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The Census of Marine Life and NOAA
A Presentation to the NOAA Science Advisory Board
Andrew A. Rosenberg, Ph.D.Professor of Natural Resources, University of New Hampshire
U.S. National Committee Chair
March 12, 2008
Purpose
1)Introduce Science Advisory Board members to the work of the Census of Marine Life
2)Relate the Census to the ongoing work of NOAA
3)Explore the potential of NOAA as a home for the Census after 2010.
Census of Marine LifeCensus of Marine Life
The first Census of Marine Life is a The first Census of Marine Life is a decade-long research program to decade-long research program to assess and explain the assess and explain the diversity, diversity,
distribution & abundance of marine distribution & abundance of marine life - past, present & futurelife - past, present & future
All ocean realms: Nearshore to Abyss
All taxa: Marine Microbes to Mammals
Major integrative reports at conclusion in 2010
2000 scientists in 80 countries
CoML is uniquely diverse in scopeCoML is uniquely diverse in scope
• Discovering new species (5,300 since 2003)
• Finding 20,000 kinds of bacteria in a single liter of sea water
• Identifying over 50,000 seamounts, sampling 325
•DNA bar-coding on a ship at sea
•new ship-based sonar technology mapping fish schools
• Discovered the hottest hydrothermal vent ever recorded (407 ˚C)
• A comprehensive list of species in the Gulf of Maine – 3,317 species
• Establishing ‘listening curtains’ to track animal migrations from Alaska to Baja, California
• Placing sensors on large animals like elephant seals to collect oceanographic data
CoML CoML ComponentsComponentsGrand Challenge QuestionsGrand Challenge Questions
CoML CoML ComponentsComponentsGrand Challenge QuestionsGrand Challenge Questions
Oceans PastWhat did live in the
oceans?
History of Marine Animal
Populations (HMAP)
Oceans PresentWhat does live in the
oceans?
Ocean Realm Field Projects
Oceans FutureWhat will live in the
oceans?
Future of Marine Animal
Populations (FMAP)
Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS)
Web-based provider of global geo-referenced information on marine species
Ocean RealmOcean Realm Projects ProjectsOcean RealmOcean Realm Projects Projects
• NaGISA - Natural Geography NaGISA - Natural Geography In ShoreIn Shore Areas Areas• CReefs - Coral CReefs - Coral ReefReef EcosystemsEcosystems• GOMA - Gulf of Maine Area Census GOMA - Gulf of Maine Area Census (Regional Ecosystem)(Regional Ecosystem)• POST - Pacific Ocean POST - Pacific Ocean ShelfShelf Tracking Tracking
• TOPP - Tagging of Pacific Predators TOPP - Tagging of Pacific Predators (Top Predators)(Top Predators)• CMarZ - Census of Marine CMarZ - Census of Marine ZooplanktonZooplankton• MAR-ECO - Mid-Atlantic MAR-ECO - Mid-Atlantic RidgeRidge Ecosystems Ecosystems
• CoMargECoMargE - Continental - Continental MarginsMargins Ecosystems Ecosystems• CeDAMarCeDAMar - Census of Diversity of - Census of Diversity of AbyssalAbyssal Marine Life Marine Life• CenSeam - Census of CenSeam - Census of SeamountsSeamounts• ChEss - Chemosynthetic Ecosystems ChEss - Chemosynthetic Ecosystems (Vents)(Vents)
• ArcOD - ArcOD - ArcticArctic Ocean Diversity Ocean Diversity• CAMLCAML - Census of - Census of AntarcticAntarctic Marine Life Marine Life
• ICOMM - International Census of Marine ICOMM - International Census of Marine MicrobesMicrobes
Human Human EdgesEdges
Central Central WatersWaters
Hidden Hidden BoundariesBoundaries
Ice OceansIce Oceans
Microscopic Microscopic OceanOcean
OBIS Interactive WebsiteOBIS Interactive WebsiteOBIS Interactive WebsiteOBIS Interactive Website
www.iobis.orgwww.iobis.org
Oceans Past: HMAPOceans Past: HMAP
www.hmapcoml.orgwww.hmapcoml.org
What Lived in the Oceans?What Lived in the Oceans?
