, (May Allah be pleased with them) that those who would live for a long time would witness this disunity and division, as he (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: ‘’Whoever has a long life amongst you, he will see many conflicts.’’ Then he advised the people to follow the Straight Path, which is to follow his Sunnah and the Sunnah of his Rightly Guided Caliphs, and he warned against the newly invented matters and he informed us that it is a misguidance. Therefore, it is impossible that the truth or guidance would be hidden from the Companions, (May Allah be pleased with them) and remain preserved for the people who came after them, because innovations (invented matters in religion) are entirely evil, and if there was any good in it, the Companions, (May Allah be pleased with them) would have preceded us to it. However, many people who came after them and who deviated from what the Companions, (May Allah be pleased with them) were upon, were afflicted by it. In fact, Imaam Maalik, may Allah have mercy upon him, said: ‘The last generation of this Ummah (Muslim nation) will not be reformed except with what reformed its first generation.’’

Therefore, the Ahlus-Sunnah affiliate themselves to the Sunnah, whereas others affiliate themselves to the deviant creed, or to the names of particular persons.

Indeed, the correct methodology of bringing together the Sunni and the Shiites is by clarifying the truth and disclosing falsehood, and bringing the Shiites closer to the Book of Allah and the Sunnah of the

Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and understanding true Islam from the scholars of Ahlus-Sunnah -- the most important of whom are the jurists and scholars of the household of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) like the Leader of the Believers, ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) and his sons and grandsons. Furthermore, sincere Shiite calls for reform should be highlighted and encouraged, and they should be respected, valued and supported when advising their people, like the Statement of Husain Al-Mawsawi in his excellent book: ‘’It is Allah and then history who would unveil the secrets and consider the pure Imaams as innocent’’, and like the scientific effort carried out by Ahmad Al-Kaatib for which he is thanked in his book ‘’Tatawur Al-Fikr As-Siyaasi Ash-Shee’i Min Ash-Shoorah Ila wilaayat Al-faqeeh ‘’ (The Development of Political Shiite ideology from Consultation to the Wilaayah of the Faqeeh). We should support anyone who truly loves Ahlul-Bayt (the household of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)), and follows in their true steps and their beautiful guidance in admonishing the people to follow the Book of Allah and the Sunnah of His Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and we should deal with them respectfully. We should steer them to safety and urge them to use their mind and free it from the shackles that bind it, and remove the heavy cumulus of falsehood which was on their Fitrah (the innate sound disposition upon which Allah created mankind) so that the enlightened minds and the sound Fitrah will arrive at the truth that has a shining light that the clouds cannot hide.

Moreover, the scholars of Ahlus-Sunnah should abide by an objective scientific research style when debating with the innovations of the innovators and they should be tolerant with them. It is a sign of tolerance to visit them and help them – within the limits upon which there is no difference of opinion – or provide them with succour when they are befallen by calamities and in their times of hardship, or support them when they are in disagreement with a non-Muslim or with a transgressor. However, this should be according to As-Siyaasah ash-Shar’iyah (administrative and regulative policies in the Sharee’ah) which is subject to advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, the principle of cooperation, good relations and objective research should not always be extended to include the Raafidhi Shiites who exaggerate in matters of the religion, because being silent over this may encourage the common riff-raff.

Rather, it is an obligation for us to deny the people who exaggerate in extolling [the Ahlul Bayt] and refute their obscene statements at all times. Indeed, the limit that distinguishes the two sects – the first with whom we should be soft in speech, and the second with whom we should speak harshly – should be to what extent the speaker relies on a doubtful religious text, or on a misinterpretation to which some minds could incline. However, in case of those who follow the strange statements of the unknown people in later times and those who do not have any misinterpretations, then it is more appropriate for us to deny their statements, and it might even be said that it is an obligation to strongly refute their innovation.

A poet said:

Be careful when debating with men because debating causes enmity and hatred,

And if you are obliged to debate and you did not find another alternative and the two sides meet face to face,

Then place the Book of Allah as your ample shield, and take the Sharee’ah (Islamic Law) as your sword, and bravely appear on the battlefield,

And the authentic Sunnah is a protection for you, and ride the horse of determination when fighting (in the battlefield).

And be patient under the banner of guidance because patience is the strongest equipment of a human being,

And the cavalier would courageously stab with the spear of the truth any obstinate person against Allah,

And bear the sword of truth as a sincere bearer for the Sake of Allah but do not be a coward.

