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The brain stem midbrain 中脑 pons 脑桥 medulla oblongata 延髓 Bulbopontine sulcus 延髓脑桥沟
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The brain stemThe brain stem
脑 干
The brain stemThe brain stem
midbrain midbrain 中脑中脑 pons pons 脑桥脑桥 medulla oblongata medulla oblongata 延髓延髓
Bulbopontine sulcus 延髓脑桥沟
ventral surfaceventral surface of the brain stemof the brain stem
PyramidPyramid 锥体锥体 : contain pyramidal tract : contain pyramidal tract (corticospinal tract) (corticospinal tract)
Decussation of pyramidDecussation of pyramid 锥体交叉锥体交叉 formed by crossing fibers of corticospinaformed by crossing fibers of corticospina
l tractl tract
emerge from retroolivary sulcus橄榄后沟
Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata
hypoglossal nerve 舌下神经 emerge from anterolateral sulcus Glossopharyngeal n. vagus n. accessory n.
Olive 橄榄 : overlying inferior
olivary nucleus 下橄榄核
Basilar partBasilar part 基底部基底部 Basilar sulcusBasilar sulcus 基底沟基底沟
ventral surfaceventral surface of the brain stemof the brain stem
PonsPons
Bulbopontine sulcus 延髓脑桥沟 : from medial to lateral,
abducent, n 展神经 facial n. vestibulocochlear n. 前庭蜗神经
ventral surfaceventral surface of the brain stemof the brain stem
PonsPons
Middle cerebellar peduncle 小脑中脚 Trigeminal nerve 三叉神经 Pontocerebellar trigone 脑桥小脑三角 :
the junction of medulla, pons and cerebellum
Crus cerebri Crus cerebri 大脑脚底大脑脚底Interpeduncular fossaInterpeduncular fossa 脚间窝 脚间窝 oculomotor nerves oculomotor nerves 动眼神经动眼神经 emerge from medial of crus cerebriemerge from medial of crus cerebri
ventral surfaceventral surface of the brain stemof the brain stem
MidbrainMidbrain
Posterior perforated substance 后穿质
Gracile tubercle Gracile tubercle 薄束结节薄束结节 :: overlying gracile nucleusoverlying gracile nucleus
Cuneate tubercle Cuneate tubercle 楔束结节楔束结节 :: overlying cuneate nucleus overlying cuneate nucleus
Inferior cerebellar peduncle Inferior cerebellar peduncle 小脑下脚小脑下脚
dorsal surface of the brain stemdorsal surface of the brain stem脑干背面脑干背面Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata
Superior cerebellar Superior cerebellar peduncle peduncle 小脑上脚小脑上脚
Superior medullary Superior medullary velum velum 上髓帆上髓帆
dorsal dorsal surface surface of the brain stemof the brain stem脑干背面脑干背面PonsPons
Superior colliculusSuperior colliculus 上丘 上丘 centers of visual flexescenters of visual flexes 视觉反射中枢视觉反射中枢Inferior colliculusInferior colliculus 下丘下丘 conduct auditory sensation conduct auditory sensation 传导听觉传导听觉Trochlear nerveTrochlear nerve 滑车神经滑车神经
dorsaldorsal surface surface of the brain stemof the brain stem脑干背面脑干背面MidbrainMidbrain
Brachium of superior colliculus 上丘臂 Brachium of inferior colliculus 下丘臂
Inferolateral: Inferolateral: gracile tubercles gracile tubercles 薄束结节薄束结节 cuneate tubercles cuneate tubercles 楔束结节楔束结节 inferior cerebellar peduncleinferior cerebellar peduncle 小脑下脚小脑下脚
BoundariesBoundaries
rhomboid fossa rhomboid fossa 菱形窝菱形窝Superolateral: superior cerebellar peduncle 小脑上脚
Lateral recess 外侧隐窝
dorsaldorsal surface surface of the brain stemof the brain stem
Median sulcus Median sulcus 正中沟正中沟Sulcus limitans Sulcus limitans 界沟界沟Vestibular area Vestibular area 前庭区前庭区 overlies vestibular nucleioverlies vestibular nucleiAcoustic tubercle Acoustic tubercle 听结节听结节 overlying dorsal cochlear nucleusoverlying dorsal cochlear nucleus
Medial eminence Medial eminence 内侧隆起内侧隆起Striae medullares Striae medullares 髓纹髓纹
rhomboid fossarhomboid fossa
Facial colliculus 面神经丘 : overlies nucleus of abducent n. and genu of facial nerve
dorsaldorsal surface surface of the brain stemof the brain stem
dorsaldorsal surface surface of the brain stemof the brain stemrhomboid fossarhomboid fossa Hypoglossal triangle Hypoglossal triangle 舌舌下神经三下神经三角角 : overlying hypoglossal nucleus: overlying hypoglossal nucleus
Vagal triangle Vagal triangle 迷走神经三角迷走神经三角 : ove: overlies dorsal nucleus of vagus nervrlies dorsal nucleus of vagus nervee
Area postrema 最后区: lies between the vagal triangle and gracile tubercles
Locus ceruleus 蓝斑 at the upper end of Sulcus limitans 界沟上端
Fourth ventricleFourth ventricle 第四脑室第四脑室
Lie between theLie between thePons( Pons( 脑桥脑桥 )), medulla , medulla Oblongata( Oblongata( 延髓延髓 ))and cerebellum and cerebellum
(in front of cerebellum and (in front of cerebellum and posterior to theposterior to the pons pons and and medulla oblongatamedulla oblongata ).).
