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The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that

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Page 1: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that
Page 2: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that

The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that

has made this book possible.

December 2013

Layout by: Boonruang Song-Ngam

Photos by: James O’Keefe and Doug Hostetter

Page 3: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that
Page 4: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that
Page 5: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that

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Page 6: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that
Page 7: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that

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Page 8: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that
Page 9: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that
Page 10: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that

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ေတြ႔ရခကမား၏ထနစခပ

αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€œα€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έ ႏင αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€™α€„α€±α€…α€œα€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€žα€Š α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘ α€‘α€žα€„α€Έα€‘α€α€„α€Έ α€α‚”α€α€Όα€„α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€›α€α€›α€žα€Š α€‘α€‘α€„α€›α€¬α€Έα€†α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ α€•α€•α€”α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„αΎα€€α€™α‚ˆα€”α€šα€•α€šα€™α€¬α€Έ α€»α€–α€…αΎα€€α€±α€œ α€žα€Šα‹ ထ႔ထျပင α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ ပမထားေကာငးေစရန α€žα€α‚”αα€šα€† α€α€€α€‘α€»α€™α€„α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ ထၾကα€₯ာဏမား ႏင ၿငမးခမးေရးျဖစစα€₯ထတြငး α€œα€‘α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€›α€” α€œα€‘α€•α€• မားက α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€‘α€±α€›α€Έα€α‚€α€€α€Έα€•α€•α€”α€±α€žα€¬ ထျခားထခကမာ α€œαΏα€α€±α€›α€Έα€†α€„α€›α€¬ α€€α€…α₯α€›α€•α€•α€„α€»α€–α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€”α€›α€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€α€€α€α‚”α€™α€¬α€™ စမခန႔ခြေရး ႏင ဖြ႔ၿဖးေရးဆငရာ ျပနာမား α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€±α€–α€¬α€»α€•α€•α€«α€‘α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š စကားေျပာဆေဆြးေႏြးျခငးမားတြင α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚” α€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬ ထဓကေတြ႔ရခကေၾကာငးထရာမား၏ စာရငး α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹

Page 11: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that
Page 12: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that

11

α€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€…α€•α€žα€Έα€žα€•α€α€€α‚α€„ စစစေတြ႔ရခက α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€™ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α α€‘α€±α€»α€α€‘α€±α€”α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€±α€šα€˜α€šα€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€„ ၂၀၁၁ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ α€…α€α€„α€α€žα€Š ထခနမစ၍ α€α€Έα€α€€α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€œα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€›α€œα€¬α€žα€Š α€Ÿα€α€„α€»α€•α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έ ႏင ျပငပတ႔တြင α€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα‚α€„ α€€α€Έα€žα€”α€Έα€±α€›α€¬α€„α€Έα€α€šα€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€€ α€œα€•α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€”α€„αΏα€•α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€ΈαŠ α€œα€Όα€α€œα€•α€…α€Όα€¬ α€œα‚ˆα€•α€›α€¬α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€α€Όα€„ α€α€Έα€»α€™α€„α€›α€›α€œα€¬αΎα€€α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€α€„α€»α€•α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€Όα€α€œα€•α€…α€Όα€¬α€œα‚ˆα€•α€›α€¬α€Έ α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€α€Όα€„ α€α€Έα€α€€α€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Š α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€€ α€–α€”α€α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€”α€„α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€±α€’α€žα€ α€‘α€›α€•α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€™α€¬α€Έα€€α€±α€•αšα€α€¬α€‘α€»α€–α€… α€‘α€α€„α€Έα€‘αΎα€€α€•α€±α€αšα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚” α€±α€œα€¬α€”α€Šα€Έ α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Šα€œα€Šα€Έ α€™α€α€α€™α€Έα€α€„α€–α€Όα€šα€α€Έα€α€€α€™α‚ˆ α€α€…α€α€•α€„α€»α€–α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€α€Έα€α€€α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έ α€±α€•αšα€±α€•α€«α€€ α€œα€¬α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ α€†α€€α€œα€€α€»α€–α€…α€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€”α€žα€Š α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€™α€Έα€±α€™α€¬α€„α€Έα€‘α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ ပမ ထငရား၍ α€œα€€α€†α€•α€œα€€α€€α€„ α€»α€•α€”α€„α€™α€Š α€‘α€€α€Έα€›α€œα€¬α€’α€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€»α€™α€„α€œαΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘ ထမားထျပားတ႔က ထပစထခတရပစေရး α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š α€…α€…α€™α€”α€±α€žα€¬αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€€ မေပးစြမးနင α€±α€žα€Έα€žα€Šα€‘α€α€Όα€€α€•α€•α€”α€±α€”αΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ α€±α€‘α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€œαΏα€α€™α‚ˆα€™α€›α€±α€žα€Έα€Ÿ ခစားမၾကကာ တကပြမား α€»α€•α€”α€œα€Šα€»α€–α€…α€•α€Όα€¬α€Έ α€™α€Šα€€ α€…α€Έα€›α€™α€‘α€α€œα€”α‚”α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έ ရေနၾကစျဖစ α€žα€Šα‹ αΏα€α€„α€žα€Έα€žα€•α€•α€«α€€ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š ၿငမးခမးေရးရရရန α€‘α€‘α€Έα€±α€™α€¬α€œα€„α€±α€”αΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ α€œα€»α€α€±α€›α€Έα€›α€›α€›α€” α€€α€…α₯ရပထား α€’α€α€šα€₯α€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€±α€™α€¬α€œα€„αΎα€€α€€α€¬αŠ ဖြ႔ၿဖးေရးထေထာကထပမား ႏင α€œα€±α€”α€™α‚ˆα€‘α€†α€„α€‘α€α€”α€Έ α€•α€™α€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€™α€Όα€”α€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€œα€œα€¬α€ΈαΎα€€α€žα€Šα€€ α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€›α€›α€žα€Šα‹

αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€‘α€±α€•αš α€₯းေဆာင α€€α€„α€α€Όα€šα€œα€•α€€α€„α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ - αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ႏင α€•α€α€žα€€ ၍ α€žα€α€„α€Έα€‘α€α€€α€‘α€œα€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€™α€›α€›αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€œα€œα€¬α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€‘α€›α€†α€Έα€†α‚α΅α€™α€¬ ျမနမာထစးရ ႏင NSAGs တ႔ α‚α€…α€–α€€α€œα€Έα€™ α€±α€α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€α€¬α€α€”α€šα€™α‚ˆα€•α€™α€›αΎα€€α€›α€”αŠ α€žα€¬α€α€Šα€™α€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€Šα€Έα€€α€™α€Έα€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€„α€Έ α€Šα‚ˆα€”α€„α€ΈαΎα€€α€›α€” ႏင α€•αα€žα€¬α€œα€Όα€”α€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€α€¬α€‘α€‘ α€”α€…α€₯α€Έα€”α€…α€–α€€ α€‘α€±α€œα€¬α€±α€•α€Έα€œα€€α€±α€œα€¬ ၾကရန α€»α€–α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€€ ထထေၾကာငးထရာႏင ဆကစပ၍ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ ေထာငျမငေရး α€‘α€±α€•αš α€‘α€α€¬α€Έα€‘α€†α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€±α€…α€±α€žα€¬ α€»α€•α€”α€¬α€›α€•α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Šα€Έ α€±α€–α€¬α€‘α€α€»α€•α€žα€α€žα€Šα‹

α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘ α€•α€«α€α€„α€•α€α€žα€€α€™α‚ˆ - α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€€ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯တြင α€•α€«α€α€„α€•α€α€žα€€α€œα€•α€±α€†α€¬α€„ α€œα€±α€žα€¬α€†α‚α΅ ျပငးျပစြာရၾကေၾကာငး α€‘α€α€±α€–α€¬α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€ΈαΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ α€€α€šα€…α€¬α€Έα€»α€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€™α€α€›α€Ÿ α€α€…α€¬α€ΈαΎα€€α€›α€¬α€€α€¬αŠ ပါ၀င နငရန α€™α€…α€Όα€™α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€”α€„α€±α€žα€¬α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„ α€œα€•α€•α€„α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€¬α€α€¬α€€α€„α€Έα€™α€žα€Šα€Ÿα€±α€žα€¬ α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€α€€α€€α€»α€–α€…α€±α€•αšα€±α€…α€ α€±α€œ α€žα€Šα‹ ထ႔ထျပင မမတ႔၏ေခါငးေဆာငမားက α€€α€šα€α€„α€±α€›α€Όα€Έα€α€šα€”α€„α€α€Όα€„ α€œα€‘α€•α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ ထထး α€‘α€α€±α€–α€¬α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€αΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ α€šα€„α€Έα€‘α€α€€α€™α€¬ α€–α€Όα‚”αΏα€–α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€œα€¬α€Έα€žα€Šα€‘α€€ ပ၍α€₯α€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€α€€ α€»α€–α€…α€±α€œ α€žα€Šα‹ α€…α€™α€€α€”α€Έα€α€±α€œα€¬α€€α€α€Όα€„ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€αΎα€€α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š α€»α€™α€”α€™α€¬α€‘α€…α€Έα€›αŠ တပမေတာတ႔ႏင α‚α‚ˆα€„α€Έα€šα€₯ပါက KNU α€‘α€±α€•αšα€…α€¬α€”α€¬α€žα€Šα€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€•α€›αΎα€€α€žα€Šα€€α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€›α€žα€Šα‹ α€žα‚”α€›α€¬α€α€Όα€„ မမတ႔ထား α€€α€šα€…α€¬α€Έα€»α€•α€™α€Š ေခါငးေဆာငမားရရန α€œα€œα€¬α€ΈαΎα€€α€žα€Šα€Ÿα€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€α€€α€€ α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€„α€‘α€¬α€Έα€…α€™α€¬α€Έ ႏင α€‘α€…α€Έα€›α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€€α€šα€…α€¬α€Έα€»α€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€™α€›α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€Šα‚Šα€”α€»α€•α€œα€€α€›α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€œα€¬α€Έα€α€•α€„α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€€ α€™α€™α€α‚”αα€€α€šα€…α€¬α€Έα€œα€šα€±α€α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ ႏင α€…α€™α€‘α€•α€α€•α€™α‚ˆα€•α€„α€Έα€α€Όα€„ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€—α€Ÿα€»α€• ခα€₯α€Έα€€α€•α€±α€»α€–α€›α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€Šα€Έα€œα€™α€Έα€€ α€œα€€α€€α€„ α€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α α€œα€‘α€•α€α€€α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€€α€šα€…α€¬α€Έα€»α€•α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€† α€α€Όα€”α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ ၿငမးခမးေရး α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯တြင

Page 13: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that

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α€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€…α€•α€žα€Έα€žα€•α€α€€α‚α€„ စစစေတြ႔ရခက α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€™ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α α€‘α€±α€»α€α€‘α€±α€”α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€±α€šα€˜α€šα€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€„ ၂၀၁၁ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ α€…α€α€„α€α€žα€Š ထခနမစ၍ α€α€Έα€α€€α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€œα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€›α€œα€¬α€žα€Š α€Ÿα€α€„α€»α€•α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έ ႏင ျပငပတ႔တြင α€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα‚α€„ α€€α€Έα€žα€”α€Έα€±α€›α€¬α€„α€Έα€α€šα€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€€ α€œα€•α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€”α€„αΏα€•α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€ΈαŠ α€œα€Όα€α€œα€•α€…α€Όα€¬ α€œα‚ˆα€•α€›α€¬α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€α€Όα€„ α€α€Έα€»α€™α€„α€›α€›α€œα€¬αΎα€€α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€α€„α€»α€•α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€Όα€α€œα€•α€…α€Όα€¬α€œα‚ˆα€•α€›α€¬α€Έ α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€α€Όα€„ α€α€Έα€α€€α€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Š α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€€ α€–α€”α€α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€”α€„α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€±α€’α€žα€ α€‘α€›α€•α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€™α€¬α€Έα€€α€±α€•αšα€α€¬α€‘α€»α€–α€… α€‘α€α€„α€Έα€‘αΎα€€α€•α€±α€αšα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚” α€±α€œα€¬α€”α€Šα€Έ α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Šα€œα€Šα€Έ α€™α€α€α€™α€Έα€α€„α€–α€Όα€šα€α€Έα€α€€α€™α‚ˆ α€α€…α€α€•α€„α€»α€–α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€α€Έα€α€€α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έ α€±α€•αšα€±α€•α€«α€€ α€œα€¬α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ α€†α€€α€œα€€α€»α€–α€…α€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€”α€žα€Š α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€™α€Έα€±α€™α€¬α€„α€Έα€‘α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ ပမ ထငရား၍ α€œα€€α€†α€•α€œα€€α€€α€„ α€»α€•α€”α€„α€™α€Š α€‘α€€α€Έα€›α€œα€¬α€’α€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€»α€™α€„α€œαΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘ ထမားထျပားတ႔က ထပစထခတရပစေရး α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š α€…α€…α€™α€”α€±α€žα€¬αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€€ မေပးစြမးနင α€±α€žα€Έα€žα€Šα€‘α€α€Όα€€α€•α€•α€”α€±α€”αΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ α€±α€‘α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€œαΏα€α€™α‚ˆα€™α€›α€±α€žα€Έα€Ÿ ခစားမၾကကာ တကပြမား α€»α€•α€”α€œα€Šα€»α€–α€…α€•α€Όα€¬α€Έ α€™α€Šα€€ α€…α€Έα€›α€™α€‘α€α€œα€”α‚”α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έ ရေနၾကစျဖစ α€žα€Šα‹ αΏα€α€„α€žα€Έα€žα€•α€•α€«α€€ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š ၿငမးခမးေရးရရရန α€‘α€‘α€Έα€±α€™α€¬α€œα€„α€±α€”αΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ α€œα€»α€α€±α€›α€Έα€›α€›α€›α€” α€€α€…α₯ရပထား α€’α€α€šα€₯α€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€±α€™α€¬α€œα€„αΎα€€α€€α€¬αŠ ဖြ႔ၿဖးေရးထေထာကထပမား ႏင α€œα€±α€”α€™α‚ˆα€‘α€†α€„α€‘α€α€”α€Έ α€•α€™α€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€™α€Όα€”α€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€œα€œα€¬α€ΈαΎα€€α€žα€Šα€€ α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€›α€›α€žα€Šα‹

αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€‘α€±α€•αš α€₯းေဆာင α€€α€„α€α€Όα€šα€œα€•α€€α€„α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ - αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ႏင α€•α€α€žα€€ ၍ α€žα€α€„α€Έα€‘α€α€€α€‘α€œα€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€™α€›α€›αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€œα€œα€¬α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€‘α€›α€†α€Έα€†α‚α΅α€™α€¬ ျမနမာထစးရ ႏင NSAGs တ႔ α‚α€…α€–α€€α€œα€Έα€™ α€±α€α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€α€¬α€α€”α€šα€™α‚ˆα€•α€™α€›αΎα€€α€›α€”αŠ α€žα€¬α€α€Šα€™α€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€Šα€Έα€€α€™α€Έα€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€„α€Έ α€Šα‚ˆα€”α€„α€ΈαΎα€€α€›α€” ႏင α€•αα€žα€¬α€œα€Όα€”α€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€α€¬α€‘α€‘ α€”α€…α€₯α€Έα€”α€…α€–α€€ α€‘α€±α€œα€¬α€±α€•α€Έα€œα€€α€±α€œα€¬ ၾကရန α€»α€–α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€€ ထထေၾကာငးထရာႏင ဆကစပ၍ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ ေထာငျမငေရး α€‘α€±α€•αš α€‘α€α€¬α€Έα€‘α€†α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€±α€…α€±α€žα€¬ α€»α€•α€”α€¬α€›α€•α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Šα€Έ α€±α€–α€¬α€‘α€α€»α€•α€žα€α€žα€Šα‹

α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘ α€•α€«α€α€„α€•α€α€žα€€α€™α‚ˆ - α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€€ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯တြင α€•α€«α€α€„α€•α€α€žα€€α€œα€•α€±α€†α€¬α€„ α€œα€±α€žα€¬α€†α‚α΅ ျပငးျပစြာရၾကေၾကာငး α€‘α€α€±α€–α€¬α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€ΈαΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ α€€α€šα€…α€¬α€Έα€»α€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€™α€α€›α€Ÿ α€α€…α€¬α€ΈαΎα€€α€›α€¬α€€α€¬αŠ ပါ၀င နငရန α€™α€…α€Όα€™α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€”α€„α€±α€žα€¬α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„ α€œα€•α€•α€„α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€¬α€α€¬α€€α€„α€Έα€™α€žα€Šα€Ÿα€±α€žα€¬ α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€α€€α€€α€»α€–α€…α€±α€•αšα€±α€…α€ α€±α€œ α€žα€Šα‹ ထ႔ထျပင မမတ႔၏ေခါငးေဆာငမားက α€€α€šα€α€„α€±α€›α€Όα€Έα€α€šα€”α€„α€α€Όα€„ α€œα€‘α€•α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ ထထး α€‘α€α€±α€–α€¬α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€αΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ α€šα€„α€Έα€‘α€α€€α€™α€¬ α€–α€Όα‚”αΏα€–α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€œα€¬α€Έα€žα€Šα€‘α€€ ပ၍α€₯α€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€α€€ α€»α€–α€…α€±α€œ α€žα€Šα‹ α€…α€™α€€α€”α€Έα€α€±α€œα€¬α€€α€α€Όα€„ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€αΎα€€α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š α€»α€™α€”α€™α€¬α€‘α€…α€Έα€›αŠ တပမေတာတ႔ႏင α‚α‚ˆα€„α€Έα€šα€₯ပါက KNU α€‘α€±α€•αšα€…α€¬α€”α€¬α€žα€Šα€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€•α€›αΎα€€α€žα€Šα€€α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€›α€žα€Šα‹ α€žα‚”α€›α€¬α€α€Όα€„ မမတ႔ထား α€€α€šα€…α€¬α€Έα€»α€•α€™α€Š ေခါငးေဆာငမားရရန α€œα€œα€¬α€ΈαΎα€€α€žα€Šα€Ÿα€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€α€€α€€ α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€„α€‘α€¬α€Έα€…α€™α€¬α€Έ ႏင α€‘α€…α€Έα€›α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€€α€šα€…α€¬α€Έα€»α€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€™α€›α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€Šα‚Šα€”α€»α€•α€œα€€α€›α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€œα€¬α€Έα€α€•α€„α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€€ α€™α€™α€α‚”αα€€α€šα€…α€¬α€Έα€œα€šα€±α€α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ ႏင α€…α€™α€‘α€•α€α€•α€™α‚ˆα€•α€„α€Έα€α€Όα€„ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€—α€Ÿα€»α€• ခα€₯α€Έα€€α€•α€±α€»α€–α€›α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€Šα€Έα€œα€™α€Έα€€ α€œα€€α€€α€„ α€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α α€œα€‘α€•α€α€€α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€€α€šα€…α€¬α€Έα€»α€•α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€† α€α€Όα€”α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ ၿငမးခမးေရး α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯တြင

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α€•α€α€žα€€α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€»α€α€„α€Έα‚α€„ α€…α€Όα€™α€Έα€›α€Šα€»α€™α€„α€α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€€α€»α€•α€œα€•α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€…αΎα€€α€±α€…α€œα€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ ထတေဖာ ေျပာ α€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€šα€…α€¬α€Έα€»α€•α€™α‚ˆα€”α€Šα€Έα€•α€«α€Έα€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€‘α€†α€„α€±α€α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€™α€¬α€Έα‚α€„ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€—α€Ÿα€»α€• ခα€₯းကပ α€±α€»α€–α€›α€„α€Έα€”α€Šα€Έα€€ α€‘α€žα€Έα€»α€•α€€α€¬ α€₯α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€™α‚ˆα€™α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€žα€Š αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€‘α€±α€•αš α€šαΎα€€α€Š α€žα€€α€α€„α€™α‚ˆ α€™α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έα€€α€»α€–α€…α€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€…α€±α€žα€¬α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€»α€•α€¬α€Έα€€ α€šα€„α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€žα€Š ၿငမးခမးေရး α€›α€›α€±α€…α€›α€” α€›α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬ α‚€α€€α€Έα€•α€™α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€»α€–α€…α€»α€α€„α€Έα€Ÿα€α€™α€Ÿα€ α€±α€™α€Έα€α€Όα€”α€Έα€‘α€α€œα€¬αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€±α€’α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€…α€…α€α€•α€™α€¬α€Έα€α€Šα€›α€±α€”α€»α€α€„α€Έ - တပမေတာ ႏင NSAGs ထဖြ႔မားစြာမ α€…α€…α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ ေကးရြာမားထတြငး နင α€‘α€”α€Έα€α€α€€α€α‚”α€α€Όα€„α€±α€”α€‘α€„αΎα€€α€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Š α€œα€‘α€‘α€¬α€Έα€•α€•α€”α€™α‚ˆα€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€†α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€±α€…α€±α€žα€¬ α€œα€»α€α€±α€›α€Έα€»α€•α€”α€¬α€»α€–α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ (α€»α€™α€”α€™α€¬α€‘α€…α€Έα€›α€‘α€›α€¬α€›α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ α€α€•α€™α€±α€α€¬α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ α€€α€›α€„α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€‘α€…α€Šα€Έ α€‘α€›α€ΈαŠ α€™α€Όα€”α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€…α€•α€«α€αŠ ဒမကရကတစ ကရင α€—α€’αΆα€˜α€¬α€žα€¬α€α€•α€™α€±α€α€¬ ႏင α€”α€šα€»α€α€¬α€Έα€±α€…α€¬α€„α€α€•) α€Ÿα€±α€žα€¬ ထဖြ႔(၆)ဖြ႔တ႔က α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€¬α€Έ ခပကငနငရနႀကးပမးေနၾကေၾကာငး α€α€„α€»α€•α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ ထပစ ထခတ ရပစေရး α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€œα€€α€™α€ α€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€ΈαΏα€•α€Έα€α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ ေကးရြာမားထတြငး α€…α€…α€α€•α€™α€¬α€Έα€†α€€α€œα€€ α€α€Šα€› ေနျခငးမာ α€±α€œα€¬α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€žα€Šα€™α€›α€±α€α‹ ထ႔ထျပင α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€žα€Έα€žα€Έα α€‘α€”α€Έα€α€•α€α€Όα€„α€›α€”α€šα€±α€»α€™α€‘α€α€‘α€€α€€ α€›α€„α€Έα€œα€„α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬ α€”α€šα€”α€™α€α€žα€α€™α€α€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€™α€›α€žα€»α€–α€„ α€‘α€”α€šα€±α€»α€™α€›α€…α€„αΏα€•α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€™α€¬α€Έα ထာဏာစကေထာကတြင α€±α€”α€‘α€„αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€»α€•α€žα€”α€¬α€™α€¬α€Έα€€α€›α€„α€†α€„αΎα€€α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€›α€±α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

α€…α€™α€α€”α‚”α€α€Όα€™α‚ˆα€†α€„α€›α€¬α€€α€…α₯ရပမား - α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€›α€±α€’α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€™ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α α€•α€•α€”α€™α‚ˆα€»α€™α€„α€™α€¬α€Έ α€±α€žα€¬ ထေၾကာငးထရာမာ α€…α€™α€α€”α‚”α€α€Όα€™α‚ˆα€…α€”α€…α€™α€¬α€Έ (ျမနမာထစးရနင α€€α€›α€„α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€‘α€…α€Šα€Έα€‘α€›α€Έ) ထၾကား α€™α€Šα€Šα€Όα€α€™α‚ˆ မား α€žα‚”α€™α€Ÿα€ αΏα€•α€„α€†α€„α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€žα‚”α€±α€žα€¬α€™α€Šα€Šα€Όα€α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š α€±α€˜α€Έα€€α€„α€Έα€œα€»α€α€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ တရား α€₯ပေဒစးမးျခငး ႏင αΎα€žα€‡α€¬α€±α€Šα€¬α€„α€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€”α€Έα€žα€™α€Έα€‘α€•α€α€•α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έ မရျခငးတ႔က α€»α€–α€…α€±α€•αšα€±α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ ေဖာ α€‘α€α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€›α€α€±α€žα€¬ ျပနာတစခမာ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€±α€”α€‘α€„αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚” α€±α€˜α€Έα€€α€„α€Έα€œαΏα€α€™α‚ˆα€™α€› ၾကျခငးႏင႔ မမတ႔၏ထျပထမမားထား α€α€¬α€α€”α€š α€»α€α€„α€Έα€™α€›αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€…α€žα€¬α€Έα€α‚”α ထၾကမးဖကနင α€’α€…α€›α€€ α€†α€”α€±α€žα€¬α€œα‚ˆα€•α€›α€¬α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ ရငဆငၾကေတြ႔ရန α€‘α€±α€»α€α€‘α€±α€”α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€α€Όα€„α€›α€±α€”α€»α€α€„α€Έα€•α€„α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ ထ႔ထျပင α€œ α€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€žα€α‚”αα€‘α€„α€»α€™α€„α€šα€†α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ ထတေဖာေျပာဆရန α€žα‚”α€™α€Ÿα€ α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„ တပဖြ႔ တစဖြ႔၏ α€›α€”α€€α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€€α€›α€Όα‚•α€žα€Šα€‘α€α€Όα€€ ထျခားတစဖြ႔ကေထာကခထားေပးရန α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€€α€œα€”α‚”αΎα€€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

တရားမ၀ငထခြနေကာကချခငး- ၂၀၁၂ ခနစ α€‡α€”α€”α€α€«α€›α€œα€α€Όα€„ α€€α€›α€„α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€‘α€…α€Šα€Έα€‘α€›α€Έα€™ ထပစထခတ α€›α€•α€†α€±α€›α€Έα€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€Šα€α€€ α€œα€€α€™α€α€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€ΈαΏα€•α€Έα€α€”α€™α€…α ထခြနေကာကချခငး α€±α€œα€¬α€”α€Šα€Έα€œα€¬α€α€žα€Šα€€ α€α€„α€»α€•α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ ထခြနထတငးထၾကပ α€±α€€α€¬α€€α€αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬α€…α€…α€žα€¬α€Έα€α‚” α€±α€€α€Έα€›α€Όα€¬α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€œα€¬α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€±α€žα€¬ α‚€α€€α€™α€±α€›α€±α€œα€¬α€”α€Šα€Έα€œα€¬α€α€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α€™ α€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€žα‚”α€±α€œα€¬α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ α€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€ΈαΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€α€«α€α€Όα€„ α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€…α€α‚”α စစေဆးေရးဂတမားစြာတြင α€±α€€α€¬α€€α€α€±α€žα€¬ ထခြနတ႔ေၾကာင α€œα€™α€Έα€…α€›α€α‚€α€€α€Έα€»α€™α€„α€™α‚ˆα€€αΎα€€α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€›α€±α€žα€¬ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α€‘α€α€Όα€€α€™ α€‘α€α€Όα€”α€±α€•α€Έα€›α€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Š α€‘α€“α€€α€•α€•α€”α€™α‚ˆα€α€…α€ α€»α€–α€…α€±α€”α€±α€žα€Έα€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€žα‚”α€±α€•α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€α€Όα€”α€±α€„α€Όα€α‚”α€žα€Š α€™α€™α€žα€šα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€±α€žα€¬ α€€α€”α€…α€Šα€‘α€™α€Έα€‘α€…α€¬α€Έα‚α€„ α€•α€™α€¬α€α€α‚”α€‘α€±α€•αšα€™α€α€Šα α€±α€€α€¬α€€α€α€žα€»α€–α€„ α€œα€žα€Έα€€α€”α€•α€…α₯α€Šα€Έα€±α€…α€Έα‚α‚ˆα€”α€Έα‚€α€€α€Έα€»α€™α€„α€œα€¬ α€±α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€žα‚”α€»α€–α€…α€»α€α€„α€Έα€€ α€‘α€œα€•α€‘α€€α€„α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€™α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έα‚α€„ α€†α€„α€Έα€›α€™α€Όα€±α€α€™α‚ˆα€»α€™α€„α€™α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚” αΎα€€α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€±α€”αΎα€€α€›α€±α€žα€¬ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€±α€”α€‘α€„αΎα€€α€žα€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ စပြားေရးထခကထခမား α€•α€™α€–α€…α€Έα€œα€¬α€±α€… α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

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α€œα€±α€”α€™α‚ˆα€‘α€†α€„α€‘α€α€”α€Έ - α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€žα€α‚”αα€œα€±α€”α€™α‚ˆα€‘α€†α€„α€‘α€α€”α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€•α€•α€”α€œα€€α€›α€±α€”αΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€α€”α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα‚α€„ α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€™α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έα€€ α€α€„α€»α€•α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α€žα€Š α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„ α€€α€”α€Έα€™α€¬α€±α€›α€Έα€±α€…α€¬α€„α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€™α‚ˆα€†α€„α€›α€¬ α€α€”α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ α€•α€Šα€¬α€±α€›α€ΈαŠ α€œα€™α€Έα€•α€™α€Έα€†α€€α€žα€Όα€šα€±α€›α€Έ ႏင ေကးရြာထေျခခထေဆာကထα€₯α€ΈαŠ α€α€šα€œα€–α€”α€Έα€†α€€α€žα€Όα€šα€±α€›α€Έ ႏင α€œα€•α€…α€…α€™α€Έα€α‚” မရရေၾကာငး α€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ ထထေျခထေနႏငဆကစပ၍ α€‘α€‘α€€α€•α€«α€α€”α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έ α€±α€’α€žα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€α€Όα€„ ရရကာ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€€α€Έα€α€…α€¬α€Έα€›α€žα€Šα€€α€»α€™α€„α€œαΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€‘α€α€Όα€€α€™ ထရငးထျမစႏင α€…α€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€–α€Όα‚”αΏα€–α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€žα€Š ေဆြးေႏြးစစα€₯α€›α€” ထေရးႀကးထေၾကာငးကစα₯တစရပ α€»α€–α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ ထႀကးစား စမကနးမားက α€‘α€œα€„α€‘α€»α€™α€” α€‘α€±α€€α€¬α€„α€‘α€‘α€Šα€±α€–α€¬α€”α€„α€›α€”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€‘α€‚α€α€œα€€α€…α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€œα‚ˆα€•α€›α€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€»α€•α€œα€•α α€±α€»α€™α€šα€¬α€žα€™α€Έα€•α€€α€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Šα€œα€Šα€Έ α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€•α€•α€”αΎα€€α€žα€Š α€‘α€»α€α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€„α€›α€¬α€Έα€žα€Šα€‘α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€€α€…α₯ တစရပ α€»α€–α€…α€±α€•α€žα€Šα‹

α€œα€™α€Έα€…α€‘αΎα€€α€¬α€Έ စတ၀မးကြျခငးမား ႏင α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€…α€α€“α€¬α€ - α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„α€Έα€› α€œα€™α€Έα€…α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘αΎα€€α€¬α€Έ တစစနငတစစ α€…α€α€α€™α€Έα€€α€Όα€™α‚ˆα‚α€„ ခြျခားဆကဆျခငးမားက α€™α€Έα€±α€™α€¬α€„α€Έα€‘α€Έα€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€α€„α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έ α€œα€™α€Έα€…α€α‚” ထၾကား ခြျခားဆကဆျခငး ႏင α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€…α€α€“α€¬α€α€α‚”α€žα€Š αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ထတြက α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆ α€α€…α€›α€•α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€‘α€α€±α€–α€¬α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€ΈαΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„α€Έα€±α€”α€‘α€„α€žα€™α€¬α€Έ α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€»α€–α€„ ခရးဆက နငၾကေစရနထတြက α€‘α€žα‚”α€±α€žα€¬ စတ၀မးကြေနျခငးမားထား α€±α€…α€…α€•α€±α€•α€Έα€›α€”α€œα€‘α€•α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ ထတေဖာ ေျပာဆ α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€™α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Š ၿငမးခမးေရးထတြက α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€α€…α€›α€•α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€œα€‘α€€ ေျပာၾကား α€αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ α€œα€™α€Έα€…α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€…α€α€α€™α€Έα€€α€Όα€™α‚ˆ ႏင α€œα€™α€Έα€…α€†α€„α€›α€¬ α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έ စတဓာတ α€»α€•α€„α€Έα€‘α€”α€±α€”α€™α‚ˆ တ႔က α€±α€œα€¬α€α€›α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€œα€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€€α€™ တတကက ထၾကျပျခငးမရခၾကေပ။ α€‘α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€‘α€œα€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€‘α€žα€„α€›α€±α€”α€»α€α€„α€Έ- ထဓကထေၾကာငးထရာ α€‡α€šα€¬α€Έα€α€Όα€„α€±α€–α€¬α€»α€•α€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€™α€›α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€α€€αΎα€€α€Όα€œα‚ˆα€•α€›α€¬α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€›α€”α€†α‚α΅α‚α€„ α€‘α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€‘α€œα€‘α€α€Όα€€α€‘α€žα€„α€»α€–α€…α€±α€”αΎα€€α€žα€Šα€€ α€–α€Όα€„α€Ÿα€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α€žα€Š α€‘α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€‘α€œα€€α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€»α€™α€„α€œα€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ႏင မမတ႔၏ ထနာဂတဆငရာကစα₯မားတြင α€•α€«α€α€„α€•α€α€žα€€α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€”α€„α€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€œα€œα€¬α€ΈαΎα€€ α€žα€Šα€€ α€œα‚ˆα€€α€œα‚ˆα€€α€œα€œα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€‘α€”α€¬α€‚α€α€‘α€±α€•αš α€±α€™α€¬α€œα€„α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έ α€†α€€α€œα€€ α€‘α€¬α€Έα€›α€±α€”αΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ ၿငမးခမးေရးေဖာေဆာငနငရန α€‘α€‘α€Έα€œα€œα€¬α€ΈαΎα€€α€€α€¬ α€‘α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯တးတကေရး ႏင α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ထားခငမာေစေရးတ႔ထျပင မမတ႔ထနာဂတတြင α€œα€‘α€•α€žα€Šα€‘α€“α€€α€‘α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€”α€„α€•α€α€žα€€α α€›α€„α€Έα€œα€„α€Έα€»α€•α€α€žα€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ ထၾကα€₯α€¬α€α€™α€¬α€Έα€œα€Šα€Έα€›α€±α€”αΎα€€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

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17

နဒါနး

α€šα€α€‘α€α€«α€α€Όα€„ α€»α€™α€”α€™α€¬α€»α€•α€ŠαΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€žα€Š NSAG ထဖြ႔ေပါငးမားစြာႏင α€‘α€…α€Έα€›α€–α€€α€™α€œα‚ˆα€•α€›α€¬α€Έ α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘αΎα€€α€¬α€Έ α€Šα‚α‚ˆα€„α€Έα€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€€α€‘α€¬α€›α€…α€€α€»α€•α€œα€•α€€α€¬ NSAG တ႔ထား α€”α€„α€„α€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€žα€„α€Έ ထ၀ငးထတြငး α€α€Έα€»α€™α€„α€•α€«α€α€„α€•α€α€žα€€α€±α€…α€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ α€žα€α‚”αα€œα€€α€α€±α€œα€¬α€œα€‘α€•α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€»α€–α€Šα‚”α€†α€Šα€Έ ေပးျခငး ႏင ထပစထခတရပစေရး α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έ α€žα€α€™α€α€–α€”α€α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€€ ႀကးပမး ေဆာငရြက α€œα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹ ၂၀၁၁ ခနစမစ၍ ၿငမးခမးေရးႏင α€†α€€α€†α€„α€±α€žα€¬ α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€Šα€™α‚ˆ ၁၄ ခက α€œα€€α€™α€ ေရးထးျခငးတ႔ α€»α€•α€œα€•α€”α€„α€žα€Šα€‘α€‘ α€α€Έα€α€€α€œα€¬α€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ ထ႔ထတြကေၾကာင α‚α€„α€„α€α€α€™α€Έα€±α€’α€žα€‘α€™α€¬α€Έ ထျပားတြင တကပြမား α€±α€œα€¬α€α€”α€„α€α€»α€α€„α€Έ ႏင ထပတနးထဆငေဆြးေႏြးပြမားထထ ထဆငထတနး α€‘α€™α€Έα€™α€ΈαŠ α€œα€‘α€™α€Έα€™α€Έα€α‚”α α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€žα€™α€¬α€Έ α€šα€α€„α€‘α€€α€•α€™α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€›α€”α€„α€±α€…α€›α€” ေနရာတစခ ဖနတးနငျခငး တ႔က α€»α€–α€…α€±α€…α€α€žα€Šα‹

α€•α€‹α€•α€€α‘α€‘α€žα€Όα€„α€€α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€±α€›α€Έ α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€…α€Šα€Έα€α€…α€α€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ CPCSထေနျဖင α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€‘α€¬α€Έ ပါ၀ငပတ α€žα€€α€±α€…α€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€–α€„ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯မားထတြငး α€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€•α€α€žα€€α€±α€…α€»α€α€„α€Έ α€‘α€±α€œα€‘α€‘ α€α€Šα€±α€†α€¬α€€α€»α€α€„α€Έα ထေရးပါပက α€‘α€žα€‘α€™α€α€»α€•α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ ထပတနးထႀကးထကထဆင α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€Š ခကမားတြင α€œα€‘α α€œα€‘α€•α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€”α€„ ေမာမနးခကမားက α€‘α€Šα€žα€Όα€„α€Έα€€α€¬ α€‘α€±α€œα€Έα€‘α€”α€€α€‘α€¬α€Έ ဆငျခငစα€₯းစားနငေစရနထတြက α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€•α€«α€α€„α€•α€α€žα€€α€α€Όα€„α€±α€•α€Έα€›α€” α€œα€‘α€•α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€žα‚”α€»α€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€„ α€₯ပေဒ α‚α€„α€•α€™α€±α€œα€¬α€Šα€€α€¬ ထားေကာငး၍ α€±α€›α€›α€Šα€α€Šα€α€±α€žα€¬ α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€Š α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€€α€›α€›α€”α€„α€•α€«α€œα€™α€™α€Šα‹ α€‘α€›α€•α€žα€¬α€Έα€œα€α€”α€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€α‚”α€žα€Š αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€Šα€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα α€‘α€€α€Έα€žα€€α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€™α‚ˆα€€α€α€…α€¬α€ΈαΎα€€α€›α€™α€Š α€œα€₯α€Έα€±α€›α€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€†α€Έα€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€…α€Šα€Έα€»α€–α€…α€žα€€α€žα‚” ပဋပကၑ၏ ထေၾကာငး ထရငးမား ႏင α€€α€„α€α€Όα€šα€±α€»α€–α€›α€„α€Έα€”α€Šα€Έα€α‚”α€‘α€±α€•αš ထေကာငးဆးထးထြငးထျမငမားက α€±α€•α€Έα€…α€Όα€™α€Έα€”α€„α€žα€™α€¬α€Έ α€»α€–α€…αΎα€€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