Furthermore, the scholars of Ahlus-Sunnah and Ahl Al-halli wal ‘aqd (the decision-makers) from among them in sectarian societies play an important role in guiding the Muslims toward righteousness. It is they who value the political positions and the party alliances with other groups according to the Fiqh of advantages and disadvantages that is determined by the rules of As-Siyaasah ash-Shar’iyah (Administrative and regulative policies in the Sharee’ah). However, this does not prevent the scholars and Daa’iyahs (callers to Islam) from teaching Muslims the principles of the methodology of Ahlus-Sunnah, nurturing them upon it and calling the people to it. Equally important is the obligation of warning people against the wrong beliefs that have infiltrated Muslims, so that they will not be affected by them, because its callers strive hard day and night to spread these views, secretly and publicly, without any boredom or fatigue. Indeed, we have a good example in the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) when he migrated to Al-Madeenah whilst he concluded treaties with the Jews that guaranteed them an honourable life within the Islamic state. At the same time, the Qur'an was speaking about the Jewish creed and their history and morals so that the Muslim would know the reality of the Jewish personality in order not to be deceived by it. Indeed, when the Jews betrayed the pact, the Muslim side was already strengthened against this sect.

Whoever studies Islamic history, like the period of the Crusades during the reign of Nooreddeen and Salaah Ad-Deen, and at the time of the Ottomans during the reign of Sultan Muhammad Al-Faatih and other committed people during the reign of Yoosuf Ibn Tashfeen, will realize that the factors of revival and the reasons of victory are numerous. Among these factors are: following the pure creed and clear methodology, applying the Law of Allah in the state, having sincere God-fearing leaders who know the truth and who see with the light (insight) of Allah, and their ability to deal with the Sunan (plural of Sunnah) of Allah in nurturing the nations. Besides, knowing the reasons for the revival and fall of countries, knowing the factors that strengthen societies, the various stages through which the nations pass, the secrets of history, and the plots of the enemies from among the Christians, Jews, atheists, secret groups, and innovators, and giving each worker his natural right when dealing with him. For instance, the issues of the Fiqh of revival and long-term revival projects are complex and overlapping matters that are only grasped by the one who understands the Book of Allah and the Sunnah of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and who is well-versed with the Fiqh of the Rightly Guided Caliphs that is preserved from our righteous predecessors, (May Allah be pleased with them).

Such a person knows his own features and characteristics, the reasons of his existence, the reasons of his end [death], and he benefits from Islamic history and the experiences of revival. As a result, he will surely realize that this Muslim nation has never lost its preeminence while being loyal to Allah and His Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and he knows that military defeats will come and go, but cultural defeats are a fatal injury. Indeed, sound culture is what formulates the Muslim person, the Muslim family, the Muslim society and the Muslim state on strong principles, like the Book of Allah, the Sunnah of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) the guidance of the Rightly Guided Caliphs and whoever treads their path. It is a testimony to the genius of the founders of a true civilization that the Islamic edifice is preserved until today, after being protected and enabled by Allah in the first place.

Therefore, we are obliged to work for this religion, and our happiness does not lie in collecting the immediate fruits of our endeavors, but it lies in the feeling of being helped by Allah and hoping for His Pleasure.

In my study of the reign of the Rightly Guided Caliphate, I have tried to choose my words and formulate sentences in a manner that depicts the reign of the Rightly Guided Caliphate through authentic narrations so that the upcoming generations of Muslims will benefit from this era of vast knowledge and accurate Fiqh, and the comprehensive understanding of Islam. Hence, I pray that Allah will bless this effort and make those Daa’iyahs (callers to Islam), whose names we do not know, benefit from it. History will surely record their traces and they will rescue the Islamic world from faltering and missteps. They are the sincere, God-fearing and knowledgeable people who knew the truth and experienced the joy of supporting it, and they stood by the truth despite the vulnerability of their situation and the lack of supporters.

Allah helped them because they were truthful and sincere and they followed the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). Verily, they are the scholars and students of knowledge, the ink of whose pen is weighed against the blood of martyrs, and they are the tradesmen who stood behind the convoy of Da’wah with their money and wealth and their own selves while their tongue uttered the Saying of Allah (which means):

"We wish not from you reward or gratitude. Indeed, We fear from our Lord a Day hard and distressful that will make the faces look horrible (from extreme dislike to it.)" [Al-Insan, 76:9, 10]

They are the unknown soldiers in this worldly life, but tomorrow (i.e. in the Hereafter) they will be like lofty banners in Paradise.

