The BREAK-UP of YUGOSLAVIA

                                       

Josip Broz Tito

“Brotherhood and

Unity”

Slovene/Catholic 91%Croat/Catholic 3%Serb/E Ortho 2%

Croat/Catholic 78%Serb/E Ortho 12%

Serb/ E Ortho 63%Montenegrin/ E Ortho 6%Albanian/Muslim 14%Hungarian/Catholic 4%

Muslims (43.7%)Croats/Catholic (17.3%) Serbs/E Ortho (31.4 %)

66% Macedonian/E Ortho23% Albanian/Muslim2% Serb/E Ortho4% Turk/Muslim

Patterns of Ethnic Settlement

Facilitated the Conflict and Break-up

Bosnia: 40% ofurban couplesethnically mixed

Key to the conflictKey to the conflict

World underestimated the power and violence of appeals to ethnicity

and nationalism

• Milosevic– purged moderates – played upon old fears/animosities – engaged in specific policies designed to

–perpetuate the fear and –SEGREGATE the populations and

REDRAW national boundaries to their own advantage

– specifically calculated the West’s inability/reluctance to get involved

                                       

                                  

With the rise of Gorbachev and liberalization of relations with USSR

Yugoslavia was no longer a crucial link to US foreign policyFear precedent of break-up

US and West was focused on Persian GulfWEST not prepared to deal with conflicting goals: integrity of state v. self determination

Which is a more appropriate goal?

To protect state sovereignty? Borders?To allow all groups to have self-determination and independent nations?

Bosnia Bosnia Geographically it’s in the middle

• Territory was desirable for its access to the Adriatic Sea and for strategic reasons

It was an example of a truly multi-ethnic society with no majority

• Muslims (43.7%)• Croats (17.3%) • Serbs (31.4 %)

The population consisted of large ethnic groups

• Linked to Serbia and Croatia• Serbia and Croatia wanted these people and their

lands to join Serbia and Croatia respectively, rather than be in a multi-ethnic Bosnia

According to Donnelly why was the genocide not stopped?

IRONY OF ETHNIC CLEANSING

Ethnic cleansing and mass murder produced ethnically pure territorial units

• ultimately produces NEATER maps on which peace settlement could be worked

– allowing the safe areas to fall got rid of enclaves that cluttered the map

• world leaders denounce ethnic cleansing BUT in the end BACK RESULTS which bring peace

ETHNIC MIX BEFORE THE

WAR

After Dayton Accords

Before the War

BOSNIA

Declares independence, tooBosnian Serbs • declare an independent Serb state and

lay siege to Sarajevo, claiming the city as its capital

• Yugoslav artillery shell Bosnia/Sarajevo—providing support to Serb irregulars who engage in ethnic cleansing of Bosnia

• 1000 Serbs shells a day hitting Sarajveo• 3,777 hit in 16 hours on July 23, 1993

VUKOVAR

Multi-ethnic city bordering Croatia and Serbia: city reduced from 50,000 to 15,000

Safe Areas: what were they supposed to be?

Srebrenica, Tuzla, Zepa, Sarajevo, Gorazde

SARAJEVO BEFORE THE WAR

The Sarajevo Shuffle

Market Bombings that Finally Touch the World