α€»α€™α€”α€™α€¬αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€žα€Š α€”α€„α€„α€±α€›α€Έα€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€”α€„ α€α€›α€¬α€Έα€α€„α€•α€α€žα€€α€œα‚ˆα€•α€›α€¬α€Έα€žα€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€šα€α€„ ထကပ၍ α€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€™α€„α€…α€Όα€¬α€‘α€Šα€žα€Όα€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€”α€„α€±α€…α€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€„ ထပတနးထႀကးထကထဆငတြင α€œα€‘α€™α€¬α€Έ α€•α€«α€α€„α€•α€α€žα€€α€±α€…α€»α€α€„α€Έα€€ α€α€Έα€»α€™α€„α€”α€„α€α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ α€‘α€žα‚”α€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘ α€‘α€†α€„α€žα‚” α€α€Έα€α‚•α€±α€•α€Έα€‘α€•α€›α€”α€œα€‘α€•α€±α€”α€±α€žα€Έα€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€€α€›α€€α€¬α€œα€žα€Š α€»α€™α€”α€™α€¬α€»α€•α€Šα€α€Όα€„ α€•αα€±α€›α€›α€Šα€α€Šα€α€±α€žα€¬ ၿငမးခမးေရး α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯တစရပ α€α€Šα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€”α€„α€›α€”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ နားေထာငရန α€‘α€±α€›α€Έα‚€α€€α€Έα€œα€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€α€”α€»α€–α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€œα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έ α€†α€€α€œα€€ α€»α€–α€…α€±α€•αšα€±α€”α€žα€Šα‚α€„α€‘α€™ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘αα€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€žα€α‚”α€€ နားေထာငျခငးႏင α€‘α€žα€α‚”α αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έ α€…α€₯နင α€•α€α€žα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€„α€»α€™α€„α€α€€α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ α€±α€œα€œα€¬α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€›α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€±α€•αšα€±α€•α€«α€€α€”α€„α€–α€Όα€šα€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έ ႏင α€›α€Šα€™α€”α€Έα€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€”α€¬α€Έα€œα€Šα€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€±α€•α€«α€€α€‘α€¬α€Έα€•α€«α€€ မ၀ါဒဆငရာ ဆးျဖတခကမားနင ထေရာက α€±α€žα€¬ စမခကတ႔ထတြက α€•αα€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€™α€Όα€”α€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€α€€α€‘α€œα€€α€€α€›α€›α€±α€…α€±α€•α€™α€Šα‹ α€‘α€žα‚”α€»α€–α€„ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘ ထား α€žα€α‚”αα€‘α€”α€¬α€‚α€α€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€•α€žα€Όα€„α€Έα€–α€”α€α€Έα€›α€¬αŒ α€•α€™α€‘α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€α€”α€Έα€€α‚‘α€α€Όα€„ ပါ၀ငရနခြငျပရာေရာက

α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

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α€±α€”α€¬α€€α€α€žα€™α€„α€Έ- α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€š

Karen α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€Ÿαα€œα€Šα€Έ α€œα€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ Kayin α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€žα€Š α€»α€™α€”α€™α€¬α€»α€•α€Š ထေရ႕ေတာငပငးတြင α€α€Šα€›α€žα€Šα‹ ထေရ႕ဖကတြင α€‘α€„α€Έα€”α€„α€„αŠ ထေနာကေတာငဖကတြင α€™α€Όα€”α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α‚”α€”α€„ α€›α€Šα€œα€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬ α€”α€šα€”α€™α€ α€‘α€†α€€α€œα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€šα€¬α€ΈαŠ α€•α€α€ΈαŠ α€›α€™α€Έ ႏင α€™α‚α€±α€œα€Έ တ႔ထပါထ၀င α€‘α€»α€α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€”α€„

တငးမားစြာ α€α‚”α€”α€„α€œα€Šα€Έ α€”α€šα€”α€™α€α€»α€α€„α€Έ α€‘α€†α€€α€œα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹

စကပးေရးႏင α€œα€šα€šα€¬α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€α‚”α€žα€Š α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€α€™α€Έα€™ α€œα€α‚”αα€‘α€…α€₯α€‘α€œα€¬ α€‘α€žα€€α€±α€™α€Όα€Έ α€α€™α€Έα€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€»α€–α€…α€αΏα€•α€Έ α€œα€€α€›α€œα€•α€€α€„α€±α€”α€†α€»α€–α€…α€€α€¬ α€α€›α€…α€¬α§α€”α€±α€™α€Όα€Έα€»α€™α€±α€›α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€α€Όα€–α€€α€œα€•α€€α€„α€±α€œ α€›αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€€α€α€±α€œα€¬α€€α€¬α€œα€α€Όα€„α€™ α€α€ŠαΏα€„α€™α€±α€‘α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€™α‚ˆ α€α€Έα€α€€α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα€”α€„α€‘α€™ မတ႔ထ မကင α€α€Όα€šα€›α€±α€žα€Έα€žα€Š α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€œα€¬α€Έα€‘α€œα€¬α€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ α€±α€›α€¬α€„α€Έα€α€šα€±α€–α€¬α€€α€€α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έ ႏင α€›α€„α€Έα‚α€Έα€»α€™α‚ˆα€•α€”α€™α‚ˆ α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ2α€žα€Š α€‘α€›α€„α€Έα€‘α€»α€™α€…α€‘α€α€šα€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€„ α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€–α€Όα‚”αΏα€–α€Έα€±α€›α€Έ α€‘α€…α€•α€Έα€œα€•α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έ စြာတ႔ထားျဖင α€…α€α€„α€α€„α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€œα€¬α€α€žα€Šα‹ ထးျခားခကထေနျဖင α€œα€™α€Έα€•α€”α€Έα€†α€€α€žα€Όα€šα€±α€›α€Έα€”α€„ ကနထတ စကရမား α€α€Šα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€…α€™α€€α€”α€Έα€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€‘α€¬α€›α€–α€Όα‚”αΏα€–α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€˜α€(ADB)၏ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€»α€–α€α€žα€”α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€¬α€›α€œα€™α€Έα€™α‚€α€€α€Έ စမကနးမတဆင ျဖစေျမာကေထာင ေဆာငရြကနငခ α€žα€Šα‹

α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„ α€–α€¬α€Έα€‘αŠ α€»α€™α€α€αŠ ဖာပြန ႏင α€±α€€α€¬α€€α€›α€α€Ÿα α€…α€™α€‘α€•α€α€•α€™α‚ˆα€α€›α€„ (၄)ခရငနင αΏα€™α‚•α€”α€š (၇)ခ α€α‚”α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€•α€α€•α€±α€›α€Έα€€α‚‘α€žα€Š ျမနမာထစးရ နင KNU α€Ÿα ႏစပငးကြျပား α€œα€€α€› α€žα€Šα‹ KNU α€™ α€±α€€α€¬α€‘α€Έα€±α€œα€‘α€™α€Šα€›α€±α€žα€¬ α€€α€šα€•α€„α€‘α€•α€α€•α€α€Όα€„α€α€…α€α€€α€›α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€„ α€žα€α‚”α α€‘α€•α€α€•α€±α€›α€Έα€”α€šα€±α€»α€™α€€ α€žα€α€™α€α€‘α€¬α€ΈαΏα€•α€Έ α€šα€„α€Έα€”α€šα€±α€»α€™α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€α€•α€™α€Ÿα€¬α€α€…α€α€…α€α‚” ထနးခပ α€…α€™α€±α€žα€¬ ခရင (၇) ခထျဖစ α€α€Όα€»α€α€¬α€Έα€žα€α€™α€α€‘α€¬α€Έα€žα€Šα‹ ထစးရနင KNU တ႔၏ ထနးခပ α€”α€šα€±α€»α€™α€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€α€™α€α€›α€¬α€α€Όα€„ α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€™α€Šα€Šα€Όα€α€™α€α€€α€†α€„α€™α‚ˆα‚α€„ α€‘α€»α€„α€„α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€–α€Όα€šα€‘α€•α€α€€α€™α‚ˆα€α‚” α€»α€–α€…α€±α€•αšα€œα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹ KNUα€žα€Š α€•α€Šα€¬α€±α€›α€ΈαŠ α€€α€”α€Έα€™α€¬α€±α€›α€ΈαŠ α€₯ပေဒႏင α€žα€…α€±α€α€¬α€±α€›α€Έα€›α€¬3 α€Ÿα α€šα€„α€Έα ထပခပေရးစနစထား α€–α€Όα‚”α€…α€Šα€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€žα€Šα‹

α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„ α€α€”α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έ α€‘α€€α€”α‚”α€‘α€žα€α€”α€Šα€Έα€•α€«α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€žα€¬α€›α€› α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€Šα€¬α€±α€›α€ΈαŠ α€œα€•α€…α€…α€™α€Έ ႏင α€†α€€α€žα€Όα€šα€±α€›α€Έ α€α€”α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š ၿမ႕ေတာဖားထတြင α€›α€›α€”α€„α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€ΈαŠ ထေျခခထေဆာကထα€₯α€Έ မားခ႕တ႔၍ α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€”α€Šα€Έα€•α€«α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€±α€€α€Έα€œα€€α€±α€α€¬α€›α€Όα€¬α€±α€’α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€α€Όα€„α€™ α€›α€›α€›α€” α€‘α€œα€Όα€” α€”α€Šα€Έα€•α€«α€Έ α€œα€±α€•α€žα€Šα‹

α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„ α€±α€”α€‘α€„αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„ ပဋပကၑထား နစေပါငး(၆၀) ေကာမ ရငဆင α€α€›α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€α‚”α€žα€Š မမတ႔ေနထမမားက စြန႔ခြာရန ထတငးထဓမၼ ေစခငး α€α€›α€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ α€™α€α€›α€¬α€Έα€žα€»α€–α€„α€±α€…α€α€„α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έ ႏင α€‘αΎα€€α€™α€Έα€–α€€α€α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€€α€œα€Šα€Έα€±α€α€Όα‚”αΎα€€α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹ ထ႔ထျပင

2 UNHCR (2014) Kayin State Profile. Retrieved 21 August, 2014, from data.unhcr.org/thailand/download.php?id=223 3 UNHCR (2014) Kayin State Profile. Retrieved 21 August, 2014, from data.unhcr.org/thailand/download.php?id=223

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α€±α€”α€¬α€€α€α€žα€™α€„α€Έ- α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€š

Karen α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€Ÿαα€œα€Šα€Έ α€œα€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ Kayin α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€žα€Š α€»α€™α€”α€™α€¬α€»α€•α€Š ထေရ႕ေတာငပငးတြင α€α€Šα€›α€žα€Šα‹ ထေရ႕ဖကတြင α€‘α€„α€Έα€”α€„α€„αŠ ထေနာကေတာငဖကတြင α€™α€Όα€”α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α‚”α€”α€„ α€›α€Šα€œα€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬ α€”α€šα€”α€™α€ α€‘α€†α€€α€œα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€šα€¬α€ΈαŠ α€•α€α€ΈαŠ α€›α€™α€Έ ႏင α€™α‚α€±α€œα€Έ တ႔ထပါထ၀င α€‘α€»α€α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€”α€„

တငးမားစြာ α€α‚”α€”α€„α€œα€Šα€Έ α€”α€šα€”α€™α€α€»α€α€„α€Έ α€‘α€†α€€α€œα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹

စကပးေရးႏင α€œα€šα€šα€¬α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€α‚”α€žα€Š α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€α€™α€Έα€™ α€œα€α‚”αα€‘α€…α€₯α€‘α€œα€¬ α€‘α€žα€€α€±α€™α€Όα€Έ α€α€™α€Έα€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€»α€–α€…α€αΏα€•α€Έ α€œα€€α€›α€œα€•α€€α€„α€±α€”α€†α€»α€–α€…α€€α€¬ α€α€›α€…α€¬α§α€”α€±α€™α€Όα€Έα€»α€™α€±α€›α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€α€Όα€–α€€α€œα€•α€€α€„α€±α€œ α€›αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€€α€α€±α€œα€¬α€€α€¬α€œα€α€Όα€„α€™ α€α€ŠαΏα€„α€™α€±α€‘α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€™α‚ˆ α€α€Έα€α€€α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα€”α€„α€‘α€™ မတ႔ထ မကင α€α€Όα€šα€›α€±α€žα€Έα€žα€Š α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€œα€¬α€Έα€‘α€œα€¬α€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ α€±α€›α€¬α€„α€Έα€α€šα€±α€–α€¬α€€α€€α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έ ႏင α€›α€„α€Έα‚α€Έα€»α€™α‚ˆα€•α€”α€™α‚ˆ α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ2α€žα€Š α€‘α€›α€„α€Έα€‘α€»α€™α€…α€‘α€α€šα€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€„ α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€–α€Όα‚”αΏα€–α€Έα€±α€›α€Έ α€‘α€…α€•α€Έα€œα€•α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έ စြာတ႔ထားျဖင α€…α€α€„α€α€„α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€œα€¬α€α€žα€Šα‹ ထးျခားခကထေနျဖင α€œα€™α€Έα€•α€”α€Έα€†α€€α€žα€Όα€šα€±α€›α€Έα€”α€„ ကနထတ စကရမား α€α€Šα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€…α€™α€€α€”α€Έα€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€‘α€¬α€›α€–α€Όα‚”αΏα€–α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€˜α€(ADB)၏ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€»α€–α€α€žα€”α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€¬α€›α€œα€™α€Έα€™α‚€α€€α€Έ စမကနးမတဆင ျဖစေျမာကေထာင ေဆာငရြကနငခ α€žα€Šα‹

α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„ α€–α€¬α€Έα€‘αŠ α€»α€™α€α€αŠ ဖာပြန ႏင α€±α€€α€¬α€€α€›α€α€Ÿα α€…α€™α€‘α€•α€α€•α€™α‚ˆα€α€›α€„ (၄)ခရငနင αΏα€™α‚•α€”α€š (၇)ခ α€α‚”α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€•α€α€•α€±α€›α€Έα€€α‚‘α€žα€Š ျမနမာထစးရ နင KNU α€Ÿα ႏစပငးကြျပား α€œα€€α€› α€žα€Šα‹ KNU α€™ α€±α€€α€¬α€‘α€Έα€±α€œα€‘α€™α€Šα€›α€±α€žα€¬ α€€α€šα€•α€„α€‘α€•α€α€•α€α€Όα€„α€α€…α€α€€α€›α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€„ α€žα€α‚”α α€‘α€•α€α€•α€±α€›α€Έα€”α€šα€±α€»α€™α€€ α€žα€α€™α€α€‘α€¬α€ΈαΏα€•α€Έ α€šα€„α€Έα€”α€šα€±α€»α€™α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€α€•α€™α€Ÿα€¬α€α€…α€α€…α€α‚” ထနးခပ α€…α€™α€±α€žα€¬ ခရင (၇) ခထျဖစ α€α€Όα€»α€α€¬α€Έα€žα€α€™α€α€‘α€¬α€Έα€žα€Šα‹ ထစးရနင KNU တ႔၏ ထနးခပ α€”α€šα€±α€»α€™α€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€α€™α€α€›α€¬α€α€Όα€„ α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€™α€Šα€Šα€Όα€α€™α€α€€α€†α€„α€™α‚ˆα‚α€„ α€‘α€»α€„α€„α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€–α€Όα€šα€‘α€•α€α€€α€™α‚ˆα€α‚” α€»α€–α€…α€±α€•αšα€œα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹ KNUα€žα€Š α€•α€Šα€¬α€±α€›α€ΈαŠ α€€α€”α€Έα€™α€¬α€±α€›α€ΈαŠ α€₯ပေဒႏင α€žα€…α€±α€α€¬α€±α€›α€Έα€›α€¬3 α€Ÿα α€šα€„α€Έα ထပခပေရးစနစထား α€–α€Όα‚”α€…α€Šα€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€žα€Šα‹

α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„ α€α€”α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έ α€‘α€€α€”α‚”α€‘α€žα€α€”α€Šα€Έα€•α€«α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€žα€¬α€›α€› α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€Šα€¬α€±α€›α€ΈαŠ α€œα€•α€…α€…α€™α€Έ ႏင α€†α€€α€žα€Όα€šα€±α€›α€Έ α€α€”α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š ၿမ႕ေတာဖားထတြင α€›α€›α€”α€„α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€ΈαŠ ထေျခခထေဆာကထα€₯α€Έ မားခ႕တ႔၍ α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€”α€Šα€Έα€•α€«α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€±α€€α€Έα€œα€€α€±α€α€¬α€›α€Όα€¬α€±α€’α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€α€Όα€„α€™ α€›α€›α€›α€” α€‘α€œα€Όα€” α€”α€Šα€Έα€•α€«α€Έ α€œα€±α€•α€žα€Šα‹

α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„ α€±α€”α€‘α€„αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„ ပဋပကၑထား နစေပါငး(၆၀) ေကာမ ရငဆင α€α€›α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€α‚”α€žα€Š မမတ႔ေနထမမားက စြန႔ခြာရန ထတငးထဓမၼ ေစခငး α€α€›α€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ α€™α€α€›α€¬α€Έα€žα€»α€–α€„α€±α€…α€α€„α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έ ႏင α€‘αΎα€€α€™α€Έα€–α€€α€α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€€α€œα€Šα€Έα€±α€α€Όα‚”αΎα€€α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹ ထ႔ထျပင

2 UNHCR (2014) Kayin State Profile. Retrieved 21 August, 2014, from data.unhcr.org/thailand/download.php?id=223 3 UNHCR (2014) Kayin State Profile. Retrieved 21 August, 2014, from data.unhcr.org/thailand/download.php?id=223

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α€œα€€α€›α€€α€¬α€œα€α€Όα€„ α€œα€₯α€Έα€±α€› (၁)α€žα€”α€Έα€±α€€α€¬α€α€”α‚”α€žα€Š ထငး-α€€α€›α€„α€”α€šα€…α€•4α€› ေနရပစြန႔ခြာ α€±α€›α‚Šα‚•α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έ α€±α€”α€‘α€„α€›α€žα€™α€¬α€Έ စခနး (IDP) α€α€Όα€„α€±α€”α€‘α€„α€œα€€α€›αΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€›α€±α€€α€Έα€›α€Όα€¬α€™α€¬α€Έα€™ α€œα€„α€š α€™ α€žα€€α€œα€α€₯းေရတ႔၏ αˆα€% (ကားႏငမ) α€α‚”α€žα€Š ထမနးခငးနငငတ႔တြင α€±α€›α‚Šα‚•α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έ α€‘α€œα€•α€žα€™α€¬α€Έ မား5ထျဖစ ေနရာေျပာငး α€±α€”α€‘α€„α€œα€€α€›α€±α€”αΎα€€α€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€‘α€α‚•α€±α€žα€¬ ထစရငခစာမားတြင α€‘α€±α€žα€Έα€…α€ α€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€žα€Šα€€ α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€›α€”α€„α€žα€Šα‹

ကရင6 ႏင α€—α€™α€¬α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€› α€›α€”α€œα€™α€”α€Έα€α€Έα€±α€”α€™α‚ˆα€žα€Š α€”α€šα€±α€»α€™α€žα€…α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€±α€»α€α€α€α€žα€€α€›α€„α€α‚” ႏင α€—α€™α€¬α€˜α€›α€„α€α‚” α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€†α€†α€€α€†α€α€±α€žα€¬ α€±α€›α€Έα€šα€α€„α€€α€¬α€œα€™α€¬α€Έα€€α€•α€„ α€…α€α€„α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€žα‚”α€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€α€α€™α€Έα€€α€Όα€™α‚ˆ α€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š ကရငတ႔ αΏα€—α€α€žα€‘α€…α€Έα€›α€‘α€•α€α€•α€™α‚ˆα€€ ေထာကခထားေပးျခငးထားျဖင α€•α€Šα€¬α€±α€›α€Έα‚α€„ ထစးရထမ α€α€”α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€™α‚ˆ α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€α‚”α€€ α€•α€™α€›α€›α€α€±α€žα€¬ α€€α€œα€”α€±α€α€α€α€Όα€„ α€•αα€α€„α€™α€¬α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ ααˆαˆα€ ခနစမား တြင α€€α€›α€„α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€…α€Šα€Έ (KNA)α€€ α€–α€Όα‚”α€…α€Šα€Έα€€α€¬ α€€α€›α€„α€œα€Όα€α€œα€•α€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€€ α‚€α€€α€Έα€•α€™α€Έα€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α‚€α€€α€Έα€•α€™α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€‘α€¬α€Έ αα‰α„αˆ တြင α€€α€›α€„α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€‘α€…α€Šα€Έα€‘α€›α€Έ (KNU) α€–α€Όα‚”α€…α€Šα€Έα€€α€¬ α€†α€€α€œα€€ α€‘α€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€œα€¬α€α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ α€α€„α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€α€”α€Έα€α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€±α€›α€Έ ႏင α€–α€šα€’α€›α€šα€…α€”α€…α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€œα€€α€α€±α€›α€Έα€α‚”α€€ ထစားထး ထာရစက α€œα€¬α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

α€»α€™α€”α€™α€¬α€»α€•α€Šα€œα€Όα€α€œα€•α€±α€›α€Έα€›α€…α€₯မစ၍ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€α€Όα€„ တပမေတာ7 ႏင KNU8 တ႔ထၾကားရ α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„ ပဋပကၑမားထစα€₯တစက α€±α€•αšα€±α€•α€«α€€α€±α€”α€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ ၂၀၀၄ ခနစထတြငး α€šα€¬α€š ထပစ α€‘α€α€α€›α€•α€…α€±α€›α€Έα€€α€¬α€œα€α€Όα€„ ပဋပကၑေခတမ α€›α€•α€α€”α‚”α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ α€‘αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€žα€Š မၾကာမပင αΏα€•α€•α€€α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€α€›α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€±α€’α€žα€žα€Š နစေပါငးမားစြာထတြငး ျမနမာတပမေတာ ႏင α€‘α€…α€Έα€›α€™α€Ÿα€α€±α€žα€¬ α€œα€€α€”α€€ ကငထဖြ႔(၅)α€–α€Όα‚”α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Š KNU ၊ ဒမကရကတစ α€€α€›α€„α€—α€’αΆα€˜α€¬α€žα€¬α€α€•α€™α€±α€α€¬ (DKBA)9၊ ကရင ၿငမးခမးေရး ထငထားစ (KPF)၊ α€™α€Όα€”α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€…α€•α€«α€ (NMSP) ႏင α€™αΎα€€α€¬α€±α€žα€Έα€™α€€α€•α€„ α€–α€Όα‚”α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€¬α€α€±α€žα€¬ α€”α€šα€»α€α€¬α€Έα€±α€…α€¬α€„α€α€•α€™α€¬α€Έ (BGF) ေၾကာင စစတပမားတးခ႕တပစြရာ α€”α€šα€±α€»α€™α€»α€–α€…α€œα€¬α€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

KNU α€žα€Š α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€α€Όα€„ α€…α€™α€‘α€•α€α€•α€±α€”α€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€±α€›α€Έα€•α€«α€™α‚ˆα€‘α€›α€†α€Έ NSAG ျဖစၿပး α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€α€Όα€„ α€‘α€±α€›α€Έα€•α€«α€±α€žα€¬ α€±α€”α€›α€¬α€‘α€€α€šα€‘α€α€”α€Έα€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€‘α€”α€Έα€α€•α€α€Όα€„α€›α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ DKBA ႏင KPF တ႔မာ KNU မခြထြကထဖြ႔မားျဖစၾကကာ α€α€€αΎα€€α€Όα€œα‚ˆα€•α€›α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€™α€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€…α α€”α€šα€±α€»α€™α€‘α€”α€Έα€α€•α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€‘α€‘α€€α€‘α€±α€œα€¬α€€ α€›α€›α€‘α€¬α€ΈαΎα€€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ ကရငၿငမးခမးေရးထငထားစ (KPF) α€€ ၁၉၉၇ တြင KNU α€α€•α€™α€Ÿα€¬ ၁၆ မခြထြကကာ

4 The Border Consortium (20014). Retrieved 5 June, 2014, from http://theborderconsortium.org/camps/2014-02-feb-map-tbc-unhcr.pdf. 5 Karen News, Migrants Find Life in Thailand is Hard Work (2014). Retrieved 7 May, 2014 from http://karennews.org/2013/11/migrants-find-life-in-thailand-is-hard-work.html/. 6 People of Karen ethnicity make up the majority of the population in Kayin State, which was previously known as both Kayin State and Karen State. Now, the official name is Kayin State. 7 α€»α€™α€”α€™α€¬α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€α€•α€™α€±α€α€¬ 8 KNU α€žα€Š α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€‘α€•α€…α€Έα€±α€”α€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€…α€Έα€›α€™α€Ÿα€α€žα€Šα€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€α€Όα€„ α€žα€€α€α€”α€Έ ထရငဆး ထဖြ႔ျဖစၿပး ၁၉၄၇ α€α€Όα€„α€–α€Όα‚”α€…α€Šα€Έα€α€€α€¬ α€»α€™α€”α€™α€¬α€»α€•α€Šα€› α€‘α€…α€Έα€›α€™α€Ÿα€α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€™α€¬α€Έα€α€Όα€„ စနစထကဆးနင စစထငထား ထမားဆး α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€…α€Šα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€™α€α€…α€α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ 9 ၁၉၉၄ ခနစ α€‘α€•α€…α€‘α€α€α€›α€•α€€α€¬α€œα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έ KNU α€™ α€—α€’αΆα€˜α€¬α€žα€¬α€α€„α€…α€…α€žα€¬α€Έα€‘α€±α€α€¬α€™α€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€α€Όα€‘α€Όα€€α€»α€α€„α€Έα€™α€¬ ဒမကရကတစ ကရင α€—α€’αΆα€˜α€¬α€žα€¬α€α€•α€™α€±α€α€¬ (DKBA) ၏ α€‘α€±α€»α€α€α€‘α€α€»α€™α€…α€α€…α€α€»α€–α€…α€œα€¬α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

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α€–α€Όα‚”α€…α€Šα€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ KPF α€žα€Š DKBA α‚α€„α€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€…α€Šα€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ α€”α€šα€»α€α€¬α€Έα€±α€…α€¬α€„α€α€•α€–α€Όα‚” BGF α€‘α€»α€–α€…α€žα‚” α€‘α€žα€Όα€„α€€α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€›α€” α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€α€žα€Šα‹

BGF α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š ၁၉၉၄ ခနစ α€‘α€•α€…α€‘α€α€α€›α€•α€…α€±α€›α€Έα€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€Šα€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€€α€œα€€α€™α€α€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€Έα€α€±α€žα€¬ NSAG ထဖြ႔မားမ α€…α€…α€žα€¬α€Έα€α‚”α€”α€„α€–α€Όα‚”α€…α€Šα€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ တပရငးေခါငးေဆာငတ႔မာ NSAG တ႔မ α€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ α€œα€Šα€Έ α€α€•α€–α€Όα‚”α€žα€Š α€»α€™α€”α€™α€¬α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€α€•α€™α€±α€α€¬α ထမန႔ထာဏာစကေထာကမ α€œα‚ˆα€•α€›α€¬α€Έ ေဆာငရြကၾကရ α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ ၁၉၉၄ တြင α€‘α€•α€…α€‘α€α€α€›α€•α€…α€±α€›α€Έα€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έ α€‘α€œα€„α€‘α€»α€™α€”αΏα€•α€•α€€α€α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ BGF α€žα‚” α€α€„α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€α€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€α‚•α€α€•α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š α€šα€„α€Έα€α‚”αα€α€•α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€žα€…α€™α€¬α€ΈαŒ α€†α€€α€œα€€α€€α€”α€›α€…α€αΎα€€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

α€™α€Όα€”α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€…α€•α€«α€ NMSP α€žα€Š α€™α€Όα€”α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„ α€œα‚ˆα€•α€›α€¬α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€±α€”α€±α€žα€¬ ထဓက NSAG α€α€…α€α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„ NMSP α€α€Šα€›α€±α€”α€”α€„α€›α€” NMSP α€™α€Šα€”α€„α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€αΏα€•α€Έ KNU ေခါငးေဆာငတ႔က NMSP တ႔ထား α€™α€Όα€”α€œα€™α€Έα€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€±α€”α€‘α€„αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€™α€Όα€”α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα‚α€„ α€”α€šα€”α€™α€α€‘α€†α€€α€œα€€α€›α€žα€Š α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€š ထေနာကေတာငပငးရ α€±α€”α€›α€¬α€±α€’α€žα€‘α€α‚•α€€ α€‘α€”α€Έα€α€•α€…α€™α€α€Όα€„α€»α€•α€‘α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹

α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€› α€‘α€α‚•α€±α€žα€¬α€±α€’α€žα€α‚”α€α€Όα€„ ဒြနတြစမထပခပျခငးစနစတ႔ရေနၿပး KNU α€‘α€•α€α€•α€™α‚ˆα€…α€”α€… နင ျမနမာ α€‘α€…α€Έα€›α€‘α€•α€α€•α€™α‚ˆα€…α€”α€…α€α‚” α€šα€₯ၿပငေနၾကျခငး α€žα‚”α€™α€Ÿα€ α€Šα€”α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€™α‚ˆα€™α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€»α€–α€…α€±α€•αš α€œα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹ ထပစထခတရပစေရး α€œα€€α€™α€α€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€Έα€α€”α€™α€…α KNU ထနးခပ α€”α€šα€±α€»α€™α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€žα‚” α€…α€¬α€žα€„α€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ α€€α€žα‚” α‚€α€€α€α€„α€›α€”α€„αΏα€•α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ KNU ထပခပေရးဆငရာ α€α€”α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€”α€„ စငၿပငထျဖစ α€žα‚”α€™α€Ÿα€ α€‘α€•α€α€€α€±α€žα€¬ ထစးရထပခပေရးထရငးထျမစမား α€‘α€Šα€žα€Όα€„α€Έα€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„ α€α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έ α€›α€α€žα€Šα‹

၂၀၁၁ခနစ α€”α€„α€„α€±α€›α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€œα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€±α€”α€¬α€€α€α€Όα€„ α€žα€™αΌα€ α€žα€”α€Έα€…α€”α€žα€Š α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€…α€Šα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€”α€„ ထပစထခတရပစေရး α€Šα‚α‚ˆα€„α€Έα€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€»α€•α€œα€•α€œα€¬α€α€›α€¬ α€‡α€”α€”α€α€«α€›α€œ ၁၂ရက ၂၀၁၂ တြင KNUα€žα€Š ျမနမာထစးရႏင α€‘α€•α€…α€‘α€α€α€›α€•α€…α€±α€›α€Έα€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€α€€α€€ α€œα€€α€™α€α€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€Έα€α€žα€Š ပထမဆးထဖြ႔ α€»α€–α€…α€œα€¬α€ α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€žα‚”α€±α€žα€¬ α€α€Έα€α€€α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€”α€„α€α€€α€Ό α€»α€•α€Šα€±α€α€¬α€»α€•α€”α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ α€’α€€α‘α€žα€Šα€™α€¬α€Έ ႏင IDP မားထား α€œα€€α€ α‚€α€€α€†α€±α€žα€¬ α€•α€‘α€™α€†α€Έα€±α€’α€žα€»α€–α€…α€žα€Š α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€žα‚” နငငတကာမ ေငြေၾကးထေထာကထပမား α€₯α€Έα€α€Š α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€›α€œα€¬α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

NSAG ေခါငးေဆာငမားနင ျမနမာထစးရထရာရတ႔ထၾကား α€»α€•α€œα€•α€±α€žα€¬ ထပတနးေခါငးေဆာငပငးထဆင α€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€•α€Όα€™α€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ α€†α€€α€œα€€α€»α€•α€œα€•α€œα€€α€›α€±α€”α€›α€¬ α€»α€•α€œα€•α€™α€Šα€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ ၿငမးခမးေရး ႏင ဖြ႔ၿဖးေရး စမကနးတ႔က α€α€€α€›α€€α€‘α€€α€Έα€žα€€α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€›α€™α€Šα€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€žα€”α€„α€›α€” ထခြငထေရးတစရပ α€‘α€»α€–α€…α€›α€šα€α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€™ α€œα€‘α€α‚”αα€‘α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€€α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€–α€„ α€±α€›α€›α€Šα€α€Šα€α‚”α€±α€žα€¬ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€€ α€α€Šα€±α€†α€¬α€€α€›α€¬α€α€Όα€„ α€‘α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€‘α€€α€»α€–α€…α€±α€…α€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€™α€€ α€›α€œα€¬α€’α€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€›α€„α€†α€„αΎα€€α€±α€α€Όα‚”αΎα€€α€›α€™α€Šα€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ α€žα€α‚•αα€œα€‘α€•α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€»α€–α€Šα€†α€Šα€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€”α€„α€›α€”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ ဆကစပထေျခထေနႏင α€‘α€€α€žα€„α€±α€œα€¬α€€α€”α€±α€žα€¬ ထစထစα€₯ေရးဆြျခငးႏင မ၀ါဒေရးရာဆးျဖတခကမားထား α€»α€•α€œα€•α€–α€”α€α€Έα€”α€„α€±α€…α€±α€œα€™α€Šα‹ α€‘α€žα‚”α€»α€–α€„ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š မမတ႔၏ထနာဂါတထတြက α€±α€™α€¬α€™α€”α€Έα€žα€Έα€žα€•α€»α€α€„α€Έ α€…α€α€„α€»α€•α€œα€•α€€α€¬ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€š α€»α€•α€”α€œα€Šα€α€Šα€±α€†α€¬α€€α€±α€›α€Έα€α€Όα€„ α€α€€αΎα€€α€Όα€±α€žα€¬ ထခနးက႑မ α€•α€«α€α€„α€œα€¬α€”α€„ α€±α€•α€™α€Šα‹

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α€–α€Όα‚”α€…α€Šα€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ KPF α€žα€Š DKBA α‚α€„α€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€…α€Šα€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ α€”α€šα€»α€α€¬α€Έα€±α€…α€¬α€„α€α€•α€–α€Όα‚” BGF α€‘α€»α€–α€…α€žα‚” α€‘α€žα€Όα€„α€€α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€›α€” α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€α€žα€Šα‹

BGF α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š ၁၉၉၄ ခနစ α€‘α€•α€…α€‘α€α€α€›α€•α€…α€±α€›α€Έα€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€Šα€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€€α€œα€€α€™α€α€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€Έα€α€±α€žα€¬ NSAG ထဖြ႔မားမ α€…α€…α€žα€¬α€Έα€α‚”α€”α€„α€–α€Όα‚”α€…α€Šα€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ တပရငးေခါငးေဆာငတ႔မာ NSAG တ႔မ α€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ α€œα€Šα€Έ α€α€•α€–α€Όα‚”α€žα€Š α€»α€™α€”α€™α€¬α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€α€•α€™α€±α€α€¬α ထမန႔ထာဏာစကေထာကမ α€œα‚ˆα€•α€›α€¬α€Έ ေဆာငရြကၾကရ α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ ၁၉၉၄ တြင α€‘α€•α€…α€‘α€α€α€›α€•α€…α€±α€›α€Έα€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έ α€‘α€œα€„α€‘α€»α€™α€”αΏα€•α€•α€€α€α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ BGF α€žα‚” α€α€„α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€α€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€α‚•α€α€•α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š α€šα€„α€Έα€α‚”αα€α€•α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€žα€…α€™α€¬α€ΈαŒ α€†α€€α€œα€€α€€α€”α€›α€…α€αΎα€€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

α€™α€Όα€”α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€…α€•α€«α€ NMSP α€žα€Š α€™α€Όα€”α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„ α€œα‚ˆα€•α€›α€¬α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€±α€”α€±α€žα€¬ ထဓက NSAG α€α€…α€α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„ NMSP α€α€Šα€›α€±α€”α€”α€„α€›α€” NMSP α€™α€Šα€”α€„α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€αΏα€•α€Έ KNU ေခါငးေဆာငတ႔က NMSP တ႔ထား α€™α€Όα€”α€œα€™α€Έα€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€±α€”α€‘α€„αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€™α€Όα€”α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα‚α€„ α€”α€šα€”α€™α€α€‘α€†α€€α€œα€€α€›α€žα€Š α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€š ထေနာကေတာငပငးရ α€±α€”α€›α€¬α€±α€’α€žα€‘α€α‚•α€€ α€‘α€”α€Έα€α€•α€…α€™α€α€Όα€„α€»α€•α€‘α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹

α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€› α€‘α€α‚•α€±α€žα€¬α€±α€’α€žα€α‚”α€α€Όα€„ ဒြနတြစမထပခပျခငးစနစတ႔ရေနၿပး KNU α€‘α€•α€α€•α€™α‚ˆα€…α€”α€… နင ျမနမာ α€‘α€…α€Έα€›α€‘α€•α€α€•α€™α‚ˆα€…α€”α€…α€α‚” α€šα€₯ၿပငေနၾကျခငး α€žα‚”α€™α€Ÿα€ α€Šα€”α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€™α‚ˆα€™α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€»α€–α€…α€±α€•αš α€œα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹ ထပစထခတရပစေရး α€œα€€α€™α€α€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€Έα€α€”α€™α€…α KNU ထနးခပ α€”α€šα€±α€»α€™α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€žα‚” α€…α€¬α€žα€„α€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ α€€α€žα‚” α‚€α€€α€α€„α€›α€”α€„αΏα€•α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ KNU ထပခပေရးဆငရာ α€α€”α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€”α€„ စငၿပငထျဖစ α€žα‚”α€™α€Ÿα€ α€‘α€•α€α€€α€±α€žα€¬ ထစးရထပခပေရးထရငးထျမစမား α€‘α€Šα€žα€Όα€„α€Έα€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„ α€α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έ α€›α€α€žα€Šα‹

၂၀၁၁ခနစ α€”α€„α€„α€±α€›α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€œα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€±α€”α€¬α€€α€α€Όα€„ α€žα€™αΌα€ α€žα€”α€Έα€…α€”α€žα€Š α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€…α€Šα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€”α€„ ထပစထခတရပစေရး α€Šα‚α‚ˆα€„α€Έα€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€»α€•α€œα€•α€œα€¬α€α€›α€¬ α€‡α€”α€”α€α€«α€›α€œ ၁၂ရက ၂၀၁၂ တြင KNUα€žα€Š ျမနမာထစးရႏင α€‘α€•α€…α€‘α€α€α€›α€•α€…α€±α€›α€Έα€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€α€€α€€ α€œα€€α€™α€α€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€Έα€α€žα€Š ပထမဆးထဖြ႔ α€»α€–α€…α€œα€¬α€ α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€žα‚”α€±α€žα€¬ α€α€Έα€α€€α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€”α€„α€α€€α€Ό α€»α€•α€Šα€±α€α€¬α€»α€•α€”α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ α€’α€€α‘α€žα€Šα€™α€¬α€Έ ႏင IDP မားထား α€œα€€α€ α‚€α€€α€†α€±α€žα€¬ α€•α€‘α€™α€†α€Έα€±α€’α€žα€»α€–α€…α€žα€Š α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€žα‚” နငငတကာမ ေငြေၾကးထေထာကထပမား α€₯α€Έα€α€Š α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€›α€œα€¬α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