Time after time, strong storms blow forcefully attempting to eradicate our Islam, our religion and our creed from its roots. The enemies of Islam from among the Christians, Jews, the secularists, the secret groups and innovators, who slander and disrespect our leaders and great personalities in the field of knowledge, literature and politics, strive against us and want to forge our history because if we become a nation without history, we will not be a righteous nation. What is the value of a nation without (brave) men? What is the value of a religion that did not raise (brave) men over the centuries? Therefore, we must seek inspiration from the lessons in our history in order to see what disgraces our enemies and thwarts their plots, and what helps us in pursuing our message and supporting our civilization.

Humanity is stumbling in the dark at this gloomy moment of history because of being distant from the methodology of Allah, and the remedy for this lies with the Muslims, so will they be just and save others?

A poet said:

Among the most amazing matters is when a beloved person is near while it is impossible to reach him,

Like the camels in the desert dying of thirst while the water is carried on its back.

Therefore, is there any [who would] return to Islam, a return that purifies the inner self, rectifies morals and links us to the Qur'an, and makes us feel honored because of being associated with Prophet Muhammad (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and his religion? Indeed, it is imperative to act according to his call and the Sunnah of his Rightly Guided Caliphs, Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, ‘Uthmaan and ‘Ali, and all other Companions, (May Allah be pleased with them). In doing so, we will have come a full circle in supporting the Message of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) which encompasses all of time.

Before speaking about the references and resource books I have consulted, I should first acknowledge that I would not have been able to undertake this effort, if it were not for the Help of Allah in the first place, and then the efforts of the scholars of Ahlus-Sunnah and the students of knowledge who followed their methodology. Therefore, I confess that I benefited from the scientific theses that were printed but not yet published, from a point of view of both the material and the methodology, and the rulings on (Prophetic) narrations, while going back to modern and historical resources and other resources, and I tried to develop and benefit from the efforts of others when editing.

I will particularly mention Dr. Akram Dhiyaa’ Al-’Umri who supervised and discussed many such theses in this field because I benefited from his books, like the book of As-Seerah An-Nabawiyyah As-Saheehah (the Authentic Biography of the Prophet), and ‘Asr Al-Khilaafah Ar-Raashidah (the Era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs). I also benefited from the theses he supervised, like the thesis of Dr. Yahya Al-Yahya ‘’Al-Khilaafah Ar-Raashidah wad-Dawlah Al-Umawiyyah min Fath Al-Baari jam’an wa tawtheeqah’; the thesis of Abdulazeez Al-Muqbil about the caliphate of Abu Bakr, (May Allah be pleased with them) based on the books of Sunnah and history, a critical study of the narrations with the exception of the wars of apostasy; and the thesis of Dr. Abdul-Azeez Ibn Muhammad Al-Fareeh in examining the book entitled ‘’Mahdh As-Sawaab fi Fadhaa’il Ameer Al-Mu’mineen ‘Umar Ibn Al-Khattaab’’ written by Yoosuf Ibn Al-Hasan Ibn ‘Abdul-Haadi Ad-Dimashqi As-Saalihi Al-Hanbali.

Besides, the thesis of Dr. Muhammad ‘Abdullaah Al-Ghabbaan about the tribulation of the assassination of ‘Uthmaan Ibn ‘Affaan; the thesis of ‘Abudul-Hameed ‘Ali Naasir about the Caliphate of ‘Ali Ibn Abi Taalib (May Allah be pleased with him) and other university theses supervised by other lecturers, like the thesis of Dr. Muhammad Amhazoon about determining the position of the Companions on the tribulation from the narrations of At-Tabari and other scholars of Hadeeth (Prophetic narrations), and the thesis of Salmaan Al’oodah about ‘Abdullaah Ibn Saba’ and his role and influence in the tribulations at the beginning of Islam, were all of benefit to me.

I also benefited from the thesis of the lecturer Asmaa’ Muhammad Ahmad Ziyaadah about the political role of women during the reign of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and the reign of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, and other university theses. Therefore, this effort was completed due to the Grace of Allah and then thanks to my lecturers and brothers who paved the way for me. I supplicate Allah for them in their absence so that He accepts their efforts and adds them to the scale of their good deeds on the Day when neither wealth nor children will benefit anyone except he who comes to Allah with a sound heart.