Cod BiomassScotian Shelf
Now <1%
Decline of World’s Estuaries and Decline of World’s Estuaries and Coastal Seas Has Accelerated in Last Coastal Seas Has Accelerated in Last
150-300 Years150-300 Years
Salem Beverly Ship LogsSalem Beverly Ship Logs150 Year Old Cod Fishery150 Year Old Cod Fishery
HMAPHMAP
Biodiversity & Ecosystem Biodiversity & Ecosystem ServicesServices
Worm et al.Worm et al.Science,Science, 3 November 2006 3 November 2006
Loss of biodiversity profoundly Loss of biodiversity profoundly reducing the ocean’s ability to reducing the ocean’s ability to produce seafood, resist produce seafood, resist diseases, filter pollutants, and diseases, filter pollutants, and rebound from overfishing, rebound from overfishing, climate changeclimate change
Oceans Future: FMAPOceans Future: FMAPWhat Will Live in the Oceans?What Will Live in the Oceans?
Nearshore: NaGISANearshore: NaGISANatural Natural Geography of Inshore AreasGeography of Inshore Areas
Global Biodiversity BaselineGlobal Biodiversity Baseline
Nearshore: NaGISANearshore: NaGISANatural Natural Geography of Inshore AreasGeography of Inshore Areas
Global Biodiversity BaselineGlobal Biodiversity Baseline
www.nagisa.coml.orgwww.nagisa.coml.org
Standard Standard Protocol Protocol available available
onlineonline
Census of Coral Reefs: CReefsCensus of Coral Reefs: CReefs
www.creefs.orgwww.creefs.org
2006 Cruise to French Frigate Shoals [NW HI NM]: 2006 Cruise to French Frigate Shoals [NW HI NM]: Over 100 possible new species & species unknown in Shoals!Over 100 possible new species & species unknown in Shoals!
Regional Ecosystem: GoMARegional Ecosystem: GoMAGulf of Maine Area ProgramGulf of Maine Area Program
First extensive count of First extensive count of species in the region: species in the region: 3,317 species or ~50% 3,317 species or ~50% more than previously more than previously
estimated by scientists estimated by scientists
www.usm.maine.edu/gulfofmaine-census/www.usm.maine.edu/gulfofmaine-census/
October 2006October 2006Georges BankGeorges Bank
Continental Shelf Continental Shelf scale acoustic fish scale acoustic fish
detection detection
Continental Shelf: POSTContinental Shelf: POSTPacific Ocean Shelf TrackingPacific Ocean Shelf Tracking
Lines of receivers create coastal Lines of receivers create coastal “curtains” across shelf“curtains” across shelf
Tagged animal crosses curtainTagged animal crosses curtainand the occurrence is recorded in receiverand the occurrence is recorded in receiver
Blue bars:# benthic cruises
Purplebars: #
submersible or ROV dives
Continental Margins: COMARGEContinental Margins: COMARGE
Deep-sea realm betweenDeep-sea realm between~200 - 4000 m depth~200 - 4000 m depth
www.ifremer.fr/comarge/www.ifremer.fr/comarge/
NOAA OE NOAA OE Expedition to the Expedition to the
Deep SlopeDeep SlopeMay 7 - June 2, May 7 - June 2,
20062006
AquaPix, Bob CarneyAquaPix, Bob Carney
First systematic First systematic exploration of exploration of
hydrocarbon seep hydrocarbon seep communities communities
deeper than 1000m deeper than 1000m in the GoMin the GoM
Census of Marine Zooplankton: Census of Marine Zooplankton: CMarZCMarZ
~6,800 described species of marine ~6,800 described species of marine metazoan and protozoan holozooplanktonmetazoan and protozoan holozooplankton – – and likely many new discovered by 2010and likely many new discovered by 2010
• Taxonomically Taxonomically comprehensivecomprehensive
• Global-scaleGlobal-scale
• Accurate & Accurate & complete info on complete info on species diversity, species diversity, biomass and biomass and biogeographical biogeographical distributionsdistributions
www.cmarz.orgwww.cmarz.org
Exploring the Deep Sargasso SeaExploring the Deep Sargasso Sea10-30 April 2006 10-30 April 2006
At-sea DNA sequencing! At-sea DNA sequencing!
Seamounts: CenSeamSeamounts: CenSeam
New species of “Jurassic” shrimp, New species of “Jurassic” shrimp, Neoglyphea neocaledonicaNeoglyphea neocaledonica, believed to , believed to
be extinct 50 million years ago.be extinct 50 million years ago.