position
Fourth ventricleFourth ventricle
FloorFloor-- -- rhomboid fossarhomboid fossa
Anterior part superior cerebellar peduncle
小脑上脚 superior medullary velum
上髓帆
RoofRoof ::
Fourth ventricleFourth ventricle
choroid plexuses of fourth Ventricle 第四脑室脉络丛 produce the cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) 产生脑脊液。
Posterior part inferior medullary velum 下髓帆 tela choroidea of fourth Ventricle 第四脑室脉络组织
RoofRoof ::
Tela choroidea and choroid plexusTela choroidea and choroid plexus脉络丛和脉络组织脉络丛和脉络组织
Fourth ventricleFourth ventricle
(1) (1) Median aperture of fourth venMedian aperture of fourth ventricletricle 第四脑室正中孔第四脑室正中孔
(2) (2) lateral apertures of fourth velateral apertures of fourth ventricle ntricle 第四脑室外侧孔:第四脑室外侧孔: a pair.a pair.
Subarachnoid space 蛛网膜下隙
Communication 交通
(3) mesencephalic aqueduct ( cerebral aqueduct )中脑水管(大脑导水管)
Third ventricle 第三脑室
Internal structuresInternal structures –– gray mattergray matter
■ Cranial nerve nuclei 脑神经核 ■ Non- Non- Cranial nerve nuclei ( relay nucleirelay nuclei)) 非脑神经核 非脑神经核 (( 传导束中继核传导束中继核 ))
Nuclei Nuclei 神经核神经核
The arrangments of Cranial nerve nuclei :
Cranial nerve nuclei 脑神经核General Somatic motor nucleiGeneral Somatic motor nuclei 一般躯体运动核一般躯体运动核Special visceral motor nucleiSpecial visceral motor nuclei 特殊内脏运动核特殊内脏运动核General visceral motor nucleiGeneral visceral motor nuclei 一般内脏运动核一般内脏运动核
The Cranial nerve nuclei may be divided into 7 kinds:
Visceral afferentVisceral afferent (( sensorysensory )) nuclei nuclei ( general and special )( general and special ) 内脏感觉核(一般与特殊)内脏感觉核(一般与特殊)General somatic afferent General somatic afferent (( senssensoryory )) nuclei nuclei 一般躯体感觉核一般躯体感觉核 Special somatic afferent (( sensorsensoryy )) nuclei 特殊躯体感觉核躯体感觉核
Nucleus of oculomotor n.Nucleus of oculomotor n. 动眼神经核动眼神经核 Nucleus of trochlear n.Nucleus of trochlear n. 滑车神经核滑车神经核 Nucleus of abducent n. Nucleus of abducent n. 展神经核 展神经核 Nucleus of hypoglossal n. Nucleus of hypoglossal n. 舌下神经核舌下神经核
Cranial nerve nuclei 脑神经核General Somatic motor nucleiGeneral Somatic motor nuclei 一般躯体运动核一般躯体运动核
NucleusNucleus SiteSite Cranial n.Cranial n.
FunctionFunction
Nucleus of Nucleus of
Oculomotor n.Oculomotor n. MidbrainMidbrain
Ⅲ Ⅲ Supreior, inferior,and mediSupreior, inferior,and medi
al rectus, inf. obliquus, levaal rectus, inf. obliquus, levator palpebrae superioristor palpebrae superioris
Nucleus ofNucleus oftrochlear n.trochlear n. MidbrainMidbrain
Ⅳ Ⅳ Superior obliquusSuperior obliquus
Nucleus of abNucleus of abducent n.ducent n. PonsPons
Ⅵ Ⅵ Lateral rectusLateral rectus
Nucleus of Nucleus of hypoglossal n.hypoglossal n. MedullaMedulla
Ⅻ Ⅻ Muscles of tongueMuscles of tongue
GeneralGeneral Somatic motor nuclei
Special visceral motor nuclei 特殊内脏运动核 Motor nucleus of trigeminal n.