As regards the reference books upon which I relied in this study about the reign of the Rightly Guided Caliphate (i.e., the Caliph ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him)), they are as follows:

The Books of Hadeeth (Prophetic narrations): I started with the books of Sunnah, Al-Bukhaari and Muslim, Sunan Abu Daawood and At-Tirmithi, An-Nasaa’i, Ibn Maajah, Muwatta’ Maalik and Musnad Ahmad. Thus, I did my best to extract the historic texts related to the reign of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, then I gathered a section on History from the Musannaf of Abdur-Razaaq and Ibn Abu Shaybah, and the Mustadrak of Al-Haakim, and the Sunan Al-Kubraa of Al-Bayhaqi, and the Sunan of Sa’eed Ibn Mansoor, and the Musnad of Al-Humaydi, and At-Tayaalissi, and the Mujama’ Az-Zawaa’id wa kashf As-Sittaar ‘an zawaa’id Al-Bazzaar, and Mawaarid Adh-Dham’aan ila Zawaa’id Ibn Hibbaan, and I also relied on the Al-Mu’jam Al-Kabeer of At-Tabaraani, and the Sunan of Ad-Daaraqutni. I also benefited from the efforts of the scholars who determine the level of authenticity of Prophetic narrations that I have previously mentioned.

Books of the interpretations of Hadeeth: The most important of which are Fath Al-Baari authored by Ibn Hajar, and Sharh An-Nawawi ‘Ala Saheeh Muslim. These two books have important sections containing the comments of Ibn Hajar and An-Nawawi on events of historical importance and were very beneficial.

The Books of Tafseer: The most important of which are Tafseer At-Tabari, Tafseer Al-Qurtubi, and Tafseer Ibn Katheer. I was more concerned about their comments than about the Prophetic narrations that they related, because most of them (the narrations) were reported in the books of Hadeeth (Prophetic narrations) and history.

The Books of Creed: The most important of which are Minhaaj As-Sunnah An-Nabawiyyah, authored by Ibn Taymiyyah, and I greatly benefited from it; Sharh At-Tahaawiyyah, Al-Ibaanah fi usooli Ad-Diyaanah, Al-I’tiqaad authored by Al-Bayhaqi, Ash-Sharee’ah authored by Al-Aajiri, and other books of creed. I quoted from them the statements of the Salaf (righteous predecessors) on the Rightly Guided Caliphs, and from the book Makaanat As-Sahaabah, (May Allah be pleased with them).

The Books of Fiqh: The most important of which are Al-Mughni authored by Ibn Qudaamah, and Al-Majmoo’ authored by An-Nawawi, Bidaayatul Mujtahid, by Ibn Rushd, and other books of Fiqh, as I benefited from them in Fiqh and judicial matters on which the Rightly Guided Caliphs made Ijtihaad.

The Books of Literature: I extracted from them some Verses (lines of poetry) that were attributed to the Rightly Guided Caliphs or those upon which they acted or listened to, because the books of literature do not contain Asaaneed (plural of Sanad, i.e., the chain of narrators), so there are weak and authentic ones. Hence, I chose the Verses that correspond to the Book of Allah and the Sunnah of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and to the morals of that unique generation. The most important of these books are: ‘Uyoon Al-Akhbaar by Ibn Taymiyyah, and Al-Adab Al-Islaami fi ‘ahd An-Nubuwwah, by Naayif Ma’roof.

The Books of Asceticism: I extracted from them the statements of the Rightly Guided Caliphs in this field. The most important of these books are: ‘Iddatu As-Saabireen wa Thakheeratu Ash-Shaakireen, and Madaarij As-Saalikeen, both authored by Ibn Al-Qayyim, and Mukhtasar Minhaaj Al-Qaasideen, by Ahmad Ibn ‘Abdur-Rahmaan Al-Maqdisi, and other books.

The Books of Sects and Doctrines: The most important of these books are: Al-Fasl fi Al-Mil wal-Ahwaa’ wan-Nahl, by Abu Muhammad Ibn Hazm Adh-Dhaahiri, and Usool Madh-hab Ash-Shee’ah Al-Imaamiyyah Al-Ithna ‘Ashariyah, by Naasir Al-Qafaari,Ph.D.

The Books about the ruling systems: The most important of these books are: Nidhaam Al-Hukoomah Al-Islaamiyyah, by Al-Kataani, and this book is called At-Taraateeb Al-Iddaariyyah, and Nidhaam Al-Hukm fi Ash-Sharee’ah wat-Taareekh Al-Islaami, by Dhaafir Al-Qaasimi.

Biographical books: The most important of these books are: Siyar A’laam An-Nubalaa’, by Ath-Thahabi, and Shadharaat Ath-Thahab Fi Akhbaar Man Thahab, by ‘Abdul Hayy Al-Hanbali, and Usd Al-Ghaabah, by Ibn Atheer, and Siyar As-Salaf by Abu Qaasim Al-Asfahaani.

