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Byzantium Lives... Byzantine EmpireThe Eastern half - Byzantine Empire. ConstantinopleIt’s capital city - Constantinople
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the Byzantine Empire, Early Russia & the Byzantine Empire, Early Russia & MongolsMongols
Fall of Roman Empire!Fall of Roman Empire!• 33rdrd-5-5thth c. C.E., Germanic tribes invaded c. C.E., Germanic tribes invaded • In 476 AD, the In 476 AD, the WesternWestern half of the Roman half of the Roman
Empire fell, when the city of Rome was Empire fell, when the city of Rome was destroyed. destroyed.
Byzantium Lives . . .Byzantium Lives . . .• The Eastern half - Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire. • It’s capital city - ConstantinopleConstantinople
Favorable Geography of Favorable Geography of ConstantinopleConstantinople
• Constantinople was on the Constantinople was on the straits of the straits of the Bosporus and Bosporus and DardanellesDardanelles, at a , at a ““crossroadscrossroads” for trade —” for trade —brought much wealth.brought much wealth.
• Trade spread Roman ideas & Trade spread Roman ideas & Orthodox Christianity Orthodox Christianity throughout Europe, Africa, & throughout Europe, Africa, & Asia. Asia.
• Location was also strategic Location was also strategic for defensefor defense
Emperor JustinianEmperor Justinian• Ruled from 527—565 A.D.• Justinian wanted to revive
the greatness of the Rome and expanded the Byzantine Empire to its largest.
• Justinian was an autocrat—(had absolute power over both political & spiritual affairs)– Justinian made himself
head of the Orthodox Church.
Justinian’s CodeJustinian’s Code• A code of Byzantine
laws-- a revision & revival of Roman law.
• A body of both criminal & civil law– addressed marriage, slavery, property, etc.
• The code preserved nearly 5,000 Roman laws, that might otherwise have bee lost during the Dark Ages.
the Great Schismthe Great Schism• In the 700’s, the eastern and
western branches of the church disagreed over the use of icons.
• This & other differences led to the Great Schism (permanent split) between the two churches in 1054.
• The Byzantine Church became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church, & the Western European Church became the Roman Catholic Church.
Byzantine ChristianityByzantine ChristianityEastern Orthodox
ChristianityRoman Catholic Christianity
Byzantine emperor controlled Church affairs, power of patriarch (leader of church)
Divorce is permitted under certain circumstances.
People rejected pope’s claim to authority
Clergy kept right to marry
Official language= Greek
Emperor outlawed the use of icons, or holy images
Pope controlled Church affairs
Divorce is NOT permitted.
People accepted pope’s claim to authority over all Christians
Clergy prohibited from marrying
Official language= Latin
Use of holy images permitted & encouraged.
The Hagia SophiaThe Hagia Sophia
• Church built by Justinian as part of an attempt to beautify Constantinople; improves on Roman construction techniques
TheodoraTheodora• Daughter of a bear-tender
at the Hippodrome & an “actress”--married Justinian I
• Justinian treated her as an equal & made her co-emperor.
• Her leadership helped Justinian squash the Nika Rebellion that might have overthrown the empire.
• She helped expand the rights of women & was a spokesperson for the poor.
Decline & Fall Of Byzantine Decline & Fall Of Byzantine EmpireEmpire
• Decline caused by political issues & invasions• Seljuk Turks (Muslims) invaded in the 1000s, prompting the
Crusades over holy lands• In 1453, the city of Constantinople itself fell to the Ottoman
Turks, who changed its name to Istanbul.
Legacy of ByzantinesLegacy of Byzantines• Preserved &
expanded upon Hellenistic & Roman culture
• Because of this, Classical manuscripts & artworks were available to Western Europeans in the late 1400s & sparked the Renaissance (after Western Europe’s “Dark Ages”).
the Rise of Russiathe Rise of Russia• Slavs migrated
into Russia during Roman times.
• Vikings arrived in the 600s & 700s; were assimilated into Slav culture
• City of Kiev--center for trade with Constantinople; later became the center of the first Russian state
Development of RussiaDevelopment of Russia• Oleg (c. 873-913)
settled in Kiev• Built kingdom of
Slav and Greek tradition
• Missionaries brought Christianity
• Olga, Byz princess married ruler Vladimir
• She converted, he convert & rest of people in 987
Cultural Ties to ByzantinesCultural Ties to Byzantines• Byzantine monks (Cyril &
Methodius) came to convert the Slavs to Christianity.
• The “Cyrillic” alphabet was created (adapted from Greek) so that Slavs could read the Bible.
• The Russian Orthodox Church began in the 900’s.
• Later Russian rulers were autocrats (like Justinian), controlling both the state & the Russian Orthodox Church
Yaroslav the WiseYaroslav the Wise• Ruled 1019 to 1054• Established written
code of law (similar to Justinian’s)
• Pursued relations with Western Europe
• Built St. Sophia Church • after his death, Kiev
began to decline as nobles battled for power
• Kiev was in a weakened state & vulnerable to invaders…
St. Sophia St. Sophia
the Golden Hordethe Golden Horde• Mongols, a nomadic group
from Central Asia, conquered lands from China to E. Europe in the 1200s.
• Batu Khan (grandson of Genghis), led his army (the “Golden Horde”) to conquer Russia
• Russians were required to pay tribute to the Khan.
• For 240 years, Mongol rule cut Russia off from Western Europe at a time when many cultural & political advances were being made.
MoscowMoscow• In 1380, led by the
princes of Moscow, Russians began to challenge Mongol rule.
• Ivan I--moved capital to the new city Moscow.
• Ivan III-- led the Russian army to face the Mongols in 1480 at the Urga River—a bloodless standoff.
• Ivan gave himself the title “czar” & vowed to build a Russian empire.
• Boyars
Ivan the TerribleIvan the Terrible• Ivan the Great’s grandson,
Ivan IV• further centralized the czar’s
power, requiring military service in exchange for land
• Built St. Basil’s Cathedral • psychological issues--paranoid,
killed his own son, organized a brutal secret police force to root out disloyalty
• After his death, Russia entered a ‘Time of Troubles’ characterized by peasant uprisings & disputes over succession.
• oprichniki
St. Basil’s St. Basil’s
Kremlin
The Mongols rule AsiaThe Mongols rule Asia• Mongols were
nomadic – Outer Mongolia
• Temuchin b. 1162 • Impoverished noble
father, murdered when Temuchin was 6, fled to wilderness
• 1206 united tribes & elected universal ruler “Genghis Khan”
• Brutal, military genius
• Forced conscription & taxes
Military & LifestyleMilitary & Lifestyle• Army of cavalry• Conquered Abbasid
Dynasty 1258• Ended Song Dynasty
in China 1279• Lived in covered
tents – yurts • Khubilai Khan
(grandson) – most successful ruler
• Est. capital at Khanbaliq “city of the Khan” a.k.a Beijing
• Marco Polo
Fire-lance
Compound bow