三叉神经运动核 Nucleus of facial n. 面神经 Nucleus ambiguus 疑核 Accessory nucleus 副神经核
Cranial nerve nuclei 脑神经核
Special visceral motor nuclei
Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function
Motor nucleus of trigeminal n.
Pons Ⅴ Masticatory muscles
Nucleus of facial n.
Pons Ⅶ Facial m., platysma, p
osterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius 镫骨肌
Nucleus ambiguus
Medulla Ⅸ, .Ⅹ Ⅺ Skeletal m. of pharynx,
larynx and upper part of esophagus
Accessory nucleus
Medulla-cervical cord
Ⅺ Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius
General visceral motor nucleiGeneral visceral motor nuclei 一般内脏运动核一般内脏运动核Accessory oculomotor nucle
us 动眼神经副核Superior salivatory nucleus 上泌涎核Inferior salivatory nucleus 上泌涎核Dorsal nucleus of vagus n. 迷走神经背核
Cranial nerve nuclei 脑神经核
●General visceral motor nuclei
Nucleus Site
Cranial n. Function
Accessory oculomotor nucleus Midbrain Ⅲ Sphincter pupillae
and ciliary m.
Superior salivatory nucleus Pons
Ⅶ Submandibular, su
blingual and lacrimal glands
Inferior salivatory nucleus Medulla
Ⅸ Parotid gland
Dorsal nucleus of vagus n. medulla Ⅹ Many cervical,
thoracic and abdominal viscera
Visceral afferent nuclei ( general and special )
Nucleus of solitary tNucleus of solitary tractract 孤束核孤束核
Cranial nerve nuclei 脑神经核
Function :Taste and visceral sensation
Lies in the Medulla obongataSend out the fibers to form ,Ⅶ
, cranial nⅨ Ⅹ .
General somatic afferent nuclei一般躯体感觉核Mesencephalic nucleus of trig
eminal n. 三叉神经中脑核Pontine nucleus of trigeminal
n. 三叉神经脑桥核Spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.
三叉神经脊束核
Cranial nerve nuclei 脑神经核
General somatic afferent nuclei
Nucleus Site Cranial n.
Function
Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal n.
Midbrain ⅤProprioception of head
Pontine nucleus of trigeminal n.
Pons Ⅴ
Tactile(touch) sensation of head
Spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.
Medulla Ⅴ
Pain and temperature sense of head
Special somatic afferent nuclei特殊躯体感觉核Cochlear nucleiCochlear nuclei 蜗神经核蜗神经核 Ventral cochlear nucleusVentral cochlear nucleus 蜗神经腹侧核蜗神经腹侧核 Drsal cochlear nucleusDrsal cochlear nucleus 蜗神经背侧核蜗神经背侧核
Cranial nerve nuclei 脑神经核
Vestibular nuclei
前庭神经核
Special somatic afferent nuclei
Nucleus Site Cranial n.
