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Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
The Changing Role of Gatewaysin the Context of
Global Value Chain Dynamics
Werner DelfmannUniversity of Cologne
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-2
Agenda
Introduction: Customer Orientation and Value ManagementLogistics in Global Value Systems:Networks and Flows Dynamics of Logistics:Modes, Nodes, and FlowsGateways and Corridors: Logistical Contingencies and Configurations
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-3
Introduction: Customer Orientation and Value Management
Logistics Integration as Value AddedParadigm Shift: From Volume to ValueMarkets and Customers: Dynamics of Global Value SystemsStrategic Development Guideline for Gatewaysand Corridors: Creating Customer Value
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-4
Logistics in Global Value Systems:Networks and Flows
Evolution of the Logistics Concept: FromFragmentation to Supply Chain Management Value Chain GovernanceLogistics Service Providers and ContractLogistics (3/4 PL)Globalization of Value Systems: Functional Specialization and Logistical Integration
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-5
Evolution of the Modern Logistics Concept
Demand Forecasting
Purchasing
Requirements Planning
Production Planning
Manufacturing Inventory
Warehousing
Materials Handling
Packaging
Inventory
Distribution Planning
Order Processing
Transportation
Customer Service
1960 1980 1990 2000
Demand ForecastingPurchasingRequirements PlanningProduction PlanningManufacturing InventoryM
ater
ials
Man
agem
ent
InventoryDistribution PlanningOrder ProcessingTransportationCustomer ServicePh
ysic
alD
istr
ibut
ion
Warehousing
Materials Handling
Packaging
Information Technology
Marketing
Strategic Planning
Logistics SCM
Fragmented Functions First Consolidation Process Logistics Perspectiveand new Functions
Value Chain Perspective
Adapted from: Hesse, Rodrigue (2004), 5
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-6
Logistics and Inventory Costs &Cycle Time Requirements
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
% o
f GD
P
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Days
Logistics Costs (% GDP) Inventory Costs (% GDP)Cycle Time Requirements (days)
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-7
Span of Integration in Value Systems
Source: Lambert, D.M.;Cooper, M.C.; Pagh, J.D.: Supply Chain Management: Implementation Issuesand Research Opportunities, in: International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1998, p.7.
1
2
n
1
n
n
1
n
Tier 3 toinitial
Suppliers
Tier 2Suppliers
Tier 1Suppliers
1
2
n
1
n
1
2
Tier 3 to initialCustomers/
End-Customers
Tier 2Customers
Tier 1Customers
1
2
3
n
1
n
1
21
2
3
Tier
3 to
n s
uppl
iers
Focal CompanyMembers of the Focal Company‘s Supply Chain
Non-Members of the Focal Company‘s Supply Chain
Managed Process LinksMonitored Process LinksNot Managed Process LinksNon-Member Process Links
Initi
al S
uppl
iers
Tier
3 to
n c
usto
mer
s
n
n
Cus
tom
ers
/ End
-Cus
t om
ers
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-8
Types of Value Chain Governance
Val
ueMarket Modular Relational Hierarchy
End Use
Materials
Cha
in
Low HighDegree of Explicit Coordination
Degree of Power Asymmetry
Customers
Price
Suppliers
Turn-keySupplier
LeadFirm
Componentand Material
Suppliers
LeadFirm
RelationalSupplier
Componentand Material
Suppliers
LeadFirm
IntegratedFirm
Captive
Source: Gereffi, Humphrey, Sturgeon (2003), 9.
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-9
Strategic Positioning of Logistics Service Providers
TPL
Low High
Low
High
General ability of problemsolving
Ability of customer adaption
Medium
Medium
Stand. transp firms
Integrators
Trad. house broker
4PL?