NSAG ေခါငးေဆာငမားနင ျမနမာထစးရထရာရတ႔ထၾကား α€»α€•α€œα€•α€±α€žα€¬ ထပတနးေခါငးေဆာငပငးထဆင α€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€•α€Όα€™α€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ α€†α€€α€œα€€α€»α€•α€œα€•α€œα€€α€›α€±α€”α€›α€¬ α€»α€•α€œα€•α€™α€Šα€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ ၿငမးခမးေရး ႏင ဖြ႔ၿဖးေရး စမကနးတ႔က α€α€€α€›α€€α€‘α€€α€Έα€žα€€α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€›α€™α€Šα€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€žα€”α€„α€›α€” ထခြငထေရးတစရပ α€‘α€»α€–α€…α€›α€šα€α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€™ α€œα€‘α€α‚”αα€‘α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€€α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€–α€„ α€±α€›α€›α€Šα€α€Šα€α‚”α€±α€žα€¬ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€€ α€α€Šα€±α€†α€¬α€€α€›α€¬α€α€Όα€„ α€‘α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€‘α€€α€»α€–α€…α€±α€…α€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€™α€€ α€›α€œα€¬α€’α€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€›α€„α€†α€„αΎα€€α€±α€α€Όα‚”αΎα€€α€›α€™α€Šα€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ α€žα€α‚•αα€œα€‘α€•α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€»α€–α€Šα€†α€Šα€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€”α€„α€›α€”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ ဆကစပထေျခထေနႏင α€‘α€€α€žα€„α€±α€œα€¬α€€α€”α€±α€žα€¬ ထစထစα€₯ေရးဆြျခငးႏင မ၀ါဒေရးရာဆးျဖတခကမားထား α€»α€•α€œα€•α€–α€”α€α€Έα€”α€„α€±α€…α€±α€œα€™α€Šα‹ α€‘α€žα‚”α€»α€–α€„ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š မမတ႔၏ထနာဂါတထတြက α€±α€™α€¬α€™α€”α€Έα€žα€Έα€žα€•α€»α€α€„α€Έ α€…α€α€„α€»α€•α€œα€•α€€α€¬ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€š α€»α€•α€”α€œα€Šα€α€Šα€±α€†α€¬α€€α€±α€›α€Έα€α€Όα€„ α€α€€αΎα€€α€Όα€±α€žα€¬ ထခနးက႑မ α€•α€«α€α€„α€œα€¬α€”α€„ α€±α€•α€™α€Šα‹

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α€žα€±α€α€žα€”α€’α€‡α€„α€Έ

α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€™ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€€α€›α€šα€›α€”α‚α€„ ရာေဖြေဖာထတရန နားေထာငျခငး

α€”α€Šα€Έα€…α€”α€…α€€ α€±α€›α€Όα€Έα€α€šα€α€žα€Šα‹ α€™α€Šα€žα€Šα€‘α€±α€»α€α€‘α€±α€”α€α€Όα€„α€»α€–α€…α€±α€… α€‘α€±α€”α€›α€¬α€±α€’α€žαŒ α€±α€”α€‘α€„αΎα€€α€žα€α‚”α€žα€Š

α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€±α€»α€α€±α€»α€™α€»α€•α€„α€α€Όα€„α€»α€–α€…α€•α€€α€±α€”α€žα€Š α€‘α€±α€»α€α€‘α€±α€”α€€α€”α€¬α€Έα€œα€Š α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€±α€•α€«α€€α€™α‚ˆα€‘α€›α€†α€Έα€»α€–α€…α α€žα€α‚”

αα€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€žα€„α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€…α€”α€…α€™α€‘α€žα€‘α€™α€α€»α€•α€œα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€œα€™α€Έ

α€žα€Š α€…α€”α€…α€α€€α€»α€•α€œα€•α€±α€žα€¬ ေတြ႔ဆေမးျမနးခနးထစား α€œα€α€…α€₯းစတ႔ႏင α€±α€•α€«α€•α€«α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€…α€™α€Š

ေျပာဆျခငးမးျဖင α€žα€€α€±α€žα€¬α€„α€žα€€α€žα€¬α€›α€±α€žα€¬ ထေျခထေနတစခ α€–α€”α€α€Έα€»α€•α€œα€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹

α€œα€™α€Έα€Šα‚Šα€”α€α€€α€»α€–α€„ α€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€α€…α€›α€•α€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„αΎα€€α€žα€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€žα€α‚”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ ထေရး

ထႀကးဆး α€‘α€„α€»α€™α€„α€šα€†α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα‚α€„ α€•α€•α€”α€…α€Έα€›α€™α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ ေ၀မေျပာဆရန α€žα€€α€±α€žα€¬α€„α€žα€€α€žα€¬ α€»α€–α€…α€±α€…

α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€Šα€Έα€…α€”α€…α€žα€Š α€‘α€α€”α€šα€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€»α€α€„α€Έ α€α‚”α€™α€›α€›α€±α€žα€¬ α€€α€šα€»α€•α€”α‚”

α€™α€¬α€Έα€»α€•α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š α€‘α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€‘α€›α€¬α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ α€α€Šα€™α‚ˆα€›α€±α€žα€¬α€»α€•α€žα€”α€¬α€™α€¬α€Έ ႏင α€‘α€±α€›α€Έα‚€α€€α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ ကြျပားျခားနား

α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€±α€–α€¬α€‘α€α€±α€•α€Έα€”α€„α€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€”α€…α€€α€”α€žα€Šα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€”α€…α€α€€α€…α€…α€…α€žα€Έα€žα€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα‚α€„

ေပါငးစပထနစခပျခငးထားျဖင α€œα€‘α€α‚”α α€‘α€„α€»α€™α€„α€šα€†α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€›α€šα€±α€–α€¬α€‘α€α€±α€•α€Έα€”α€„α€±α€žα€¬

α€‘α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€œα€žα€Š α€”α€Šα€Έα€…α€”α€…α€α€…α€ α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹

CPCS α€žα€Š α‚α€α€αˆα€α€”α€…α€™α€…α α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€Šα€Έα€…α€”α€…α€€α€‘α€žα€Έα€»α€•α€€α€¬ α€»α€™α€”α€™α€¬α€»α€•α€Šα€›α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ

နားေထာငျခငးစးရးထခနးဆကမားမတဆင α€œα€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€›α€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€œα€¬α€α€žα€Šα‹ CDA ပးေပါငး

α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€±α€œα€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα€…α€™α€€α€”α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ - α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€±α€œα€œα€¬α€™α‚ˆ α€–α€ΌαΏα€–α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα နားေထာငျခငး

α€”α€Šα€Έα€…α€”α€…α€€ ေမြးစားကာ α€‘α€”α€Šα€Έα€…α€”α€…α€‘α€¬α€Έ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ ပမထားေကာငးေစရန α€™α€α€Š

α€€α€Όα€»α€•α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€žα€α‚”α€€α€±α€–α€¬α€‘α€α€›α€”α€Ÿα€±α€žα€¬ α€€α€Όα€”α€•α€α‚”αα€‘α€“α€€α€›α€Šα€™α€”α€Έα€α€€α€”α€„ α€•α€™α€žα€„α€±α€œα€¬

α€±α€…α€›α€” α€”α€Šα€Έα€„α€šα€»α€•α€»α€•α€„α€™α€Όα€”α€Έα€™α€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹

ပဋပကၑႏငဆကစပထေျခထေနတြင α€œα€•α€€α€„α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€›α€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€›α€œα€Όα€šα€žα€Š ထေျခထေနမား ႏင

α€±α€’α€žα€α€™α€¬α€Έα α€‘α€»α€•α€„α€œα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€±α€•αš α€šαΎα€€α€Šα€™α‚ˆα€€α€„α€Έα€™α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„ CPCSα€™ α€•α€•α€Έα€€α€Šα€™α‚ˆ တာ၀နခ

၀နထမးတ႔ထေနျဖင နားေထာငျခငးထဖြ႔မားနငတကြ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α‚α€„ စကားေျပာဆရန α€œα€€α€•α€«

α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€™α€›α€±α€•α‹ ထထစား နားေထာငျခငးထဖြ႔တ႔ထေနျဖင α€•α€•α€Έα€€α€Šα€™α‚ˆα€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€™α€•α€«α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ တေန႔တာ

α€›α€›α€œα€¬α€±α€žα€¬ α€žα€α€„α€Έα€‘α€α€€α€‘α€œα€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ စေပါငးထနစခပနငရန α€±α€”α‚”α€…α€₯α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ ထေထာကထပ

α€€α€›α€šα€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€–α€”α€α€Έα€»α€•α€…α€±α€•α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ ထ႔ထျပင α€žα€±α€α€žα€”α€»α€•α€œα€•α€™α€Šα€±α€’α€žα€”α€„ ရငးနးကြမး၀ငျခငးနင

ျဖစနငပါက α€‘α€±α€”α€›α€¬α€±α€’α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€žα‚” α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€α€Όα€„α€›α€›α€‘α€¬α€Έα‚α€„α€±α€žα€¬ α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€»α€–α€…

α€±α€›α€Όα€Έα€α€šα€”α€„α€›α€” ႀကးပမး α€α€žα€Šα‹

Page 25: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that

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α€žα€±α€α€žα€”α€’α€‡α€„α€Έ

α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€™ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€€α€›α€šα€›α€”α‚α€„ ရာေဖြေဖာထတရန နားေထာငျခငး

α€”α€Šα€Έα€…α€”α€…α€€ α€±α€›α€Όα€Έα€α€šα€α€žα€Šα‹ α€™α€Šα€žα€Šα€‘α€±α€»α€α€‘α€±α€”α€α€Όα€„α€»α€–α€…α€±α€… α€‘α€±α€”α€›α€¬α€±α€’α€žαŒ α€±α€”α€‘α€„αΎα€€α€žα€α‚”α€žα€Š

α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€±α€»α€α€±α€»α€™α€»α€•α€„α€α€Όα€„α€»α€–α€…α€•α€€α€±α€”α€žα€Š α€‘α€±α€»α€α€‘α€±α€”α€€α€”α€¬α€Έα€œα€Š α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€±α€•α€«α€€α€™α‚ˆα€‘α€›α€†α€Έα€»α€–α€…α α€žα€α‚”

αα€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€žα€„α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€…α€”α€…α€™α€‘α€žα€‘α€™α€α€»α€•α€œα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€œα€™α€Έ

α€žα€Š α€…α€”α€…α€α€€α€»α€•α€œα€•α€±α€žα€¬ ေတြ႔ဆေမးျမနးခနးထစား α€œα€α€…α€₯းစတ႔ႏင α€±α€•α€«α€•α€«α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€…α€™α€Š

ေျပာဆျခငးမးျဖင α€žα€€α€±α€žα€¬α€„α€žα€€α€žα€¬α€›α€±α€žα€¬ ထေျခထေနတစခ α€–α€”α€α€Έα€»α€•α€œα€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹

α€œα€™α€Έα€Šα‚Šα€”α€α€€α€»α€–α€„ α€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€α€…α€›α€•α€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„αΎα€€α€žα€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€žα€α‚”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ ထေရး

ထႀကးဆး α€‘α€„α€»α€™α€„α€šα€†α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα‚α€„ α€•α€•α€”α€…α€Έα€›α€™α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ ေ၀မေျပာဆရန α€žα€€α€±α€žα€¬α€„α€žα€€α€žα€¬ α€»α€–α€…α€±α€…

α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€Šα€Έα€…α€”α€…α€žα€Š α€‘α€α€”α€šα€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€»α€α€„α€Έ α€α‚”α€™α€›α€›α€±α€žα€¬ α€€α€šα€»α€•α€”α‚”

α€™α€¬α€Έα€»α€•α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š α€‘α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€‘α€›α€¬α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ α€α€Šα€™α‚ˆα€›α€±α€žα€¬α€»α€•α€žα€”α€¬α€™α€¬α€Έ ႏင α€‘α€±α€›α€Έα‚€α€€α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ ကြျပားျခားနား

α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€±α€–α€¬α€‘α€α€±α€•α€Έα€”α€„α€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€”α€…α€€α€”α€žα€Šα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€”α€…α€α€€α€…α€…α€…α€žα€Έα€žα€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα‚α€„

ေပါငးစပထနစခပျခငးထားျဖင α€œα€‘α€α‚”α α€‘α€„α€»α€™α€„α€šα€†α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€›α€šα€±α€–α€¬α€‘α€α€±α€•α€Έα€”α€„α€±α€žα€¬

α€‘α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€œα€žα€Š α€”α€Šα€Έα€…α€”α€…α€α€…α€ α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹

CPCS α€žα€Š α‚α€α€αˆα€α€”α€…α€™α€…α α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€Šα€Έα€…α€”α€…α€€α€‘α€žα€Έα€»α€•α€€α€¬ α€»α€™α€”α€™α€¬α€»α€•α€Šα€›α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ

နားေထာငျခငးစးရးထခနးဆကမားမတဆင α€œα€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€›α€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€œα€¬α€α€žα€Šα‹ CDA ပးေပါငး

α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€±α€œα€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα€…α€™α€€α€”α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ - α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€±α€œα€œα€¬α€™α‚ˆ α€–α€ΌαΏα€–α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα နားေထာငျခငး

α€”α€Šα€Έα€…α€”α€…α€€ ေမြးစားကာ α€‘α€”α€Šα€Έα€…α€”α€…α€‘α€¬α€Έ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ ပမထားေကာငးေစရန α€™α€α€Š

α€€α€Όα€»α€•α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€žα€α‚”α€€α€±α€–α€¬α€‘α€α€›α€”α€Ÿα€±α€žα€¬ α€€α€Όα€”α€•α€α‚”αα€‘α€“α€€α€›α€Šα€™α€”α€Έα€α€€α€”α€„ α€•α€™α€žα€„α€±α€œα€¬

α€±α€…α€›α€” α€”α€Šα€Έα€„α€šα€»α€•α€»α€•α€„α€™α€Όα€”α€Έα€™α€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹

ပဋပကၑႏငဆကစပထေျခထေနတြင α€œα€•α€€α€„α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€›α€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€›α€œα€Όα€šα€žα€Š ထေျခထေနမား ႏင

α€±α€’α€žα€α€™α€¬α€Έα α€‘α€»α€•α€„α€œα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€±α€•αš α€šαΎα€€α€Šα€™α‚ˆα€€α€„α€Έα€™α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„ CPCSα€™ α€•α€•α€Έα€€α€Šα€™α‚ˆ တာ၀နခ

၀နထမးတ႔ထေနျဖင နားေထာငျခငးထဖြ႔မားနငတကြ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α‚α€„ စကားေျပာဆရန α€œα€€α€•α€«

α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€™α€›α€±α€•α‹ ထထစား နားေထာငျခငးထဖြ႔တ႔ထေနျဖင α€•α€•α€Έα€€α€Šα€™α‚ˆα€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€™α€•α€«α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ တေန႔တာ

α€›α€›α€œα€¬α€±α€žα€¬ α€žα€α€„α€Έα€‘α€α€€α€‘α€œα€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ စေပါငးထနစခပနငရန α€±α€”α‚”α€…α€₯α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ ထေထာကထပ

α€€α€›α€šα€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€–α€”α€α€Έα€»α€•α€…α€±α€•α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ ထ႔ထျပင α€žα€±α€α€žα€”α€»α€•α€œα€•α€™α€Šα€±α€’α€žα€”α€„ ရငးနးကြမး၀ငျခငးနင

ျဖစနငပါက α€‘α€±α€”α€›α€¬α€±α€’α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€žα‚” α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€α€Όα€„α€›α€›α€‘α€¬α€Έα‚α€„α€±α€žα€¬ α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€»α€–α€…

α€±α€›α€Όα€Έα€α€šα€”α€„α€›α€” ႀကးပမး α€α€žα€Šα‹

23

α€•α€•α€Έα€€α€Šα€»α€α€„α€Έα‚α€„ နားေထာငျခငးထဖြ႕မား

ကစမကနး၏ CPCS α€•α€•α€Έα€€α€Šα€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€–α€Όα‚•α€α€Όα€„ CPCS ၀နထမး (၂) α€₯းႏင CPCS α€žα€±α€α€žα€”α€‘α€α€„α€•α€„α€

(၁) α€₯α€Έα€α‚”α€»α€–α€„α€–α€Όα‚•α€…α€Šα€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€•α€Έα€€α€Šα€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€–α€Όα‚•α€žα€Š ေထာကပပ႕ေဆာငေရးစစα€₯α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ

α€žα€„α€α€”α€Έα‚α€„ α€‘α€œα€•α€›α€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€•α€Όα€™α€¬α€Έαα€»α€–α€…α€…α€₯မားထား α€…α€”α€…α€€α€±α€…α€›α€”α€œα€™α€Έα€Šα‚Šα€”α€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ α€™α€α€α€™α€Έα€α€„α€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ

α€›α€›α€œα€¬α€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€±α€»α€–α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€€α€€α€…α€…α€…α€±α€œα€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα‚α€„ စာတမးပႏပထတေ၀ျခငးတ႔က တာ၀န

α€šα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€…α€™α€€α€”α€Έα€žα€Š နားေထာငျခငးထဖြ႕၀ငမားတြင α€€α€Šα€•α€«α€α€„α€›α€” ရကေရာစြာ

α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€œα€€α€α€αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€•α€‚α’α€œα€α€…α€₯းစ၏ α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€α€™α‚ˆα€‘α€±α€•αš α€™α€α€‘α€¬α€Έα€€α€Έα€α€›α€žα€Šα‹

α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€žα€α‚”α€žα€Š α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€α€™α€Έ α€±α€”α€›α€¬α€±α€’α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€› αΏα€™α‚•α€”α€šα€™α€¬α€Έα‚α€„ α€±α€€α€Έα€›α€Όα€¬α€™α€¬α€Έα€žα‚”α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έ

ေရာကကာ α€‘α€±α€’α€žα€™α€œα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€…α€α‚”α‚α€„ α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€™ NGO α€α‚”α€žα€Š

α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€žα€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€α€ž α€žα‚”α€™α€Ÿα€ α€”α€šα€±α€»α€™α€€α€Όα€™α€Έα€€α€„α€ž (၁၃) α€₯းတ႔နင CPCS ထား ခတဆက

α€±α€•α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€…α€™α€€α€”α€Έα€žα€Š α€‘α€žα€α‚”α€”α€„ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€α€Όα€„α€Έα€±α€”α€‘α€„αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€œα€‘α€‘α€žα€„α€Έα€‘α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”

ထၾကား α€α€Šα€±α€†α€¬α€€α€‘α€¬α€ΈαΏα€•α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ α€†α€€α€†α€±α€›α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€”α€„α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€α€Όα€„α€™α€¬α€Έ ႏင α€±α€α€Έα€œα€±α€žα€¬α€±α€’α€žα€™α€¬α€Έ

α€žα‚” α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€›α€¬αŒα€œα€‘α€•α€±α€žα€¬ α€α€›α€Έα€œα€™α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€•α€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€±α€»α€α€‘α€±α€”α€α‚”α€‘α€±α€•αš ထကြမးတ၀ငရျခငး တ႔က

α€‘α€¬α€Έα€€α€Έα€α€›α€žα€Šα‹

ထဆင ၁ - α€‘α€œα€•α€›α€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€•α€Όα€žα€„α€α€”α€Έ

α€€α€…α€™α€€α€”α€Έ ပထမထဆငတြင α€±α€›α€Όα€Έα€α€šα€»α€α€„α€Έα€α€‘α€¬α€Έα€›α€±α€žα€¬α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€žα€™α€¬α€Έ ႏင α€»α€•α€œα€•α€±α€žα€¬ ႏစရကတာ

α€‘α€œα€•α€›α€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€•α€Όα€žα€„α€α€”α€Έ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€‘α€œα€•α€›α€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€•α€Όα α€‘α€“α€€α€›α€Šα€›α€Όα€šα€α€€α€™α€¬ နားေထာင

α€žα€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€…α€™α€€α€”α€Έα‚α€„α€•α€α€žα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€žα€α€„α€Έα€‘α€α€€α€‘α€œα€€α‚α€„ α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€Šα€Έα€…α€”α€…α€α‚”α€€ ေ၀မ

α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€›α€”αŠ α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€‘α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€±α€žα€¬α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€…α€™α€Šα€α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ α€»α€•α€œα€•α€”α€„α€±α€…α€›α€”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ ထတတ

α€•α€Šα€¬α€•α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€›α€” ႏင α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€™α€¬α€Έα€–α€Όα‚”α€…α€Šα€Έα€”α€„α€›α€”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€±α€•α€Έα€›α€”α€α‚”α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹

α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€±α€›α€Έα€”α€„ ထျခားေထာကပပ႔ေဆာငေရးဆငရာ ထစထစα€₯မား ထတြက

α€œα€Šα€Έ α€•α€•α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€•α€±α€•α€Έα€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

ထဆင ၂ - α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€…α€»α€™α€Šα€α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€₯းစးေဆာငရြကျခငး

α€‘α€œα€•α€›α€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€•α€Όα€žα€„α€α€”α€Έ αΏα€•α€Έα€±α€»α€™α€¬α€€α€žα€Šα‚α€„ တစၿပငနက α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€š

တ၀မးရ αΏα€™α‚•α€”α€šα€™α€¬α€Έ နင α€±α€€α€Έα€›α€Όα€¬α€™α€¬α€Έα€žα‚• α€α€›α€Έα‚α€„α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ နားေထာငျခငး စကား၀ငးတစခတြင

α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€ž (၂)α€₯α€Έ α€•α€«α€α€„αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ စကား၀ငးမားတြင α€»α€™α€”α€™α€¬αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ႏင ထနာဂါတ

α€±α€™α€¬α€œα€„α€α€€α€α‚”α€”α€„ α€†α€€α€…α€•α€œα€€α€›α€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€„α€»α€™α€„α€šα€†α€α€€α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ α€œα€‘α€•α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έ ႏင α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ

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26

ထဆင ၃- မတတမးတငျခငး α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯စမေဆာငရြကျခငးႏင α€…α€…α€…α€žα€Έα€žα€•α€»α€α€„α€Έ

α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š α€‘α€α€€α€‘α€œα€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€™α€α€α€™α€Έα€α€„α€›α€¬αŒ α€™α€α€…α€…α€¬α€‘α€•α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ မတတမး

စာထပမားတြငေရးမတျခငး ႏင ကးကားထဆမားထား α€™α€α€…α€™α€α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€»α€•α€œα€• α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ နားေထာင

α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ စကားေျပာဆေနၾကစα€₯မတစမတျခငးက ေရာငကα€₯αΎα€€α€›α€”α€α€€α€α€Όα€”α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ ထထစား

α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€…α€»α€™α€Š α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€™α‚ˆ αΏα€•α€Έα€†α€Έα€žα€Šα‚α€„α€α€»α€•α€„α€”α€€ α€™α€α€…α€…α€¬α€‘α€•α€α€…α€‘α€•α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€ΈαŒ မတတမးတင

α€±α€…α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š စကားေျပာေနစα€₯တြင ေဆြးေႏြးျခငး၏ α€‘α‚α€…α€žα€¬α€›α€€ ေဖာကး

α€”α€„α€α€±α€žα€¬ ကးကားထဆ တစခကမ α€±α€›α€Έα€™α€α€›α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

α€±α€”α‚”α€…α€₯တေန႔တာကနဆးခနတြငမ α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€α€€α€Ό စေ၀းၾကကာ α€α€±α€”α‚”α€α€¬α€»α€•α€œα€•α€α€±α€žα€¬

α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™ α€α€Šα€™α‚ˆα€›α€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€‘α€›α€¬α€™α€¬α€Έ ႏင α€€α€Όα€»α€•α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€¬α€Έα€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ ထေၾကာငးထရာမား

α€€α€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€ΈαΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€‘α€α€€α€‘α€œα€€α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€±α€”α€¬α€„α€»α€•α€œα€•α€™α€Šα€‘α€†α€„α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€‘α€“α€€α€±α€žα€¬

ခကထေၾကာငးထရာမား ႏင ကြျပားမတ႕က α€›α€¬α€±α€–α€Όα€±α€–α€¬α€‘α€α€€α€¬α€…α€…α€Šα€Έα€”α€„α€›α€” α€‘α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€‘α€€α€»α€•α€žα€»α€–α€„

၄ငးတ႔ထား α€™α€α€α€™α€Έα€…α€¬α€‘α€•α€α€Όα€„α€±α€›α€Έα€™α€α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

ထဆင ၄- α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯စမျခငး α€‘α€œα€•α€›α€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€•α€Ό

α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€…α€»α€™α€Šα€α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ αΏα€•α€Έα€»α€•α€œα€•αΏα€•α€Έα€…α€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€α€« α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€žα€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€α‚”α€žα€Š နစရကတာ

α€»α€•α€œα€•α€±α€žα€¬ α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯စမျခငး α€‘α€œα€•α€›α€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€•α€Όα€€ α€α€€α€±α€›α€¬α€€αΎα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹ α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š

α€™α€™α€α‚”α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€»α€•α€œα€•α€α€±α€žα€¬ စကား၀ငးမားမ αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€›α€–α€”α€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€†α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ ထေၾကာငးထရာမားက ထျခား

α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€±α€›α‚•α€α€Όα€„ α€α€„α€»α€•αΎα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹ ထဖြ႔တစခစ α€α€„α€»α€•αΏα€•α€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€α€« CPCS α€€α€Šα€•α€•α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€‘α€–α€Όα‚•α€™

α€žα€α€„α€Έα€‘α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ ေပါငးစပထႏစခပျခငးတ႔က α€»α€•α€œα€•α€±α€•α€ΈαΏα€•α€Έα€±α€”α€¬α€€α€α€Όα€„ α€‘α€»α€α€¬α€Έα€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€žα€α‚”α€€

α€₯းစားေပးထခကမားက α€žα€α€™α€α€±α€•α€Έα€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ထား α€œα€™α€Έα€Šα‚Šα€”α€±α€™α€Έα€α€Όα€”α€Έα€α€„α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€€

α€‘α€•α€α€«α€‘α€•α€α€«α€»α€•α€œα€•α€αΎα€€αΏα€•α€Έ α€€α€Όα€»α€•α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€¬α€Έα€”α€¬α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ α€α€Šα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έ ႏင စကား၀ငးမားထတြငး နားေထာငျခငး

α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€α‚”α€žα€α€»α€•α€™α€±α€žα€¬ α€”α€™α€”α€¬α€•α€…α€α‚”α€€α€œα€Šα€Έα€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€ΈαΎα€€α€›α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

ထဆင ၅ - CPCS α€‘α€–α€Όα‚•α€‘α€…α€Šα€Έα€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€…α€…α€…α€±α€œα€œα€¬α€žα€Έα€žα€•α€»α€α€„α€Έ

ေနာကဆးထဆငတြငမ α€»α€•α€”α€œα€Šα€±α€œα€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ α€™α€α€…α€…α€¬α€‘α€•α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ α€™α€α€α€™α€Έα€…α€¬α€‘α€•α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ ကးကားစကားစ

မတတမးမား ႏင α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€…α€™α€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€œα€•α€›α€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€•α€Όα€™ α€‘α€α€€α€‘α€œα€€α€™α€α€α€™α€Έα€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€»α€•α€”α€œα€Š

α€…α€…α€…α€±α€œα€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€•α€Έα€€α€Šα€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€žα€Š α€™α€α€α€™α€Έα€™α€α€›α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€€ α€‘α€“α€€α€±α€žα€¬α€α€€

α€‘α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€‘α€›α€¬α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ α€α€Šα€±α€žα€¬α€˜α€€α€…α₯α€›α€•α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ နင α€€α€Όα€»α€•α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€¬α€Έα€”α€¬α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€‘α€±α€žα€‘α€α€¬α€±α€–α€¬α€‘α€α€”α€„

ရနထတြက α€»α€•α€”α€œα€Šα€±α€œα€œα€¬α€žα€Έα€žα€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€œα€•α€›α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€™α€œα€žα€α€„α€Έα€‘α€α€€α€‘α€œα€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€€

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26

ထဆင ၃- မတတမးတငျခငး α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯စမေဆာငရြကျခငးႏင α€…α€…α€…α€žα€Έα€žα€•α€»α€α€„α€Έ

α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š α€‘α€α€€α€‘α€œα€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€™α€α€α€™α€Έα€α€„α€›α€¬αŒ α€™α€α€…α€…α€¬α€‘α€•α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ မတတမး

စာထပမားတြငေရးမတျခငး ႏင ကးကားထဆမားထား α€™α€α€…α€™α€α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€»α€•α€œα€• α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ နားေထာင

α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ စကားေျပာဆေနၾကစα€₯မတစမတျခငးက ေရာငကα€₯αΎα€€α€›α€”α€α€€α€α€Όα€”α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ ထထစား

α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€…α€»α€™α€Š α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€™α‚ˆ αΏα€•α€Έα€†α€Έα€žα€Šα‚α€„α€α€»α€•α€„α€”α€€ α€™α€α€…α€…α€¬α€‘α€•α€α€…α€‘α€•α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€ΈαŒ မတတမးတင

α€±α€…α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š စကားေျပာေနစα€₯တြင ေဆြးေႏြးျခငး၏ α€‘α‚α€…α€žα€¬α€›α€€ ေဖာကး

α€”α€„α€α€±α€žα€¬ ကးကားထဆ တစခကမ α€±α€›α€Έα€™α€α€›α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

α€±α€”α‚”α€…α€₯တေန႔တာကနဆးခနတြငမ α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€α€€α€Ό စေ၀းၾကကာ α€α€±α€”α‚”α€α€¬α€»α€•α€œα€•α€α€±α€žα€¬

α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™ α€α€Šα€™α‚ˆα€›α€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€‘α€›α€¬α€™α€¬α€Έ ႏင α€€α€Όα€»α€•α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€¬α€Έα€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ ထေၾကာငးထရာမား

α€€α€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€ΈαΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€‘α€α€€α€‘α€œα€€α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€±α€”α€¬α€„α€»α€•α€œα€•α€™α€Šα€‘α€†α€„α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€‘α€“α€€α€±α€žα€¬

ခကထေၾကာငးထရာမား ႏင ကြျပားမတ႕က α€›α€¬α€±α€–α€Όα€±α€–α€¬α€‘α€α€€α€¬α€…α€…α€Šα€Έα€”α€„α€›α€” α€‘α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€‘α€€α€»α€•α€žα€»α€–α€„

၄ငးတ႔ထား α€™α€α€α€™α€Έα€…α€¬α€‘α€•α€α€Όα€„α€±α€›α€Έα€™α€α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

ထဆင ၄- α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯စမျခငး α€‘α€œα€•α€›α€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€•α€Ό

α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€…α€»α€™α€Šα€α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ αΏα€•α€Έα€»α€•α€œα€•αΏα€•α€Έα€…α€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€α€« α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€žα€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€α‚”α€žα€Š နစရကတာ

α€»α€•α€œα€•α€±α€žα€¬ α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯စမျခငး α€‘α€œα€•α€›α€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€•α€Όα€€ α€α€€α€±α€›α€¬α€€αΎα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹ α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š

α€™α€™α€α‚”α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€»α€•α€œα€•α€α€±α€žα€¬ စကား၀ငးမားမ αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€›α€–α€”α€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€†α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ ထေၾကာငးထရာမားက ထျခား

α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€±α€›α‚•α€α€Όα€„ α€α€„α€»α€•αΎα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹ ထဖြ႔တစခစ α€α€„α€»α€•αΏα€•α€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€α€« CPCS α€€α€Šα€•α€•α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€‘α€–α€Όα‚•α€™

α€žα€α€„α€Έα€‘α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ ေပါငးစပထႏစခပျခငးတ႔က α€»α€•α€œα€•α€±α€•α€ΈαΏα€•α€Έα€±α€”α€¬α€€α€α€Όα€„ α€‘α€»α€α€¬α€Έα€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€žα€α‚”α€€

α€₯းစားေပးထခကမားက α€žα€α€™α€α€±α€•α€Έα€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ထား α€œα€™α€Έα€Šα‚Šα€”α€±α€™α€Έα€α€Όα€”α€Έα€α€„α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€€

α€‘α€•α€α€«α€‘α€•α€α€«α€»α€•α€œα€•α€αΎα€€αΏα€•α€Έ α€€α€Όα€»α€•α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€¬α€Έα€”α€¬α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ α€α€Šα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έ ႏင စကား၀ငးမားထတြငး နားေထာငျခငး

α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€α‚”α€žα€α€»α€•α€™α€±α€žα€¬ α€”α€™α€”α€¬α€•α€…α€α‚”α€€α€œα€Šα€Έα€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€ΈαΎα€€α€›α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

ထဆင ၅ - CPCS α€‘α€–α€Όα‚•α€‘α€…α€Šα€Έα€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€…α€…α€…α€±α€œα€œα€¬α€žα€Έα€žα€•α€»α€α€„α€Έ

ေနာကဆးထဆငတြငမ α€»α€•α€”α€œα€Šα€±α€œα€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ α€™α€α€…α€…α€¬α€‘α€•α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ α€™α€α€α€™α€Έα€…α€¬α€‘α€•α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ ကးကားစကားစ

မတတမးမား ႏင α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€…α€™α€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€œα€•α€›α€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€•α€Όα€™ α€‘α€α€€α€‘α€œα€€α€™α€α€α€™α€Έα€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€»α€•α€”α€œα€Š

α€…α€…α€…α€±α€œα€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€•α€Έα€€α€Šα€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€žα€Š α€™α€α€α€™α€Έα€™α€α€›α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€€ α€‘α€“α€€α€±α€žα€¬α€α€€

α€‘α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€‘α€›α€¬α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ α€α€Šα€±α€žα€¬α€˜α€€α€…α₯α€›α€•α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ နင α€€α€Όα€»α€•α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€¬α€Έα€”α€¬α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€‘α€±α€žα€‘α€α€¬α€±α€–α€¬α€‘α€α€”α€„

ရနထတြက α€»α€•α€”α€œα€Šα€±α€œα€œα€¬α€žα€Έα€žα€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€œα€•α€›α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€™α€œα€žα€α€„α€Έα€‘α€α€€α€‘α€œα€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€€

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α€žα€α€„α€Έα€‘α€›α€„α€Έα€‘α€»α€™α€…α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€α‚”α€”α€„ α€Šα€Šα€Όα€α€™α€”α€€α€”α€™α‚ˆα€›α€±α€…α€›α€” α€žα€Έα€•α€Όα€„α€†α€„α€α€„α€»α€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€»α€•α€œα€•

α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

α€‘α€¬α€Έα€”α€Šα€Έα€α€€αŠ α€€α€”α‚”α€žα€α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έ

α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€…α€”α€…α€€α€‘α€žα€Έα€»α€•α€›α€¬α€α€Όα€„ α€€α€”α‚”α€žα€α€α€€α€‘α€α‚•α€›α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ ပဏာမထေနျဖင α€€α€žα€±α€α€žα€”α€žα€Š ထခနတစခထတြငး α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚•α α€šα€†α€α€€α€‘α€»α€™α€„α€α‚”α€€ α€œα€•α€α€…α€»α€•α€€α€™α€α€α€™α€Έα€α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€±α€»α€α€‘α€±α€”α€α‚”α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€œα€œα€¬α€žα€Šα€‘α€™ α„α€„α€Έα€šα€†α€α€€α€‘α€»α€™α€„α€α‚”α€žα€Šα€œα€Šα€Έ α€‘α€±α€»α€α€‘α€±α€”α€žα€…α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€±α€•αš α€™α€α€Šα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€œα€œα€¬α€™α€Šα€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹

α€€α€…α€™α€€α€”α€Έα€žα€Š α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€α€™α€Έα€› α€œα€•α€‚α’α€œα€™α€Έα€…α€α‚”α‚α€„α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€†α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α စကား၀ငးမားမ α€™α€α€€α€Όα€»α€•α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€¬α€Έα€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€±α€–α€¬α€‘α€α€”α€„α€›α€”α‚€α€€α€Έα€•α€™α€Έα€α€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€žα‚”α€›α€¬α€α€Όα€„ ေထာကပ ပ႔ေဆာငေရးဆငရာ ထတားထဆးတ႔ေၾကာင α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α€žα€Š α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€œα€₯းေရတ႔ထား α€€α€•α€”α€Έα€‘α€»α€–α€…α€±α€›α€Όα€Έα€α€šα€α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έα€™α€Ÿα€α€˜ α€±α€’α€žα€‘α€¬α€Έα€‘α€‘α€Έα€€α€Όα€™α€Έα€€α€„α€”α‚”α€…α€•α€™α‚ˆα€›α€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€“α€€α€•α€«α€α€„α€•α€α€žα€€ α€žα€α‚”α€”α€„ တငပငေဆြးေႏြးျခငးထားျဖင α€±α€–α€¬α€‘α€α€±α€›α€Όα€Έα€α€šα€α€›α€žα€Šα‹

ေနာကဆးထေနႏငမ α€€α€…α€™α€€α€”α€Έα€žα€Š α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€‘α€œα€Όα€”α€±α€›α€ΈαΎα€€α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€€α€…α₯ရပမားက α€™α€Έα€±α€™α€¬α€„α€Έα€‘α€Έα€»α€•α€žα€α€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ ထထရာတ႔ထား α€•αα€”α€€α€”α€…α€Όα€¬α€±α€œα€œα€¬α€…α€Έα€…α€™α€Έα€›α€” ထေျခထေန α€α€…α€›α€•α€™α€±α€•α€Έα€…α€Όα€™α€Έα€žα€Šα€€ α€žα€α€»α€•αΎα€€α€›α€±α€•α€™α€Šα‹ ကစာတမးမ α€±α€–α€¬α€‘α€α€α€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€“α€€α€±α€žα€¬α€α€€ α€€α€…α₯ရပ ထခ ႔ထား α€±α€”α€¬α€„α€»α€•α€œα€•α€™α€Š α€žα€±α€α€žα€”α€α€Όα€„ α€±α€›α‚•α€†α€€α€±α€œα€œα€¬α€…α€Έα€…α€™α€Έα€™α€Šα€»α€–α€…α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹

Page 30: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that

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ထဓကထေၾကာငးထရာမား

ကထခနးတြင α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€±α€œα€€α€„α‚”α€α€”α€Έα€™ α€‘α€Όα€€α€±α€•αšα€œα€¬α€±α€žα€¬ ထဓကထေၾကာငးထရာတ႔က α€‘α€±α€žα€Έα€…α€ α€±α€–α€¬α€»α€•α€‘α€¬α€Έα€žα€Šα‹ α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€Šα€Έα€…α€”α€…α€žα€Š α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€žα€α‚”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ ထေရး α€‘α‚€α€€α€Έα€†α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ α€€α€…α₯ရပတ႔က ေ၀မေျပာဆရနေနရာတစခ α€–α€”α€α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ ေထာကတြင α€±α€–α€¬α€»α€•α€™α€Š α€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€α€€α€žα€Š α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„ α€»α€•α€œα€•α€α€žα€Š စကား၀ငးတ႔မ α€‘α€Όα€€α€±α€•αšα€œα€¬α€α€žα€Š ထဓကေတြ႔ရခကတ႔က α€…α€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯မတဆင စကား၀ငးတ႔ထား ထဓက α€‘α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€‘α€›α€¬α€”α€šα€•α€š (၄)ခ - αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯၊ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ထတြငး ပးေပါငး α€•α€«α€α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€„α€€α€šα€…α€¬α€Έα€»α€•α€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ α€œα€»α€α€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€±α€»α€α€‘α€±α€”αŠ နင ထပခပေရးနငရပရြာထေရးကစα₯ α€Ÿα α€α€Όα€»α€α€™α€Έα€…α€…α€Šα€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€žα€α€™α€α€α€€α€‘α€±α€•αšα€™α€α€Šα α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α α€‘α€„α€»α€™α€„α€šα€†α€α€€ တ႔ထား စစစစေပါငးခကတ႔က α€žα€›α€•α€±α€–α€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€žα€„α€±α€œα€¬α€…α€Όα€¬α€±α€–α€¬α€»α€•α€‘α€¬α€Έα€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹

αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯

αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€€α€œα€œα€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έ ႏင αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€™α€„α€±α€…α€œα€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€žα€Š α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α α€‘α€“α€€α€•α€•α€”α€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€‘α€›α€¬α€α‚”α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ႏင α€•α€α€žα€€α€±α€žα€¬ ထေတြ႔ ထၾကမားနင α€‘α€„α€»α€™α€„α€šα€†α€α€€α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€‘α€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€œα€€α‘α€α€¬α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€±α€žα€¬α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έα€‘α€»α€™α€„α€α‚” ႏင α€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€™α€„α€™α‚ˆα€›α€™α€Šα€Ÿα€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€»α€™α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έ α€™ α€‘α€”α€α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€„ α€»α€•α€…α€α€„α€›α‚ˆα‚•α€α€±α€žα€¬ စတေန α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έα€α‚” α€‘α€‘α€€α€šα€»α€•α€”α‚”α€™α‚ˆα€›α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€±α€šα€˜α€šα€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€„α€™ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š ၿငမးခမးေရး α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ထစပငးမစတငၿပး ေကးရြာမားထတြငး α€α€Έα€α€€α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€œα€œα€¬α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€±α€α€Όα‚”αΎα€€αΎα€€α€›α€±α€žα€¬ α€œα€Šα€Έ α€‘α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€‘α€±α€•αš α€žα€žα€šα€…α€α€†α€€α€œα€€α€›α€±α€”αΎα€€α€±α€žα€Έα€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€…α€Έα€›α€‘α€±α€•αš α€™α€šαΎα€€α€Šα€™α‚ˆ ျမငမားစြာရေနၾကျခငး ႏင αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€šα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€œα€¬α€±α€•α€Έα€™α€Š α€‘α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€‘α€œα€α‚”α€”α€„ α€•α€α€žα€€α α€±α€›α€›α€¬α€™α‚ˆα€™α€›α€Ÿα€±α€žα€¬α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€α€€α€α‚”α€€ α€α€„α€»α€•α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ႏင α€•α€α€žα€€ α€±α€žα€¬ α€šα€†α€α€€α€‘α€»α€™α€„α€α‚”α€€α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€α€Όα€„ α€‘α€±α€žα€Έα€…α€α€±α€–α€¬α€»α€•α€‘α€¬α€Έα€žα€Šα‹

αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€‘α€±α€•αš α€‘α€„α€»α€™α€„α€šα€†α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έ - α€‘α€»α€•α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€±α€žα€¬ α€–α€ΌαΏα€–α€Έα€α€Έα€α€€α€™α‚ˆ

αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€œα€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€»α€•α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€žα€Šα€†α‚α΅α€α€…α€α€‘α€¬α€Έ စကား၀ငးတငးတြင α€±α€α€™α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ α€‘α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ α€•α€€α€…α€ΈαΏα€•α€€α€Όα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€™α€Šα€€ α€…α€Έα€›α€”α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€€α€›α€Όα‚”α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€œα€Šα€Έα€›α€±α€”αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€±α€α€Όα€€ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€α€„α€α€šα‹ ကရငထမားစက α€€α€šα€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬ α€‘α€žα€„α€Έα€‘α€α€„α€Έα€€ α€α€…αΎα€€α€α€šα‹ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€€ α€™α€–α€€α€†α€Έα€α€„αΎα€€α€˜α€Έα‹ ” α€Ÿα€†α α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘ တ႔ထေနျဖင α€™α€™α€α‚”α€…α€Όα€™α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€›α€žα€™ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€€ ထေကာငးဆး α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€€α€Šα€™α€Š α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Š α€Ÿα€œα€Šα€Έ α€‘α€α€„α€™α€¬α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ ထျခားတစα€₯α€Έα€€α€™ α€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€†α‚α΅α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έα€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€α€žα€Š ထေနျဖင β€œα€€α€•α€α‚”α€±α€α€Ό α€…α€…α€™α€”α€αΏα€„α€™α€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€™α€™α€šα€œα‚” α€±α€™α€¬α€œα€„α€™α€•α€«α€α€šα‹β€ α€Ÿα€†α€α€žα€Šα‹ ပးေပါငး α€•α€«α€α€„αΎα€€α€žα€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€»α€•α€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€€α€™ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€œα€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€†α‚α΅α€™α€¬ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€žα€Š α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€žα‚” α€œα€»α€α€±α€›α€Έα€”α€„ α€–α€Όα‚”αΏα€–α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€α‚”α€€α€α€Έα€»α€™α€„α€šα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€œα€¬α€±α€•α€Έα€™α€Šα€Ÿα€±α€žα€¬ α€±α€™α€¬α€œα€„α€α€€ α€€ ထေျခချခငး α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ ၿငမးခမးေရးမရရငေတာ α€€α€•α€α‚”α€α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€Š α€–α€Όα‚”αΏα€–α€Έα€œα€¬α€™α€¬α€™α€Ÿα€α€˜α€Έα‹ ကပတ႔

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ထဓကထေၾကာငးထရာမား

ကထခနးတြင α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€±α€œα€€α€„α‚”α€α€”α€Έα€™ α€‘α€Όα€€α€±α€•αšα€œα€¬α€±α€žα€¬ ထဓကထေၾကာငးထရာတ႔က α€‘α€±α€žα€Έα€…α€ α€±α€–α€¬α€»α€•α€‘α€¬α€Έα€žα€Šα‹ α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€Šα€Έα€…α€”α€…α€žα€Š α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€žα€α‚”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ ထေရး α€‘α‚€α€€α€Έα€†α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ α€€α€…α₯ရပတ႔က ေ၀မေျပာဆရနေနရာတစခ α€–α€”α€α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ ေထာကတြင α€±α€–α€¬α€»α€•α€™α€Š α€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€α€€α€žα€Š α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„ α€»α€•α€œα€•α€α€žα€Š စကား၀ငးတ႔မ α€‘α€Όα€€α€±α€•αšα€œα€¬α€α€žα€Š ထဓကေတြ႔ရခကတ႔က α€…α€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯မတဆင စကား၀ငးတ႔ထား ထဓက α€‘α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€‘α€›α€¬α€”α€šα€•α€š (၄)ခ - αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯၊ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ထတြငး ပးေပါငး α€•α€«α€α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€„α€€α€šα€…α€¬α€Έα€»α€•α€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ α€œα€»α€α€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€±α€»α€α€‘α€±α€”αŠ နင ထပခပေရးနငရပရြာထေရးကစα₯ α€Ÿα α€α€Όα€»α€α€™α€Έα€…α€…α€Šα€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€žα€α€™α€α€α€€α€‘α€±α€•αšα€™α€α€Šα α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α α€‘α€„α€»α€™α€„α€šα€†α€α€€ တ႔ထား စစစစေပါငးခကတ႔က α€žα€›α€•α€±α€–α€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€žα€„α€±α€œα€¬α€…α€Όα€¬α€±α€–α€¬α€»α€•α€‘α€¬α€Έα€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹

αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯

αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€€α€œα€œα€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έ ႏင αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€™α€„α€±α€…α€œα€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€žα€Š α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α α€‘α€“α€€α€•α€•α€”α€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€‘α€›α€¬α€α‚”α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ႏင α€•α€α€žα€€α€±α€žα€¬ ထေတြ႔ ထၾကမားနင α€‘α€„α€»α€™α€„α€šα€†α€α€€α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€‘α€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€œα€€α‘α€α€¬α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€±α€žα€¬α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έα€‘α€»α€™α€„α€α‚” ႏင α€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€™α€„α€™α‚ˆα€›α€™α€Šα€Ÿα€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€»α€™α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έ α€™ α€‘α€”α€α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€„ α€»α€•α€…α€α€„α€›α‚ˆα‚•α€α€±α€žα€¬ စတေန α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έα€α‚” α€‘α€‘α€€α€šα€»α€•α€”α‚”α€™α‚ˆα€›α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€±α€šα€˜α€šα€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€„α€™ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š ၿငမးခမးေရး α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ထစပငးမစတငၿပး ေကးရြာမားထတြငး α€α€Έα€α€€α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€œα€œα€¬α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€±α€α€Όα‚”αΎα€€αΎα€€α€›α€±α€žα€¬ α€œα€Šα€Έ α€‘α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€‘α€±α€•αš α€žα€žα€šα€…α€α€†α€€α€œα€€α€›α€±α€”αΎα€€α€±α€žα€Έα€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€…α€Έα€›α€‘α€±α€•αš α€™α€šαΎα€€α€Šα€™α‚ˆ ျမငမားစြာရေနၾကျခငး ႏင αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€šα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€œα€¬α€±α€•α€Έα€™α€Š α€‘α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€‘α€œα€α‚”α€”α€„ α€•α€α€žα€€α α€±α€›α€›α€¬α€™α‚ˆα€™α€›α€Ÿα€±α€žα€¬α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€α€€α€α‚”α€€ α€α€„α€»α€•α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ႏင α€•α€α€žα€€ α€±α€žα€¬ α€šα€†α€α€€α€‘α€»α€™α€„α€α‚”α€€α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€α€Όα€„ α€‘α€±α€žα€Έα€…α€α€±α€–α€¬α€»α€•α€‘α€¬α€Έα€žα€Šα‹

αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€‘α€±α€•αš α€‘α€„α€»α€™α€„α€šα€†α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έ - α€‘α€»α€•α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€±α€žα€¬ α€–α€ΌαΏα€–α€Έα€α€Έα€α€€α€™α‚ˆ

αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€œα€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€»α€•α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€žα€Šα€†α‚α΅α€α€…α€α€‘α€¬α€Έ စကား၀ငးတငးတြင α€±α€α€™α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ α€‘α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ α€•α€€α€…α€ΈαΏα€•α€€α€Όα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€™α€Šα€€ α€…α€Έα€›α€”α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€€α€›α€Όα‚”α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€œα€Šα€Έα€›α€±α€”αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€±α€α€Όα€€ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€α€„α€α€šα‹ ကရငထမားစက α€€α€šα€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬ α€‘α€žα€„α€Έα€‘α€α€„α€Έα€€ α€α€…αΎα€€α€α€šα‹ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€€ α€™α€–α€€α€†α€Έα€α€„αΎα€€α€˜α€Έα‹ ” α€Ÿα€†α α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘ တ႔ထေနျဖင α€™α€™α€α‚”α€…α€Όα€™α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€›α€žα€™ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€€ ထေကာငးဆး α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€€α€Šα€™α€Š α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Š α€Ÿα€œα€Šα€Έ α€‘α€α€„α€™α€¬α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ ထျခားတစα€₯α€Έα€€α€™ α€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€†α‚α΅α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έα€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€α€žα€Š ထေနျဖင β€œα€€α€•α€α‚”α€±α€α€Ό α€…α€…α€™α€”α€αΏα€„α€™α€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€™α€™α€šα€œα‚” α€±α€™α€¬α€œα€„α€™α€•α€«α€α€šα‹β€ α€Ÿα€†α€α€žα€Šα‹ ပးေပါငး α€•α€«α€α€„αΎα€€α€žα€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€»α€•α€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€€α€™ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€œα€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€†α‚α΅α€™α€¬ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€žα€Š α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€žα‚” α€œα€»α€α€±α€›α€Έα€”α€„ α€–α€Όα‚”αΏα€–α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€α‚”α€€α€α€Έα€»α€™α€„α€šα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€œα€¬α€±α€•α€Έα€™α€Šα€Ÿα€±α€žα€¬ α€±α€™α€¬α€œα€„α€α€€ α€€ ထေျခချခငး α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ ၿငမးခမးေရးမရရငေတာ α€€α€•α€α‚”α€α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€Š α€–α€Όα‚”αΏα€–α€Έα€œα€¬α€™α€¬α€™α€Ÿα€α€˜α€Έα‹ ကပတ႔

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ေကးရြာေတြၿငမးခမးရင α€–α€Όα‚”αΏα€–α€Έα€œα€¬α€™α€šα‹ α€€α€±α€œα€Έα€±α€α€Ό ေကာငးတက α€•α€Šα€¬α€žα€„α€”α€„α€œα€¬α€™α€š ” α€Ÿ ရငးျပ α€α€žα€Šα‹

α€‘α€α‚•α€žα€α‚”α€€α€™ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€‘α€±α€•αš α€‘α€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€»α€™α€„αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ ၿငမးခမးေရးရ α€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Š α€α€™α€Έα€±α€»α€™α€¬α€€α€–α€Όα€šα€»α€–α€…αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€žα€Š α€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯တစခ α€»α€–α€… α€žα€Šα€Ÿα€†α€αΏα€•α€Έ ထျခားတစα€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€€α€•α€€α€±α€α€¬ α€€α€•α€α‚”α€±α€α€Όα€…α€…α€™α€”α€αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€›α€™α€šα€œα‚” α€‘α€„α€α€šα‹ α€˜α€¬α€œα‚”α€œα€†α€±α€α€¬ α€α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€Šα€›α‚•α€±α€α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€±α€α€Όα€€ စတငၾကးပမးခၿပး ထဒ ၿငမးခမးေရး α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ α€€ α€₯α€Έα€…α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€±α€”αΎα€€α€œα‚”α€•β€ α€Ÿ α€šαΎα€€α€Šα€…α€Όα€¬ α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ ၿငမးခမးေရး α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ α€±α€•αšα€±α€•α€«α€€α€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ ထေမာငမ α€‘α€œα€„α€Έα€žα‚” α€€α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα‚α€„ α€α€„α€Έα‚α‚ˆα€„α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€žα€α‚”α αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€‘α€±α€•αšα€‘α€¬α€Έα€›α€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€»α€•α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€žα€Š α€žα€Έα€žα€•α€‘α€»α€™α€„α€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€œα€»α€α€±α€›α€Έ ႏင α€œα€Όα€α€œα€•α€™α‚ˆα€α‚” α€α€Έα€α€€α€œα€¬α€žα€Š α€Ÿα€±α€žα€¬ ခစားခကျဖင α€₯ပမာေပး α€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€€α€•α€α‚”α€›α€Όα€¬α€™α€¬ ထေျခထေနေတြ α€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€žα€‘α€€ ေကာငး α€œα€¬α€α€¬α€”α‚”α€‘α€™ α€‘α€›α€„α€€α€œ α€…α€Έα€›α€™α€±α€”α€›α€α€¬α€™α€Έα€™α€›α€±α€α€¬α€˜α€Έα‹β€ α€Ÿα€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹

α€α€„α€»α€•α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Š α€žα€žα€¬α€‘α€„α€›α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€α€Έα€α€€α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€œα€™α‚ˆα€α‚”α€α€Όα€„ α€‘α€α€Όα€”α€‘α€α€‘α€”α€Šα€Έα€„α€šα€»α€–α€„ ခရး α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€”α€„α€α€Όα€„ α€α€Έα€»α€™α€„α€›α€›α€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ α€…α€…α€±α€†α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€‚α€α€‘α€±α€›α€‘α€α€Όα€€α€±α€œα€¬α€€α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ စးပြားေရးထခြင α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€α€Έα€»α€™α€„α€›α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έ ႏင တပမေတာမ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€•αšα€α€¬α€‘α€»α€–α€… ထတငးထၾကပ ခငးေစ ျခငးတ႔ α€›α€•α€α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€•α€«α€α€„α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€‘α€›α€„α€α€”α€Έα€€ α€€α€•α€α‚”α€›α€Όα€¬α€Ÿα€¬ ထနကေရာင α€”α€šα€±α€»α€™17 ျဖစခၿပး α€±α€™α€¬α€œα€„α€α€€α€€α€„α€Έα€™α€α€α€šα‹ α€šα€₯αΎα€€α€Šα€™α€šα€†α€›α€„ α€‘α€α€†α€‘α€›α€™α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€œα€žα€Όα€¬α€ΈαΏα€•β€ α€Ÿα€†α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€‘α€α‚•α€‘α€α€Όα€€α€™ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€žα€Š α€‘α€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€œα€€α‘α€α€¬α€±α€†α€¬α€„αΏα€•α€Έ ေၾကာကရြ႕ α€‘α€α€œα€”α‚”α€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ α€α€Έα€†α€Έα€œα€šα€€α€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ ထခြနေကာကျခငး ႏင α€±α€•αšα€α€¬α€‘α€»α€–α€… ထတငး ထၾကပခငး ေစျခငးတ႔က α€‘α€†α€Έα€žα€α€±α€…α€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€»α€™α€„αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€»α€•α€¬α€Έα€α‚”α€€ ၿငမးခမးေရး α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ α€žα€Š ထနာဂါတတြင α€‘α€€α€Έα€‘α€»α€™α€α€†α€€α€œα€€ α€±α€•α€Έα€…α€Όα€™α€Έα€œα€™α€™α€Šα€Ÿ α€±α€™α€¬α€œα€„α€œα€€α€›αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€‘α€±α€•αš α€‘α€„α€»α€™α€„α€šα€†α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έ - α€»α€•α€…α€α€„α€›α‚ˆα‚•α€α€±α€žα€¬ α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έα€‘α€»α€™α€„α€α€…α€›α€•

ဆန႔ကငဖကထေနျဖင α€‘α€»α€α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α€™α€¬α€™ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯၏ α€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€™α€„α€™α‚ˆα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€‘α€œα€„ α€…α€œ α€±α€€α€¬α€€α€α€€α€α€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€±α€•αš α€žα€žα€šα€‘α€»α€™α€„α€›α€±α€”αΎα€€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€€α€•α€‘α€±α€”α€”α‚”α€±α€α€¬ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€€ α€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€α€šα€œα‚”α€»α€™α€„α€α€šα‹ α€’α€«α€±α€•α€™α€š α€€α€•α€α‚”α€±α€…α€¬α€„αΎα€€α€Šα€–α‚” α€œα€±α€žα€Έα€α€šα‹ α€‘α€¬α€α€›α€»α€–α€…α€™α€šα€œα‚”α€±α€α€¬ α€™α€‘α€„α€˜α€Έα‹β€α€Ÿα€†α€αΏα€•α€Έ ထျခားတစα€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€€ စစမနတ ၿငမးခမးေရး α€›α€–α‚” α€±α€™α€¬α€œα€„α€±α€”αΎα€€α€α€šα‹ α€’α€«α€±α€•α€™α€š ကပထေနန႔ α€‘α€’α€«α€€α€α€€α€šα€• α€‘α€…α€…α€Ÿα€α€™α€Ÿα€ α€†α€Έα€»α€–α€α€œα‚” α€™α€›α€±α€žα€˜α€Έα€œα‚”α€‘α€„α€α€šα‹ ” α€Ÿα€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€‘α€±α€•αš α€‘α€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€™α€»α€™α€„α€˜ α€‘α€”α‚ˆα€α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€±α€žα€¬ α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€œα€Šα€Έ α€žα€žα€¬α€‘α€„α€›α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€›α€±α€”α€žα€Šα€€α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€›α€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€‘α€™α€¬α€Έ ထျပားတ႔က α€•α€α€•α€„α€α€¬α€Έα€†α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έ α€†α€€α€œα€€α€α€Šα€›α€±α€”αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ ႏင α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€•α€‹α€•α€€α‘α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„ ဒကၑ α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€±α€”α€›α€±α€žα€Έα€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ ႏင ထ႔ထတြကေၾကာင αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€žα€Š α€…α€…α€™α€”α€±α€žα€¬ α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€œ

17α€‘α€”α€€α€±α€›α€¬α€„α€”α€šα€±α€»α€™ α€Ÿα€žα€Šα€™α€¬ α€α€€α€•α€Όα€»α€–α€…α€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€žα€Šα€€ α€±α€α€Όα‚”αΎα€€α€±α€”α€›α€±α€žα€¬ α€”α€šα€±α€»α€™α€»α€–α€…αΏα€•α€Έ α€‘α€”α€šα€±α€»α€™α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€±α€”α€‘α€„α€žα€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€€ α€α€¬α€Έα€»α€™α€…α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

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Page 33: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that
Page 34: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that

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ထပတကပြေတြျဖစၿပး ထရငတနးကျဖစခတာေတြထက α€•α€†α€Έα€™α€¬α€€α€…α€Έα€›α€™α€™α€α€šα‹β€ α€Ÿαα€›α€›α€„α€…α€Όα€¬ α€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€Š α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€»α€•α€”α€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€•α€‹α€•α€€α‘α€»α€•α€”α€œα€Šα€…α€α€„α€»α€–α€…α€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€™α€Šα€‘α€±α€›α€Έ စးရမေနၾကေၾကာငး α€α€„α€»α€•α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œ(ကပတ႔ေတြ) တကပြေတြ ထပမျဖစေထာင α€±α€›α€¬α€„α€›α€¬α€Έα€›α€™α€šα‹ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€±α€α€Ό α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€€α€œα€”α‚”αΏα€•α€Έ α€€α€šα€‘α€™α€€α€±α€” ထြကေျပးရၿပးေတာ တျခားေနရာေတြမာ ပနးေရာင α€±α€”αΎα€€α€›α€™α€š ထေျခ ထေနမးက α€™α€–α€”α€α€Έα€žα€„α€±α€α€¬α€˜α€Έ β€α€Ÿα€›α€„α€–α€Όα€„α€α€žα€Šα‹ ထပစထခတရပစေရး α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€Šα€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έ αΏα€•α€•α€€α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€•α€«α€€ ေနာကတစႀကမျပန၍ α€‘α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ကစတငရန α€α€€α€α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€™α€™α€Šα€Ÿ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚” α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€±α€”αΎα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹ β€œα€œα€€α€›α€»α€•α€œα€•α€±α€”α€ ထပစထခတရပစေရး α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€Šα€™α‚ˆα€”α‚” ၿငမးခမးေရး α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έ α€…α€₯α€žα€¬ မေထာငျမငခရင ကပတ႔ေတြေတာ ခကခတထေျခထေနက ရငဆငၾက α€›α€™α€šα‹ α€žα€α‚”α€±α€α€Όα€€ α€±α€”α€¬α€€α€‘α€•α€Šα‚α‚ˆα€„α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€±α€α€Ό α€˜α€šα€±α€α€¬α€™ α€‘α€•α€œα€•α€±α€α€¬α€™α€¬ α€™α€Ÿα€α€±α€α€¬α€˜α€Έβ€ α€Ÿ α€œα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ ေျပာၾကားခ α€žα€Šα‹

ထပစထခတရပစေရး α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€Šα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€€α€±α€€α€¬α€œα€Όα€”α α€α€Έα€α€€α€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έ - α€…α€…α€™α€”α€±α€žα€¬ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€œα€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ ဆႏၡတစခ α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€α€…α€±α€œα€¬α€€ α€‘α€±α€œα€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬ ထဓကထေၾကာငးထရာတစခမာ ၿငမးခမး α€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ထား α€‘α€•α€…α€α€α€›α€•α€…α€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€†α€„α€€α€±α€€α€¬α€œα€Όα€”α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€…α€œα€±α€žα€¬ α€†α‚α΅α€»α€–α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€‘ α€α‚”α€žα€Š ထပစထခတရပစေရး α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€Šα€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα α€‘α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€™α‚ˆα€žα€Š α€™α€±α€›α€›α€¬α€™α‚ˆα€»α€™α€„α€™α€¬α€Έα€œα€žα€Šα€€ α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€›αΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€»α€•α€Šα€…α€™α‚ˆα€›α€•α€«α€€ α€…α€…α€™α€”α€±α€žα€¬ ၿငမးခမးေရးရရရန α€‘α€œα€¬α€Έα€‘α€œα€¬α€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€›α€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€™αΎα€€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€€α€•α€€α€±α€α€¬ α€•α€α€¬α€™α€‘α€†α€„α€™α€Ÿα€α€˜ α€‘α€œα€Έα€… ထပစ α€‘α€α€α€›α€•α€…α€™α‚ˆ α€›α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€…α€α€„α€α€šα‹ ကပတ႔ေတြ တကခကတာရပၿပး α€α€…α€±α€šα€¬α€€α€”α‚” α€α€…α€±α€šα€¬α€€ α€šαΎα€€α€Šα€™α‚ˆ ထားၿပးေတာ α€œα€Όα€α€œα€•α€…α€Όα€¬α€œα‚ˆα€•α€›α€¬α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€α€Όα€„ α€•α€›α€œα€¬α€žα€„α€α€šα‹β€α€Ÿ α€†α€α€žα€Šα‹ ထျခား တစα€₯α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ β€œα€‘α€•α€…α€‘α€α€α€›α€•α€…α€±α€›α€Έ α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€α€€α€α€…α€α€‘α€”α‚” (ကပတ႔) αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€α€Š α€±α€†α€¬α€€α€œα‚”α€™α€›α€”α€„α€˜α€Έα‹ ကရငန႔ တျခားထဖြ႕ေတြပးေပါငးၿပး ျပနာကထတတကြေျဖရငးမပ စစမနတ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€›α€”α€„α€™α€š ” α€Ÿα α€‘α€±α€œα€Έα€‘α€”α€€α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹

α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€»α€•α€¬α€Έα€α‚”α€žα€Š α€…α€…α€™α€”α€±α€žα€¬αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€™α€›α€›α€±α€žα€Έα€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€šαΎα€€α€Šα€œα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€α€œα€€α€›α€‘α€±α€»α€α€‘α€±α€”α€€αΎα€€α€Šα€›α€α€¬ α€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€™α€Όα€”αΏα€•α€ΈαΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€”α€žα€œα€•α‹ α€’α€«α€±α€•α€™α€šβ€¦ α€‘α€α€Όα€”α€±α€€α€¬α€€α€α€™α‚ˆα€±α€α€Ό α€›α€±α€”α€±α€žα€Έα€α€‘α€α€Όα€€ စစမနတၿငမးခမးေရး α€α€€α€šα€™α€›α€±α€žα€Έα€˜α€Έα€œα‚” α€‘α€„α€α€šβ€α€Ÿ α€†α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€…α€…α€™α€”α€±α€žα€¬αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€Ÿα€žα€Š α€±α€α€«α€Ÿα€¬α€›αα€‘α€“α€•αΈα€«α€šα€žα€Š α€œα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€α€„α€Έα€…α€‘α€œα€€ ကြာျခား α€œα€€α€›α€›α€¬ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€…α€…α€™α€”α€αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€†α€α€¬ α‚α€…α€–α€€α€…α€œα€Έα€α€¬α€α€”α€šα€™α‚ˆα€›α€›α€™α€šα‹ ကပတ႔က ၿငမးခမးေရးန႔ တရားမတေရး α‚α€…α€α€…α€œα€Έα€œα€α€„α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿα€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€»α€α€¬α€Έαα€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ α€…α€…α€™α€” α€±α€žα€¬ ၿငမးခမးေရးရရနထတြက ၿငမးခမးေရး α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€Šα€α€€α€α€Όα€„ ” α€˜α€¬α€žα€¬α€±α€›α€Έ α€±α€α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ ထစးရ ႏင α€œα€‘α€α‚” ပးေပါငးေဆာငရြကရန” α€œα€‘α€•α€žα€Šα€Ÿ ေတြးမေၾကာငး α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ ထျခား ထၾကျပခကတစခကမ α€…α€…α€™α€”α€±α€žα€¬αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€œα€‘αŠ α€žα€˜α€¬α€α€•α€α€α€”α€Έα€€α€„αŠ ႏင α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€™α€Έ α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€±α€›α€Έα€α‚”α€‘α€±α€•αš α€‘α€α€€α€”α€¬α€€α€„α€™α‚ˆα€™α€»α€–α€…α€±α€…α€»α€α€„α€Έα€Ÿα α€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€€α€‘α€Šα€žα€Όα€„α€Έα€…α€₯းစား α€±α€•α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€“α€•αΈα€«α€šα€–α€Όα€„α€†α€α€€α€€α€α€„α€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹

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ထပတကပြေတြျဖစၿပး ထရငတနးကျဖစခတာေတြထက α€•α€†α€Έα€™α€¬α€€α€…α€Έα€›α€™α€™α€α€šα‹β€ α€Ÿαα€›α€›α€„α€…α€Όα€¬ α€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€Š α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€»α€•α€”α€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€•α€‹α€•α€€α‘α€»α€•α€”α€œα€Šα€…α€α€„α€»α€–α€…α€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€™α€Šα€‘α€±α€›α€Έ စးရမေနၾကေၾကာငး α€α€„α€»α€•α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œ(ကပတ႔ေတြ) တကပြေတြ ထပမျဖစေထာင α€±α€›α€¬α€„α€›α€¬α€Έα€›α€™α€šα‹ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€±α€α€Ό α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€€α€œα€”α‚”αΏα€•α€Έ α€€α€šα€‘α€™α€€α€±α€” ထြကေျပးရၿပးေတာ တျခားေနရာေတြမာ ပနးေရာင α€±α€”αΎα€€α€›α€™α€š ထေျခ ထေနမးက α€™α€–α€”α€α€Έα€žα€„α€±α€α€¬α€˜α€Έ β€α€Ÿα€›α€„α€–α€Όα€„α€α€žα€Šα‹ ထပစထခတရပစေရး α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€Šα€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έ αΏα€•α€•α€€α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€•α€«α€€ ေနာကတစႀကမျပန၍ α€‘α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ကစတငရန α€α€€α€α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€™α€™α€Šα€Ÿ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚” α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€±α€”αΎα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹ β€œα€œα€€α€›α€»α€•α€œα€•α€±α€”α€ ထပစထခတရပစေရး α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€Šα€™α‚ˆα€”α‚” ၿငမးခမးေရး α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έ α€…α€₯α€žα€¬ မေထာငျမငခရင ကပတ႔ေတြေတာ ခကခတထေျခထေနက ရငဆငၾက α€›α€™α€šα‹ α€žα€α‚”α€±α€α€Όα€€ α€±α€”α€¬α€€α€‘α€•α€Šα‚α‚ˆα€„α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€±α€α€Ό α€˜α€šα€±α€α€¬α€™ α€‘α€•α€œα€•α€±α€α€¬α€™α€¬ α€™α€Ÿα€α€±α€α€¬α€˜α€Έβ€ α€Ÿ α€œα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ ေျပာၾကားခ α€žα€Šα‹

ထပစထခတရပစေရး α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€Šα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€€α€±α€€α€¬α€œα€Όα€”α α€α€Έα€α€€α€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έ - α€…α€…α€™α€”α€±α€žα€¬ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€œα€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ ဆႏၡတစခ α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€α€…α€±α€œα€¬α€€ α€‘α€±α€œα€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬ ထဓကထေၾကာငးထရာတစခမာ ၿငမးခမး α€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ထား α€‘α€•α€…α€α€α€›α€•α€…α€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€†α€„α€€α€±α€€α€¬α€œα€Όα€”α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€…α€œα€±α€žα€¬ α€†α‚α΅α€»α€–α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€‘ α€α‚”α€žα€Š ထပစထခတရပစေရး α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€Šα€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα α€‘α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€™α‚ˆα€žα€Š α€™α€±α€›α€›α€¬α€™α‚ˆα€»α€™α€„α€™α€¬α€Έα€œα€žα€Šα€€ α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€›αΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€»α€•α€Šα€…α€™α‚ˆα€›α€•α€«α€€ α€…α€…α€™α€”α€±α€žα€¬ ၿငမးခမးေရးရရရန α€‘α€œα€¬α€Έα€‘α€œα€¬α€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€›α€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€™αΎα€€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€€α€•α€€α€±α€α€¬ α€•α€α€¬α€™α€‘α€†α€„α€™α€Ÿα€α€˜ α€‘α€œα€Έα€… ထပစ α€‘α€α€α€›α€•α€…α€™α‚ˆ α€›α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€…α€α€„α€α€šα‹ ကပတ႔ေတြ တကခကတာရပၿပး α€α€…α€±α€šα€¬α€€α€”α‚” α€α€…α€±α€šα€¬α€€ α€šαΎα€€α€Šα€™α‚ˆ ထားၿပးေတာ α€œα€Όα€α€œα€•α€…α€Όα€¬α€œα‚ˆα€•α€›α€¬α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€α€Όα€„ α€•α€›α€œα€¬α€žα€„α€α€šα‹β€α€Ÿ α€†α€α€žα€Šα‹ ထျခား တစα€₯α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ β€œα€‘α€•α€…α€‘α€α€α€›α€•α€…α€±α€›α€Έ α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€α€€α€α€…α€α€‘α€”α‚” (ကပတ႔) αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€α€Š α€±α€†α€¬α€€α€œα‚”α€™α€›α€”α€„α€˜α€Έα‹ ကရငန႔ တျခားထဖြ႕ေတြပးေပါငးၿပး ျပနာကထတတကြေျဖရငးမပ စစမနတ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€›α€”α€„α€™α€š ” α€Ÿα α€‘α€±α€œα€Έα€‘α€”α€€α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹

α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€»α€•α€¬α€Έα€α‚”α€žα€Š α€…α€…α€™α€”α€±α€žα€¬αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€™α€›α€›α€±α€žα€Έα€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€šαΎα€€α€Šα€œα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€α€œα€€α€›α€‘α€±α€»α€α€‘α€±α€”α€€αΎα€€α€Šα€›α€α€¬ α€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€™α€Όα€”αΏα€•α€ΈαΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€”α€žα€œα€•α‹ α€’α€«α€±α€•α€™α€šβ€¦ α€‘α€α€Όα€”α€±α€€α€¬α€€α€α€™α‚ˆα€±α€α€Ό α€›α€±α€”α€±α€žα€Έα€α€‘α€α€Όα€€ စစမနတၿငမးခမးေရး α€α€€α€šα€™α€›α€±α€žα€Έα€˜α€Έα€œα‚” α€‘α€„α€α€šβ€α€Ÿ α€†α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€…α€…α€™α€”α€±α€žα€¬αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€Ÿα€žα€Š α€±α€α€«α€Ÿα€¬α€›αα€‘α€“α€•αΈα€«α€šα€žα€Š α€œα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€α€„α€Έα€…α€‘α€œα€€ ကြာျခား α€œα€€α€›α€›α€¬ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€…α€…α€™α€”α€αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€†α€α€¬ α‚α€…α€–α€€α€…α€œα€Έα€α€¬α€α€”α€šα€™α‚ˆα€›α€›α€™α€šα‹ ကပတ႔က ၿငမးခမးေရးန႔ တရားမတေရး α‚α€…α€α€…α€œα€Έα€œα€α€„α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿα€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€»α€α€¬α€Έαα€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ α€…α€…α€™α€” α€±α€žα€¬ ၿငမးခမးေရးရရနထတြက ၿငမးခမးေရး α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€Šα€α€€α€α€Όα€„ ” α€˜α€¬α€žα€¬α€±α€›α€Έ α€±α€α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ ထစးရ ႏင α€œα€‘α€α‚” ပးေပါငးေဆာငရြကရန” α€œα€‘α€•α€žα€Šα€Ÿ ေတြးမေၾကာငး α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ ထျခား ထၾကျပခကတစခကမ α€…α€…α€™α€”α€±α€žα€¬αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€œα€‘αŠ α€žα€˜α€¬α€α€•α€α€α€”α€Έα€€α€„αŠ ႏင α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€™α€Έ α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€±α€›α€Έα€α‚”α€‘α€±α€•αš α€‘α€α€€α€”α€¬α€€α€„α€™α‚ˆα€™α€»α€–α€…α€±α€…α€»α€α€„α€Έα€Ÿα α€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€€α€‘α€Šα€žα€Όα€„α€Έα€…α€₯းစား α€±α€•α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€“α€•αΈα€«α€šα€–α€Όα€„α€†α€α€€α€€α€α€„α€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹

Page 36: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that

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α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€™α€„α€™α‚ˆα€›α€›α€”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€±α€α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€»α€™α€„α€»α€™α€α€±α€žα€¬α€›α€Šα€›α€Όα€šα€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έ ထားရရ α€™α€Šα€»α€–α€…αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ ထပစထခတရပစေရးမတဆင α€›α€›α€œα€¬α€™α€Šα€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ ၿငမးခမးေရးထား α€€α€šα€€α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€‘α€žα€Έα€™α€α€žα€„α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€‘αΎα€€α€»α€•α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ ထထခကထား β€œα€‘α‚€α€€α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€†α€Έ α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆ ကေတာ နစဖကေခါငးေဆာငေတြမာ α€–α€Έα€€α€Όα€šα€‘α€¬α€Έα€ α€›α€Šα€›α€Όα€šα€α€€α€±α€α€Όα€›α€±α€”α€α€šα€œα‚” α€œα€±α€α€Ό α€šαΎα€€α€Š ေနၾကတာပ။ α€‘α€±α€›α‚•α€™α€¬α€±α€α€¬αΏα€•α€Έα€±α€”αΎα€€α€±α€•α€™α€š ရငထမာေတာ α€±α€’α€«α€žα€±α€α€Όα€‘α€»α€•α€Šα€›α€±α€”αΎα€€α€™α€¬α€€ α€œα€±α€α€Ό α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€™αΎα€€α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€α€žα€Šα‹

αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€±α€”α€žα€¬ ေခါငးေဆာငမား α€α€¬α€α€”α€šα€™α‚ˆα€›α€»α€α€„α€Έ ေခါငးေဆာငတ႔ထေနျဖင α€›α€Έα€±α€»α€–α€¬α€„α€™α‚ˆα€›αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ ၿငမးခမးေရးရရရန α€‘α€™α€”α€α€€α€šα€œα€œα€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ ဆႏၡျဖင αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ထား ခα€₯α€Έα€€α€•α€€α€„α€α€Όα€šα€›α€”α€œα€‘α€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Š α€α€¬α€α€”α€šα€™α‚ˆα€›α€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€„ ၿငမးခမးေရး α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€Šα€α€€α€™ α€…α€Šα€Έα€€α€™α€Έα€α€€α€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€±α€œα€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€œα€€α€”α€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚” ႏင α€α€α€†α€€α€œα€€α€›α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯တြင α€™α€α€™α‚ˆα€žα€Šα€‘α€±α€›α€Έα€•α€«αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€œα€€α€”α€¬ α€™α‚ˆα€›α€›α€”α€»α€•α€œα€•α€›α€¬α€α€Όα€„ α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€α‚” နင ထစးရတ႔ α‚α€…α€–α€€α€œα€ΈαŒα€α€¬α€α€”α€›α€žα€Š α€Ÿα€α€„α€™α€¬α€…α€Όα€¬ α€†α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€α‚”α€€ ထစးရ ႏင NSAGs α€α‚”α€‘α€±α€•αšα€α€Όα€„ α€”α€„α€„α€α€€α€¬α€‘α€žα€„α€Έα€‘α€α€„α€Έα တာ၀နရ ေၾကာငး α€‘αΎα€€α€»α€•α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€”α€„α€„α€α€€α€¬α€‘α€žα€„α€Έα€‘α€α€„α€Έα‚α€„ α€†α€€α€žα€Όα€šα€†α€€α€†α€»α€α€„α€Έ တးျမင α€»α€•α€œα€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€–α€„ α€•α€Όα€„α€œα€„α€Έα€»α€™α€„α€žα€¬α€™α‚ˆα€”α€„ α€α€¬α€α€”α€šα€™α‚ˆα€α‚”α€›α€œα€¬α€±α€…α€›α€” ထေထာကထက α€»α€–α€…α€±α€…α€™α€Šα€Ÿ α€šαΎα€€α€Š α€‘α€¬α€ΈαΎα€€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œαΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€›α€–α‚”α€†α€›α€„ နငငတကာရ႕ α€α€„α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€•α€α€žα€€α€™α‚ˆα€”α‚” α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€•α€™α‚ˆα€±α€α€Όα€œα€‘α€•α€α€šα‹ ထဒါ (αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯)α€€ α€”α€„α€„α€α€€α€¬α€‘α€žα€„α€Έα€‘α€α€„α€Έα€€α€±α€” α€α€¬α€α€”α€šα€™α‚ˆα€›α€žα€„α€α€šβ€α€Ÿα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ ထျခားတစα€₯α€Έα€€ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€Šα€™α‚ˆ α€œα€€α€™α€ ေရးထးျခငး ထား α€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€»α€•α€Šα€žα€±α€›α‚•α€α€Όα€„α€»α€•α€œα€•α€›α€” နင α€Šα‚α‚ˆα€„α€Έα€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€”α€„α€„α€α€€α€¬α€‘α€žα€„α€Έα€‘α€α€„α€Έα€€ α€™α€€α€»α€™α€„α€žα€€α€±α€žα€‘α€¬α€Έαα€»α€•α€œα€•α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€žα€„α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€‘αΎα€€α€±α€•α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ α€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€α€«α€α‚”α€α€Όα€„ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€α‚”α€žα€Š ေခါငးေဆာငပငးတ႔၏ α€›α€Έα€±α€»α€–α€¬α€„α€™α‚ˆα€€ α€žα€€α€±α€žα€»α€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ ေခါငးေဆာငတ႔၏ α€…α€α€±α€”α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€œα€™α‚ˆα€”α€„ α€α€Όα€–α€€α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€±α€œα€›α€αΎα€€ α€žα€Šα‹ α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™ ၾကားရဖနထမားဆး ထေၾကာငးထရာမားထနက တစခကထျဖစေတြ႔ရခရ α€žα€Šα€™α€¬ α€œα€€α€›α€‘α€α€”α€α€Όα€„ α‚α€…α€–α€€α€‘α€žα€„α€Έα€‘α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€žα€Š ၿငမးခမးေရးေဖာေဆာငျခငး ေထာငျမင α€±α€…α€”α€„α€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ ရမေနၾကေၾကာငး α€œα€‘α€‘α€±α€”α€»α€–α€„α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€›α€žα€Šα€Ÿα€₯ာ α€‘α€α€€α€»α€–α€…α€±α€œ α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€žα‚”α€±α€žα€¬ α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έα€α‚”α€‘α€…α€¬α€Έ ထစးရနင NSAG α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€™α€™α€α‚”α€€α€šα€…α€›α€Šα€™α€”α€Έα€α€€α€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€»α€–α€Šα€†α€Šα€Έα€›α€”α€žα€¬ α€‘α€¬α€›α€…α€€α€±α€”αΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ ႏစα€₯α€Έα€”α€…α€–α€€ α€‘α€±α€œα€¬α€±α€•α€Έα€Šα‚α‚ˆα€„α€Έα€›α€” ဆႏၡမရၾကေခ။ α€•α€«α€α€„α€ž တစα€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€€α€•α€α‚”α€€α€žα€¬ α€‘α€»α€™α€…α€α€Όα€šα€±α€”α€ α€•α€±α€žα€‘α€±α€α€Όα€Έα€‘α€±α€αšα€±α€α€Όα€€ α€»α€–α€α€±α€α€¬α€€α€”α€„α€™α€š ဆရင ေတာ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ α€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€™α€„α€‘α€‘α€±α€»α€™α€¬α€€α€œα€¬α€”α€„α€™α€¬α€•α€«β€ α€Ÿαα€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€€ α€±α€α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€‘α€±α€”α€»α€–α€„ တစα€₯းႏငတစα€₯α€Έα€‘α€±α€•αšα€‘α€¬α€Έα€›α€±α€žα€¬ မာေၾကာၿပး α€α€…α€–α€€α€žα€•α€†α€”α€±α€žα€¬ α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έα€α‚”α€€ α€…α€Όα€”α‚”α€œα‚Šα€α€›α€”α€œα€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€‘α€±α€œα€Έα€‘α€”α€€α€‘α€¬α€Έ ေျပာၾကား α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€α€„α€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€α€±α€›α‚•α€†α€€α€±α€œα€¬α€€α€œα€™α€ΈαΎα€€α€–α‚”α€†α€›α€„ α€‘α‚α‚ˆα€α€œα€€α‘α€α€¬α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€ α€žα€±α€˜α€¬ ထားေတြ α€”α‚” α€‘α€α€α€€α€‘α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€‘αΎα€€α€±α€α€ΌαŠ ထတတထေတြ႕ထၾကေၾကာင ေခါငးမာ ေနတာမး ေတြက α€±α€˜α€Έα€–α€šα€‘α€¬α€Έα€žα€„α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿ ေခါငးေဆာငမားထား α€žα€α€„α€Έα€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ ထျခား

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α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€™α€„α€™α‚ˆα€›α€›α€”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€±α€α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€»α€™α€„α€»α€™α€α€±α€žα€¬α€›α€Šα€›α€Όα€šα€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έ ထားရရ α€™α€Šα€»α€–α€…αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ ထပစထခတရပစေရးမတဆင α€›α€›α€œα€¬α€™α€Šα€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ ၿငမးခမးေရးထား α€€α€šα€€α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€‘α€žα€Έα€™α€α€žα€„α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€‘αΎα€€α€»α€•α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ ထထခကထား β€œα€‘α‚€α€€α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€†α€Έ α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆ ကေတာ နစဖကေခါငးေဆာငေတြမာ α€–α€Έα€€α€Όα€šα€‘α€¬α€Έα€ α€›α€Šα€›α€Όα€šα€α€€α€±α€α€Όα€›α€±α€”α€α€šα€œα‚” α€œα€±α€α€Ό α€šαΎα€€α€Š ေနၾကတာပ။ α€‘α€±α€›α‚•α€™α€¬α€±α€α€¬αΏα€•α€Έα€±α€”αΎα€€α€±α€•α€™α€š ရငထမာေတာ α€±α€’α€«α€žα€±α€α€Όα€‘α€»α€•α€Šα€›α€±α€”αΎα€€α€™α€¬α€€ α€œα€±α€α€Ό α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€™αΎα€€α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€α€žα€Šα‹

αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€±α€”α€žα€¬ ေခါငးေဆာငမား α€α€¬α€α€”α€šα€™α‚ˆα€›α€»α€α€„α€Έ ေခါငးေဆာငတ႔ထေနျဖင α€›α€Έα€±α€»α€–α€¬α€„α€™α‚ˆα€›αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ ၿငမးခမးေရးရရရန α€‘α€™α€”α€α€€α€šα€œα€œα€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ ဆႏၡျဖင αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ထား ခα€₯α€Έα€€α€•α€€α€„α€α€Όα€šα€›α€”α€œα€‘α€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Š α€α€¬α€α€”α€šα€™α‚ˆα€›α€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€„ ၿငမးခမးေရး α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€Šα€α€€α€™ α€…α€Šα€Έα€€α€™α€Έα€α€€α€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€±α€œα€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€œα€€α€”α€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚” ႏင α€α€α€†α€€α€œα€€α€›α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯တြင α€™α€α€™α‚ˆα€žα€Šα€‘α€±α€›α€Έα€•α€«αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€œα€€α€”α€¬ α€™α‚ˆα€›α€›α€”α€»α€•α€œα€•α€›α€¬α€α€Όα€„ α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€α‚” နင ထစးရတ႔ α‚α€…α€–α€€α€œα€ΈαŒα€α€¬α€α€”α€›α€žα€Š α€Ÿα€α€„α€™α€¬α€…α€Όα€¬ α€†α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€α‚”α€€ ထစးရ ႏင NSAGs α€α‚”α€‘α€±α€•αšα€α€Όα€„ α€”α€„α€„α€α€€α€¬α€‘α€žα€„α€Έα€‘α€α€„α€Έα တာ၀နရ ေၾကာငး α€‘αΎα€€α€»α€•α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€”α€„α€„α€α€€α€¬α€‘α€žα€„α€Έα€‘α€α€„α€Έα‚α€„ α€†α€€α€žα€Όα€šα€†α€€α€†α€»α€α€„α€Έ တးျမင α€»α€•α€œα€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€–α€„ α€•α€Όα€„α€œα€„α€Έα€»α€™α€„α€žα€¬α€™α‚ˆα€”α€„ α€α€¬α€α€”α€šα€™α‚ˆα€α‚”α€›α€œα€¬α€±α€…α€›α€” ထေထာကထက α€»α€–α€…α€±α€…α€™α€Šα€Ÿ α€šαΎα€€α€Š α€‘α€¬α€ΈαΎα€€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œαΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€›α€–α‚”α€†α€›α€„ နငငတကာရ႕ α€α€„α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€•α€α€žα€€α€™α‚ˆα€”α‚” α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€•α€™α‚ˆα€±α€α€Όα€œα€‘α€•α€α€šα‹ ထဒါ (αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯)α€€ α€”α€„α€„α€α€€α€¬α€‘α€žα€„α€Έα€‘α€α€„α€Έα€€α€±α€” α€α€¬α€α€”α€šα€™α‚ˆα€›α€žα€„α€α€šβ€α€Ÿα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ ထျခားတစα€₯α€Έα€€ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€Šα€™α‚ˆ α€œα€€α€™α€ ေရးထးျခငး ထား α€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€»α€•α€Šα€žα€±α€›α‚•α€α€Όα€„α€»α€•α€œα€•α€›α€” နင α€Šα‚α‚ˆα€„α€Έα€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€”α€„α€„α€α€€α€¬α€‘α€žα€„α€Έα€‘α€α€„α€Έα€€ α€™α€€α€»α€™α€„α€žα€€α€±α€žα€‘α€¬α€Έαα€»α€•α€œα€•α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€žα€„α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€‘αΎα€€α€±α€•α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ α€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€α€«α€α‚”α€α€Όα€„ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€α‚”α€žα€Š ေခါငးေဆာငပငးတ႔၏ α€›α€Έα€±α€»α€–α€¬α€„α€™α‚ˆα€€ α€žα€€α€±α€žα€»α€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ ေခါငးေဆာငတ႔၏ α€…α€α€±α€”α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€œα€™α‚ˆα€”α€„ α€α€Όα€–α€€α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€±α€œα€›α€αΎα€€ α€žα€Šα‹ α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™ ၾကားရဖနထမားဆး ထေၾကာငးထရာမားထနက တစခကထျဖစေတြ႔ရခရ α€žα€Šα€™α€¬ α€œα€€α€›α€‘α€α€”α€α€Όα€„ α‚α€…α€–α€€α€‘α€žα€„α€Έα€‘α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€žα€Š ၿငမးခမးေရးေဖာေဆာငျခငး ေထာငျမင α€±α€…α€”α€„α€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ ရမေနၾကေၾကာငး α€œα€‘α€‘α€±α€”α€»α€–α€„α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€›α€žα€Šα€Ÿα€₯ာ α€‘α€α€€α€»α€–α€…α€±α€œ α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€žα‚”α€±α€žα€¬ α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έα€α‚”α€‘α€…α€¬α€Έ ထစးရနင NSAG α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€™α€™α€α‚”α€€α€šα€…α€›α€Šα€™α€”α€Έα€α€€α€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€»α€–α€Šα€†α€Šα€Έα€›α€”α€žα€¬ α€‘α€¬α€›α€…α€€α€±α€”αΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ ႏစα€₯α€Έα€”α€…α€–α€€ α€‘α€±α€œα€¬α€±α€•α€Έα€Šα‚α‚ˆα€„α€Έα€›α€” ဆႏၡမရၾကေခ။ α€•α€«α€α€„α€ž တစα€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€€α€•α€α‚”α€€α€žα€¬ α€‘α€»α€™α€…α€α€Όα€šα€±α€”α€ α€•α€±α€žα€‘α€±α€α€Όα€Έα€‘α€±α€αšα€±α€α€Όα€€ α€»α€–α€α€±α€α€¬α€€α€”α€„α€™α€š ဆရင ေတာ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ α€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€™α€„α€‘α€‘α€±α€»α€™α€¬α€€α€œα€¬α€”α€„α€™α€¬α€•α€«β€ α€Ÿαα€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€€ α€±α€α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€‘α€±α€”α€»α€–α€„ တစα€₯းႏငတစα€₯α€Έα€‘α€±α€•αšα€‘α€¬α€Έα€›α€±α€žα€¬ မာေၾကာၿပး α€α€…α€–α€€α€žα€•α€†α€”α€±α€žα€¬ α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έα€α‚”α€€ α€…α€Όα€”α‚”α€œα‚Šα€α€›α€”α€œα€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€‘α€±α€œα€Έα€‘α€”α€€α€‘α€¬α€Έ ေျပာၾကား α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€α€„α€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€α€±α€›α‚•α€†α€€α€±α€œα€¬α€€α€œα€™α€ΈαΎα€€α€–α‚”α€†α€›α€„ α€‘α‚α‚ˆα€α€œα€€α‘α€α€¬α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€ α€žα€±α€˜α€¬ ထားေတြ α€”α‚” α€‘α€α€α€€α€‘α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€‘αΎα€€α€±α€α€ΌαŠ ထတတထေတြ႕ထၾကေၾကာင ေခါငးမာ ေနတာမး ေတြက α€±α€˜α€Έα€–α€šα€‘α€¬α€Έα€žα€„α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿ ေခါငးေဆာငမားထား α€žα€α€„α€Έα€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ ထျခား

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Page 39: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that

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α€‘α€»α€•α€”α€‘α€œα€” α€”α€¬α€Έα€œα€Šα€™α‚ˆα€›α€»α€α€„α€Έ ႏင α€˜α€›α€Šα€™α€”α€Έα€α€€α€α€…α€›α€•α€α€™α€α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€žα€Š ၿငမးခမးေရးရရရန ထေရး α€•α€«α€žα€Šα€‘α€α€€α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€›α‚ˆα€»α€™α€„α€‘α€¬α€ΈαΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€‘α€»α€•α€”α€‘α€œα€”α€±α€œα€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€›α€ ဆကဆ α€±α€›α€Έα€›α€™ α€šαΎα€€α€Šα€™α‚ˆα€α€Šα€±α€†α€¬α€€α€œα‚”α€›α€™α€šα‹ ထဒေတာမ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€›α€”α€„α€™α€šβ€ α€Ÿα€†α€α€žα€Šα‹ ထစးရ ႏင NSAG တ႔ထၾကား α€‘α€»α€•α€”α€‘α€œα€”α€”α€¬α€Έα€œα€Šα€™α‚ˆ α€œα€‘α€•α€±α€”α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€€ β€œα€€α€•α€žα€¬ ၿငမးခမးေရး α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ ေဆြးေႏြးပြမာ ပါ၀ငခြငရခရင ထဖြ႔ေတြက α€»α€•α€Šα€žα‚”α€‘α€€α€Έα€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€‘α€»α€•α€”α€‘α€œα€” α€”α€¬α€Έα€œα€Šα€™α‚ˆα€”α‚” α€Šα‚α‚ˆα€„α€Έ ေဆြးေႏြးၾကဖ႔ α€±α€α€¬α€„α€Έα€†α€™α€šβ€ ၊ β€œα€‘α€»α€•α€”α€‘α€œα€”α€”α€¬α€Έα€œα€Šα€™α‚ˆα€†α€α€¬α€€ ထစးရဖက ထတတနး ေခါငးေဆာင α€±α€α€ΌαŠ NSAG ေတြ α€”α‚” α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€œα€‘α€±α€α€ΌαΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€›α€–α‚”α€œα€‘α€•α€α€šα‹ α€œα€α€„α€Έ တစα€₯α€Έα€”α‚” တစα€₯α€Έ ထခငးခငး α€”α€¬α€Έα€œα€Šα€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€±α€•α€«α€€αΎα€€α€–α‚” α‚€α€α€‚α€œα€α€₯α€Έα€€α€•α€±α€»α€–α€›α€„α€Έα€”α€Šα€Έα€€ α€‘α€žα€Έα€»α€•α€›α€™α€šα‹ β€α€Ÿ α€™α€α€α€€α€α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€˜α€›α€Šα€™α€”α€Έα€α€€ α€‘α€¬α€Έα€›α€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Š αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ α€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€™α€„α€™α‚ˆ ထတြက ထဓကကေၾကာငးက α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯မာ α€‘α€Šα€žα€Όα€„α€Έ ေဆာငရြက နငဖ႔ ထတြက α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€œα€‘α€”α‚” ေခါငးေဆာငေတြမာ α€˜α€›α€Šα€™α€”α€Έα€α€€α€±α€α€Όα€›α€–α‚” α€œα€‘α€•α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿ α€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹

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α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€α€Šα€±α€†α€¬α€€α€»α€α€„α€Έ

α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€€ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€±α€”α€‘α€„α€œα€€α€›α€±α€žα€¬ α€α€„α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€‘α€–α€Όα‚•α€α‚”α€‘αΎα€€α€¬α€Έ α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€α€Š ေဆာကရန ဆႏၡရၾကေၾကာငး α€–α€Όα€„α€Ÿα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€€α€•α€›α‚•α€±α€™α€¬α€œα€„α€α€€α€€α€±α€α€¬ α€œα€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€α€Όα€»α€α€¬α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€™α€›α€ α€»α€•α€Šα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€…α€‘α€…α€…α€‘α€™α€”α€€α€α€Šα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€–α‚”α€•α‹ ထဒါမ α€€α€•α€α‚”α€α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€Šα€Ÿα€¬ α€α€„α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€œα€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€”α‚”α€œα€•α€ α€α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€Šα€»α€–α€…α€œα€¬α€™α€šβ€ α€Ÿα€†α€α€žα€Šα‹

α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€α‚”α€€ α€œα€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€α€Όα€»α€α€¬α€Έα€™α‚ˆα‚α€„ α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€™α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ ၿငမးခမးေရးေဖာေဆာငျခငး၏ ထတားထဆးမားျဖစေၾကာငး α€™α€Έα€±α€™α€¬α€„α€Έα€‘α€Έα€»α€•α€žα€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€žα€Š α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„α€Έα€±α€”α€‘α€„αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€α€„α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€…α€Šα€Έα€α‚”αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€› α€™α€œα€α€™α€¬α€…α€α‚α€„ α€™α€”α€Έα€α€Έα€™α‚ˆ တ႔ α€€ α€€α€„α€α€Όα€šα€±α€»α€–α€›α€„α€Έα€›α€™α€Šα€»α€–α€…α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹ β€œα€‘α€“α€€α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€€α€±α€α€¬ α€œα€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έ စတဓာတ ပ။ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€™α€¬α€€ ထဖြ႔ကြေတြၾကားမာ α€»α€•α€„α€Έα€‘α€”α€α€œα€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έ စတဓာတေတြ α€›αΎα€€α€α€šα‹ ” ပးေပါငး α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α€€ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€‘α€žα€„α€Έα€‘α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€‘αΎα€€α€¬α€Έ α€…α€α€α€™α€Έα€€α€Όα€™α‚ˆα€α‚”α€€α€»α€–α€…α€±α€…α€žα€Šα€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€α€„α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έ α€™α€Έα‚α€Όα€šα€…α€‘α€±α€»α€α€»α€• α€œα€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€…α€α€“α€¬α€α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€‘α€”α€Šα€Έα€„α€šα€±α€œα€¬α€α€±α€…α€œα€±α€žα€¬ ဆႏၡရေၾကာငး ဖြငေျပာခ αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€› α€α€„α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€œα€™α€Έα€…α€α‚”α€‘αΎα€€α€¬α€Έ α€»α€•α€”α€œα€Šα€žα€„α€»α€™α€α€™α‚ˆα€žα€Š ၿငမးခမးေရးရရေစရန α€‘α€α€Όα€€α€‘α€±α€›α€Έα‚€α€€α€Έα€žα€Šα€Ÿα€±α€žα€¬ α€α€„α€™α€¬α€žα€Šα€‘α€»α€™α€„α€žα€Š α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€α€±α€œα€¬α€€α€±α€•αšα€‘α€Όα€€α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ α€α€„α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€‘α€–α€Όα‚•α€‘α€…α€Šα€Έα€α€„α€Έα α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€žα€α‚”α€€α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€›α€”α€œα€‘α€•α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ ႏင ထျခားတစα€₯α€Έα€€ α€˜α€¬α€žα€¬α€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€–α€Όα‚•α€‘α€…α€Šα€Έα€α‚”α€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€›α€”α€œα€‘α€•α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€α€žα€Šα‹

α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€› NSAG α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ ျမနမာထစးရ ႏင α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€‘αΎα€€α€¬α€Έ α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆ α€œα€‘α€•α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€‘α€±α€œα€Έα€‘α€”α€€α€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€› α€œα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘αΎα€€α€¬α€Έ α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€›α€•α€«α€€ ၿငမးခမးေရး α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€€ α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€±α€…α€™α€Šα€»α€–α€…αΏα€•α€Έ ျပနာေျဖရငးရာတြင α€‘α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€‘α€€α€»α€•α€™α€Šα€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€‘α€„α€»α€™α€„α€±α€”αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ ထထခကကထတထကေျပာၾကားချခငးမျပၾကေပ။ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α€žα€Š α€‘α€…α€Έα€›α€žα€Š α€±α€žα€Όα€Έα€α€Όα€‘α€•α€α€•α€»α€α€„α€Έ α€”α€Šα€Έα€—α€Ÿα€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€†α€€α€œα€€α€‘α€žα€Έα€»α€•α€±α€”α€±α€žα€Έα€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€™αΎα€€α€œα€€α€› ကာ α€‘α€žα‚”α€»α€•α€œα€•α€±α€”α€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ ရပတန႔ရန α€±α€α€¬α€„α€Έα€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ ေထာငျမငရန ထတြက α€‘α€–α€Όα‚•α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έ α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€›α€›α€” α€™α€»α€–α€…α€™α€±α€”α€œα€‘α€•α€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€žα€α‚”α€šαΎα€€α€Šα€‘α€¬α€ΈαΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ ပါ၀င α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€€α€›α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚•α€±α€α€Όα€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€ΈαΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€”α‚” (တျခား) α€α€„α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€‘α€–α€Όα‚•α€±α€α€ΌαΎα€€α€¬α€Έ α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€›α€–α‚” α€œα€‘α€• α€α€šα‹ ကပထျမငမာေတာ α€‘α€…α€Έα€›α€€α€™α€Ÿα€¬α€—α€Ÿα€¬α€€α€€ α€œα€α€…α€±α€šα€¬α€€α€…α€α€„α€Έα€€α€α€ΌαΏα€•α€Έ စကားေျပာ α€±α€”α€α€šα€œα‚” α€»α€™α€„α€α€šα‹ (ကပတ႔) α€α€„α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έ α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚•α€±α€α€Όα€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έ ထတတကြ α€…α€… α€…α€Šα€Έα€…α€Šα€Έα€”α‚” α€‘α€žα€α€…α€α€‘α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€žα€„α€α€šα‹ ထစးရက α€±α€žα€Όα€Έα€α€Όα€‘α€•α€α€•α€±α€›α€Έα€”α€Šα€Έα€—α€Ÿα€¬α€€α€žα€Έα€±α€”α€α€šα‹ ထဒါက α€€α€•α€α‚”α€€α€™α‚€α€€α€€α€˜α€Έα‹β€

α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ α€α€„α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™ α€±α€α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€•α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€žα€Š αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ α€’α€„α€šα€¬ α€±α€œα€¬α€α€α€Όα€„ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€„α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€™α€α€α€€α€α€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ ထျခားတစα€₯α€Έα€€α€™ β€œα€€α€•α€α‚”α€±α€α€Όα€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€–α‚”α€œα€‘α€•α€α€šα‹ ၿငမးခမးေရးရဖ႔ထတြက ထစးရန႔ α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€œα€‘α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€žα€„α€α€šα€œα‚” α€€α€•α€‘α€„α€α€š ” α€Ÿα€»α€–α€Šα€…α€Όα€€α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€€ α€€α€žα‚”α€†α€€α€œα€€ α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€α€žα€Šα‹

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β€œα€‘α€€α€šα α€€α€•α€žα€¬αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ α€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬ α€•α€«α€α€„α€α€Όα€„α€›α€™α€šα€†α€›α€„ α€œα€±α€α€Όα€€α€‘α€α€„α€Έα€α€„α€Έ ေကာငးေကာငးမြနမြန α€†α€€α€†αΎα€€α€–α‚”α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€™α€šα‹ ထေရးထႀကးဆးက α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€•α‹ ကပတ႔ေတြ α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆ α€™α€›α€œα‚” αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€€ α€‘α‚α€›α€¬α€šα€€α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€”α€„α€α€šα‹ ထဒထတားထဆးက α€±α€€α€¬α€œα‚Šα€¬α€Έα€–α‚”α€†α€›α€„ α€€α€•α€α‚”α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€›α€–α‚”α€œα€‘α€•α€α€šα‹β€

ထစးရ α€”α‚” α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€œα€‘α€±α€α€Όα€‘αΎα€€α€¬α€Έ α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€›α€›α€” α€œα€‘α€•α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€–α€Όα€„α€Ÿα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œαΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯မာ α€•α€«α€α€„α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€žα€±α€α€Ό α€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€‘α€±α€”α€”α‚” α€Šα€Šα€Όα€ တ ပနးတငတစခရၿပးေတာ α€‘α€…α€Έα€›α€†α€€α€‘α€α€α€€α€Όα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€¬α€€ α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€žα€„α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿα€†α€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ ထျခားတစα€₯α€Έα€€α€™ β€œα€€α€•α€α‚”α€±α€α€Ό α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€–α‚”α€œα€α€šα‹ ထစးရန႔ α€»α€•α€Šα€ž α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€–α‚”α€œα€α€šα€œα‚” α€€α€•α€‘α€„α€α€šα‹ α€‘α€’α€«α€€αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€›α€±α€…α€œα€™α€™α€šα‹ ကပတ႔ရ႕ေခါငးေဆာငေတြ α€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€€ α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έ α€±α€…α€α€„α€α€šα‹ ”

αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ထတြငး ပးေပါငးပါ၀ငျခငး ႏင α€€α€šα€…α€¬α€Έα€»α€•α€»α€α€„α€Έ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ထတြင α€œα€‘α€•α€«α€α€„α€•α€α€žα€€α€œα€•α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έ α€€α€…α₯α‚α€„α€•α€α€žα€€α€±α€žα€¬ ထငျမင α€šα€†α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€±α€α€™α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€»α€•α€¬α€Έα€€ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯နင α€•α€α€žα€€α α€—α€Ÿα€žα€ ႏင α€”α€¬α€Έα€œα€Šα€™α‚ˆ α€‘α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€€α€₯α€Έα€žα€¬α€›αΎα€€αΏα€•α€Έ α€‘α€α‚•α€€α€‘α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯တြင ပါ၀င α€œα€•α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Š α€žα€α‚”α€”α€„ α€…α€•α€†α€„α€±α€žα€¬α€€α€…α₯α€™α€Ÿα€α€Ÿ α€‘α€„α€»α€™α€„α€œα€€α€›αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€™α€Šα€žα‚”α€•α€„α€»α€–α€…α€±α€… စကား၀ငးမားစြာတ႔မ αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€žα€α€›α€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€„α€›α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š α€šα€†α€α€€α€α€…α€α€™α€¬ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ထတြငး α€œα€‘α€•α€«α€α€„α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€”α€„α€…α€Όα€™α€Έ α€™α€›α€žα€Šα€‘α€±α€•αš ပပနေၾကာငၾကျခငးပင α€»α€–α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ ၿငမးခမးေရး α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ထတြငး α€•α€«α€α€„α€•α€α€žα€€ α€œα€•α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€œα€±α€žα€¬α€†α‚α΅αα€±α€”α€¬α€€α€€α€Όα€šα€α€Όα€„ ၿငမးခမးေရး α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ တြင α€œα€‘α€‘α€¬α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€±α€…α€α€»α€α€„α€Έ α€™α€›α€±α€žα€¬α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„ α€‘α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€žα€Š α€…α€…α€™α€”α€™α‚ˆα€”α€„ α€›α€Έα€±α€»α€–α€¬α€„α€™α‚ˆα€™α€›α€”α€„ α€Ÿα€±α€žα€¬ α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€α€€α€›α€±α€”α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α€žα€Š αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ထတြငး α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆ α€Ÿα€±α€žα€¬ α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€›α€¬α€Έα€α€…α€α€€ α€‘α€¬α€›α€…α€€α€±α€”αΎα€€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€žα€Š- α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„ α€±α€”α€‘α€„αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€€α€›α€„α€œα€™α€Έα€€α€Όα€α‚”α€‘αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€œα€‘α€•α€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€±α€”α€‘α€„αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€€α€Όα€»α€•α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€¬α€Έα€”α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š α€α€„α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€α‚”α€‘αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆ ႏင α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€Šα€Šα€Όα€α€™α‚ˆα€›α€±α€žα€¬ ပနးတငတစခ α€œα€‘α€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€…α€žα€Š α€›α‚ˆα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€…α€•α€«α€α€„α€±α€žα€¬ ထေၾကာငးထရာတစခထျဖစ α€‘α€Όα€€α€±α€•αšα€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ထတြငး α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ α€•α€α€žα€€α€œα€•α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έ

α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α€žα€Š α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯တြင ပးေပါငးပါ၀ငနငရန α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€™α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€±α€•αš ချပငး α€±α€”αΎα€€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ β€œ(αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€…α€₯α€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€™α€„α€™α‚ˆα€€) α€‘α€¬α€α€¬α€•α€„α€±α€α€Όα€‘α€±α€•αš α€™α€α€Šα€α€šα‹ α€˜α€¬α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€œα€†α€±α€α€¬ α€žα€α‚”α€€ α€œα€‘α€±α€α€Όα€›α‚•α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€žα€€ α€˜α€šα€±α€α€¬α€™ α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„αΎα€€α€α€¬α€™α€Ÿα€α€˜α€Έα‹β€ α€Ÿ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έ α€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯αα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€™α€„α€™α‚ˆα€žα€Š α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€› α€œα€‘ တ႔ထား ပးေပါငးပါ၀ငရနထခြငထေရးတစရပေပးထပျခငး αŒα€‘α€±α€»α€α€α€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€•α€«α€α€„α€ž ထျခား တစα€₯α€Έα€€ α€šαΎα€€α€Šα€±α€”α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€žα€α‚”α€€ β€œα€‘α€žα€α€…α€α€‘α€€α€• ထာရစကတာထက α€α€„α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έ α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€…α€Šα€Έ α€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€›α‚•α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€žα€±α€α€Όα€€ α€‚α€›α€»α€•α€žα€„α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿα€šα€™α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ ထျခားတစα€₯α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ ထထခကက α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€•α€«α€€α€žα‚” α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€α€žα€Šα‹

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α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€α€Šα€±α€†α€¬α€€α€»α€α€„α€Έ

α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€€ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€±α€”α€‘α€„α€œα€€α€›α€±α€žα€¬ α€α€„α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€‘α€–α€Όα‚•α€α‚”α€‘αΎα€€α€¬α€Έ α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€α€Š ေဆာကရန ဆႏၡရၾကေၾကာငး α€–α€Όα€„α€Ÿα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€€α€•α€›α‚•α€±α€™α€¬α€œα€„α€α€€α€€α€±α€α€¬ α€œα€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€α€Όα€»α€α€¬α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€™α€›α€ α€»α€•α€Šα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€…α€‘α€…α€…α€‘α€™α€”α€€α€α€Šα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€–α‚”α€•α‹ ထဒါမ α€€α€•α€α‚”α€α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€Šα€Ÿα€¬ α€α€„α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€œα€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€”α‚”α€œα€•α€ α€α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€Šα€»α€–α€…α€œα€¬α€™α€šβ€ α€Ÿα€†α€α€žα€Šα‹

α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€α‚”α€€ α€œα€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€α€Όα€»α€α€¬α€Έα€™α‚ˆα‚α€„ α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€™α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ ၿငမးခမးေရးေဖာေဆာငျခငး၏ ထတားထဆးမားျဖစေၾကာငး α€™α€Έα€±α€™α€¬α€„α€Έα€‘α€Έα€»α€•α€žα€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€žα€Š α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„α€Έα€±α€”α€‘α€„αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€α€„α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€…α€Šα€Έα€α‚”αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€› α€™α€œα€α€™α€¬α€…α€α‚α€„ α€™α€”α€Έα€α€Έα€™α‚ˆ တ႔ α€€ α€€α€„α€α€Όα€šα€±α€»α€–α€›α€„α€Έα€›α€™α€Šα€»α€–α€…α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹ β€œα€‘α€“α€€α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€€α€±α€α€¬ α€œα€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έ စတဓာတ ပ။ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€™α€¬α€€ ထဖြ႔ကြေတြၾကားမာ α€»α€•α€„α€Έα€‘α€”α€α€œα€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έ စတဓာတေတြ α€›αΎα€€α€α€šα‹ ” ပးေပါငး α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α€€ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€‘α€žα€„α€Έα€‘α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€‘αΎα€€α€¬α€Έ α€…α€α€α€™α€Έα€€α€Όα€™α‚ˆα€α‚”α€€α€»α€–α€…α€±α€…α€žα€Šα€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€α€„α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έ α€™α€Έα‚α€Όα€šα€…α€‘α€±α€»α€α€»α€• α€œα€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€…α€α€“α€¬α€α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€‘α€”α€Šα€Έα€„α€šα€±α€œα€¬α€α€±α€…α€œα€±α€žα€¬ ဆႏၡရေၾကာငး ဖြငေျပာခ αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€› α€α€„α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€œα€™α€Έα€…α€α‚”α€‘αΎα€€α€¬α€Έ α€»α€•α€”α€œα€Šα€žα€„α€»α€™α€α€™α‚ˆα€žα€Š ၿငမးခမးေရးရရေစရန α€‘α€α€Όα€€α€‘α€±α€›α€Έα‚€α€€α€Έα€žα€Šα€Ÿα€±α€žα€¬ α€α€„α€™α€¬α€žα€Šα€‘α€»α€™α€„α€žα€Š α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€α€±α€œα€¬α€€α€±α€•αšα€‘α€Όα€€α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ α€α€„α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€‘α€–α€Όα‚•α€‘α€…α€Šα€Έα€α€„α€Έα α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€žα€α‚”α€€α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€›α€”α€œα€‘α€•α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ ႏင ထျခားတစα€₯α€Έα€€ α€˜α€¬α€žα€¬α€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€–α€Όα‚•α€‘α€…α€Šα€Έα€α‚”α€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€›α€”α€œα€‘α€•α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€α€žα€Šα‹

α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€› NSAG α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ ျမနမာထစးရ ႏင α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€‘αΎα€€α€¬α€Έ α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆ α€œα€‘α€•α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€‘α€±α€œα€Έα€‘α€”α€€α€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€› α€œα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘αΎα€€α€¬α€Έ α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€›α€•α€«α€€ ၿငမးခမးေရး α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€€ α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€±α€…α€™α€Šα€»α€–α€…αΏα€•α€Έ ျပနာေျဖရငးရာတြင α€‘α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€‘α€€α€»α€•α€™α€Šα€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€‘α€„α€»α€™α€„α€±α€”αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ ထထခကကထတထကေျပာၾကားချခငးမျပၾကေပ။ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α€žα€Š α€‘α€…α€Έα€›α€žα€Š α€±α€žα€Όα€Έα€α€Όα€‘α€•α€α€•α€»α€α€„α€Έ α€”α€Šα€Έα€—α€Ÿα€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€†α€€α€œα€€α€‘α€žα€Έα€»α€•α€±α€”α€±α€žα€Έα€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€™αΎα€€α€œα€€α€› ကာ α€‘α€žα‚”α€»α€•α€œα€•α€±α€”α€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ ရပတန႔ရန α€±α€α€¬α€„α€Έα€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ ေထာငျမငရန ထတြက α€‘α€–α€Όα‚•α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έ α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€›α€›α€” α€™α€»α€–α€…α€™α€±α€”α€œα€‘α€•α€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€žα€α‚”α€šαΎα€€α€Šα€‘α€¬α€ΈαΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ ပါ၀င α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€€α€›α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚•α€±α€α€Όα€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€ΈαΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€”α‚” (တျခား) α€α€„α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€‘α€–α€Όα‚•α€±α€α€ΌαΎα€€α€¬α€Έ α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€›α€–α‚” α€œα€‘α€• α€α€šα‹ ကပထျမငမာေတာ α€‘α€…α€Έα€›α€€α€™α€Ÿα€¬α€—α€Ÿα€¬α€€α€€ α€œα€α€…α€±α€šα€¬α€€α€…α€α€„α€Έα€€α€α€ΌαΏα€•α€Έ စကားေျပာ α€±α€”α€α€šα€œα‚” α€»α€™α€„α€α€šα‹ (ကပတ႔) α€α€„α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έ α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚•α€±α€α€Όα€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έ ထတတကြ α€…α€… α€…α€Šα€Έα€…α€Šα€Έα€”α‚” α€‘α€žα€α€…α€α€‘α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€žα€„α€α€šα‹ ထစးရက α€±α€žα€Όα€Έα€α€Όα€‘α€•α€α€•α€±α€›α€Έα€”α€Šα€Έα€—α€Ÿα€¬α€€α€žα€Έα€±α€”α€α€šα‹ ထဒါက α€€α€•α€α‚”α€€α€™α‚€α€€α€€α€˜α€Έα‹β€

α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ α€α€„α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™ α€±α€α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€•α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€žα€Š αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ α€’α€„α€šα€¬ α€±α€œα€¬α€α€α€Όα€„ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€„α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€™α€α€α€€α€α€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ ထျခားတစα€₯α€Έα€€α€™ β€œα€€α€•α€α‚”α€±α€α€Όα€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€–α‚”α€œα€‘α€•α€α€šα‹ ၿငမးခမးေရးရဖ႔ထတြက ထစးရန႔ α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€œα€‘α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€žα€„α€α€šα€œα‚” α€€α€•α€‘α€„α€α€š ” α€Ÿα€»α€–α€Šα€…α€Όα€€α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ α€…α€Šα€Έα€œα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€€ α€€α€žα‚”α€†α€€α€œα€€ α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€α€žα€Šα‹

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Page 43: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that