Books on Jarh and Ta’deel: The most important of which are: Tahdheeb Al-Kamaal fi Asmaai Ar-Rijaal, by Al-Haafidh Al- Muzi, Al-Jarh wat-Ta’deel, by Ibn Abu Haatim, At-Thuqaat, by Ibn Hibbaan, and Al-Kaamil fi Dhu’afaa’ Ar-Rijaal, by Ibn ‘Udday.

History Books: The most important of which are: Taareekh at-Tabari, and this book relates the authentic, weak [unauthentic] and fabricated narrations with their chain of narrators, and the texts that relate to the creed, religious rulings and the incidents that are related to the Companions, because the narrations have

to be subjected to Jarh and Ta’deel, and I clarified the narrations of the Rafidhah Shiites, the liars and ignorant people. I particularly benefitted in this matter from the book about the martyrdom of ‘Uthmaan and the Battle of the Camel, in the narrations by Sayf Ibn ‘Umar, in the book of Taareekh at-Tabari, by Khaalid Al-Ghayth, and the narrations by Abu Makhnaf in Taareekh at-Tabari, by Yahya Ibraaheem Yahya, Ph.D. and the effect of Tashayu’ on the historical narrations by ‘Abdul-Azeez Noor Wali, Ph.D. The most important of these books are: Al-Bidaayah Wan-Nihaayah, by Ibn Katheer, and other history books.

Therefore, the above books are the most important books that I consulted from among various other modern books.

It should be mentioned that I was very strict in authenticating the narrations and when giving a ruling on it in matters that relate to belief, rulings and the Companions, (May Allah be pleased with them) I only reported the statements of the scholars who are specialized in this knowledge.

Thus, this effort was completed first by the Grace of Allah, and then thanks to them, and I endeavoured to give an image of the historical incidents from the authentic narrations to which I gave priority, then I considered the Hasan (sound narrations). However, I did not neglect the weak narrations, as I benefited from them in completing the picture that is not completed by the authentic and sound narrations in harmony with the spirit of that era, provided that this did not pertain to matters of the creed or legislation. I debated the misconceptions and lies of the Raafidhah, the Orientalists and some contemporary writers, while discussing the methodology of Ahlus-Sunnah in matters related to the Rightly Guided Caliphate and I responded to those misconceptions, especially during the reign of ‘Uthmaan and ‘Ali, (May Allah be pleased with them).

Many ideas were developed recently from some dear brothers on studying the reign of the Rightly Guided Caliphates and I am determined to develop them in conformity with that bright era, may Allah enable me to this effect.

In addition to this, I reserved a special study on the fifth Rightly Guided Caliph, Al-Hasan Ibn ‘Ali Ibn Abi Taalib, because of the importance of his Ijtihaad on the Fiqh of As-Siyaasah Ash-Shar’iyyah (administrative and regulative policies in the Sharee’ah) and the Fiqh of advantages and disadvantages, and his reformative vision that led him to renounce the Caliphate for Mu’aawiyah (May Allah be pleased with him).

I mentioned the calamities and hurdles to which he was subjected when he undertook steps to execute that vision, and aspects of his unique personality that enabled him to initiate a reformative project and gave him the determination to execute it, in order to foster the unity of the nation. In doing so, he realized the Prophecy of Muhammad (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) as he had said: ‘‘This son of mine is a Sayyid (i.e. master) and Allah may reconcile between two groups of Muslims thanks to him.’’

Indeed, with Al-Hasan Ibn ‘Ali renouncing the Caliphate and pledging allegiance to Mu’aawiyah, (May Allah be pleased with them), the period of the Caliphate of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) ended, which was thirty years. The evidence about this is that the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: ‘’The Caliphate in the footsteps of the Prophets will last thirty years; then Allah will give the Kingdom or His Kingdom to anyone He wills.’’ The Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) also said: “The period of caliphate in my nation will be 30 years, then it will be a kingdom.” Ibn Katheer,, commented on this narration saying: ‘‘Thirty years were completed by the Caliphate of Al-Hasan Ibn ‘Ali, indeed he renounced the Caliphate to Mu’aawiyah in Rabee’ Al-Awal of the year 41 A.H., and this is complete thirty years after the death of the Prophet, (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), as he died in Rabee’ Al-Awwal of the year 11 A.H. and this is one of the evidence of

the Prophecy of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him).’’ (Note 21) Therefore, Al-Hasan Ibn ‘Ali was the fifth Rightly Guided Caliph.