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-10
Main Challenges in Global Logistics:Managing Contradictions
Outsourcing: Physical Decentralization vs. IntegrationE-Commerce:Informational Integration vs. Geographical DistanceMass-Customization:Customer-Orientation vs. Process-OptimizationInterorganizational Cooperation:Strategic Partnership vs. „Virtual“ OrganizationIntegrated Control:Supply Logic („Push“) vs. Demand Logic („Pull“)
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-11
Dynamics of Logistics: Modes, Nodes, and Flows
Basic Logic of Logistical FlowsLogistical Friction vs. Logistical Value AddedPostponement, Just in Time and Pull Orientationas dominating Trends in Logistics Flow ControlNodal Functions and Value Added LogisticsTransmodality and Intermodality
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-12
Logistics Utility / Value Added
Logistics is supposed to provide the right quantity of the right good in the right quality, composition and sequence at the right time and location at the lowest possible cost / price withthe highest possible reliability, security, precision, flexibilty, and additional services, meeting customer requirements and confirmedfeatures
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-13
Structure and Process in Logistics Networks
Source: Rodrigue (2006 ), 6
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-14
Network Structure and Scheduling Processes
A
BPoint-to-Point
A
BCorridor
A
BHub-and-Spoke
A
BFixed Routing
A
BFlexible Routing
Transshipment node Route nodeNetwork node Unserviced node
Route Alternativeroute
A
BMultiple-Hub
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-15
Logistical Friction
Distance in miles / kmDistance in timeGeographical obstaclesCostReliability / Regularity / Congestions / DelaysComplexityModal / Flow InterfacesBorder CrossingCultural / Language Borders
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-16
Value Adding Services
Picking & PackingLabelingSortingCustomizationFinal AssemblyFacturingJust in Time / Sequence Supply / Delivery
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-17
Logistical Friction and Logistical Value Added
Assumption: B and E are identical geographical delivery points
Differences in total costs and time due to transportation costs (mode of transportation and routing) and option to store (storage costs and time)
Option to choose alternatives 0-A-B vs. 0-C-D-E dependent on time preference and desired overall cost of delivery
Tota
l cos
t /Va
lue
adde
d
Time
Dist
ance
C
D
DeliveryPoint
0 (Pick-upPoint)
StorageCosts
A
E
B+ costs- time
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-18
Functional Scope of Logistical Nodes
Gateways (Ports) as Intermodal Interfaces(Sea-, Air-, and Landports)Hubs as Transmodal InterfacesMerging Role of Gateways and Hubs as IntermediateNodes in complex NetworksCompetition of Central vs. Distributed Networks Functional Upgrade of Logistical Nodes: From simple Transit to Value Added LogisticsThe future: „Logistics Parks“?Impact of Customization on required Flow Patterns and Nodal Functionality
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-19
Modal Interfaces
Transport Mode
Road Rail Sea / Inland Water Way
Tran
sshi
pmen
t M
ode
Inte
rmod
alO
pera
tions
Tran
smod
alO
pera
tions
TransloadingOn-dock Rail
Roadport Railport Waterport
Air
Intermodal Terminal
Port (Container) Yard
Airport
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-20
Principles of Flow ControlPo
int t
o Po
int
HU
B /
Cro
ss D
ocki
ng
Logistics Center
• Receiving• Sorting• Shipping
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-21
Flow Patterns in the Transport Chain
Parts and raw materials
Manufacturing and assembly Distribution
VolumesFrequency
Stage
Network
Flows
Bulk Shipping Unit Shipping LTL Shipping
TRANSPORT CHAIN
Market
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-22
Flow Logic of Value Chains
PureStandardization
SegmentedStandardization
CustomizedStandardization
TailoredCustomization
PureCustomization
Design
Fabrication
Assembly
Distribution
Design
Fabrication
Assembly
Distribution
Design
Fabrication
Assembly
Distribution
Design
Fabrication
Assembly
Distribution
Design
Fabrication
Assembly
Distribution
Speculation Postponement
Processing without order
Shipment to order Assembly to order Fabrication to order
Design to order
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-23
Logistical Paradigm Shift (1)
From Consolidation to CustomizationTimeliness and ReliabilityTotal Service providedTotal Cost of OwnershipTotal Value Chain ControlFlexibility and RobustnessFederated / Distributed Value Chains
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-24
Logistical Paradigm Shift (2)
Smaller ShipmentsHigher FrequenciesHigher CustomizationHigher FlexibilityHigher Value DensityHigher Global ComplexityHigher Modal Complexity / Multiple ModalityHigher Nodal Complexity
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-25
Gateways and Corridors: Logistical Contingencies and Configurations
Re-Assessing Port-Corridor IntegrationFrom Hinterland Accessibility to integratedNetwork FunctionalityLocal Impacts of Global Flow ImbalancesModal and Nodal Choice in the Light of Total Cost of Ownership and Total Value AddedContingencies of Network Configurations
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-26
The Global Ocean Shipping Network:Major Nodes and Flows
Source: Rodrigue (2006), 7
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-27
Trade (exports) between main regions,growth forecast 2005-08
250 311
375 439
7588
5764
5564
105120
242311427
588
INTRA-ASIA
1.888
1.395
628 799
263 336
2005 2008
Value, $bn: 000 000
Source: Global Insight
Source: „Shining Examples“ in: The economist, 17.6.06, p. 5.
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-28
Major US Modal Gateways, 2004
Source: Rodrigue (2006), 9
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-29
Growth and Imbalance of Global Air Cargo Flows
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-30
North American Landbridges
Source: Rodrigue (2006), 5
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-31
European Spatial Development Perspective:Vision of a Future European
Polycentric Gateway and Network System
Source: Woxenius (2001), 14
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-32
Future Role of Gateways and Corridors:Opportunities and Risks
Limits of Centralization: Polycentric Networks!?Specialization / DifferentiationAllocation / Attraction of Value Adding LogisticsExploiting Further Potentials of MultimodalityGlobal Trends / Shifts of Goods FlowsTransnational Approaches / Global Reach of Gateways and CorridorsImpacts of Uncertainties: Strategic Flexibility
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-33
DUBAI Logistics CityThe Future Gateway Model?
Department of BusinessPolicy & Logistics
UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Delfmann
V-34
Thank You!