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α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€‘α€…α€Έα€›α€€ α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€±α€α€Όα€›α‚•α€±α€α€¬α€„α€Έα€†α€α€€α€±α€α€Ό α€”α‚” α€œα€‘α€•α€α€€α€±α€α€Όα€€ α€α€€α€š α€α€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€œα€€α€±α€α€Όα‚•α€œα€•α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€±α€•α€Έα€α€¬α€™α€Έα€™α€›α€•α€«α€˜α€Έα‹ ထဒါကစစမနတ ၿငမးခမးေရးရရဖ႔ထတြက ကပ စးရမတထခကပ” α€Ÿα€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹ β€œα€»α€•α€Šα€žα€±α€α€Όα€€ α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€€α€ŠαΏα€•α€Έ ေစာငေရာကေပးတ ထစးရ တစခက α€€α€•α€α‚”α€œα€œα€¬α€Έα€α€šβ€ α€Ÿ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹

α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€α‚”α€€ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€”α‚€α€€α€Έα€žα€Š α€€α€›α€„α€™α€Έα‚α€Όα€šα€α€„α€™α€Ÿα€α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€ΈαŠ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€±α€”α€‘α€„αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€α‚”α α€œα€‘α€•α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€€α€€α€šα€…α€¬α€Έα€»α€•α€±α€•α€Έα€”α€„α€±α€žα€¬ α€€α€›α€„α€™α€Έα‚α€Όα€šα€…α€α€„α€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ ခန႔ α€‘α€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Š α€•α€žα€„α€±α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€šαΎα€€α€ŠαΎα€€α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€€ α€‘α€±α€œα€Έα€‘α€”α€€α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ ပါ၀င α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ α€œα€€α€›α€±α€α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€™α‚ˆα€”α€„ α€•α€α€žα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€žαα€…α€α€˜α€α€„α€™α€€α€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ β€œα€‘α€…α€Έα€›α€”α‚” α€œα€€α€”α€€ α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€”α€…α€–α€€α€…α€œα€Έα€€ တခ႕ေခါငးေဆာငေတြက α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€±α€α€Ό (α€œα€‘α€•α€α€€) α€€α€‘α€Š α€™α€…α€₯α€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€˜ α€žα€α‚”α€€α€šα€€α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€€α€• αΎα€€α€ŠαΎα€€α€α€šβ€α€Ÿ α€•α€Όα€„α€œα€„α€Έα€»α€•α€α€žα€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬ α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ ၿငမးခမးေရး α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ α€‘α€“α€•αΈα€«α€šα€›α€±α€…α€›α€”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€›α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€±α€»α€–α€¬α€„α€™α€”αΏα€•α€Έ α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€œα€™α€Έα€Šα‚Šα€”α€±α€•α€Έα€”α€„α€±α€žα€¬ ေခါငးေဆာငမား α€™α€›α€™α€»α€–α€…α€œα€‘α€•α€žα€Šα€Ÿα α€‘α€α€„α€‘α€™α€¬α€šαΎα€€α€Šα€α€€α€α€…α€›α€• α€›α€±α€”αΎα€€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ ထျခား တစα€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€€α€•α€€α€±α€α€¬ ကပတ႔ရြာေတြကထပခပတေနရာမာ တရားမတတ α€…α€α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έα€›α€ α€±α€α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€±α€α€Όα€œα€α€„α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿα€™α€α€α€€α€α€α€žα€Šα‹

α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€‘α€žα€„α€Έα€‘α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€™ α€€α€šα€…α€¬α€Έα€»α€•α€»α€α€„α€Έ

α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š ေခါငးေဆာငမားက α€€α€šα€α€„α€±α€›α€Όα€Έα€α€šα€”α€„α€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€±α€›α€Έα€€α€›α€œαΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€žα‚”α€›α€¬α€α€Όα€„ α€žα€α‚”αα€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€‘α€žα€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€α€Όα€„ α€žα€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έα€€α€šα€…α€¬α€Έα€»α€•α€”α€„α€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€…α€Όα€™α€Έα€‘α€…α€›α€žα€Š α€±α€α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€™α‚ˆα€…α€Όα€™α€Έα€›α€Šα€»α€•α€Šα€α€ž တစα€₯α€Έα€™α€™α€›α€Ÿ α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€™αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€œα‚”α€‘α€›α€„α€Έα€‘α€»α€™α€… α€™α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έα€Ÿα€žα€Šα€€ ရပရြာနင α€α€›α€„α€‘α€†α€„α€±α€α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€‘α€›α€Šα€‘α€α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€Šα€α€™α‚ˆα€™α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έ နင ရပရြာ α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€‘α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€…α€Όα€¬α€€α€šα€…α€¬α€Έα€™α€»α€•α€”α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€€ α€†α€œα€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€»α€•α€¬α€Έα€€ ရငးျပခ αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€žα‚”α€»α€–α€…α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έαα€‘α€“α€€ ထေၾကာငးထရငးမာ ရပရြာထတြငး α€•α€Šα€¬α€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€†α€„ နမပါးျခငးနင α€•α€Šα€¬α€α€α€₯α€Έα€±α€› ရားပါးျခငးေၾကာင α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€šαΎα€€α€Šα€‘α€¬α€ΈαΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

ထေဆြးေႏြးျခငးမတဆင α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α€€ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€‘α€†α€„α€±α€α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€α‚”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€…α€Όα€™α€Έα€›α€Š α€»α€™α€„α€α€„α€α€Šα€±α€†α€¬α€€α€»α€α€„α€Έ α€»α€•α€œα€•α€œα€±α€žα€¬α€†α‚α΅α€α€…α€α€€ α€±α€–α€¬α€‘α€α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ ထထခကထား β€œαΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€”α‚” α€•α€α€žα€€αΏα€•α€Έ ကပထျမငမာကေတာ… ကပကေတာ ထမား α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€”α‚” α€α€„α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€±α€α€Όα€€ α€€α€šα€…α€¬α€Έα€»α€•α€™α€šαŠ α€œα€€α€α€”α€„α€–α€Όα€šα€›α€ ၿငမးခမးေရး α€α€Šα€±α€†α€¬α€€ နငတ α€±α€α€«α€„α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€α€…α€±α€šα€¬α€€α€œα€œα€¬α€Έα€α€šα‹β€ α€Ÿα€†α€€α€œα€€α€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ ထျခားတစα€₯α€Έα€€ β€œNGOေတြရ႕ α€‘α€€α€‘α€Šα€”α‚” α€›α€Όα€¬α€žα€¬α€Έα€±α€α€Ό α€…α€Όα€™α€Έα€›α€Šα€α€Šα€±α€†α€¬α€€α€±α€•α€Έα€–α‚”α€œα€α€šα‹ α€±α€€α€Έα€›α€Όα€¬α€‘α€•α€α€•α€žα€±α€α€Όα€‘α€±α€”α€”α€• α€›α€Όα€¬α€ž α€›α€Όα€¬α€žα€¬α€Έα€±α€α€Όα€›α‚• စကားေတြကနားေထာငေပးၿပးေတာ α€žα€α‚”α€›α‚•α€œα€‘α€•α€α€€α€±α€α€Όα€€ α€»α€–α€Šα€…α€Šα€Έ α€±α€•α€Έα€›α€™α€šα‹ α€™α€˜α€±α€α€Όα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€€α€šα€žα€¬α€Έα€žα€™α€Έα€±α€α€Ό (ရပေရးရြာေရးေတြမာ) ပးေပါငးပါ၀ငေဆာငရြကေထာင ထားေပး α€›α€™α€šα‹ β€α€Ÿα€α€„α€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹

α€œα€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€»α€•α€¬α€Έα€€ α€™α€Šα€€α€žα‚”α€•α€«α€α€„αΎα€€α€›α€™α€Šα€€ α€™α€žαΎα€€α€žα€»α€–α€„ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯တြင ပါ၀င ေဆာငရြကနငျခငးမရေၾကာငး α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ α€žα‚”α€›α€¬α€α€Όα€„ α€α€α€”α€„α€žα€Šα€–α€€α€™ α€€α€Šα€±α€•α€Έα€›α€” စတဆႏၡရေၾကာငး α€–α€Όα€„α€Ÿα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€α‚•α€±α€žα€¬α€žα€α‚”α€€α€™ α€žα€α‚”α€α€Όα€„α€œα€•α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€”α€„α€™α€Š

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Page 45: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that

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α€‘α€»α€α€¬α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œαΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯မာ မေပးတာန႔ပ α€•α€«α€α€„α€α€„α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿ α€™ α€±α€•α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€–α€„α€žα€¬ α€•α€«α€α€„α€œα€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€α‚”α€€ α€”α€„α€„α€α€€α€¬α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€…α€Šα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ α€žα‚”α€™α€Ÿα€ α€œα€‘α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€…α€Šα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€€α€Šα€™α‚ˆα€€α€›α€›α€™α€žα€¬α€œα€„ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚” ပးေပါငးပါ၀ငရန α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€±α€›α€Έα€›α€›α€™α€Šα€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€œα€€α€›αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ α€…α€…α€™α€”α€±α€žα€¬ ၿငမးခမးေရးရရရနထတြက β€œα€€α€•α€α‚”α€±α€α€Ό αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€α€žα€±α€α€Ό- αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€•α€Šα€¬α€±α€•α€Έ α€”α‚” αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€€ α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€•α€€α€Šα€α€¬α€±α€α€Ό α€œα€•α€±α€”α€ ထဖြ႔ေတြ α€”α‚” ေထဂငစေတြဆက α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€•α€™α‚ˆα€±α€α€Όα€œα€‘α€•α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿα€šαΎα€€α€Šα€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έ နင α€•α€Šα€¬α€‘α€›α€Š α€‘α€α€„α€Έα€™α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€žα€Š αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ထတြငး ပးေပါငးပါ၀ငျခငးထတြက ထတားထဆးမား α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€€ α€‘α€±α€œα€Έα€‘α€”α€€α€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€α€Όα€„α€™α€›α€˜α€ΈαŠ (နငငေရးဆငရာ α€‘α€¬α€α€¬α€›α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€€) α€α€„α€Έα€α€„α€ΈαΎα€€α€•αΎα€€α€•α€‘α€”α€Έα€α€•α€α€šαŠ ကပတ႔က ၿငမးခမးေရး α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ထတြက α€‘α€»α€™α€„α€–α€Όα€„α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€±α€α€Όα€œα€•α€α€Όα€„α€™α€»α€•α€˜α€Έβ€ α€Ÿα€žα€Šα€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ ထႀကးမားဆး α€…α€”α€±α€αš α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€‘α€α€±α€–α€¬α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ ထ႔ထျပင α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€€ α€žα€α‚”α€α€Όα€„ ၿငမးခမးေရး α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€”α€„α€•α€α€žα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€—α€Ÿα€žα€ α€‘α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€€α€₯α€Έα€žα€¬α€›αΎα€€α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ ႏင α€‘α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ α€‘α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€žα€α€„α€Έα€‘α€α€€α€‘α€œα€€α€€ α€•α€™α€›α€›α€œαΎα€€α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

α€žα€α€„α€Έα€‘α€α€€α€‘α€œα€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€•α€™α€œα€€α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€›α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α€€ α€žα€α‚”αα€‘α€α€€α€‘α€α€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ α€žα€α€„α€Έα€‘α€α€€α€‘α€œα€€α€α‚” α€œα€€α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€›α€›α€›α€” α€α€šα€₯α€Έ ျခငးထေၾကာငးက α€–α€Όα€„α€Ÿα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ထေၾကာငး α€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€α€«α€α€Όα€„ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€€ α€žα€α‚”α€‘α€α€Όα€„ α€‘α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€”α€„α€•α€α€žα€€α€±α€žα€¬α€—α€Ÿα€žα€αŠ ထၾကမးထားျဖင α€»α€•α€Šα€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€žα€α€„α€Έα‚α€„ α€œα€€α€›α€»α€–α€…α€•α€€α€±α€”α€±α€žα€¬α€€α€…α₯ရပမားထား α€‘α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€€α€₯α€Έα€žα€¬α€žα€›αΎα€€α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„αΎα€€α€žα€α‚”α€€ α€±α€šα€˜α€šα€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€„ α€žα€α€„α€Έα€‘α€α€€α€‘α€œα€€α€•α€™α€›α€›α€œα€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ ႏင α€žα€α€„α€Έα€…α€¬α€™α€¬α€Έ ရရနငပါက α€žα€α€„α€Έα€‘α€α€€α€‘α€œα€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€‘α€œα€Όα€šα€α€€α€›α€›α€”α€„α€™α€Šα€»α€–α€…α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ ထၾကျပ ေျပာၾကားခ αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€› α€œα€»α€α€±α€›α€Έ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€»α€•α€œα€•α€α€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€α€±α€œα€¬α€€α€α€Όα€„ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€αΎα€€α€žα€α‚”α€€ ရပပငး α€†α€„α€›α€¬α€œα€»α€α€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€™α€›α€™α€»α€–α€…α€œα€‘α€•α€α€€α€α€…α€›α€•α€‘α€»α€–α€… α€±α€›α‚•α€α€”α€Έα€α€„α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„αΎα€€α€žα€α‚” α€€ α€±α€šα€˜α€šα€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€„ α€œα€»α€α€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€±α€»α€α€‘α€±α€” α€α€Έα€α€€α€œα€¬α€α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ ေၾကာကရြ႕စတမား α€†α€€α€œα€€ ရေနၾကေၾကာငး α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€±α€€α€Έα€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€‘αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€Όα€„ α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€„α€‘α€¬α€Έα€…α€™α€¬α€Έ α€†α€€α€œα€€α€α€Šα€›α€±α€”α€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Š α€œα€»α€α€™α‚ˆα€™α€›α€žα€Šα€α€…α€¬α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€€ α‚€α€€α€Έα€‘α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€±α€™α€Όα€Έα€»α€™α€±α€•α€Έα€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ ရပရြာ α€œα€‘α€‘α€žα€„α€Έα€‘α€α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€› α€™α€›α€„α€Έα€œα€„α€Έα€™α€α€„α€™α€€α€»α€–α€…α€±α€”α€±α€žα€¬ ထာဏာထရငးထျမစနင α€₯ပေဒမ α€»α€–α€…α€±α€” α€žα€Šα€Ÿα€±α€žα€¬ α€±α€”α€¬α€€α€†α€€α€α€Όα€α€…α€¬α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€α‚”α€€ α€’α€…α€›α€€α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€±α€•αšα€±α€•α€«α€€α€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€„ α€₯ပေဒမား α€œα€€α€”α€¬ α€€α€„α€žα€Έα€›α€¬αŒ α€…α€α€›α‚ˆα€•α€±α€‘α€Όα€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€€α€»α€–α€…α€±α€•αšα€±α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€Όα€α€œα€•α€…α€Όα€¬α€œα‚ˆα€•α€›α€¬α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€α€Όα€„ တးတက α€œα€¬α€α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ ထထခကထား α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€α‚”α ထတငးထၾကပ ထခြနထခေကာကခ ျခငးျပနာက α€–α€€α€†α€Έα€œα€€α€›α€±α€”α€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€™α€α€α€€α€α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

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α€…α€™α€‘α€•α€α€•α€™α‚ˆα€±α€›α€Έα€›α€¬ ႏင ထမန႔ထာဏာဆငရာ α€€α€…α₯ရပမား α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α€€ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€› α€’α€Όα€”α€α€Όα€œα€€α€›α€±α€žα€¬α€…α€™α€‘α€•α€α€•α€™α‚ˆα€…α€”α€…α€™α€¬α€Έ နင α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€…α€Šα€Έ ေပါငးစတ႔ α€‘α€¬α€α€¬α€€α€„α€žα€Έα€±α€”α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€”α€„ α€†α€€α€…α€•α€±α€”α€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ ေဖာထတ ေျပာၾကားခ αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€€ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€¬α€Έ ထဖြ႔ (၆)α€–α€Όα‚” ( α€»α€™α€”α€™α€¬α€‘α€…α€Έα€›α€‘α€›α€¬α€›α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ တပမေတာ α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ KNU၊ NMSP၊ DKBA ႏင BGF) α€α‚”α€€α€‘α€”α€Έα€α€•α€œα€€α€±α€”αΎα€€α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€”α€„ တခါတရ တစေနရာတြင α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€α€…α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€€α€•αα€œα€Šα€Έα€‘α€”α€Έα€α€•α€±α€”α€±α€œα€›α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€žα€Έα€žα€Έα€α‚”α α€‘α€”α€Έα€α€•α€”α€šα€±α€»α€™α€‘α€α€‘α€€α€α‚”α€™α€¬ α€™αΎα€€α€¬α€α€α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€œα€±α€”α€±α€œα€›αΏα€•α€Έ α€›α€„α€Έα€œα€„α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬ α€žα€α€™α€α€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έ မရေခ။ α€‘α€€α€žα‚” α€…α€™α€‘α€•α€α€•α€™α‚ˆα€†α€„α€›α€¬ မေရမရာျဖစျခငးက ထဖြ႔ေပါငးစ၏ ထာဏာစကေထာကတြင ေနထငၾကၿပး α€₯α€•α€±α€’α€™α€Έα€…α€€α€œα€€α€”α€¬α€±α€”α€›α€œα€€α€›αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ ျပနာမားက α€±α€•αšα€±α€•α€«α€€ α€±α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€™α€α€Šα€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€™α€¬α€Έ α€‘α€”α€Έα€α€•α€žα€Š α€”α€šα€±α€»α€™α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€„ α€»α€–α€α€žα€”α€Έ α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€›α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€»α€•α€œα€•α€›α€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€α€« α€‘α€žα‚”α€±α€žα€¬α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š α€”α€…α€†α€α€Έα€–α€…α€Έα€œα€¬α€α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α€€α€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€‘α€™ ထခြနေကာကျခငး

α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€…α€α‚”α€™ α€‘α€α€Όα€”α€»α€™α€„α€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€±α€€α€¬α€€α€α€±α€”α€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Š α€œα€‘α€α‚” α€α€„α€»α€•α€αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€”α€±α€αš α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€”α€€ α€žα€žα€¬α€‘α€„α€›α€¬α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€‘α€›α€†α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€α€…α€α€»α€–α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ စတင ခနမစ၍ α€‘α€α€Όα€”α€±α€€α€¬α€€α€α€™α‚ˆ α€”α‚ˆα€”α€Έα€€α€†α€„α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€α€„α€»α€•α€αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„ ထဖြ႔မားမ တရားမ၀င α€‘α€α€Όα€”α€±α€€α€¬α€€α€±α€”α€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Š α€‘α€Šα€žα€Όα€„α€Έα€…α€₯α€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€›α€™α€Š α€€α€…α₯တစရပ α€»α€–α€…α€±α€”α€±α€žα€Έ α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ ထခြနေကာကချခငးထား α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€…α€™ α€…α€…α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ ေကးရြာမားထတြငးနင α€‘α€›α€•α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€…α€₯ α€»α€–α€α€žα€”α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€›α€žα€Š စစေဆးေရးဂတတ႔တြင α€»α€•α€œα€•αΎα€€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€žα€˜α€¬α€α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€›α€Όα€¬α€žα€›α€Όα€¬α€žα€¬α€Έα€±α€α€Ό တစေနရာကေနတစေနရာက ခရး α€žα€Όα€¬α€ΈαΎα€€α€α€‘α€α€«α€™ စစတပရ႕စစေဆးေရးဂတက α€»α€–α€α€›α€α€šαŠ αΏα€•α€Έα€±α€α€¬α€‘α€α€Όα€”α€±α€•α€Έα€›α€α€šα‹ ထဒေတာ α€œα€±α€α€Ό α€…α€α€‘α€±α€”α€¬α€„α€‘α€šα€€α€»α€–α€…α€›α€α€šα‹β€ α€Ÿα€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹ ထျခားတစα€₯α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€šα€α€‘α€α€«α€α€Όα€„ ရပရြာ α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€‘α€±α€”α€»α€–α€„ α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ စကေၾကးမား တၿပငနက ေပးေဆာငေနရ α€±α€žα€¬α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„ ထေျခထေနမာ α€•α€™α€†α€Έα€›α€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€›α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹

ေနရာထမားထျပားတြင α€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€”α€„α€α€Όα€„ α€α€Έα€α€€α€œα€¬α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€α€„α€»α€•α€αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ ပးေပါငးပါ၀င α€žα€α‚”α€€ စစေဆးေရးဂတမားတြင စကေၾကးထတငးထၾကပေကာကျခငး ျပနာေၾကာင α€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬ α€…α€›α€α€»α€™α€„α€α€€α€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα€€ α€±α€α€Όα‚”α‚€α€€α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€±α€”αΎα€€α€›α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„ α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€…α€Šα€Έ ေပါငးစတ႔က α€±α€„α€Όα€±α€•α€Έα€±α€”α€›α€žα€Šα€‘α€»α€•α€„ α€‘α€±α€„α€Όα€•α€™α€¬α€α€žα€Š α€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€™α€Šα€”α€Šα€Έα€œα€™α€ΈαŠ α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€™α€Š ထေၾကာငးထရငး ႏင α€žα€šα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€™α€Š ကနပစα₯α€Šα€Έα€‘α€±α€›α€‘α€±α€žα€Όα€Έα€α‚”α€‘α€±α€•αšα€α€Όα€„ α€™α€α€Šα€œα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹

ထခြနထခမးစေပးေဆာငရျခငးေၾကာင α€»α€–α€…α€±α€•αšα€œα€¬α€±α€žα€¬ α€™α€›α€™α€»α€–α€…α€‘α€žα€Έα€»α€•α€›α€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€€α€€α€”α€™α€¬α€Έ နင ထျခားကနပစα₯α€Šα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα α€€α€”α€±α€…α€Έα€”α‚ˆα€”α€Έα€»α€™α€„α€α€€α€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Š α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”αα€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€±α€»α€α€‘α€±α€” ပ၍ α€α€”α€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€€α€»α€–α€…α€±α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€‘α€α€†α€›α€„ ထဖြ႔တငးမာ ထခြနေကာကတ ဂတေတြ α€›α€±α€”α€α€šα‹ ထခြနေကာကတထတြက α€œα€žα€Έα€€α€”α€±α€α€Όα€±α€…α€Έα€•α‚€α€€α€Έα€œα€¬α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿα€†α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€›α€›α€œα€¬α€±α€žα€¬ ၀ငေငြက α€‘α€α€Όα€”α€‘α€α‚€α€€α€Έα€±α€œα€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€α€”α€€ ထမးေဆာငရန α€œα€±α€œα€¬α€€α€™α‚ˆα€™α€›α€»α€–α€…α€±α€”α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ ေထာကျပ

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α€…α€™α€‘α€•α€α€•α€™α‚ˆα€±α€›α€Έα€›α€¬ ႏင ထမန႔ထာဏာဆငရာ α€€α€…α₯ရပမား α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α€€ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€› α€’α€Όα€”α€α€Όα€œα€€α€›α€±α€žα€¬α€…α€™α€‘α€•α€α€•α€™α‚ˆα€…α€”α€…α€™α€¬α€Έ နင α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€…α€Šα€Έ ေပါငးစတ႔ α€‘α€¬α€α€¬α€€α€„α€žα€Έα€±α€”α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€”α€„ α€†α€€α€…α€•α€±α€”α€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ ေဖာထတ ေျပာၾကားခ αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€€ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€¬α€Έ ထဖြ႔ (၆)α€–α€Όα‚” ( α€»α€™α€”α€™α€¬α€‘α€…α€Έα€›α€‘α€›α€¬α€›α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ တပမေတာ α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ KNU၊ NMSP၊ DKBA ႏင BGF) α€α‚”α€€α€‘α€”α€Έα€α€•α€œα€€α€±α€”αΎα€€α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€”α€„ တခါတရ တစေနရာတြင α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€α€…α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€€α€•αα€œα€Šα€Έα€‘α€”α€Έα€α€•α€±α€”α€±α€œα€›α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€žα€Έα€žα€Έα€α‚”α α€‘α€”α€Έα€α€•α€”α€šα€±α€»α€™α€‘α€α€‘α€€α€α‚”α€™α€¬ α€™αΎα€€α€¬α€α€α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€œα€±α€”α€±α€œα€›αΏα€•α€Έ α€›α€„α€Έα€œα€„α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬ α€žα€α€™α€α€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έ မရေခ။ α€‘α€€α€žα‚” α€…α€™α€‘α€•α€α€•α€™α‚ˆα€†α€„α€›α€¬ မေရမရာျဖစျခငးက ထဖြ႔ေပါငးစ၏ ထာဏာစကေထာကတြင ေနထငၾကၿပး α€₯α€•α€±α€’α€™α€Έα€…α€€α€œα€€α€”α€¬α€±α€”α€›α€œα€€α€›αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ ျပနာမားက α€±α€•αšα€±α€•α€«α€€ α€±α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€™α€α€Šα€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€™α€¬α€Έ α€‘α€”α€Έα€α€•α€žα€Š α€”α€šα€±α€»α€™α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€„ α€»α€–α€α€žα€”α€Έ α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€›α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€»α€•α€œα€•α€›α€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€α€« α€‘α€žα‚”α€±α€žα€¬α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š α€”α€…α€†α€α€Έα€–α€…α€Έα€œα€¬α€α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α€€α€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€‘α€™ ထခြနေကာကျခငး

α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€…α€α‚”α€™ α€‘α€α€Όα€”α€»α€™α€„α€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€±α€€α€¬α€€α€α€±α€”α€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Š α€œα€‘α€α‚” α€α€„α€»α€•α€αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€”α€±α€αš α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€”α€€ α€žα€žα€¬α€‘α€„α€›α€¬α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€‘α€›α€†α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€α€…α€α€»α€–α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ စတင ခနမစ၍ α€‘α€α€Όα€”α€±α€€α€¬α€€α€α€™α‚ˆ α€”α‚ˆα€”α€Έα€€α€†α€„α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€α€„α€»α€•α€αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„ ထဖြ႔မားမ တရားမ၀င α€‘α€α€Όα€”α€±α€€α€¬α€€α€±α€”α€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Š α€‘α€Šα€žα€Όα€„α€Έα€…α€₯α€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€›α€™α€Š α€€α€…α₯တစရပ α€»α€–α€…α€±α€”α€±α€žα€Έ α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ ထခြနေကာကချခငးထား α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€…α€™ α€…α€…α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ ေကးရြာမားထတြငးနင α€‘α€›α€•α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€…α€₯ α€»α€–α€α€žα€”α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€›α€žα€Š စစေဆးေရးဂတတ႔တြင α€»α€•α€œα€•αΎα€€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€žα€˜α€¬α€α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€›α€Όα€¬α€žα€›α€Όα€¬α€žα€¬α€Έα€±α€α€Ό တစေနရာကေနတစေနရာက ခရး α€žα€Όα€¬α€ΈαΎα€€α€α€‘α€α€«α€™ စစတပရ႕စစေဆးေရးဂတက α€»α€–α€α€›α€α€šαŠ αΏα€•α€Έα€±α€α€¬α€‘α€α€Όα€”α€±α€•α€Έα€›α€α€šα‹ ထဒေတာ α€œα€±α€α€Ό α€…α€α€‘α€±α€”α€¬α€„α€‘α€šα€€α€»α€–α€…α€›α€α€šα‹β€ α€Ÿα€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹ ထျခားတစα€₯α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€šα€α€‘α€α€«α€α€Όα€„ ရပရြာ α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€‘α€±α€”α€»α€–α€„ α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ စကေၾကးမား တၿပငနက ေပးေဆာငေနရ α€±α€žα€¬α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„ ထေျခထေနမာ α€•α€™α€†α€Έα€›α€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€›α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹

ေနရာထမားထျပားတြင α€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€”α€„α€α€Όα€„ α€α€Έα€α€€α€œα€¬α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€α€„α€»α€•α€αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ ပးေပါငးပါ၀င α€žα€α‚”α€€ စစေဆးေရးဂတမားတြင စကေၾကးထတငးထၾကပေကာကျခငး ျပနာေၾကာင α€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬ α€…α€›α€α€»α€™α€„α€α€€α€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα€€ α€±α€α€Όα‚”α‚€α€€α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€±α€”αΎα€€α€›α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„ α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€…α€Šα€Έ ေပါငးစတ႔က α€±α€„α€Όα€±α€•α€Έα€±α€”α€›α€žα€Šα€‘α€»α€•α€„ α€‘α€±α€„α€Όα€•α€™α€¬α€α€žα€Š α€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€™α€Šα€”α€Šα€Έα€œα€™α€ΈαŠ α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€™α€Š ထေၾကာငးထရငး ႏင α€žα€šα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€™α€Š ကနပစα₯α€Šα€Έα€‘α€±α€›α€‘α€±α€žα€Όα€Έα€α‚”α€‘α€±α€•αšα€α€Όα€„ α€™α€α€Šα€œα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹

ထခြနထခမးစေပးေဆာငရျခငးေၾကာင α€»α€–α€…α€±α€•αšα€œα€¬α€±α€žα€¬ α€™α€›α€™α€»α€–α€…α€‘α€žα€Έα€»α€•α€›α€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€€α€€α€”α€™α€¬α€Έ နင ထျခားကနပစα₯α€Šα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα α€€α€”α€±α€…α€Έα€”α‚ˆα€”α€Έα€»α€™α€„α€α€€α€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Š α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”αα€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€±α€»α€α€‘α€±α€” ပ၍ α€α€”α€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€€α€»α€–α€…α€±α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€‘α€α€†α€›α€„ ထဖြ႔တငးမာ ထခြနေကာကတ ဂတေတြ α€›α€±α€”α€α€šα‹ ထခြနေကာကတထတြက α€œα€žα€Έα€€α€”α€±α€α€Όα€±α€…α€Έα€•α‚€α€€α€Έα€œα€¬α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿα€†α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€›α€›α€œα€¬α€±α€žα€¬ ၀ငေငြက α€‘α€α€Όα€”α€‘α€α‚€α€€α€Έα€±α€œα€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€α€”α€€ ထမးေဆာငရန α€œα€±α€œα€¬α€€α€™α‚ˆα€™α€›α€»α€–α€…α€±α€”α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ ေထာကျပ

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α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α€€ မမတ႔ပါတ၀နးကငတြင α€‘α€œα€•α€‘α€€α€„α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€™α€›α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ ႏင စား၀တ α€±α€”α€±α€›α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€œα€Šα€±α€…α€›α€” α€α€„α€±α€„α€Όα€›α€›α€”α€„α€±α€žα€¬ ထရငးထျမစမား α€œα€‘α€•α€±α€”α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ ထ စးပြားေရးထခကထခမား α€›α€„α€†α€„α€±α€€α€¬α€œα‚Šα€¬α€Έα€”α€„α€›α€” ထတငးထၾကပထခြနေကာကချခငးက ထနးခပရနနင α€±α€€α€¬α€€α€α€±α€”α€±α€žα€¬ ထခြနေငြထဆငမားက α€±α€œα€¬α€α€±α€•α€Έα€›α€”α€±α€α€¬α€„α€Έα€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

α€œα€»α€α€±α€›α€Έα€€α€…α₯ နင α€₯ပေဒမေနျခငးထေျခထေန

α€±α€˜α€Έα€€α€„α€Έα€œα€»α€α€™α‚ˆα€™α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έ နင α€₯α€•α€±α€’α€™α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€žα€Š α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€™ α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€œα€‘α€α‚”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€žα€žα€¬ α€‘α€„α€›α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€•α€•α€”α€±α€žα€¬ α€€α€…α₯တစရပျဖစေၾကာငး α€±α€•αšα€‘α€Όα€€α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€‘α€Έα€žα€»α€–α€„ α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚” တ႔၏ α€œα€•α€›α€•α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€α€¬α€α€”α€šα€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€±α€›α€Έα€€α€…α₯α€žα€Š ေကးရြာမားထတြငး α€₯ပေဒကငးမျခငး နင α€œαΏα€α€™α‚ˆ မရျခငး α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€α‚”α€€ α€±α€™α€Όα€Έα€»α€™α€±α€•α€Έα€œα€€α€›α€±α€”α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„αΎα€€α€žα€α‚”α€€ α€‘α€±α€»α€α€α€œα€»α€α€±α€›α€Έ α€€α€„α€Έα€™α€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€α‚”α α€‘αΎα€€α€™α€Έα€–α€€α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έ ႏင α€±α€€α€Έα€›α€Όα€¬α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ နစဖကထဖြ႔တ႔က α€…α€…α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€»α€–α€… ထတငးထၾကပစေဆာငးျခငး α€€α€…α₯တ႔က ထတတကြ α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€»α€•α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€žα‚”α€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€±α€»α€α€‘α€±α€”α€α‚”α€€ α€œα€‘αα€±αΎα€€α€¬α€€α€…α€α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€•αα‚€α€€α€Έα€‘α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€…α€α€žα€Šα‹

α€›α€Όα€¬α€žα€›α€Όα€¬α€žα€¬α€Έα€α‚”α€€ α€™α€™α€α‚”α‚”α‚”α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€‘α€žα€„α€Έα€‘α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€› α€œα€»α€α€™α‚ˆα€€α€„α€Έα€™α€™α‚ˆα€α€…α€¬α€Έα€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έ α€α€Έα€»α€™α€„α€±α€…α€±α€žα€¬ ထရငးထျမစေပါငးစတ႔က α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€»α€•α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ ထထေျခထေနထား α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€€α€Όα€”α€±α€α€¬α€α‚”α€›α€Όα€¬α€€ စစတပနစတပထၾကားမာရခေတာ ကြနေတာကေတာ α€”α€Šα€Έα€”α€Šα€Έα€±αΎα€€α€¬α€€α€α€šα‹ α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€™α€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€˜α€ΈαŠ ထရငတနးကေတာ α€”α€…α€–α€€α€…α€œα€Έα€€α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€€α€›α€α€š ” α€Ÿα€†α€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ ထျခားတစα€₯α€Έ α€€α€™ ထစးရနင NSAG α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€”α€…α€–α€€α€…α€œα€Έα€‘α€±α€”α€»α€–α€„ α€‘α€α€„α€Έα€‘αΎα€€α€•α€α€„α€Έα€±α€…α€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ α€‘αΎα€€α€™α€Έα€–α€€α€»α€α€„α€Έα€…α€žα€Šα€α‚” နင α€‘α€‚α€α€œα€€α€…α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€™α‚ˆα€α‚”α€€ α€†α€€α€œα€€α€™α€»α€•α€œα€•α€›α€”α€œα€‘α€•α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€±α€α€¬α€„α€Έα€†α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€™α€Έ မား α€€α€žα‚”α€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€α€€α€œα€Όα€šα€±α€žα€¬α€žα€α‚”α€žα€Š α€‘α‚α€›α€¬α€šαΎα€€α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€”α€„α€±α€ α€•α€™α€»α€™α€„α€™α€¬α€Έα€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€ž တစα€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€‘α€α€†α€α€•α€™α€±α€α€¬α€€ α€™α€’α€”α€Έα€€α€„α€α€‘α€™α‚ˆα€±α€α€Όα€»α€–α€…α€±α€”α€α€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€™α€Έα€±α€α€Όα€€ α€±α€˜α€Έα€€α€„α€Έ α€α€šα€œα‚” α€™α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€›α€˜α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€±α€”α€α€š18” α€Ÿα€†α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€»α€α€¬α€Έα€›α€Όα€¬α€žα€¬α€Έα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ α€žα ေကးရြာထတြငး ထေျခ ထေနက β€œα€”α€…α€–α€€α€…α€œα€Έα€€ α€žα€α‚”α€α€…α€±α€šα€¬α€€α€”α‚”α€α€…α€±α€šα€¬α€€ နငေထာင မတကနငၾကေတာ α€›α€Όα€¬α€ž α€›α€Όα€¬α€žα€¬α€Έα€±α€α€Όα€€ α€“α€¬α€Έα€…α€¬α€α€±α€α€Όα€œα€™α€Έ α€†α€€α€†α€±α€”αΎα€€α€α€šα‹ α€™α€’α€”α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€±α€α€ΌαŠ α€œα€žα€α€™α‚ˆα€±α€α€Ό ထမားႀကး α€»α€–α€… α€±α€”α€α€šα‹ α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€™α€Έα€±α€α€Όα€€ တပမေတာက α€‘α€›α€™α€Έα€±αΎα€€α€¬α€€αΎα€€α€α€šαŠ ကပတ႔ရြာက α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€™α€Έα€±α€α€Ό α€™α€”α€Έα€€α€±α€œα€Έα€±α€α€Όα€€ α€œα€™α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€›α€α€¬α€±α€α€¬α€„ α€™α€œα€»α€α€˜α€Έα€œα‚”α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€±α€”αΎα€€α€›α€α€šα‹ ” α€Ÿα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹

α€‘α€»α€„α€„α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€”α€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€™α€‘α€•α€α€•α€™α‚ˆα€±α€›α€Έα€›α€¬ နင တရားα€₯ပေဒစးမးေရးရာထေရးကစα₯

တရားα€₯α€•α€±α€’α€…α€Έα€™α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€€α€„α€Έα€™α€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€› α‚€α€€α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€»α€•α€”α€¬α€α€…α€α€‘α€»α€–α€… α€α€„α€»α€•α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€€ ထစးရနင KNU α€α‚”α€”α€…α€–α€Όα‚”α€…α€œα€Έα α€…α€™α€‘α€•α€α€•α€™α‚ˆα€€α€α€±α€”α€›α€±α€žα€¬ α€±α€’α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆ ထခကထခက α€Šα‚Šα€”α€»α€•α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ တရားα€₯ပေဒစးမးေရးထား α€€α€„α€α€Όα€šα€™α‚ˆα€Šα€–α€„α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€€ စငၿပင α€‘α€¬α€α€¬α€€α€„α€žα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€€ α€›α€„α€†α€„α€±α€”αΎα€€α€›α€±α€žα€¬ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€…α€α€›α‚ˆα€•α€±α€‘α€Όα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€±α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€α€žα α€šαΎα€€α€Šα€α€€α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€•α€«α€€α€žα‚” α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€α€žα€Šα‹

18 α€€α€™α€α€α€€α€žα€Š α€œα€€α€›α€…α€…α€±α€†α€Έα€±α€”α€±α€žα€¬ α€™α€’α€”α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€α€…α€α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€€α€Έα€€α€¬α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹

Page 48: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that
Page 49: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that

47

α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€α€›α€¬α€Έα€™α€α€™α‚ˆα€€α€‘α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€…α€Όα€¬ α€šα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€±α€•α€Έα€”α€„α€α€»α€α€„α€Έα€™α€›α€α€±α€•α‹