Allah Willing, there will be very important conclusions in the book on Al-Hasan Ibn ‘Ali with regard to the study of the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphate, such as its signs and characteristics, the reasons why it ended, the system of its rule, and the characteristics of its generation, leaders and constitution, controlling the crisis during it, deducing the laws and Sunan (plural of Sunnah) of revival, the status of the woman during the Rightly Guided Caliphate, the state institutions, and the Fiqh of returning to Allah during that generation.

Furthermore, I elaborated different aspects of the personality of the Leader of the Believers, ‘Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) because his life is a shining page in the history of the (Muslim) nation and he was among the Imaams whose guidance is followed by the people, and his statements and actions have an impact even today. Therefore, his biography is one of the strongest sources of boosting faith, promoting correct Islamic affection, and correct understanding of this religion. So, we learn from his Fiqh in dealing with the Sunan (plural of Sunnah) and how he guided towards them in the best possible manner. We learn how to live with the Qur'an and follow its guidance and the example of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) the importance of fearing Allah and being sincere to Him and wishing to achieve what Allah has ordained for our success in both this worldly life and the Heareafter, and its implications in the life of the Islamic nation, its revival and fulfilling its desired civilizational role. It is for this reason that I exerted my best efforts in studying his personality and his era according to my ability. I do not claim to be infallible or that I do not commit mistakes; I am only seeking the Pleasure and reward of Allah [and did this only for His Sake], and I ask Him to help me achieve this and benefit from it, as He has the Most Beautiful Names and He responds to the supplication of the one who calls upon Him.

I finished writing this book on Saturday 17 Rabee’ Al-Aakhir 1424 A.H.; 7 June 2003, at 12:55 pm.

First, I reiterate that it was by the Grace of Allah that I completed this work, and I ask Him by His Beautiful Names and Attributes to make my work sincerely for Him and beneficial to His Slaves. I ask Him to reward me for every letter that I have written and put it on the scale of my good deeds, and ask Him to reward the brothers who helped me with all their efforts in order to complete this humble effort. I expect every Muslim who reads this book to supplicate to Allah to forgive me, have mercy upon me and be pleased with me. Allah Says (what means):

"My Lord, enable me to be grateful for Your Favor which You have bestowed upon me and upon my parents and to do righteousness of which You approve. And admit me by Your Mercy into [the ranks of]

Your righteous Servants.” [Al-Namal, 27:19]

Allah (SWT) also says (what means):

"Whatever Allah grants to people of mercy — none can withhold it; and whatever He withholds — none can release it thereafter. And He is the Exalted in Might, the Wise." [Fatir, 35:2]

Finally, may Allah exalt the mention of our Prophet Muhammad (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), his family and his Companions, (May Allah be pleased with them).

Exalted are You, O Allah, and all praise be to You, I bear witness that None has the right to be worshipped except You, I seek Your Forgiveness and I repent to You. And the last of our supplication is: all perfect Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds!

Written by the one who seeks the forgiveness,

Mercy and Pleasure of Allah (SWT),

‘Ali Muhammad As-Sallabi.

SECTION I: 'Ali Bin Abi Taalib’ (May Allah be pleased with him) at Makkah

His name, pedigree, nickname, description and family

His name, nickname and agnomen His name and pedigree:

is 'Ali Bin Abi Taalib (Abd Manaf) Ibn Abdul Muttalib, who was known as Shaybah Al-Hamd Bin Haashim Ibn Abd Manaaf Bin Qusay Ibn Kilaab Bin Lu’ay Bin Ghaalib Bin Fihr Bin Maalik Bin An-Nadhr Bin Kinaanah Bin Khuzaymah Bin Mudrikah Bin Ilyaas Bin Mudar Bin Nizaar Bin Ma’ad Bin Adnaan. He was a cousin of Allah’s Messenger (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and his lineage meets the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) at his grandfather, Abdul Muttalib Bin Haashim. His father was Abu Taalib, the full brother of Abdullaah, the Prophet’s father. At his birth, Ali’s mother named him Asad (lion) after her own father, Asad Bin Haashim. This is indicated in his poem on the Day of Khaibar when he said:

I am the one whom my mother named Haydarah (another name for lion),

I am like a lion in the jungle whose look is ferocious.

Abu Taalib was not present at the time of Ali’s birth, but when he returned, he did not like this name and he renamed him Ali.

His nickname:

Abul Hasan, in reference to his eldest son, Al-Hasan who was one of the children from Fatimah, the daughter of Allah’s Messenger (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). He was also nicknamed Abu Turaab which was an appellation given to him by the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). He liked to be called by that name and the reason for this was that the Messenger of Allah (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) once came to the home of Fatimah, (May Allah be pleased with her), and did not find 'Ali at home and he asked: “Where is your cousin?”

