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The Cell Cycle How cells replicate!

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Page 1: The$ Cell$Cycle - Garzzillo Sciencegarzscience.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/4/7/25474030/cell_cycle.pdf · TheCell$Cycle • The$cell$cycle$is$the$repeated$paern$of$growth$ and$division$thatoccurs$

The    Cell  Cycle  

How  cells  replicate!  

Page 2: The$ Cell$Cycle - Garzzillo Sciencegarzscience.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/4/7/25474030/cell_cycle.pdf · TheCell$Cycle • The$cell$cycle$is$the$repeated$paern$of$growth$ and$division$thatoccurs$
Page 3: The$ Cell$Cycle - Garzzillo Sciencegarzscience.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/4/7/25474030/cell_cycle.pdf · TheCell$Cycle • The$cell$cycle$is$the$repeated$paern$of$growth$ and$division$thatoccurs$

The  Cell  Cycle  •  The  cell  cycle  is  the  repeated  pa3ern  of  growth  and  division  that  occurs  in  eukaryo:c  cells.  

•  There  are  three  parts  of  the  cell  cycle:  1.  Interphase:  growth  &  copying  DNA  2.  Mitosis:  Division  of  the  nucleus  3.  Cytokinesis:  Division  of  cytoplasm  

• Cells  spend  the  majority  of  their  :me  in  interphase  

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Page 5: The$ Cell$Cycle - Garzzillo Sciencegarzscience.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/4/7/25474030/cell_cycle.pdf · TheCell$Cycle • The$cell$cycle$is$the$repeated$paern$of$growth$ and$division$thatoccurs$

Interphase  •  Divided  into  three  phases    •  G1  (Gap  1):  •  The  cell  grows  and  makes  proteins  (protein  synthesis)  

•  S  (Synthesis):  •  Chromosomes  replicate  (x2)  •  They  form  iden:cal  sister  chroma:ds  held  together  by  a  centromere  

•  G2  (Gap  2):  •  Cell  con:nues  to  grow  •  Produce  proteins  for  division  •  Prepares  for  cell  division    

Page 6: The$ Cell$Cycle - Garzzillo Sciencegarzscience.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/4/7/25474030/cell_cycle.pdf · TheCell$Cycle • The$cell$cycle$is$the$repeated$paern$of$growth$ and$division$thatoccurs$

Interphase  

Page 7: The$ Cell$Cycle - Garzzillo Sciencegarzscience.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/4/7/25474030/cell_cycle.pdf · TheCell$Cycle • The$cell$cycle$is$the$repeated$paern$of$growth$ and$division$thatoccurs$

Chromatin  vs.  Chromosome  • During  interphase,  the  cell’s  gene:c  material  is  visible  as  a  stringy  material  called  chroma:n  

• During  prophase,  the  chroma:n  condenses  and  supercoils  into  chromosomes  

• A  chromosome  consists  of  two  iden:cal  sister  chroma:ds  held  together  by  a  centromere.  

Page 8: The$ Cell$Cycle - Garzzillo Sciencegarzscience.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/4/7/25474030/cell_cycle.pdf · TheCell$Cycle • The$cell$cycle$is$the$repeated$paern$of$growth$ and$division$thatoccurs$

centromere  

chromosome  

Sister  chroma.d  

DNA    double  helix  

Page 9: The$ Cell$Cycle - Garzzillo Sciencegarzscience.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/4/7/25474030/cell_cycle.pdf · TheCell$Cycle • The$cell$cycle$is$the$repeated$paern$of$growth$ and$division$thatoccurs$
Page 10: The$ Cell$Cycle - Garzzillo Sciencegarzscience.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/4/7/25474030/cell_cycle.pdf · TheCell$Cycle • The$cell$cycle$is$the$repeated$paern$of$growth$ and$division$thatoccurs$

Mitosis  • Begins  with  one  cell  and  produces  two  iden:cal  “daughter  cells”  that  have  the  same  DNA  as  the  parent  cell.  

•  For  example:  •  A  normal  human  skin  cell  has  46  chromosomes  •  If  the  skin  cell  undergoes  mitosis,  the  result  will  be  two  new  skin  cells,  each  with  46  chromosomes  

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Mitosis  •  4  strands  (2  sister  chroma:ds)  break  apart  so  each  new  cell  has  one  double  strand  

• Mitosis  follows  interphase  and  is  divided  into  4  phases.  

Page 12: The$ Cell$Cycle - Garzzillo Sciencegarzscience.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/4/7/25474030/cell_cycle.pdf · TheCell$Cycle • The$cell$cycle$is$the$repeated$paern$of$growth$ and$division$thatoccurs$

Phases  of  Mitosis  • Consists  of  four  phases:  

• Remember:  PMAT  

PROPHASE  

METAPHASE  

ANAPHASE  

TELOPHASE  

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Mitosis  

Page 14: The$ Cell$Cycle - Garzzillo Sciencegarzscience.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/4/7/25474030/cell_cycle.pdf · TheCell$Cycle • The$cell$cycle$is$the$repeated$paern$of$growth$ and$division$thatoccurs$

Prophase  •  The  chroma:n  condenses  into  visible  chromosomes  

 •  The  nuclear  envelope  disappears    • Centrioles  separate  and  move  to  opposite  ends  of  the  cell  

 •  Spindle  fibers  form  and  spread  out  across  the  center  of  the  cell  

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Prophase  

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Metaphase  • Chromosomes  line  up  across  the  middle  of  the  cell  

•  Spindle  fibers  connect  the  centromere  of  each  chromosome  to  the  poles  

•  Shortest  phase  of  mitosis  

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Anaphase  • Centromeres  that  join  the  sister  chroma:ds  split  

•  The  chroma:ds  separate  

•  Separated  chroma:ds  move  to  opposite  ends  of  the  cell  

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Page 20: The$ Cell$Cycle - Garzzillo Sciencegarzscience.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/4/7/25474030/cell_cycle.pdf · TheCell$Cycle • The$cell$cycle$is$the$repeated$paern$of$growth$ and$division$thatoccurs$

Telophase  •  The  chromosomes  uncoil  and  become  chroma:n  once  again  

•  The  nuclear  envelope  reforms  around  the  chroma:n  at  each  end  of  the  cell  

•  Spindle  fibers  dissolve  

• Cytokinesis  begins  

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Cytokinesis  

In  Animals   In  Plants  

•  The  division  of  the  cytoplasm  

• A  cleavage  furrow  forms  

 •  The  cell  membrane  “pinches”  inward  between  the  two  nuclei  

•  The  cell  cannot  “pinch”  inward  due  to  cell  wall  

 • A  cell  plate  forms  between  the  two  nuclei  

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Cytokinesis:  Animals  

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Cytokinesis:  Plants