Bertrand Richer de Forges
Seamount – an isolated elevation rising 1000m (1km) or more from the seafloor and of limited extent across the summit
Seamount biodiversitySeamount biodiversityis poorly known [MSFCA 2006]is poorly known [MSFCA 2006]
Ice Oceans – Arctic and AntarcticIce Oceans – Arctic and Antarctic ArcOD and CAMLArcOD and CAML
CAML leadingCAML leadingAntarctic Biodiversity under Antarctic Biodiversity under International Polar Year (IPY)International Polar Year (IPY)
www.caml.aqwww.caml.aq
ArcOD leadingArcOD leadingArctic Biodiversity under Arctic Biodiversity under
International Polar Year (IPY), International Polar Year (IPY), coordinating 19 international coordinating 19 international independent research teamsindependent research teams
www.sfos.uaf.edu/www.sfos.uaf.edu/research/arcdiv/index.htmlresearch/arcdiv/index.html
Microscopic Ocean: ICOMMMicroscopic Ocean: ICOMMicomm.mbl.eduicomm.mbl.edu
Marine microbes…Marine microbes…• DiversityDiversity• EvolutionEvolution
• BiogeographyBiogeography• Functional rolesFunctional roles
20,000+ Kinds of Bacteria Found in 1 Liter of Seawater
454 “tag” sequencing reveals marine microbial diversity may be 10 to 100 times
more than expected
PNAS, 31July 2006
CoML Projects in the United StatesCoML Projects in the United States
Gulf of Maine Project
The US National Committee supports activities of these projects located throughout the US
US CoML FundingUS CoML FundingUS CoML FundingUS CoML Funding
• The Census of Marine Life initially a ten The Census of Marine Life initially a ten year program from 2000-2010year program from 2000-2010
• Sloan Foundation main driver behind the Sloan Foundation main driver behind the CoML Program, pulling support in 2010CoML Program, pulling support in 2010
• Only ¼ of total CoML funding comes from Only ¼ of total CoML funding comes from the Sloan Foundationthe Sloan Foundation
• Over 150 million in funding comes from the Over 150 million in funding comes from the United StatesUnited States
• Average of 33 Million in NEW US funding to Average of 33 Million in NEW US funding to CoML efforts each of the last 4 yearsCoML efforts each of the last 4 years
Funding from a US Source
USA $152M
Funding to US Activities
USA $123M
US Government Funding
NOAA $25M
NSF $33M
ONR $6M
Other Agencies $7M
TOTAL US Government $71M
US Private Funding
Sloan $60M
Other Foundation $21M
TOTAL US Private $81M
Biodiversity Workshop- Results and ConclusionsBiodiversity Workshop- Results and Conclusions
What Do We Measure, Why, and What Do We Measure, Why, and How?How?
• Biodiversity relates to ecosystem Biodiversity relates to ecosystem services and resilience services and resilience
• Biodiversity conservation relates to Biodiversity conservation relates to ecosystem-based managementecosystem-based management
• Biodiversity indicators can be Biodiversity indicators can be integrative measures of ecosystem integrative measures of ecosystem changechange
Sponsored By:Sponsored By:
Objective: Objective: To demonstrate the importance of incorporating biological data, To demonstrate the importance of incorporating biological data, into the Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS).into the Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS).
Ocean Observing Workshop- Results and Conclusions
Ocean Observing Workshop- Results and Conclusions
Data standards; accessibility; Sampling protocols; interoperability; applications
5 Major Themes:
MARMAP, SEAMAP, CalCOFI, EPA Water Quality, Fisheries Surveys, USGS Surveys, Sea Bird/ Marine Mammal Surveys, MPA Center
Target Data Sets:
Promote CoML and the value of biodiversityPromote CoML and the value of biodiversityChallenges:Challenges:
Sustaining the US CoML program beyond 2010Sustaining the US CoML program beyond 2010
Developing an OBIS to support US science, management Developing an OBIS to support US science, management and education needsand education needs
CoML in the United StatesCoML in the United States
CoML projects are relevant to:• Sustainable Fisheries• Marine Protected Areas• Habitat Loss and Pollution• Environmental Assessments
• Invasive Species• Endangered Species• UN Convention on Biodiversity• Global Climate Change
NOAA’s Mission:
Monitor the state of the oceans
Integrated Earth observing system and data management system
Assessments and forecasts of coastal and marine ecosystems
Ocean exploration:
Capacity building and effective knowledge transfer
CoML and NOAA Partnerships and Relevance
CoML Capability:
Sample and estimate marine biodiversity from coastal to deep sea environments
Developing new tools for coastal and ocean observation (DNA barcode library, animals as oceanographers, etc.)
Past, present and future assessments of species distributions and abundance
Exploring unknown ocean regions and biodiversity hotspots
Building taxonomic expertise, public awareness, and appreciation for marine biodiversity
A NOAA – COML Relationship
• Incorporate OBIS into NOAA as a permanent home of a marine biodiversity data service
• Utilize the COML research and field projects as a basis for helping meet NOAA mission components [Code of Conduct for Sample Collection]
• Utilize COML as part of education and outreach for NOAA