She said: “There was a misunderstanding between us and he became angry with me and refused to have his siesta here.” Allah’s Messenger (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said to someone: “Find out where he is.” The man came back and informed him: “O Allah’s Messenger, he is in the mosque.” The Messenger of Allah (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) went and found him reclining while his upper body cover had fallen off to one side, and he was covered with dust. Allah’s Messenger (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) started cleaning the dust from him, saying, “Get up, O Abu Turaab!” This narration is recorded in the version of Al-Bukhari: No one gave him this name except the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him).

His nicknames also include:

Abul Husain, Abu Qaasim Al-Haashimee and Abu As-Sibtain (i.e. Hasan and Husain).

His agnomen also includes:

Commander of the Faithful, the fourth of the Rightly Guided Caliphs.

His birth:

A number of narrations have been reported giving different years of his birth. Al-Hasan Al-Basri mentioned that he was born fifteen or sixteen years before the prophethood (of Muhammad (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)). Ibn Ishaq mentioned that his birth occurred ten years before Prophethood and Ibn Hajar adjudged this opinion to be more authentic.

Al-Baaqir Muhammad Bin 'Ali mentioned two opinions: The first is similar to that of Ibn Ishaq which Ibn Hajar considered more correct and that is that he was born ten years before Prophethood. The second opinion puts his birth at five years before prophethood. I am inclined towards the opinion of Ibn Hajar and Ibn Ishaq. Thus, effectively, his birth occurred ten years before the Prophethood. Al-Faakihee also mentioned that 'Ali was the first child of Banu Haashim to be born within the precinct of the Ka’bah. Al-Haakim said: Concurrent reports have been narrated that 'Ali was born within the precinct of the Ka’bah.

Family background and its influence on progeny:

Human anatomy, (i.e. knowledge of the physical and physiological composition of the body), psychology, human behavior and sociology all indicate that in most cases, the family bloodline and heredity influence the personalities of successive generations in terms of their talents and special abilities up to a particular point. This occurs in three ways:

The values and ideals imparted by the forefathers of the family, which they strongly believe in and safeguard, and which they consider noble and praiseworthy. The one who contravenes, contradicts and deviates from them is regarded as errant and blameworthy among the children of the family and such a violation of shared family values is regarded as a shortcoming arising from lack of determination and chivalry. It is considered a form of being undutiful to one’s forefathers and an affront to them, which is inexcusable according to the code of the traditional family.

The narratives of the forefathers and prominent members of the family (about their exploits) in heroism, youthful zeal, chivalry, gallantry, sense of honour, self-esteem, munificence, liberality and advocacy for the oppressed and the weak which are transmitted across generations. The family members pride themselves on these narratives from youth to middle-age and old age, and they influence the mental and emotional mindset of younger members, and determine the standard of chivalry, dutifulness to elders and justify the family’s reputation and ancestry.

The hereditary influence on the family members helps to maintain its lineage and pedigree and this is corroborated by the knowledge of genealogy. However, this is not an absolutely truth or a hard and fast rule tolerating no exception or aberration like the immutable Sunnah (tradition) of Allah about which Allah says (what means):

“So no change will you find in Allah’s Sunnah (way of dealing), and no turning off will you find in Allah’s Sunnah (way of dealing).” (Fatir 35:43)

The Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) also alluded to this in his statement: “People are like precious metals of gold and silver, the best of them in Jahiliyah (pre-Islamic period of ignorance) is the best of them in Islam if he acquires understanding (of the religion).” He also said: “Whoever is slackened by his deeds will not be hastened by his lineage.”

Acknowledging this does not constitute the sanctification of unbroken bloodlines in order to reserve religious, spiritual and knowledge-based leadership in a particular family, which in turn permanently appropriates the leadership of a society religiously, spiritually and knowledge-wise. This is what the ancient world suffered from – before the advent of Islam – of societal corruption, violent ethnicity, hideous despotism, and horrifying materialistic exploitation which has filled the history books and testimonies of chroniclers of Roman and Sasanid imperialism, Greek and Hindu societies as well as others from the Jahiliyah.

Thus, it behooves us to point out the ethnic and social status of the family and lineage into which 'Ali Bin Abi Taalib was born and raised, and the psychological and behavioural legacies, traditions, customs and values with which they are distinguished and how the Arabs used to perceive them and what they affirmed for them of precedence.

