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The birds of Tarquinia Salinas: regional and local determining factors. E.Lanzuisi 1 , M.Biondi 2 , J.Cecere 3 , G.Nascetti 1 & G.Tallone 3 1 DECOS Department, Tuscia University, Viterbo 2 GAROL, Rome 3 LIPU, Parma Corresponding Author: Elisa Lanzuisi, [email protected]. Study goals. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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(working hypotesis)
The birds of Tarquinia Salinas: regional and local determining factors
E.Lanzuisi1, M.Biondi2, J.Cecere3, G.Nascetti1 & G.Tallone3
1 DECOS Department, Tuscia University, Viterbo2 GAROL, Rome3 LIPU, Parma
Corresponding Author: Elisa Lanzuisi, [email protected]
Study goals1. Description of the Salina’s bird fauna2. Analisis of temporal dynamics (year-
round cycle)3. Historical trends4. Local environmental factors -
possible correlations with species presence
5. Definition of management prescriptions for the site
Tarquinia Salinas
•State Reserve from 1982•Salt production ended in 1997
Description of the Salina’s bird fauna
Historical data analysis (bibliography and non-published data)Check-list of species recorded in the siteQuantitative description of the bird species during year-round cicle (migratory, overwintering and nesting species)
MethodsField surveys and complete count of waterbirds only, counts every 10-15 days [December 2004-April 2006] for the year-round cycleFrequent winter counts (october-march), every 15 days [2006-07 and 2007-08 winters]Midwinter counts data (INFS-IWC) from 1982 to 2008 – mid January countsData for the winter 1975-6 published by Allavena (1977)
Main determinants at regional scale
(working hypotesis)
Year round biological spatial dynamics (migration, overwintering) at continental scale (Europe, Mediterranean)Wheather (Temperature, rainfall, …) Sub-continental factors (“island effect”: wider site, larger numers)
Main determinants at local scale (working hypotesis)
Hyperaline “extreme” environmentConspicuous gradient in salinity (from N to S)Oxigen, pHWater level Water inputs: salt water from the sea, rain, floodings during stormfallsTrophic availabilityDistrurbance (humans inside, planes, predation, fast water level modifications)
(working hypotesis)
1.Description of the Salina’s bird fauna
(nesting species)
Nesting species (shorebirds)Stilt – Cavaliere d’Italia (Himantopus himantopus): irregular breeding (not in the study period)Kentish plover - Fratino (Charadrius alexandrinus): irregular breeding (not in the study period)Little Ringed Plover - Corriere piccolo (Charadrius dubius): irregular breeding (not in the study period)Redshank - Pettegola (Tringa totanus): possible breeding in the pastAvoset – Avocetta (Recurvirostra avocetta): attempt to breed in 2007
Nesting species (waterbirds)
Shelduck - Volpoca (Tadorna tadorna): one or two pairs, regular breedingEgret - Garzetta (Egretta garzetta): nesting in a site nearly the reserve with 20-30 pairsAirone Guardabouoi (Bubulcus ibis): first nesting in 2008;Bee-eater - Gruccione (Merops apiaster): nesting attempts in 2005 (aborted for disturbance), nesting of a colony in 2006-7-8
Why so small success in nesting?
Small area, low idoneityDisturbance from water level fast variationDisturbance from predators (Gulls, dogs, rats, …)Direct disturbance (humans inside for management works, researchers, … example: Merops apiaster colony attempt to breed)
(working hypotesis)
2. Analisis of temporal dynamics
(year-round cycle)
Results: Year-round cycle
Strong stagionality, typical in Mediterranean wetlands, and especially in salinasLow number of breeding speciesMaximum numbers in winter (December-January)
Species richness (S) – for count
Species richness (S) – monthly average
Abundance (N) – monthly average
Abundance (N) – monthly average
•Different species•Terns•Gulls•Shorebirds•Gruiformes•Anseriformes•Greater Flamingo and Spoonbill•Herons, Egrets and Cormorants•Grebes
(working hypotesis)
3.Historical trends
Results: Historical trends(Overwintering birds)
Long historical series – IWC Counts (from 1982)Recent data during study (2004-2008)Species richness and abundanceGeneral trend: increasing in numbers
Trend: increasing(For 1982-2008 seriesR=0,643; F=16,921; p=0,0004)
N. max=2.742
Abundance (N) – IWC Counts (January)
•Different species•Terns•Gulls•Shorebirds•Gruiformes•Anseriformes•Greater Flamingo and Spoonbill•Herons, Egrets and Cormorants•Grebes
NB 1992 lack of data
Why an increasing?