α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€€ α€žα€α‚”α€‘α€α€Όα€„ ထးတမးထစα€₯α€‘α€œα€¬α€‘α€› α€€α€„α€žα€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€Šα€Έα€™α€₯α€Έα€…α€Šα€Έα€€α€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ α€›α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€ΈαŠ α€‘α€…α€Šα€Έα€€α€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š တပမေတာနင NSAG α€α‚”α€‘α€α€Όα€€α€‘α€€α€Έα€™α€α€„α€˜ α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„ α€•α€‚α’α€œα€™α€¬α€Έα€”α€„ α€…α€…α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€…α€Šα€Έα€€α€™α€Έα€œα€€α€”α€¬α€±α€…α€›α€”α€»α€•α€œα€•α€”α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€™α€›α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€ΈαΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€›α€„α€Έα€œα€„α€Έα€α€₯α€•α€±α€’α€±α€α€Όα€™α€›α€˜α€Έα‹ ရပရြာထတြငးမာ တရားα€₯ပေဒစးမးေရးန႔ တရား မတတ စနစမရတထတြက α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€±α€α€Όα€”α‚” α€α€•α€™α€±α€α€¬α€žα€¬α€Έα€±α€α€Όα€€ α€œα€‘α€±α€α€Όα€€ ထနင α€€α€„αΎα€€α€α€šα‹ တရားα€₯ပေဒစးမးေစေရးထတြက ကပတ႔မာ ရးရာα€₯ပေဒေတြ α€…α€Šα€Έα€™α€₯းေတြ α€›α€±α€•α€™α€š ထဒါေတြက α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€±α€α€Όα€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€‘α€žα€Έα€»α€•α€œα‚”α€™α€›α€˜α€Έα‹ α€±α€žα€”α€α€›α‚• α€‘α€…α€Όα€™α€Έα€€α€α€Όα€”α€Έα€œα€”α€œα‚”α€™α€›α€˜α€Έ ” α€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€α‚”α€€ α€₯ပေဒေရးဆငရာ α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€œα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€œα€•α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€” ထၾကျပခၾက α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€‘α€…α€»α€•α€–α‚”α€†α€›α€„ α€”α€„α€„α€α€€α€¬α€‘α€žα€‘α€™α€α€»α€• ၿငမးခမးေရးတစခက α€α€Š α€±α€†α€¬α€€α€›α€™α€šα‹ ဒါဆရငေတာ α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€€α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€€α€”α‚• α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€±α€α€Όα€–α€€α€€α€›α€•α€α€Šα€™α€š ထေျခခ α€₯ပေဒတစခ α€α€™α€α€”α€„α€™α€šβ€α€Ÿ α€‘αΎα€€α€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹

တပမေတာနင NSAG α€…α€…α€žα€¬α€Έα€α‚”α α€‘α€¬α€α€¬α€‘α€œα€Όα€žα€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€»α€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Šα€œα€Šα€Έ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α‚α€„ α€»α€•α€œα€•α€ α€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€α€Όα€„ α€±α€–α€¬α€‘α€α€α€±α€žα€¬ α€˜α€»α€•α€”α€¬α€α€…α€›α€•α€»α€–α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€ž တစα€₯α€Έα€€ α€‘α€¬α€α€¬α€‘α€œα€Όα€žα€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€»α€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€±α€›α€¬α€„α€›α€¬α€Έα€žα€„α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€›α€α€…α€Όα€¬α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€ž α€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€α‚”α€žα€Š ထစးရထရာရမား ႏင α€α€•α€™α€±α€α€¬α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ NSAG α€…α€…α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα α€‘α€‚α€α€œα€€α€…α€¬α€Έ α€±α€”α€™α‚ˆ α€α‚”α€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€–α€Όα€„α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€±α€’α€žα€α€Όα€„α€Έ ေမာငခေစးကြကမား α€±α€•αšα€±α€•α€«α€€α€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€»α€•α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€¬α€α€¬α€›α€žα€α‚”α α€‘α€¬α€α€¬α€‘α€œα€Όα€žα€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€»α€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€’α€α€€ α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€α‚”α€€ ခါးစး α€α€±α€”αΎα€€α€›α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

α€‘α€›α€•α€žα€¬α€Έα€α‚”α€±α€”α€‘α€„α€±α€žα€¬ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€‘α€žα€„α€Έα€‘α€α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€…α€…α€α€•α€α€Šα€›α€±α€”α€»α€α€„α€Έ

ရပရြာမားထတြငး α€α€•α€™α€±α€α€¬α€™α€α€•α€…α€Όα€α€Šα€›α€±α€”α€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€œα€»α€α€±α€›α€ΈαŠ တရားα€₯ပေဒကငးမေနျခငးနင α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α‚”α€α‚”αα€œα€•α€›α€•α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€α€¬α€α€”α€šα€™α‚ˆα€€α€„α€Έα€™α€»α€α€„α€Έ α€Ÿα€±α€žα€¬ α€•α€•α€”α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€”α€„ နးကပစြာ α€†α€€α€…α€•α€œα€€ α€›α€±α€”α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€α€•α€™α€±α€α€¬α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ ေကးရြာမားထတြငး α€žα‚”α€™α€Ÿα€ ထနး ပတ၀နးကင တြင α€±α€”α€‘α€„α€±α€”αΎα€€α€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Š β€œα€±α€’α€žα€α€±α€α€Όα€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€€α€žα€€α€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€”α‚” α€žα€€α€±α€žα€¬α€„ α€žα€€α€žα€¬α€™α€›α€±α€…α€˜α€ΈαŠ ၿပးေတာ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ထတြက α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€œα€Šα€Έα€»α€–α€…α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ ထျခား တစα€₯α€Έ α€€ β€œα€α€•α€™α€±α€α€¬α€›α‚•α€α€¬α€α€”α€€ α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€±α€α€Όα€€α€€α€¬α€€α€Όα€šα€–α‚”αŠ α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€±α€α€Όα€€ α€‘α€€α€¬α€‘α€€α€Όα€šα€šα€–α‚” α€™α€Ÿα€α€˜α€Έα‹ ရြာျပငတ၀ကမာ α€α€•α€…α€Όα€›α€™α€šα€‘α€…α€¬α€Έ α€…α€…α€α€•α€€α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€šα€±α€α€«α€„α‚€α€€α€Έα€™α€¬ α€…α€α€”α€Έα€α€±α€”α€α€šα‹ ထဒါက ကပက α€…α€α€‘α€±α€”α€¬α€„α€‘α€šα€€α€»α€–α€…α€±α€…α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿ α€‘α€„α€»α€™α€„α€α€€α€±α€•α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α€€ တပမေတာမ α€…α€…α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ α€™α€™α€α‚”α€›α€Όα€¬α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€žα‚” α€α€„α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€œα€¬αΏα€•α€Έ မမတ႔ေနထမမားမထြကခြာကာ ထျခားေနရာ α€±α€’α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€α€Όα€„α€±α€›α‚Šα‚•α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€±α€”α€‘α€„α€›α€”α€α€„α€Έα€±α€…αΏα€•α€Έ မမတ႔ေနထမမားက α€‘α€•α€„α€žα€™α€ΈαΎα€€α€žα€Š ထျဖစထပက α€‡α€¬α€α€œα€™α€Έα€α‚”α€€ α€»α€•α€”α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ ရပရြာမားထတြငး α€…α€…α€α€•α€™α€¬α€Έα€α€Έα€α‚•α€α€Šα€›α€±α€”α€»α€α€„α€Έα€€ α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€›α€›α€±α€œα€œα€¬α€™αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α€€ တပမေတာနင NSAG α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€α€•α€žα€¬α€Έα€žα€…α€™α€¬α€Έ α€†α€€α€œα€€α€…α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€Έα€±α€”αΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ α€‘α€•α€…α€‘α€α€α€›α€•α€…α€±α€›α€Έα€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€Šα€α€€α€α€Όα€„ α€€α€α€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα€”α€„ α€‘α€Š ေရ႕တနးစစေျမျပငမားမ α€†α€α€α€Όα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€™α€»α€•α€œα€•αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„ α€•α€•α€”α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„αΎα€€α€±α€”αΎα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹

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Page 51: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that
Page 52: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that

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ခရးစရတႀကးျမငရျခငးေၾကာင α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€œα€Όα€α€œα€•α€…α€Όα€¬ α€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€†α€€α€œα€€α€€α€”α‚”α€žα€ တားဆး α€œα€€ α€›α€±α€”α€±α€žα€Έα€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€›α€•α€žα€¬α€Έα€α‚”α€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€€ α€•α€™α€œα€Όα€šα€€α€±α€…α€›α€”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ ပးေပါငး α€•α€«α€α€„α€ž တ႔က α€…α€…α€±α€†α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€‚α€α€‘α€±α€›α€‘α€α€Όα€€α€€α€±α€œα€¬α€α€±α€…α€œαΎα€€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€‘α€α‚•α€€ α€œα€Όα€α€œα€•α€…α€Όα€¬α€œα‚ˆα€•α€›α€¬α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€œα€¬α€α€Όα€„α€”α€„ α€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€α€Όα€„α€α‚” α€α€Έα€»α€™α€„α€œα€¬α€α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ α€œα€»α€α€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€…α€Έα€›α€™α€±α€žα€¬α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„ α€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€›α€”α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€€α€›α€Όα‚•α€±α€”αΎα€€α€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€…α€…α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ α€›α€±α€”α€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Š α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€›α€™α€Šα€‘α€±α€›α€Έα€€ ၿခမးေျခာက α€±α€”α€žα€€α€žα‚” ျဖစေနကာ α€α€€α€α€€α€α€›α€™α€Šα€€ α€‘α€α€œα€”α‚”α€±α€”αΎα€€α€žα€Šα€Ÿα€œα€Šα€Έ α€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

စမထပခပေရး ႏင ရပရြာထေရးကစα₯မား

α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„αΎα€€α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€α‚”α€€ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€–α€Όα‚”αΏα€–α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€€α€„α€Έα€™α€±α€”α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ ကနးမာ α€±α€›α€Έα€±α€…α€¬α€„α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€™α‚ˆαŠ α€•α€Šα€¬α€±α€›α€ΈαŠ α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ နင α€œα€™α€Έα€•α€”α€Έα€†α€€α€žα€Όα€šα€±α€›α€Έ ထေျခခ ထေဆာကထα€₯းမားခ႕တျခငးတ႔ထား α€±α€”α€…α€₯αΎα€€α€±α€α€Όα‚•α€±α€”α€›α€žα€Š α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€»α€–α€… α€‘α€žα€¬α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬ αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€‘α€žα€„α€Έα€‘α€α€„α€Έα€α€„α€Έα€™ α€…α€œα€„α€»α€•α€Šα€α€žα€Šα€–α€Όα‚”αΏα€–α€Έα€±α€›α€Έ ထေရးတႀကး α€œα€‘α€•α€±α€” ေၾကာငး α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ ေကးရြာမားထတြငးရဖြ႔ၿဖးေရးထေျခထေနမာ α€€α‚‘α€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€α‚”αŒ α€”α€™α€€ α€œα€€α€› ေနေၾကာငး α€•α€«α€α€„αΎα€€α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€‘α€•α€α€«α€α€œα€œα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ αΏα€™α‚•α€»α€•α€”α€šα€±α€»α€™α€™α€¬α€Έα€α€Όα€„α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€»α€™α€„α€±α€”α€›α€±α€žα€¬ ဖြ႔ၿဖးေရးထဆငနငတနးတ α€›α€›α€œαΎα€€α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€”α€„ ဖြ႔ၿဖးေရး နင ေကးရြာမား α€±α€α€α€™α€α€Έα€α€€α€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έ တ႔ထား αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€™α€„α€™α‚ˆα€€ α€α€„α€Έα€α€¬α€™α€Š α€…α‚α‚ˆα€”α€Έ α€‘α€»α€–α€…α€žα€α€™α€α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

α€‘α€œα€•α€‘α€€α€„α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έ

စကား၀ငးထမားထျပားတြင α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€‘α€œα€•α€‘α€€α€„α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€™α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ ထဓက ထေၾကာငးထရာတစခထျဖစ α€±α€–α€¬α€‘α€α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€„α€šα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έ မား α€”α€Šα€Έα€•α€«α€Έα€±α€”α€»α€α€„α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ ေၾကာငၾကေနေၾကာငး α€‘α€α€±α€–α€¬α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€‘α€œα€•α€‘α€€α€„ α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€›α€α€‘α€α€Όα€€ ကြနေတာတ႔ရြာမာ α€α€±α€”α‚”α€œα€•α€α€€ αƒα€α€α€αŠ ၄၀၀၀ကပ19 α€±α€œα€¬α€€α€•α€›α€α€šα‹ ထစးရန႔ α€•α€‚α’α€œα€€ ကမၼဏေတြထေနန႔ α€€α€•α€α‚”α€±α€’α€žα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έ ေတြ α€α€Έα€α€€α€œα€¬α€–α‚” α€œα€•α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€žα€„α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿα€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹ ထျပနာက α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€› α€œα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έ မားစြာတ႔ထား α€α€„α€Έα€α€•α€«α€Έα€žα‚” α€±α€›α‚Šα‚”α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€œα€•α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€»α€–α€… α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€¬α€€α€œα€•α€€α€„α€±α€…α€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ ပးေပါငး α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€›α€œα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€α€„α€Έα€α€•α€«α€Έα€žα‚”α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€¬α€€α€‘α€œα€•α€™α€œα€•α€›α€˜ မမတ႔ ေကးရြာ α€™α€¬α€Έα€α€Όα€„α€žα€¬ α€‘α€œα€•α€œα€•α€”α€„α€α€Όα€„α€™α€¬α€Έ α€›α€›α€±α€…α€œα€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€–α€Όα€„α€Ÿα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€α€žα€Šα‹ ထေစာပငးတြင ေဆြးေႏြးခ α€žα€€α€žα‚”α€•α€„ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€€ α€žα€α‚”α စးပြားေရးျပနာမားက α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€…α€α‚”α ေကးရြာ မားႏင စစေဆးေရးဂတမားတြင α€‘α€α€Όα€”α€±α€€α€¬α€€α€α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€”α€…α€†α€α€Έα€–α€…α€Έα€±α€…α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€› α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€»α€•α€”α€¬α€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š α€‘α€Όα€”α€šα€€α€…α€€α€•α€Έα€”α€„α€±α€žα€¬ စကပးေျမရားပါးျခငးနင α€±α€»α€™α€»α€™α‚ˆα€• မငးမား ရေနျခငးတ႔နင α€†α€€α€…α€•α€œα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹ ထထခကတ႔က α€œα€šα€šα€¬α€…α€€α€•α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€„ α€‘α€»α€α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€€α€•α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€‘α€Ÿα€”α‚”α€‘α€α€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€±α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ ေျမထမားစမာ ေကာက ေဆာင α€‘α€‘α€•α€žα€»α€–α€„ α€…α€€α€•α€Έα€±α€»α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€•α€«α€Έα€œα€€α€›α€›α€¬ α€”α€Šα€Έα€„α€šα€™α€žα€¬α€›α€±α€žα€¬ စကပးေျမတြငမ α€±α€»α€™α€»α€™α‚ˆα€•

19 α€€α€…α€¬α€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€±α€”α€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€α€”α€€α€¬α€œα€α€Όα€„ US α€±α€’αšα€œα€¬α€±α€„α€Όα€œα€”α‚ˆα€”α€Έα€™α€¬ αα€±α€’αšα€œα€¬ α‰α‡α„α€€α€•α€™α€›α€±α€”α€α€”α€»α€–α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

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ခရးစရတႀကးျမငရျခငးေၾကာင α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€œα€Όα€α€œα€•α€…α€Όα€¬ α€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€†α€€α€œα€€α€€α€”α‚”α€žα€ တားဆး α€œα€€ α€›α€±α€”α€±α€žα€Έα€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€›α€•α€žα€¬α€Έα€α‚”α€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€€ α€•α€™α€œα€Όα€šα€€α€±α€…α€›α€”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ ပးေပါငး α€•α€«α€α€„α€ž တ႔က α€…α€…α€±α€†α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€‚α€α€‘α€±α€›α€‘α€α€Όα€€α€€α€±α€œα€¬α€α€±α€…α€œαΎα€€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€‘α€α‚•α€€ α€œα€Όα€α€œα€•α€…α€Όα€¬α€œα‚ˆα€•α€›α€¬α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€œα€¬α€α€Όα€„α€”α€„ α€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€α€Όα€„α€α‚” α€α€Έα€»α€™α€„α€œα€¬α€α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ α€œα€»α€α€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€…α€Έα€›α€™α€±α€žα€¬α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„ α€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€›α€”α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€€α€›α€Όα‚•α€±α€”αΎα€€α€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€…α€…α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ α€›α€±α€”α€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Š α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€›α€™α€Šα€‘α€±α€›α€Έα€€ ၿခမးေျခာက α€±α€”α€žα€€α€žα‚” ျဖစေနကာ α€α€€α€α€€α€α€›α€™α€Šα€€ α€‘α€α€œα€”α‚”α€±α€”αΎα€€α€žα€Šα€Ÿα€œα€Šα€Έ α€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

စမထပခပေရး ႏင ရပရြာထေရးကစα₯မား

α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„αΎα€€α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€α‚”α€€ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€–α€Όα‚”αΏα€–α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€€α€„α€Έα€™α€±α€”α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ ကနးမာ α€±α€›α€Έα€±α€…α€¬α€„α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€™α‚ˆαŠ α€•α€Šα€¬α€±α€›α€ΈαŠ α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ နင α€œα€™α€Έα€•α€”α€Έα€†α€€α€žα€Όα€šα€±α€›α€Έ ထေျခခ ထေဆာကထα€₯းမားခ႕တျခငးတ႔ထား α€±α€”α€…α€₯αΎα€€α€±α€α€Όα‚•α€±α€”α€›α€žα€Š α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€»α€–α€… α€‘α€žα€¬α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬ αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€‘α€žα€„α€Έα€‘α€α€„α€Έα€α€„α€Έα€™ α€…α€œα€„α€»α€•α€Šα€α€žα€Šα€–α€Όα‚”αΏα€–α€Έα€±α€›α€Έ ထေရးတႀကး α€œα€‘α€•α€±α€” ေၾကာငး α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ ေကးရြာမားထတြငးရဖြ႔ၿဖးေရးထေျခထေနမာ α€€α‚‘α€‘α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€α‚”αŒ α€”α€™α€€ α€œα€€α€› ေနေၾကာငး α€•α€«α€α€„αΎα€€α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€‘α€•α€α€«α€α€œα€œα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ αΏα€™α‚•α€»α€•α€”α€šα€±α€»α€™α€™α€¬α€Έα€α€Όα€„α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€»α€™α€„α€±α€”α€›α€±α€žα€¬ ဖြ႔ၿဖးေရးထဆငနငတနးတ α€›α€›α€œαΎα€€α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€”α€„ ဖြ႔ၿဖးေရး နင ေကးရြာမား α€±α€α€α€™α€α€Έα€α€€α€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έ တ႔ထား αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€™α€„α€™α‚ˆα€€ α€α€„α€Έα€α€¬α€™α€Š α€…α‚α‚ˆα€”α€Έ α€‘α€»α€–α€…α€žα€α€™α€α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

α€‘α€œα€•α€‘α€€α€„α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έ

စကား၀ငးထမားထျပားတြင α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€‘α€œα€•α€‘α€€α€„α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€™α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ ထဓက ထေၾကာငးထရာတစခထျဖစ α€±α€–α€¬α€‘α€α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€„α€šα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έ မား α€”α€Šα€Έα€•α€«α€Έα€±α€”α€»α€α€„α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ ေၾကာငၾကေနေၾကာငး α€‘α€α€±α€–α€¬α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€‘α€œα€•α€‘α€€α€„ α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€›α€α€‘α€α€Όα€€ ကြနေတာတ႔ရြာမာ α€α€±α€”α‚”α€œα€•α€α€€ αƒα€α€α€αŠ ၄၀၀၀ကပ19 α€±α€œα€¬α€€α€•α€›α€α€šα‹ ထစးရန႔ α€•α€‚α’α€œα€€ ကမၼဏေတြထေနန႔ α€€α€•α€α‚”α€±α€’α€žα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έ ေတြ α€α€Έα€α€€α€œα€¬α€–α‚” α€œα€•α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€žα€„α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿα€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹ ထျပနာက α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€› α€œα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έ မားစြာတ႔ထား α€α€„α€Έα€α€•α€«α€Έα€žα‚” α€±α€›α‚Šα‚”α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€œα€•α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€»α€–α€… α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€¬α€€α€œα€•α€€α€„α€±α€…α€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ ပးေပါငး α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€›α€œα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€α€„α€Έα€α€•α€«α€Έα€žα‚”α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€¬α€€α€‘α€œα€•α€™α€œα€•α€›α€˜ မမတ႔ ေကးရြာ α€™α€¬α€Έα€α€Όα€„α€žα€¬ α€‘α€œα€•α€œα€•α€”α€„α€α€Όα€„α€™α€¬α€Έ α€›α€›α€±α€…α€œα€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€–α€Όα€„α€Ÿα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€α€žα€Šα‹ ထေစာပငးတြင ေဆြးေႏြးခ α€žα€€α€žα‚”α€•α€„ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€€ α€žα€α‚”α စးပြားေရးျပနာမားက α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€…α€α‚”α ေကးရြာ မားႏင စစေဆးေရးဂတမားတြင α€‘α€α€Όα€”α€±α€€α€¬α€€α€α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€”α€…α€†α€α€Έα€–α€…α€Έα€±α€…α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€› α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€»α€•α€”α€¬α€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š α€‘α€Όα€”α€šα€€α€…α€€α€•α€Έα€”α€„α€±α€žα€¬ စကပးေျမရားပါးျခငးနင α€±α€»α€™α€»α€™α‚ˆα€• မငးမား ရေနျခငးတ႔နင α€†α€€α€…α€•α€œα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹ ထထခကတ႔က α€œα€šα€šα€¬α€…α€€α€•α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€„ α€‘α€»α€α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€…α€€α€•α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€‘α€Ÿα€”α‚”α€‘α€α€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€±α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ ေျမထမားစမာ ေကာက ေဆာင α€‘α€‘α€•α€žα€»α€–α€„ α€…α€€α€•α€Έα€±α€»α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€•α€«α€Έα€œα€€α€›α€›α€¬ α€”α€Šα€Έα€„α€šα€™α€žα€¬α€›α€±α€žα€¬ စကပးေျမတြငမ α€±α€»α€™α€»α€™α‚ˆα€•

19 α€€α€…α€¬α€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€±α€”α€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€α€”α€€α€¬α€œα€α€Όα€„ US α€±α€’αšα€œα€¬α€±α€„α€Όα€œα€”α‚ˆα€”α€Έα€™α€¬ αα€±α€’αšα€œα€¬ α‰α‡α„α€€α€•α€™α€›α€±α€”α€α€”α€»α€–α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

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Page 55: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that

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α€‘α€žα‚”α€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€»α€•α€‘α€™α€žα€Š တပမေတာတြငတာ၀နရေၾကာငးက β€œα€Ÿα€Έα€‘α€›α€„α€α€”α€Έα€€α€† တပမေတာက α€€α€•α€α‚”α€±α€»α€™α€€α€žα€™α€ΈαΏα€•α€Έ ၃ α€žα€”α€Έα€α€”α€α€±α€»α€™α€€ αα€±α€žα€¬α€„α€Έα€α€Όα€• α€±α€•α€Έα€α€α€šα‹ ကပတ႔ပငတေျမက α€»α€•α€”α€œα€α€„ α€α€šβ€20 α€Ÿα€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

α€±α€»α€™α€šα€¬α€žα€™α€Έα€†α€Šα€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚” ႀကးစြာဒကၑေရာကၾကရၿပး α€±α€»α€™α€šα€¬α€€α€¬α€€α€Όα€šα€›α€” α€œα€‘α€• ခကထား နငငေတာထဆင ထေရးႀကးကစα₯တစရပထျဖစ α€žα€α€™α€α€œα€•α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€žα€„α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€–α€Όα€„α€Ÿα€±α€»α€•α€¬ αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ α€™αΎα€€α€¬α€α€α€†α€žα€œα€•α€„ α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα‚α€Έα€»α€™α€•α‚α€žα€α‚”α€žα€Š ထျမတထတျခငး ႏင ထစးရထမ α€•α€„α€†α€„α€™α‚ˆ ဆငရာစာရြကစာတမးမား α€›α€›αΎα€€αΏα€•α€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€α€« α€œα€‘α€•α€„α€±α€»α€™α€šα€¬α€α‚”α€€ α€žα€™α€Έα€šα€±α€œ ရၾက α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€±α€»α€™α€šα€¬α€žα€™α€Έα€šα€α€€α€…α₯ထေၾကာငးက α€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€Έα€α€„α€α€šα‹ ကပရ႕ ဇာတေျမက α€±α€”α€‘α€Όα€€α€™α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€α€„α€˜α€Έβ€ α€Ÿα€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹

α€±α€»α€™α€šα€¬α€‘α€•α€„α€žα€™α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€€α€…α₯α€žα€Š α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€–α€Όα‚”αΏα€–α€Έα€™α‚ˆ ႏင ထရငးထျမစ α€‘α€α€šα€»α€α€„α€Έ တ႔ႏင α€α€α€†α€€α€œα€€α€›α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€‘α€›α€„α€Έα€‘α€»α€™α€…α€–α€Όα‚”αΏα€–α€Έα€™α‚ˆ နင α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έ ဖြ႔ၿဖးေရးတ႔ထတြက α€±α€»α€™α€šα€¬α€™α€¬α€Έα€α€›α€¬α€Έα€™α€α€„α€žα€™α€Έα€šα€»α€α€„α€Έα€α€±α€”αΎα€€α€›α€žα€Šα€Ÿ ပးေပါငး α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ ခစား α€œα€€α€›αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ ထရငးထျမစနင α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€–α€Όα‚”αΏα€–α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€α‚”α€”α€„ α€•α€α€žα€€α α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€α€Όα€„ α€‘α€“α€€α€•α€•α€”α€±α€”α€±α€žα€¬ ထခက(၃) ခရရာ - α€œα€‘α€—α€Ÿα€»α€•α€‘α€€α€Έα€‘α€»α€™α€α€™α€¬α€Έα€™α€›α€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ α€žα€˜α€¬α€α€•α€α€α€”α€Έα€€α€„ နင ကနးမာေရးဆငရာ α€‘α€€α€Έα€žα€€α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έ α€»α€–α€…αΎα€€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ ပးေပါငး α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€‘α‚€α€€α€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€…α€™α€€α€”α€Έα‚€α€€α€Έα€±α€α€Ό α€”α‚” α€±α€»α€™α€šα€¬α€žα€™α€Έα€šα€™α‚ˆα€±α€α€Όα€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„ α€žα€˜α€¬α€ ပတ၀နးကင ျပနာေတြန႔ α€…α€α€‘α€±α€”α€¬α€„α€‘α€šα€€α€‘α‚€α€€α€Έα€‘α€€α€šα€»α€–α€…α€œα€¬α€±α€…α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿα€†α€α€žα€Šα‹ ထျခားတစα€₯α€Έα€€ α€œα€Šα€Έ β€œα€€α€•α€€α€±α€α€¬ α€…α€™α€€α€”α€Έ α€‘α‚€α€€α€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€±α€α€ΌαŠ α€±α€»α€™α€šα€¬α€žα€™α€Έα€šα€™α‚ˆα€±α€α€Ό α€”α‚” ဖ႔ြၿဖးေရးစမကနးေတြေၾကာင α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€›α‚• α€žα€˜α€¬α€ α€•α€α€α€”α€Έα€€α€„α€•α€€α€…α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€ΈαΏα€•α€Έ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€±α€α€Όα€›α‚•α€‘α€±α€»α€α€‘α€±α€” α€•α€†α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€€ α€…α€Έα€›α€™α€™α€α€šβ€α€Ÿα€›α€„α€–α€Όα€„α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„αΎα€€α€žα€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€»α€•α€¬α€Έα€α‚”α€€ α€˜α€œα€•α€±α€»α€™α€α€Έα€±α€–α€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„ α€žα€˜α€¬α€α€•α€α€α€”α€Έα€€α€„α€•α€€α€…α€Έα€›α€»α€α€„α€Έ α€€ α€α€„α€»α€•α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ α€‘α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€žα€Š α€žα€±α€”α€‘α€„α€›α€¬ ေတာငတနးတစ၀ကခန႔က ဖကဆးခၿပျဖစေၾကာငး α€±α€α€™α€α€žα€Šα‹ ထျခားတစα€₯α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ β€œα€žα€…α€±α€α€¬α€»α€•α€”α€Έα€α€Έα€™α€¬α€”α‚” α€•α€α€žα€€αΏα€•α€Έ စတထပဆးပ။ ေနာကတစခကေတာ စကရေတြ α€…α€€α€™α‚ˆα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€±α€α€Όα€€ α€œα€±α€α€Όα€›α‚•α€€α€”α€Έα€™α€¬α€±α€›α€Έα€€ ထခက ေစတကစα₯ပ” α€Ÿ α€žα α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€α€€α€€α€±α€α€™α€α€žα€Šα‹ ထျခားတစα€₯α€Έα€€α€™ α€†α€€α€œα€€α€»α€•α€œα€•α€±α€”α€±α€žα€¬ စမကနးမားေၾကာင α€žα€˜α€¬α€α€•α€α€α€”α€Έα€€α€„ ထတားထဆးမ α€šα€šα€Όα€„α€Έα€•α€€α€…α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€™α€Šα€€ α€…α€Έα€›α€™ α€±α€”α€±α€œ α€žα€Šα‹

α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š ရပရြာထတြငးရ ထရငးထျမစႏင α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€–α€Όα‚”αΏα€–α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€…α€™α€€α€”α€Έα€α‚”α€‘α€¬α€Έ ထကး α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€α€Όα€„α€™α€›α€™α€›αΎα€€α€žα€»α€–α€„ α€‘α€€α€Έα€α€…α€¬α€Έα€α€Όα€„α€›α€œα€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€α€„α€»α€•α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ ပးေပါငး α€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α€€ β€œα€€α€•α€α‚”α€™α€¬ α€œα€•α€…α€…α€™α€Έα€‘α€α€œα€•α€”α€„α€ α€†α€Šα€›α€α€šα‹ α€’α€«α€±α€•α€™α€š α€œα€•α€…α€…α€™α€Έ α€±α€α€¬α€™α€›α€˜α€Έβ€ α€Ÿ ရငးျပခၿပး ထျခားတစα€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€žα€˜α€¬α€α€‘α€›α€„α€Έα€‘α€»α€™α€…α€”α‚”α€†α€„α€ α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έ α€žα‚”α€™α€Ÿα€ α€€α€”α€žα€Όα€šα€±α€›α€Έ α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έ ထေၾကာငး α€•α€žα€α€„α€™α€α€šα‹ ထဒ α€žα€˜α€¬α€α€‘α€›α€„α€Έα€‘α€»α€™α€…α€±α€α€Όα€€α€˜α€šα€•α‚”α€œα€€αΎα€€α€žα€œ α€˜α€¬ α€œα€•α€œα€€

20 α€€α€…α€¬α€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€±α€”α€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€α€”α€€α€¬α€œα€α€Όα€„ US α€±α€’αšα€œα€¬α€±α€„α€Όα€œα€”α‚ˆα€”α€Έα€™α€¬ αα€±α€’αšα€œα€¬ α‰α‡α„α€€α€•α€™α€›α€±α€”α€α€”α€»α€–α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

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Page 57: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that

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α€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€»α€•α€Šα€žα€±α€α€Όα€† α€α€…α€•α€„α€Έα€α€…α€…α€±α€œα€¬α€€α€• α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€α€šα€‘α€„α€α€šα‹β€ α€Ÿα€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹ ထျခား တစα€₯α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€œα€€α€›α€€α€”α€Έα€™α€¬α€±α€›α€Έα€±α€…α€¬α€„α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€™α‚ˆα€…α€”α€…α€α€Όα€„ α€‘α€α€±αΎα€€α€Έα€±α€„α€Όα€±α€•α€Έα€”α€„α€žα€žα€¬α€œα€„ ေဆး α€€α€žα€»α€α€„α€Έα€α€šα€”α€„α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€α‚•α€±α€žα€¬α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€α‚”α€α€Όα€„ ငကဖားနင α€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€¬α€‚α€«α€α‚”α€žα€Š ထျဖစထမားဆး ကနးမာေရး ျပနာတ႔ ျဖစၾကကာ α€›α€Όα€¬α€žα€›α€Όα€¬α€žα€¬α€Έα€α‚”α€€ ထေရာဂါတ႔က α€€α€žα€›α€”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€»α€•α€„α€•α€‘α€€α€‘α€Š α€›α€šα€œ ေၾကာငး α€±α€α€¬α€„α€Έα€α€‘α€¬α€ΈαΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€€α€›α€€α€”α€Έα€™α€¬α€±α€›α€Έα€±α€…α€¬α€„α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€™α‚ˆα€…α€”α€…α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€α€Έα€α€€α€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€™α€Όα€”α€™α‚ˆα€›α€›α€” α€œα€‘α€• ေနေၾကာငး နင α€€α€”α€Έα€™α€¬α€±α€›α€Έα€±α€…α€¬α€„α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€™α‚ˆ α€α€”α€‘α€™α€Έα€α‚”α€žα€Šα€œα€Šα€Έα€•αα€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€™α€Όα€”α€±α€žα€¬ α€žα€„α€α€”α€Έ α€œα€‘α€•α€±α€”α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€α‚”α€€ α€šαΎα€€α€Šα€œα€€α€›αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€ž တစα€₯α€Έα€€ ေကးရြာမားတြင ေဆး၀ါးနင α€•α€α€žα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€—α€Ÿα€žα€α€›α€±α€žα€¬ α€™α€Šα€žα‚”α€€α€™α€† ဆရာ၀နတစα€₯α€Έα€€α€žα‚” α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€”αΎα€€α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€₯ပမာထားျဖင α€›α€Όα€¬α€žα€¬α€Έα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ ပါရာစတေမာေဆး α€žα€Š α€‘α€”α€¬α€žα€€α€žα€¬α€±α€†α€Έ α€žα‚”α€™α€Ÿα€ α€‘α€–α€¬α€Έα€€α€±α€†α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€žα€žα€»α€–α€…α€•α€«α€€ α€α€…α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€Έα€™α€œα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ ကနးမာေရးျပနာမားစြာတ႔က α€‘α€žα‚”α€‘α€α€„α€•α€„α€±α€†α€Όα€Έα€±α‚α€Όα€ΈαΎα€€α€±α€œα€±α€α€¬α€žα€Šα‹ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€‘α€±α€”α€»α€–α€„ α€€α€¬α€€α€Όα€šα€±α€†α€Έα€›α€›α€›α€”α€α€€α€α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€›α€±α€”α€žα€Šα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€»α€•α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€†α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€α€±α€œα€¬α€€α€α€Όα€„ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€› α€€α€”α€Έα€™α€¬α€±α€›α€Έα€±α€…α€¬α€„α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€™α‚ˆα€…α€”α€…α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€žα€žα€¬ ထငရား α€±α€žα€¬ α€α€Έα€α€€α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€»α€•α€œα€•α€›α€™α€Šα€»α€–α€…α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α‚”α€€ α€‘α€‘α€Έα€α€œα€šα€±α€α€¬α€„α€Έα€†α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ ေထာငျမငပါက α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€€α€”α€Έα€™α€¬α€±α€›α€Έα€±α€…α€¬α€„α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€™α‚ˆα€œα€Šα€Έ တးတက α€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€™α€Όα€”α€œα€¬α€™α€Šα€Ÿ α€±α€™α€¬α€œα€„α€œα€€α€›α€±α€”αΎα€€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

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α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€€ α€•α€Šα€¬α€±α€›α€Έα€…α€”α€…α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€α€Όα€„ α€€α€›α€„α€˜α€¬α€žα€¬α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€”α€„ စာေပတ႔က α€‘α€Šα€žα€Όα€„α€Έα€±α€…α€œαΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬ ဆႏၡကေဖာထတ α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œ(ကရင) α€šα€₯α€±α€€α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€”α‚” စာေပ ေပာက α€€α€Όα€šα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€€ α€…α€Έα€›α€™α€™α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿα€›α€„α€–α€Όα€„α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€»α€α€¬α€Έα€žα€α‚”α€€α€™ α€œα€α€”α€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€™α€±α€›α€Όα€Έ α€•α€Šα€¬α€žα€„ αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€Όα€„α€›α€›α€±α€›α€Έα€”α€„α€•α€α€žα€€α α€•α€•α€”α€±α€”αΎα€€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€‘α€“α€€ ကေတာ α€€α€±α€œα€Έα€α€„α€Έα€€ α€•α€Šα€¬α€žα€„αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€Όα€„α€α€”α€Έα€α€±α€•α€Έα€–α‚”α€•α‹ α‚α€Όα€™α€Έα€•α€«α€Έα€α€™α€žα€¬α€Έα€…α€€ α€€α€±α€œα€Έα€±α€α€Όα€€ ထေထာကထပ α€±α€•α€Έα€žα€„α€α€šα‹ α€€α€›α€„α€šα€₯α€±α€€α€Έα€™α‚ˆαŠ စာေပ α€”α‚” α€›α€Έα€›α€¬α€“α€±α€œα€±α€α€Όα€€ α€›α€„α€žα€”α€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€œα€•α€žα€„α€α€šα€œα‚”α€‘α€„α€α€šβ€

α€Ÿα€†α€α€žα€Šα‹

α€™α€Έα€šα€…α€±α€†α€Έα€α€«α€Έα€»α€•α€”α€¬α€™α€¬α€Έ

α€œα€„α€šα€α‚”αα€œα€™α‚ˆα€±α€›α€Έα€»α€•α€”α€¬α€™α€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ α€™α€Έα€šα€…α€±α€†α€Έα€žα€Έα€…α€Όα€»α€α€„α€Έα‚α€„ α€‘α€œα€•α€‘α€€α€„α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έ တ႔နင α€•α€α€žα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€Šα€žα€Όα€„α€Έα€…α€₯α€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€žα€„α€žα€Š α€€α€…α₯α€›α€•α€α‚”α€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€–α€Όα€„α€Ÿα€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€™α€Έα€šα€…α€±α€†α€Έα€α€«α€Έα€€α€”α€žα€Όα€šα€™α‚ˆα€»α€™α€„α€™α€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€žα€Šα€€ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€€ α€±α€œα€œα€¬α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€› α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€žα‚”α€»α€™α€„α€α€€α€œα€¬α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έα€™α€¬ α€œα€Όα€α€œα€•α€…α€Όα€¬α€œα‚ˆα€•α€›α€¬α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€α€Όα€„α€α€Έα€α€€α€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€„ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Š α€”α€šα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€α€Όα€„α€”α€„ ကနပစα₯α€Šα€Έα€žα€šα€šα€α€Όα€„α€α‚” α€›α€›α€œα€¬α€±α€žα€¬α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ ထ တးျမင α€›α€›α€œα€¬α€žα€Š α€œα€Όα€α€œα€•α€…α€Όα€¬α€œα‚ˆα€•α€›α€¬α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€α€Όα€„ နငတကြ α€‘α€…α€Έα€›α€‘α€›α€¬α€›α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ α€α€•α€™α€±α€α€¬α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ ႏင NSAG α€…α€…α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα α€‘α€‚α€α€œα€€α€…α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€„ α€±α€™α€¬α€„α€α€œα€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„ မကထမဖကတမငး ထေျချပ တရားမ၀ငေဆး၀ါးမား α€‘α€žα€Έα€»α€•α€™α‚ˆα€α€Έα€»α€™α€„ α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€›α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€€ α€œα€„α€šα€α‚”α€žα€Š ထေဆး၀ါးပမာဏမားစြာထား α€žα€Έα€…α€Όα€±α€”αΎα€€α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€α€„α€»α€•α€αΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ α€±α€›α€¬α€„α€Έα€α€šα€±α€–α€¬α€€α€€α€¬α€Έ α€žα€α‚”α€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€œα€„α€šα€α‚”α€€ α€‘α€“α€€α€•α€…α€™α€α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€”αΎα€€α€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€™α€±α€”αΎα€€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€€α€•α€€α€±α€α€¬ α€™α€Έα€šα€…α€±α€†α€Έα€žα€Έα€…α€Όα€™α‚ˆα€›α€š ထဒါန႔ ဆကစပတ α€»α€•α€”α€¬α€±α€α€Όα€›α€šα€”α‚” α€•α€α€žα€€αΏα€•α€Έ α€…α€Έα€›α€™α€±α€”α€™α€α€šα‹ α€œα€±α€α€Όα€›α‚•α€…α€¬α€›α€α€±α€α€Όα€•α€€α€†α€Έα€™α€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ α€…α€Έα€›α€™α€α€šα‹ α€™α€Έα€šα€…α€±α€†α€Έα€α€«α€Έα€±α€α€Ό α€‘α€α€œα€•α€α€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€”α€„α€„α‚€α€€α€Έα€•α€€α€†α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬ α€…α€Έα€›α€™α€™α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿ α€žαα€…α€Έα€›α€™α€…α€α€€ α€–α€Όα€„α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€α€žα€Šα‹ ထျခားတစα€₯α€Έα€€ α€™α€Έα€šα€…α€±α€†α€Έα€α€«α€Έα€±α€›α€¬α€„α€Έα€α€šα€»α€α€„α€Έα€€ α€œα‚”α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€…α€Šα€Έα€™ α€–α€šα€›α€¬α€Έα€žα€„α€žα€Šα€Ÿ ေျပာၾကား α€α€žα€Šα‹