Function
Cochlear nuclei
Pons and medulla Ⅷ
Sensation of hearing
Vestibular nuclei
Pons and medulla Ⅷ
Sensation of equilibrium
■ In medulla oblongata
Gracile nucleus 薄束核 Cuneate nucleus 楔束核 Inferior olivary nucleus 下橄榄核
non- non- Cranial nerve nuclei 非脑神经核 非脑神经核
■ In pons Pontine nucleus 脑桥核
■■ in midbrainin midbrain
inferior colliculus inferior colliculus 下丘下丘 Gray matter layers of sGray matter layers of s
uperior colliculus uperior colliculus 上丘灰质 上丘灰质 Red nucleusRed nucleus 红核红核 Substantia nigraSubstantia nigra 黑质黑质
non- non- Cranial nerve nuclei 非脑神经核 非脑神经核
Nucleus positionGracile nucleus Medulla (underneath gracile tu
bercle)Cuneate nucleus Medulla (underneath cuneate t
ubercle)Pontine nucleus Pons
Nucleus of inferior colliculus
Midbrain
Inferior colliculus superior colliculus
Midbrain
Red nucleus Midbrain
Substantia nigra Midbrain
Non- Non- Cranial nerve nuclei
White matter White matter
Medial lemniscus 内侧丘系 Spinal lemniscus 脊髓丘系 Trigeminal lemniscus 三叉丘系 Lateral lemniscus 外侧丘系
Ascending tracts
Descending tracts Pyramidal tract 锥体束 Corticospinal tract 皮质脊髓束 Corticonuclear tract 皮质核束
White matterWhite matter — — ascending tractsascending tracts
Medial lemniscus 内侧丘系 decussation of medial le
mniscus 内侧丘系交叉
White matterWhite matter — — ascending tractsascending tracts
Spinal lemniscusSpinal lemniscus 脊髓丘系脊髓丘系
White matterWhite matter — — ascending tractsascending tracts
Trigeminal lemniscusTrigeminal lemniscus 三叉丘系三叉丘系
White matterWhite matter — — ascending tractsascending tracts
Lateral lemniscus 外侧丘系
White matterWhite matter —— descending tractsdescending tracts
Corticospinal tract Corticospinal tract 皮质脊髓束皮质脊髓束 Corticonuclear tractCorticonuclear tract 皮质核束皮质核束
Pyramidal tract 锥体束
Corticonuclear tractCorticonuclear tract 皮质核束皮质核束
White matterWhite matter —— descending tractsdescending tracts
Others: rubrospinal tract 红核脊髓束 tectospinal tract 顶盖脊髓束 vestibulospinal tract 前庭脊髓束 reticulospinal tract 网状脊髓束
Reticular formationReticular formation of brain stemof brain stem脑干网状结构脑干网状结构The reticular formation is recognized as the extensive area outside the more conspicuous fiber bundles and nuclei of the brain stem, in which the grey were intermingled with whiter matter. Its major function may sum up as follows:
Reticular formationReticular formation of brain stemof brain stem
■■ Viscceromotor controViscceromotor control-l-----vital centresvital centres 生命中生命中枢枢
Cardiovascular center and rCardiovascular center and respiratory center in medulla obespiratory center in medulla oblongata.longata.
■ Ascending reticular activating system 上行网状激动系统 maintenance of the conscious stateof cerebral cortex. 维持大脑觉醒状态
■ somatomotor control 调节躯体运动 : reticulospinal tract
Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongataLower part (closed part) Two decussations–
– Decussations of medial lemniscus 内侧丘系交叉– Decussations of pyramid 锥体交叉
The transverse section of brain stem----The transverse section of brain stem----
Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongataUpper part (open part) inferior olivary nuculeus and inferio
r cerebellar peduncle Enlargement of central canal to for
m the fourth ventricle floor
Tracts: pyramidal tracy medial lemniscus inferior cerebellar peduncleNuclei: nucleus of hypoglossal n. dorsal nucleus of vagus n. nucleus ambiguus. solitary nucleus, spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.
The transverse section of brain stem----The transverse section of brain stem----
contains a number of new cranial nerve nucontains a number of new cranial nerve nu
clei ,Such as : clei ,Such as : nucleus of abducent n. nucleus of abducent n. nucleus of facial n. nucleus of facial n. vestibular nuclei ,vestibular nuclei , spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.
longitudinal fibers(pyramidal tract)
transverse fibers arised from the pontine nuclei.
The transverse section of brain stem----The transverse section of brain stem----
Middle cerebellar peduncle 小脑中脚
ponspons
■ Tegmentum of pons 背盖部
■ Basilar part 基底部
■ tectum of midbrain 中脑顶盖 ■ Cerebral peduncle 大脑脚:
may be divided into 3 parts● Tegmentum 被盖 :
Ascending tracts:
medial lemniscus,
spinal lemniscus,
trigeminal lemniscus.
nuclei: red nucleus, nucleus of oculomotor n. and troclear n.
includes superior and inferior colliculi
The transverse section of brain stem----The transverse section of brain stem----midbrain
■ Cerebral peduncle 大脑脚 ● Tegmentum 被盖
The transverse section of brain stem----The transverse section of brain stem----midbrain
● Substentia nigra 黑质● Crus cerebri 大脑脚底 : frontopontine Tract 额桥束 , pyramidal tract, tempo-occipito-pontine tract 颞枕桥束
Lateral corticospinal tract Anterior corticosp
inal tract
superior cerebellar peduncle
its fibres arises from theits fibres arises from the cerebellum,cerebellum, and passe and passes to the opposite s to the opposite thalathalamusmus and the opposite and the opposite rred nucleus ed nucleus of the midbof the midbrain. rain.
Ventral cochlear nuclei
Dorsal cochlear nuclei