Local factors: area legal protection from 1980, fence around the site from the ’80, more patrolling since half of ’90Regional factors: increasing in numbers after new hunting regulation in 1992
Carring capacity reached?
Site is quite smallSome other large site in the sorrounding Tyrrenian coastal area (Burano, Orbetello)
A size-number effect?Tyrrenian wetland Area
Overwintering birds 2004
(IWC Counts, January)
Lago e Palude di Massaciuccoli 1907 1666
Diaccia Botrona, La Trappola e altre zone umide grossetane
2048 26381
Laguna di Orbetello e Lago di Burano4179 20871
Saline di Tarquinia 149 2742
Macchiatonda 25 571
Litorale Romano 103 5296
Laghi Pontini 2200 20962
Lago di Fondi 702 1066
A size-number effect?
R=0,72752078; R²= ,52928648; F(1,6 DoF)=6,7466; p<0,04080
Tarquinia
(working hypotesis)
4.Local environmental factors
(possible correlations with species presence)
Greater Flamingo - Fenicottero (Phoenicopterus ruber)
-Filtratore iperspecialista hypersaline environments
-General trend to increasing (R= ,72104457; R²=0,51990527; F con 1 e 25 gdl=27,073; p<,00002)
Common Teal - Alzavola (Anas crecca)
- Mostly herbivorous
- General trend to increasing R= 0,393; R²= 0,154; F con 1 e 25 DoF=4,5814; p<,04226)
Wigeon – Fischione (Anas penelope)
- Mostly herbivorous
- A general trend for the whole period doesn’t exist, but since 1987 a decreasing statistically signifiant is present (R= 0,607; R²= 0,369; F (1,20 DoF)=11,701; p<,00271)
Coot – Folaga(Fulica atra)
- Mostly herbivorous
- Constant, a peak in 2000, without any signifiant trend
Dunlin - Piovanello pancianera (Calidris alpina)
- Feeding on invertebrates in mud
- Trend to increasing presence (R= 0,39353967; R²=0,15487347; F (1, 25 DoF)=4,5814; p<,04226)
“Anatre” guild distribution
Concentred in ponds inthe north of the salinas,with sea-like salinity anddeep water column
“Erbivori” guild distribution
Concentred in ponds inthe north of the salinas,with sea-like salinity anddeep water column
“Filtratori” guild distribution
Distributed in near allponds, with differentsalinity anddeep water column
“Gabbiani” guild distribution
Distributed in near allponds, with differentsalinity anddeep water column, but concentrated insouthern ponds
“Limicoli” guild distribution
Distributed in near allponds, with differentsalinity anddeep water column, but concentrated incentral andsouthern ponds
Possible local determinants
SalinityWater column deepOxigenpHBiomass (plancton, benthos)
First evidences
Guild "Vasca" Var. "Water column deep" Var.
Anatre - Ducks F=14,86; p>0,00001 n.s.
Erbivori - Vegetarian F=25,88; p>0,00001 n.s.
Filtratori - Filter feeders F=13,542; p>0,00001 n.s.
Gabbiani - Gulls F=4,14; p>0,000067 n.s.
Limicoli - Shorebirds F=3,926; p>0,0001 F=2,6; p=0,0256
Piscivori - Fish eaters F=19,27; p>0,00001 F=4,39; p=0,0008
Greater Flamingoes with markers
DATA CODICE COLORE ANELLO
VERSOLETTURA
TARSO NOTE
9.1.2005 IDJC Blu ?/Scritta bianca
28.7.2005 FLTP Bianco Dx Anello metallico su zampa sx
13.10.2005 FSHA Chiaro Dx Anello metallico piccolo su zampa sx
13.10.2005 MPDT Sx
18.11.2005 ITO Scuro/scritta chiara Sx Anello metallico su zampa dx
1.2.2006 FHXJ Bianco Dx
1.2.2006 FVAM Giallo Dx
1.2.2006 FSHA Giallo chiaro Dx
1.2.2006 FSBB Giallo chiaro
1.2.2006 MLHD Giallo
1.2.2006 1 | JTF Giallo Dx Barra dopo prima cifra
1.2.2006 IFLZ Verde/Scritta chiara Dx
(working hypotesis)
5.Definition of management prescriptions
for the site
Management prescriptions
Water level management for shorebirdsMantaining salinity gradientAvoiding disturbance (hides, access, …)Creating islands for bird nestingDeveloping birdwatchingMantaining patrolling