α€œα€™α€Έα€•α€”α€Έα€†α€€α€žα€Όα€šα€±α€›α€Έα€†α€„α€›α€¬ ထေျခခထေဆာကထα€₯α€Έ

α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€œα€™α€Έα€•α€”α€Έα€†α€€α€žα€Όα€šα€±α€›α€Έα€†α€„α€›α€¬ ထေျခခထေဆာကထα€₯α€Έ ခ႕တ ျခငး နင α€•α€α€žα€€αα€œα€Šα€Έ α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€™α€Έα€‘α€±α€»α€α€‘α€±α€”α€α‚”α€™α€¬ α€†α€Έα€α€«α€Έα€œα€€α€›αΏα€•α€Έ ဖနထကာ α€™α€Έα€›α€¬α€žα€α€Όα€„ α€‘α€žα€Έα€»α€•αα€™α€›α€”α€„α€±α€•α‹ α€–α€”α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ ကနးမာေရး ျပနာ တ႔က α€»α€–α€…α€±α€… α€›α€žα€¬α€™α€€ α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€±α€α€¬α€α€†α€»α€–α€…α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€œα€Šα€Έ ႀကမေရျမငမားစြာ α€»α€–α€…α€±α€”α€±α€žα€¬α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„ α€œα€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€…α€α€•α€•α€”α€±α€”α€›α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€žα‚”α€±α€žα€¬ ျပနာတ႔ထား α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€–α‚”α€α€€α€α€α€šα‹ ထေျခခထေဆာကထα€₯α€Έα€±α€α€ΌαŠ α€α€šα€œα€–α€”α€Έα€†α€€α€žα€Όα€šα€±α€›α€Έα€±α€α€Ό α€”α‚” α€œα€•α€…α€…α€™α€Έα€±α€α€Ό α€™α€›α€˜α€Έ ” α€Ÿα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€»α€•α€ α€žα€Šα‹ ထျခားတစα€₯α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ β€œα€œα€€α€› ဒထပစထခတရပစေရးထခနမာ α€œα€‘α€€ α€€α€šα€‘ α€€α€šα€‘ α€…α€”α€…α€”α‚” α€œα€™α€Έα€±α€α€Ό α€»α€•α€„αΎα€€α€›α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿα€»α€–α€Šα€…α€Όα€€α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ α€›α€Όα€¬α€žα€›α€Όα€¬α€žα€¬α€Έα€α‚”α€€ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€š ထတြငးရ α€œα€™α€Έ နင တတား မားျပျပငရန α€œα€‘α€•α€α€€α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€‘α€±α€œα€Έα€‘α€”α€€ α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

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α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€€ α€•α€Šα€¬α€±α€›α€Έα€…α€”α€…α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€α€Όα€„ α€€α€›α€„α€˜α€¬α€žα€¬α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€”α€„ စာေပတ႔က α€‘α€Šα€žα€Όα€„α€Έα€±α€…α€œαΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬ ဆႏၡကေဖာထတ α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œ(ကရင) α€šα€₯α€±α€€α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€”α‚” စာေပ ေပာက α€€α€Όα€šα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€€ α€…α€Έα€›α€™α€™α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿα€›α€„α€–α€Όα€„α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€»α€α€¬α€Έα€žα€α‚”α€€α€™ α€œα€α€”α€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€™α€±α€›α€Όα€Έ α€•α€Šα€¬α€žα€„ αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€Όα€„α€›α€›α€±α€›α€Έα€”α€„α€•α€α€žα€€α α€•α€•α€”α€±α€”αΎα€€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€‘α€“α€€ ကေတာ α€€α€±α€œα€Έα€α€„α€Έα€€ α€•α€Šα€¬α€žα€„αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€Όα€„α€α€”α€Έα€α€±α€•α€Έα€–α‚”α€•α‹ α‚α€Όα€™α€Έα€•α€«α€Έα€α€™α€žα€¬α€Έα€…α€€ α€€α€±α€œα€Έα€±α€α€Όα€€ ထေထာကထပ α€±α€•α€Έα€žα€„α€α€šα‹ α€€α€›α€„α€šα€₯α€±α€€α€Έα€™α‚ˆαŠ စာေပ α€”α‚” α€›α€Έα€›α€¬α€“α€±α€œα€±α€α€Όα€€ α€›α€„α€žα€”α€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€œα€•α€žα€„α€α€šα€œα‚”α€‘α€„α€α€šβ€

α€Ÿα€†α€α€žα€Šα‹

α€™α€Έα€šα€…α€±α€†α€Έα€α€«α€Έα€»α€•α€”α€¬α€™α€¬α€Έ

α€œα€„α€šα€α‚”αα€œα€™α‚ˆα€±α€›α€Έα€»α€•α€”α€¬α€™α€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ α€™α€Έα€šα€…α€±α€†α€Έα€žα€Έα€…α€Όα€»α€α€„α€Έα‚α€„ α€‘α€œα€•α€‘α€€α€„α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έ တ႔နင α€•α€α€žα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€Šα€žα€Όα€„α€Έα€…α€₯α€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€žα€„α€žα€Š α€€α€…α₯α€›α€•α€α‚”α€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€–α€Όα€„α€Ÿα€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€™α€Έα€šα€…α€±α€†α€Έα€α€«α€Έα€€α€”α€žα€Όα€šα€™α‚ˆα€»α€™α€„α€™α€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€žα€Šα€€ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€€ α€±α€œα€œα€¬α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€› α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€žα‚”α€»α€™α€„α€α€€α€œα€¬α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έα€™α€¬ α€œα€Όα€α€œα€•α€…α€Όα€¬α€œα‚ˆα€•α€›α€¬α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€α€Όα€„α€α€Έα€α€€α€œα€¬α€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€„ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Š α€”α€šα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€α€Όα€„α€”α€„ ကနပစα₯α€Šα€Έα€žα€šα€šα€α€Όα€„α€α‚” α€›α€›α€œα€¬α€±α€žα€¬α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ ထ တးျမင α€›α€›α€œα€¬α€žα€Š α€œα€Όα€α€œα€•α€…α€Όα€¬α€œα‚ˆα€•α€›α€¬α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€α€Όα€„ နငတကြ α€‘α€…α€Έα€›α€‘α€›α€¬α€›α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ α€α€•α€™α€±α€α€¬α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ ႏင NSAG α€…α€…α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα α€‘α€‚α€α€œα€€α€…α€¬α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€„ α€±α€™α€¬α€„α€α€œα€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„ မကထမဖကတမငး ထေျချပ တရားမ၀ငေဆး၀ါးမား α€‘α€žα€Έα€»α€•α€™α‚ˆα€α€Έα€»α€™α€„ α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€›α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€€ α€œα€„α€šα€α‚”α€žα€Š ထေဆး၀ါးပမာဏမားစြာထား α€žα€Έα€…α€Όα€±α€”αΎα€€α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€α€„α€»α€•α€αΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ α€±α€›α€¬α€„α€Έα€α€šα€±α€–α€¬α€€α€€α€¬α€Έ α€žα€α‚”α€€α€œα€Šα€Έ α€œα€„α€šα€α‚”α€€ α€‘α€“α€€α€•α€…α€™α€α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€”αΎα€€α€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€α€…α€¬α€Έα€™α€±α€”αΎα€€α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€€α€•α€€α€±α€α€¬ α€™α€Έα€šα€…α€±α€†α€Έα€žα€Έα€…α€Όα€™α‚ˆα€›α€š ထဒါန႔ ဆကစပတ α€»α€•α€”α€¬α€±α€α€Όα€›α€šα€”α‚” α€•α€α€žα€€αΏα€•α€Έ α€…α€Έα€›α€™α€±α€”α€™α€α€šα‹ α€œα€±α€α€Όα€›α‚•α€…α€¬α€›α€α€±α€α€Όα€•α€€α€†α€Έα€™α€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ α€…α€Έα€›α€™α€α€šα‹ α€™α€Έα€šα€…α€±α€†α€Έα€α€«α€Έα€±α€α€Ό α€‘α€α€œα€•α€α€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€”α€„α€„α‚€α€€α€Έα€•α€€α€†α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬ α€…α€Έα€›α€™α€™α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿ α€žαα€…α€Έα€›α€™α€…α€α€€ α€–α€Όα€„α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€α€žα€Šα‹ ထျခားတစα€₯α€Έα€€ α€™α€Έα€šα€…α€±α€†α€Έα€α€«α€Έα€±α€›α€¬α€„α€Έα€α€šα€»α€α€„α€Έα€€ α€œα‚”α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€…α€Šα€Έα€™ α€–α€šα€›α€¬α€Έα€žα€„α€žα€Šα€Ÿ ေျပာၾကား α€α€žα€Šα‹

α€œα€™α€Έα€•α€”α€Έα€†α€€α€žα€Όα€šα€±α€›α€Έα€†α€„α€›α€¬ ထေျခခထေဆာကထα€₯α€Έ

α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€œα€™α€Έα€•α€”α€Έα€†α€€α€žα€Όα€šα€±α€›α€Έα€†α€„α€›α€¬ ထေျခခထေဆာကထα€₯α€Έ ခ႕တ ျခငး နင α€•α€α€žα€€αα€œα€Šα€Έ α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€™α€Έα€‘α€±α€»α€α€‘α€±α€”α€α‚”α€™α€¬ α€†α€Έα€α€«α€Έα€œα€€α€›αΏα€•α€Έ ဖနထကာ α€™α€Έα€›α€¬α€žα€α€Όα€„ α€‘α€žα€Έα€»α€•αα€™α€›α€”α€„α€±α€•α‹ α€–α€”α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ ကနးမာေရး ျပနာ တ႔က α€»α€–α€…α€±α€… α€›α€žα€¬α€™α€€ α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€±α€α€¬α€α€†α€»α€–α€…α€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€œα€Šα€Έ ႀကမေရျမငမားစြာ α€»α€–α€…α€±α€”α€±α€žα€¬α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„ α€œα€‘α€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€…α€α€•α€•α€”α€±α€”α€›α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€žα‚”α€±α€žα€¬ ျပနာတ႔ထား α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€α€›α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€–α‚”α€α€€α€α€α€šα‹ ထေျခခထေဆာကထα€₯α€Έα€±α€α€ΌαŠ α€α€šα€œα€–α€”α€Έα€†α€€α€žα€Όα€šα€±α€›α€Έα€±α€α€Ό α€”α‚” α€œα€•α€…α€…α€™α€Έα€±α€α€Ό α€™α€›α€˜α€Έ ” α€Ÿα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€»α€•α€ α€žα€Šα‹ ထျခားတစα€₯α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ β€œα€œα€€α€› ဒထပစထခတရပစေရးထခနမာ α€œα€‘α€€ α€€α€šα€‘ α€€α€šα€‘ α€…α€”α€…α€”α‚” α€œα€™α€Έα€±α€α€Ό α€»α€•α€„αΎα€€α€›α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿα€»α€–α€Šα€…α€Όα€€α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹ α€›α€Όα€¬α€žα€›α€Όα€¬α€žα€¬α€Έα€α‚”α€€ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€š ထတြငးရ α€œα€™α€Έ နင တတား မားျပျပငရန α€œα€‘α€•α€α€€α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€‘α€±α€œα€Έα€‘α€”α€€ α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

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α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„αΎα€€α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€…α€Όα€¬α€‘α€”α€Έα€žα€™α€Έα€»α€•α€»α€•α€„α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€œα€™α€Έα€•α€”α€Έα€†α€€α€žα€Όα€šα€±α€›α€Έ ထေျခခထေဆာကထα€₯α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€›α€›α€œαΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ α€‘α€‘α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€›α€¬α€žα€Š α€™α€™α€α‚”α€”α€šα€±α€»α€™α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έ α€œα€•α€…α€…α€™α€Έα‚α€„ α€†α€€α€žα€Όα€šα€±α€›α€Έα€€α€Όα€”α€šα€€α€™α€¬α€Έ ရရေရးတ႔က α€‘α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€‘α€€α€»α€•α€™α€Šα€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα€Ÿ α€šα€†α€œα€€α€›αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

α€‘α€›α€„α€Έα€‘α€»α€™α€…α€α€Έα€±α€–α€¬α€›α€¬α€±α€”α€›α€¬α€™α€¬α€Έα€žα‚” α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€”α€„α€±α€…α€›α€” α€‘α€±α€”α€›α€¬α€žα‚” α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€¬α€€α€”α€„α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€‘α€†α€„α€»α€™α€„α€»α€•α€»α€•α€„αΎα€€α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ α€‘α€α€Έα€α€€α€™α‚ˆα€žα€Š α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€–α€Όα‚”αΏα€–α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€‘α€α€Όα€€α€žα€¬ ထကးရေစ ခၿပး α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€™ α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€‘α€€α€Έα€™α€»α€•α€α€±α€žα€¬α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„ α€…α€α€™α€žα€€α€™α€žα€¬α€»α€–α€…αΎα€€α€›α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„α€Έ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€ž ထမားထျပားမ α€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€™α€Όα€”α€α€Έα€α€€α€œα€¬α€±α€žα€¬ α€œα€™α€Έα‚α€„ တတားမား α€žα€Š α€»α€•α€Šα€•α€™ α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ ထဖးတနထရငးထျမစမားက α€‘α€α€šα€”α€„α€›α€”α€α€Όα€„α€»α€•α€‘α€¬α€Έα€žα€€α€žα‚” α€»α€–α€…α€±α€”α€žα€Šα€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€…α€α€•α€€α€±α€”αΎα€€α€»α€α€„α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

α€œα€™α€Έα€•α€”α€Έα€†α€€α€žα€Όα€šα€±α€›α€Έα€†α€„α€›α€¬ ထေျခခထေဆာကထα€₯းမား α€›α€›α€œα€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Š α€α€šα€œα€–α€”α€Έα€†α€€α€žα€Όα€šα€±α€›α€Έ ႏင α€žα€α€„α€Έα€‘α€α€€α€‘α€œα€€α€•α€™α€›α€›α€”α€„α€±α€›α€Έ α€‘α€…α€›α€žα€Š α€”α€Šα€Έα€•α€Šα€¬α€†α€„α€›α€¬α€α€Έα€α€€α€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€™α€Όα€”α€±α€…α€œα€±α€žα€¬ ဆႏၡနင α€α€α€†α€€α€œα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€žα€α€…α€₯α€Έα€€ β€œα€€α€•α€±α€™α€¬α€œα€„α€α€¬α€€α€±α€α€¬ ထစးရ ကေနၿပး ေတာ α€±α€€α€Έα€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€™α€Έα€•α€”α€Έα€†α€€α€žα€Όα€šα€±α€›α€Έ ေကာငးမြနေထာင ေထာကပေပးဖ႔ပ။ တျခားနငငေတြန႔ ရငေပါင တနးနငေထာင α€€α€•α€α‚”α€±α€€α€Έα€›α€Όα€¬α€™α€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ α€œα€™α€Έα€±α€α€ΌαŠ α€†α€€α€žα€Όα€šα€±α€›α€Έα€±α€α€Ό α€α€Έα€α€€α€œα€¬α€±α€…α€α€„α€α€šβ€ α€Ÿ α€›α€„α€Έα€»α€•α€α€žα€Šα‹ ထျခားတစα€₯α€Έα€€α€œα€Šα€Έ β€œα€‘α€”α€¬α€‚α€α€™α€¬α€†α€›α€„ α€€α€•α€α‚”α€›α€Όα€¬α€±α€α€Όα€œ α‚€α€€α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€α€Έα€α€€α€œα€¬αΏα€•α€Έ α€‘α€„α€α€¬α€”α€€α€±α€α€Όα€œα€Šα€Έα€›α€œα€¬αΏα€•α€Έα€±α€α€¬ IT α€±α€α€α€”α‚”α€‘α€™α€»α€–α€…α€œα€¬α€”α€„α€™α€¬α‹ နငငတကာ α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€‘α€…α€Šα€Έα€±α€α€ΌαŠ ထစးရ α€”α‚” α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€›α€„α€±α€α€Όα€›α‚• α€‘α€€α€‘α€Šα€œα€α€šβ€α€Ÿ α€»α€™α€„α€±α€šα€¬α€„α€±α€»α€•α€¬αΎα€€α€¬α€Έα€α€žα€Šα‹

α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€€α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€›α€”α€‘α€±α€›α€Έα‚€α€€α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έ

α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€› α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€‘α€žα€„α€Έα€‘α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€™ α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€€α€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€¬α€€α€”α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€„ ျမနမာ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ႏင α€•α€α€žα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€šα€†α€α€€α€‘α€»α€™α€„α€™α€¬α€Έα€€ ထတေဖာေျပာၾကားနငရန α€œα€‘α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€α€…α€ α€–α€”α€α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€”α€„α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€™α€€α€šα€»α€•α€”α‚”α€…α€Όα€¬ α€•α€α€žα€€α€œα€•α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€”α€„α€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ ပးေပါငးပါ၀င ေဆာငရြကျခငးနင α€žα€α‚”αα€˜α€α€α‚”α€€ α€α€€α€›α€€α€‘α€€α€Έα€žα€€α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€™α‚ˆα€›α€±α€…α€™α€Šα€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯မား α€”α€„α€•α€α€žα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€žα€α€„α€Έα€‘α€α€€α€‘α€œα€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€€α€›α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€„ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€™ α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€€α€¬α€„α€Έα€œα€¬α€±α€…α€›α€”α€œα€•α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€»α€α€„α€Έ ႏင α€žα€α‚”αα€‘α€”α€¬α€‚α€α€€ ပေဖာျခငး တ႔တြင α€€α€Šα€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€Όα€€α€œα€¬α€”α€„αΎα€€α€™α€Šα€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹

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α€œα€™α€Έα€Šα‚Šα€”α€±α€™α€Έα€α€Όα€”α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ

αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€‘α€±α€•αš α€žα€„α€‘α€„α€»α€™α€„α€α€€α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα‚α€„ ခစားခကမားကေျပာျပပါ။

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ၿငမးခမးေရး ေစစပေဆြးေႏြးပြမားတြင α€žα€„α€•α€«α€α€„α€α€Όα€„α€›α€•α€«α€€ α€™α€Šα€žα‚”α€±α€žα€¬ ထေၾကာငးထရာမားက

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α€±α€žα€¬α€α€€α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ - ေခါငးစα€₯α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ ၿငမးခမးေရးေစစပေဆြးေႏြးပြမား

α€žα€„α€‘α€»α€™α€„α€‘α€› αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯တြင α€‘α€Šα€žα€Όα€„α€Έα€…α€₯α€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€›α€”α€œα€‘α€•α€žα€Š ထေရးထႀကးဆး

ထခကမားမာ α€‘α€˜α€šα€”α€Šα€Έα‹

α€±α€žα€¬α€α€€α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ - αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯၊ α€‘α€±α€›α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€±α€»α€–α€›α€„α€Έα€›α€™α€Š α€€α€…α₯ရပမား

αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ထတြငး ထႀကးမားဆး α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€™α€¬ α€‘α€˜α€šα€”α€Šα€Έα‹

α€±α€žα€¬α€α€€α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ - α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯

α€‘α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ ပပနစရာကစα₯မားက ေျဖရငးရန α€™α€Šα€žα€Šα€‘α€›α€¬α€€α€‘α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€‘α€€α€»α€•α€™α€Šα€”α€Šα€Έα‹

α€±α€žα€¬α€α€€α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ - α€‘α€€α€‘α€Šα€‘α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€‘α€•αŠ α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯

αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€žα€Š α€™α€Šα€žα€Šα€‘α€›α€¬α€α‚”α€€ ေထာငျမငစြာေဆာငကα€₯α€Έα€œα€¬α€”α€„α€™α€Šα€Ÿ α€±α€™α€¬α€œα€„

α€žα€”α€Šα€Έα‹

α€±α€žα€¬α€α€€α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ - α€›α€œα€¬α€’α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯

αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯စတငခနမစ၍ α€™α€Šα€žα€Šα€‘α€›α€¬α€™α€¬α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€œα€œα€¬α€α€žα€”α€Šα€Έα‹

α€±α€žα€¬α€α€€α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ - α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€œα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯

α€™α€Šα€žα€Šα€‘α€›α€¬α€€ α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆαŠ α€•α€•α€”α€™α‚ˆα€‘α€α€€α€‘α€α€‘α€»α€–α€… α€†α€€α€œα€€α€α€Šα€›α€±α€”α€±α€žα€Έα€žα€”α€Šα€Έα‹

α€±α€žα€¬α€α€€α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ - α€œα€€α€› α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έ

ထနာဂတတြင α€žα€„α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€™α€Šα€žα‚”α€»α€™α€„α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€œα€žα€”α€Šα€Έα‹

α€±α€žα€¬α€α€€α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ - α€‘α€”α€¬α€‚α€«α€αŠ α€±α€™α€¬α€œα€„α€α€€α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠα€œα€‘α€„α€†α‚α΅α€™α€¬α€Έ

α€‘α€‘α€±α€»α€α€‘α€±α€”α€žα‚” ေထာငျမငစြာေရာကရရန α€™α€Šα€žα€Šα€‘α€›α€¬α€€ α€‘α€€α€‘α€Šα€±α€•α€Έα€”α€„α€™α€Šα€”α€Šα€Έα‹

α€±α€žα€¬α€α€€α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ- α€œα€‘α€•α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ ထနာဂါတ။

Page 61: The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully ... Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Embassy of Finland in Thailand that

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α€œα€™α€Έα€Šα‚Šα€”α€±α€™α€Έα€α€Όα€”α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ

αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€‘α€±α€•αš α€žα€„α€‘α€„α€»α€™α€„α€α€€α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα‚α€„ ခစားခကမားကေျပာျပပါ။

α€±α€žα€¬α€α€€α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ - α€‘α€„α€»α€™α€„α€α€€α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯

ၿငမးခမးေရး ေစစပေဆြးေႏြးပြမားတြင α€žα€„α€•α€«α€α€„α€α€Όα€„α€›α€•α€«α€€ α€™α€Šα€žα‚”α€±α€žα€¬ ထေၾကာငးထရာမားက

α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€™α€Šα€”α€Šα€Έα‹

α€±α€žα€¬α€α€€α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ - ေခါငးစα€₯α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ ၿငမးခမးေရးေစစပေဆြးေႏြးပြမား

α€žα€„α€‘α€»α€™α€„α€‘α€› αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯တြင α€‘α€Šα€žα€Όα€„α€Έα€…α€₯α€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€›α€”α€œα€‘α€•α€žα€Š ထေရးထႀကးဆး

ထခကမားမာ α€‘α€˜α€šα€”α€Šα€Έα‹

α€±α€žα€¬α€α€€α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ - αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯၊ α€‘α€±α€›α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€±α€»α€–α€›α€„α€Έα€›α€™α€Š α€€α€…α₯ရပမား

αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ထတြငး ထႀကးမားဆး α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€™α€¬ α€‘α€˜α€šα€”α€Šα€Έα‹

α€±α€žα€¬α€α€€α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ - α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯

α€‘α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ ပပနစရာကစα₯မားက ေျဖရငးရန α€™α€Šα€žα€Šα€‘α€›α€¬α€€α€‘α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€‘α€€α€»α€•α€™α€Šα€”α€Šα€Έα‹

α€±α€žα€¬α€α€€α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ - α€‘α€€α€‘α€Šα€‘α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€‘α€•αŠ α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯

αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€žα€Š α€™α€Šα€žα€Šα€‘α€›α€¬α€α‚”α€€ ေထာငျမငစြာေဆာငကα€₯α€Έα€œα€¬α€”α€„α€™α€Šα€Ÿ α€±α€™α€¬α€œα€„

α€žα€”α€Šα€Έα‹

α€±α€žα€¬α€α€€α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ - α€›α€œα€¬α€’α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯

αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯စတငခနမစ၍ α€™α€Šα€žα€Šα€‘α€›α€¬α€™α€¬α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€œα€œα€¬α€α€žα€”α€Šα€Έα‹

α€±α€žα€¬α€α€€α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ - α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€œα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯

α€™α€Šα€žα€Šα€‘α€›α€¬α€€ α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆαŠ α€•α€•α€”α€™α‚ˆα€‘α€α€€α€‘α€α€‘α€»α€–α€… α€†α€€α€œα€€α€α€Šα€›α€±α€”α€±α€žα€Έα€žα€”α€Šα€Έα‹

α€±α€žα€¬α€α€€α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ - α€œα€€α€› α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έ

ထနာဂတတြင α€žα€„α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€‘α€¬α€Έ α€™α€Šα€žα‚”α€»α€™α€„α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€œα€žα€”α€Šα€Έα‹

α€±α€žα€¬α€α€€α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ - α€‘α€”α€¬α€‚α€«α€αŠ α€±α€™α€¬α€œα€„α€α€€α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠα€œα€‘α€„α€†α‚α΅α€™α€¬α€Έ

α€‘α€‘α€±α€»α€α€‘α€±α€”α€žα‚” ေထာငျမငစြာေရာကရရန α€™α€Šα€žα€Šα€‘α€›α€¬α€€ α€‘α€€α€‘α€Šα€±α€•α€Έα€”α€„α€™α€Šα€”α€Šα€Έα‹

α€±α€žα€¬α€α€€α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ- α€œα€‘α€•α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ ထနာဂါတ။

59

α€‘α€žα‚”α€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€»α€™α€„α€±α€…α€›α€” α€žα€„α€™α€Šα€žα€Šα€‘α€α€”α€Έα€€α‚‘α€™ α€•α€«α€α€„α€”α€„α€™α€ŠαŠ α€™α€Šα€žα‚”α€€α€Šα€”α€„α€™α€Šα€”α€Šα€Έα‹

α€±α€žα€¬α€α€€α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ- α€žα€„α€‘α€α€”α€Έα€€α‚‘αŠ ထနာဂါတ

α€‘α€”α€¬α€‚α€«α€α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€™α€Šα€žα‚”α€±α€žα€¬ ထႀကးမားဆး α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€€α€›α€„α€†α€„α€›α€”α€„α€™α€Šα€”α€Šα€Έα‹

α€±α€žα€¬α€α€€α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ- α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ α€‘α€”α€¬α€‚α€«α€αŠ α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€š

α€™α€Šα€žα€Šα€‘α€›α€¬α€€ α€žα€„α€‘α€¬α€Έα€‘α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€±α€€α€¬α€œα€Όα‚Šα€¬α€Έα€”α€„α€±α€…α€›α€”α€€α€Šα€±α€•α€Έα€™α€Šα€”α€Šα€Έα‹

α€±α€žα€¬α€α€€α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€œα€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ- α€‘α€€α€‘α€Šα€‘α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€‘α€•αŠ α€…α€”α€±α€αšα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα‹

ၾကားရဖနထမားဆးထေၾကာငးထရာမား (ထမးထစားခြထားျခငးမရ)

1. ၿငမးခမးေရး ေထာငျမငစြာ ေဖာေဆာငနငရနထတြက α‚α€…α€–α€€α€…α€œα€Έ ( ျမနမာထစးရနင NSAG)

α€žα€Š α€α€¬α€α€”α€™α‚ˆα€›α€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ α€α€”α€Έα€α€Šα€™α€±α€žα€¬ α€žα€α€™α€α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€±α€•αšα€‘α€±α€»α€α€α ေစစပ α€Šα‚α‚ˆα€„α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έ ႏင

α‚α€…α€–α€€α€‘α€±α€œα€¬α€±α€•α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€α‚”α€€ α€»α€•α€œα€•α€›α€”α€œα€‘α€•α€žα€Šα‹

2. တရားα€₯ပေဒစးမးျခငး ၊ α€α€¬α€α€”α€šα€™α‚ˆα€›α€»α€α€„α€Έ ႏင ထတငးထၾကပ ထခြနေကာကချခငး တ႔ပါဝင α€±α€žα€¬

( ျမနမာထစးရ နင KNU α€…α€”α€…) α€…α€„αΏα€•α€„α€‘α€•α€α€•α€™α‚ˆα€…α€”α€…α€™α€¬α€Έα€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„ α€›α€Όα€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚” ထခကထခမား

နင α€›α€„α€†α€„αΎα€€α€›α€œα€€α€›α€žα€Šα‹

3. α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€₯ပေဒမျခငးထေျခထေနၾကေတြ႔ရန α€‘α€¬α€Έα€”α€Šα€Έα€±α€žα€¬ ထေနထထားတြင

α€›α€±α€”αΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ α€’α€…α€›α€€α€œα‚ˆα€•α€›α€¬α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€›α€”α€™α€¬α€Έα€™ α€€α€¬α€€α€Όα€šα€±α€…α€¬α€„α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€»α€α€„α€Έα€™α€αΎα€€α€›α€±α€•α‹

4. α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€Έα€•α€«α€α€„α€•α€α€žα€€α€œα€•α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€”α€‘α€α€Όα€€

α€œα€‘α€—α€Ÿα€»α€• ခα€₯α€Έα€€α€•α€±α€»α€–α€›α€„α€Έα€”α€Šα€Έα€€ α€‘α€žα€Έα€»α€•α€”α€„α€™α€Š ေခါငးေဆာငမားက α€žα€α‚”α€€α€šα€α€„

α€±α€›α€Όα€Έα€α€š α€œαΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

5. α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š ဖြ႔ၿဖးေရးထေထာကထပ α€α€”α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έ ( α€•α€Šα€¬α€±α€›α€ΈαŠ ကနးမာေရး

α€α€”α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€™α‚ˆ)၊ ထေျခခထေဆာကထα€₯α€Έ ႏင α€…α€Έα€•α€Όα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έ တ႔က α€›α€›α€œαΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

6. α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€€ α€œα€„α€šα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ α€‘α€œα€•α€‘α€€α€„α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ နင α€™α€Έα€šα€…α€±α€†α€Έα€α€«α€Έ α€‘α‚α€›α€š

α€€α€¬α€€α€Όα€šα€»α€α€„α€Έ ထစထစα€₯မားထား α€œα€œα€¬α€ΈαΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

7. α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚” αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯တြင α€•α€α€žα€€α€œα€•α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€›α€”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ ထားေပး

α€±α€‘α€¬α€€α€α€™α‚ˆα€œα€‘α€•α€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€€α€›α€α€Όα€„α€™ α€œα€‘α€•α€«α€α€„α€•α€α€žα€€α€›α€”α€‘α€α€Όα€€ α€‘α€α€Όα€„α€‘α€œα€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ

မရေခ။

8. αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ေရ႕ဆကနငရနထတြက α€α€„α€Έα€›α€„α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€Έα‚α€Όα€šα€…α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘αΎα€€α€¬α€Έ ခြျခား

ဆကဆျခငးႏင α€€α€›α€„α€»α€•α€Šα€”α€šα€α€Όα€„α€»α€–α€…α€±α€•αšα€±α€”α€±α€žα€¬ α€œα€™α€Έα€…α€‘α€±α€»α€α€»α€•α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έ စတဓာတတ႔

ထား တတားခငးေစစပေပးရန α€œα€‘α€•α€žα€Šα‹

9. α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€ΈαŠ α€œα€Όα€α€œα€•α€™α‚ˆ ႏင တနးတထခြငထေရးတ႔က α€œα€œα€¬α€ΈαΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

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10. α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€‘α€€α€Έα€α€…α€¬α€Έα€›α€™α‚ˆα€™α€›α€»α€α€„α€Έα€”α€„ α€žα€˜α€¬α€α€•α€α€α€”α€Έα€€α€„α€†α€„α€›α€¬

ထကးဆကမားေၾကာင α€‘α€›α€„α€Έα€‘α€»α€™α€…α€‘α€α€šα€±α€α€«α€„α€Έα€•α€»α€–α€α€»α€α€„α€Έ နင α€–α€Όα‚”αΏα€–α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€α‚”α€‘α€±α€•αš

α€…α€Έα€›α€™α€™α‚ˆα€α‚”α€›α€±α€”αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

11. α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š ထပစထခတရပစေရး α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€Šα€™α‚ˆ α€•α€€α€»α€•α€¬α€Έα€”α€„α€žα€Š α€‘α€œα€¬α€Έα€‘α€œα€¬α€”α€„

α€•α€α€žα€€α α€…α€Έα€›α€™α€œα€€α€›αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ ထပစထခတရပစေရးၿပပကခပါက α€‘α€±α€»α€α€‘α€±α€”α€žα€Š

α€šα€α€„α€‘α€€ ပမဆး၀ါးနငေခ α€›α€±α€œα€žα€Šα‹

12. α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€‘α€•α€…α€‘α€α€α€›α€•α€…α€±α€›α€Έα€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€Šα€α€€α€α€…α€›α€•α€‘α€€α€•α α€œα€œα€¬α€ΈαΎα€€αΏα€•α€ΈαŠ

ျမနမာထစးရ ႏင NSAG ေခါငးေဆာငတ႔က α€…α€…α€™α€”α€±α€žα€¬ αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€±α€–α€¬α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€±α€…α€œα€žα€Šα‹

13. ေကးရြာမားတြင စစတပမား( တပမေတာ နင NSAG α‚α€…α€–α€€α€œα€Έα€™ α€…α€…α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ) α€žα€•α€žα€Šα€Έα€…α€Όα€¬

α€›α€±α€”α€±α€žα€Έα€žα€Šα‹ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€€ နစဖကစစတပတ႔ထား α€…α€…α€‘α€„α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€œα€¬α€α€»α€α€„α€ΈαŠ ေရ႕တနး

စစေျမျပငမ ဆတခြာျခငး နင α€…α€…α€žα€¬α€Έα€žα€…α€…α€±α€†α€¬α€„α€Έα€»α€α€„α€Έα€€ ရပတန႔ျခငးတ႔ထား α€»α€•α€œα€•α€±α€…α€œ

α€žα€Šα‹

14. α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€…α€α€„α€α€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€α€”α€™α€…α α€α€Έα€α€€α€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„α€Έα€œα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€€

α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€›α€œα€¬α€α€›α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ α€‘α€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯ထား α€‘α€»α€•α€Šα€‘α€α€šαΎα€€α€Šα€™α‚ˆα€™α€›αΎα€€α€±α€žα€Έα€±α€α‹

15. α€±α€»α€™α€»α€™α‚ˆα€•α€™α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€›α€„α€Έα€œα€„α€Έα€±α€…α€œα€žα€Šα‹

16. α€±α€»α€™α€šα€¬α€žα€™α€Έα€šα€»α€α€„α€Έα€žα€Š α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚” α€•α€•α€”α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„αΎα€€α€™α‚ˆα€»α€–α€…α€±α€…α€±α€žα€¬ ထေၾကာငးထရငး

α€α€…α€α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹

17. α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€žα€α€„α€Έα€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ α€œα€€α€›α€‘α€»α€–α€…α€‘α€•α€€α€™α€¬α€Έ ႏင αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯တ႔နင

α€•α€α€žα€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€žα€α€„α€Έα€‘α€α€€α€‘α€œα€€α€™α€¬α€Έ ပမရရရန α€œα€‘α€•α€žα€Šα‹

18. αΏα€„α€™α€Έα€α€™α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€œα€•α€„α€”α€Έα€…α€₯α€žα€Š α€›α€Έα€±α€»α€–α€¬α€„α€™α‚ˆα€”α€„α€™α€”α€€α€”α€™α‚ˆα€›α€›α€” α‚α€„α€žα€±α€˜α€¬α€α€α€€α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έ

α€œα€€α€”α€¬α€€α€„α€žα€Έα€™α‚ˆα€›α€›α€”α€œα€‘α€•α€žα€Šα‹

19. α€œα€€α€›α€‘α€α€”α€α€Όα€„ α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€œα€‘α€α‚”α€žα€Š α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€±α€•α€«α€„α€Έα€…22တ႕မ ထတငးထၾကပ

ထခြနေကာကချခငးက αΎα€€α€±α€α€Όα‚”α€±α€”αΎα€€α€›α€±α€žα€¬α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„ α€‘α€α€Όα€”α€‘α€α€™α€¬α€Έα€±α€œα€¬α€€α€±α€…α€œαΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

20. α€‘α€α‚•α€±α€žα€¬α€›α€•α€›α€Όα€¬α€™α€¬α€Έα€α€Όα€„ α€œα€Όα€α€œα€•α€…α€Όα€¬α€œα‚ˆα€•α€›α€¬α€Έα€žα€Όα€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€α€Όα€„α€α€Έα€α€€α€›α€›α€œα€¬α€α€±α€žα€¬α€œα€Šα€Έ

α€‘α€α‚•α€±α€’α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€α€Όα€„α€™ α€€α€”α‚”α€žα€α€α€¬α€Έα€†α€Έα€™α‚ˆα€™α€¬α€Έα€›α€±α€”α€±α€žα€Έα€žα€Šα‹

.

22 α€‘α€α€„α€Έα€‘α€“α€™αΌα€‘α€α€Όα€”α€±α€€α€¬α€€α€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα€Ÿα€α€„α€»α€•α€»α€α€„α€Έα€αΎα€€α€›α€±α€žα€¬ α€œα€€α€”α€€α€€α€„α€‘α€–α€Όα‚”α€α‚”α€™α€¬ α€»α€™α€”α€™α€¬α€α€•α€™α€±α€α€¬αŠ KNU၊ DKBA ႏင BGF α€α‚”α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹

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