The Building of European Supremacy

2nd Industrial Revolution Henry Bessemer- discovered a way to Henry Bessemer- discovered a way to

produce steel cheaply at large quantities.produce steel cheaply at large quantities.

The Solway Process

Allowed for the recovery of chemical Allowed for the recovery of chemical byproducts. (sulfuric acid, soap)byproducts. (sulfuric acid, soap)

Plastics and dyes also developed.Plastics and dyes also developed.

Electricity

11stst public power plant in Britain in 1881. public power plant in Britain in 1881.

Gottlieb Daimler Invented the modern internal combustion Invented the modern internal combustion

engine.engine.

Henry Ford Made the automobile accessible to the Made the automobile accessible to the

masses.masses.

Economic difficulties Agriculture declined due to bad weather Agriculture declined due to bad weather

and foreign competition.and foreign competition. Unemployment rose.Unemployment rose.

Petite Bourgeoisie Emerged

The lower middle class (white collar The lower middle class (white collar workers).workers).

Secretaries, clerks, lower-level govt Secretaries, clerks, lower-level govt officials.officials.

The New Paris Eiffel Tower built in 1889.Eiffel Tower built in 1889. Streets opened up.Streets opened up. Seine River, no longer an open sewer.Seine River, no longer an open sewer.

Development of Suburbs

Costs within cities grew exponentially.Costs within cities grew exponentially. European suburbs consisted of apartment European suburbs consisted of apartment

buildings or private houses closely packed buildings or private houses closely packed together.together.

Cholera Epidemic in 1830’s-1840’s.Epidemic in 1830’s-1840’s. Reason: pollution.Reason: pollution.

New Water and Sewer Systems

Mortality rates dropped.Mortality rates dropped. Human excrement disposed.Human excrement disposed. Clean water free from bacteria.Clean water free from bacteria.

Public Health Informers

Louis Pasteur- FranceLouis Pasteur- France Robert Koch- GermanyRobert Koch- Germany Joseph Lister- BritainJoseph Lister- Britain