We will commence with the Quraish, then the Banu Hashim:

The Tribe of the Quraish:

All the Arabs unanimously acknowledge the superiority of pedigree, supremacy, purity of language, clarity of elucidation, nobility of character, bravery and magnanimity of the Quraish. These facts, according to them, are indubitable and incontrovertible. They were coalescent allies keeping many of the laws of Ibraahim, Al-Khalil (the Friend of Allah). They were unlike the other Arab tribes who were bereft of religion and were not adorned with good character.

The Quraish loved their children and they used to perform pilgrimage to the House and carry out rites (of Hajj). They used to shroud their dead and take a bath after sexual defilement. They used to disavow Al-Haraabidhah (keeping the fire of the Magians) and they used to eschew marrying their own daughters, granddaughters, sisters and nieces owing to their sense of honor, and they were far removed from the behavior of the Magians. The Qur’an was revealed affirming some of their actions and good practices. They used to marry women by paying dowry and in the presence of witnesses and similarly, they used to divorce [by uttering the statement] thrice.

What increased their nobility is that they used to marry from whichever tribes they chose to without any frivolous preconditions concerning the marriage. Perhaps the only condition that guided their choice of whom to marry was that the person be devoted to their religion. They believed that it was impermissible and below their dignity and nobility for them to do otherwise so that they might not be subservient to them and be led.

Banu Haashim:

Banu Haashim were the doyens of the Quraish. If we read the stories and statements preserved about them in the books of history and biography– a few of very numerous ones – we will be convinced of the noble human precepts with which these people were distinguished. Their qualities included temperance in all things, sapience of intellect and strength of faith in all that was connected to the House and its status in the Sight of Allah. Their other noteworthy qualities included avoidance of oppression, amplification of the truth, loftiness of purpose, compassion for the guest and the oppressed, their generosity, bravery and all the noble and praiseworthy meanings subsumed in the meaning of knighthood among the Arabs.

The biography of the ancestors of the Messenger concurred with what is commended in people of noble character, with the exception that they lived during the intervening period (between the two periods of prophethood). Thus, their progeny indulged in the beliefs of Jaahiliyah and its acts of worship.The Banu Haashim did not attain this status except through sacrifice, generosity and service to the people.

Abdul Muttalib Bin Haashim,

The grandfather of Allah’s Messenger (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and 'Ali Bin Abi Taalib: Abdul Muttallib was charged with supplying water and provisions (for the pilgrims) after his uncle Al-Muttalib. He discharged both responsibilities to the people. He undertook on behalf of his people what his forefathers used to undertake before him. He attained such distinction among his people as was never attained by any of his forefathers. Thus, his people loved him and held him in high esteem amongst themselves.

Abdul Muttalib was not the richest of the Quraish, nor was he the chief of Makkah who was exclusively obeyed like Qusayy, for there were men who were better than him in wealth and authority in Makkah. Nevertheless, he was the most prominent personality of his people because he was charged with undertaking the provision of water and food (to the pilgrims) as well as managing the well of Zamzam. His was a distinction closely connected to the House.

Abdul Muttalib had an unequivocal faith that the House (Ka’bah) commands a grand status in the sight of Allah and that it is Allah’s sacred precinct and His Sanctuary.

The lofty mindset of the leader of the Quraish as well as his towering personality is evident in the conversation that occurred between him and Abrahah, the king of Abyssinia, who had invaded Makkah intending to demean the House and exterminate its reverence. His forces captured one hundred camels belonging to Abdul Muttalib and he sought audience with Abrahah. Abrahah was awestruck upon seeing him and descended from his throne, and sat him by his side.When he asked him whether he needed anything, Abdul Muttalib said: “My need is that you restore to me the ownership of the hundred camels which have been captured from me.”

When he said those words (to the king) he (the king) withdrew from him and his perception of Abdul Muttalib crumbled. He said: “Do you speak to me about a hundred camels which were taken from you while you abandon the House which is (the symbol of) your religion and the religion of your ancestors which I have come to demolish and you are not talking to me concerning that?” Abdul Muttalib said: “I am the lord (owner) of the camels and the House has a Lord Who shall protect it.” The king said exasperatedly: “It cannot be protected from me!” Abdul Muttalib said: “There it is for you.”

Abdul Muttalib’s words came to pass, for the Lord of the House protected His House and He frustrated the plot of Abrahah. Allah says (what means):

“And sent against them birds, in flocks, striking them with stones of Sijjil. And made them like an empty field of stalks (of which the corn has been eaten up by cattle.” (Al-Fil 105: 3-5)