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The Characteristics of Living Things
The Characteristics of Living Things
The Characteristics of Living Things
The Characteristics of Living Things
• Great Complexity & Organization• Composed of Cells• Reproduction & Development• Mechanism for Inheritance• Metabolism & Homeostasis• Interaction with the Environment• Evolution (Adaptation)
–Living things are made of the same materials as everything else in the universe
• are assembled into molecules
• Living things are more organized , more
complex
–Living things require energy to carry out life processes
Great Complexity and Organization
• Atoms• Molecules• Organelles• Cells• Tissues• Organs• Organ Systems• Organisms• Populations• Communities• Ecosystems• Biosphere
AtomsAtoms
proton
neutron
electron
hydrogenatom
heliumatom
carbonatom
1p, 0n, 1e- 2p, 2n, 2e- 6p, 6n, 6e-
Some ElementsSome Elements
• Water (H2O)
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Molecular Oxygen (O2)
• Ammonium (NH3)
• Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
• Water (H2O)
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Molecular Oxygen (O2)
• Ammonium (NH3)
• Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
Simple Inorganic MoleculesSimple Inorganic Molecules
Categories:
Lipids
Proteins Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
Simple Sugars
(e.g., glucose: C6H12O6)
Amino Acids
(e.g., glycine: C2H5O2N)
Nucleotide Bases
(e.g., adenine: C5H5N4)
Simple Sugars
(e.g., glucose: C6H12O6)
Amino Acids
(e.g., glycine: C2H5O2N)
Nucleotide Bases
(e.g., adenine: C5H5N4)
Organic Building Block Molecules
Organic Building Block Molecules
Cell OrganellesCell Organelles
mitochondria
smooth ER
nucleus
golgi
rough ER
CellsCells
OsteocyteNerve cell
Blood cell Muscle cell
Levels of Body OrganizationLevels of Body Organization
OrganismsOrganisms
PopulationsPopulations
CommunitiesCommunities
Ecosystems
Ecosystems
The BiosphereThe Biosphere
carbonatom
organ system
DNA molecule
organelle celltissue
organ
organismpopulationcommunity
ecosystem
biosphere
Prokaryotic CellProkaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Animal CellEukaryotic Animal Cell
Eukaryotic Plant CellEukaryotic Plant Cell
Classification: Six kingdom system:
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Archaebacteria
E. coli Cyanobacteria
Paramecium Diatom Slime mold
Asexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction
Coral polyp budding
Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction
Both Sexual & Asexual
DevelopmentDevelopment
DNADNA
Contains information for almost all cell
activities
The sum total of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms, resulting in growth, production of energy, elimination of waste material, etc.
• Anabolism- build up of complex molecules
• Catabolism- break down of complex molecules
Metabolism
Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + energyC6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
6H2O + 6CO2 + light C6H12O6 + 6O26H2O + 6CO2 + light C6H12O6 + 6O2
Autotrophs• Organisms that make their own food (like plants,
some protists, and some bacteria)• Plants capture energy from the sun, use water
and carbon dioxide to make sugars and starches
Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis
Heterotrophs• Organisms that take
in food to meet their energy needs
• Animals must consume autotrophs (plants), and other heterotrophs to meet their energy needs
Is a Coral a Heterotroph or Autotroph?
HomeostasisHomeostasis
1. Maintenance of constant internal conditions in varying environments
2. Adaptation of organisms to specific environments
HomeostasisHomeostasis
Three big problems
1. Obtaining energy and nutrients
2. Maintaining temperature
3. Obtaining and holding onto water
Body Temperature Regulation
Temperature ControlTemperature ControlEctotherms (Poikilotherms)Ectotherms (Poikilotherms)
• Generate body heat metabolically, but Generate body heat metabolically, but cannot maintain constant internal body cannot maintain constant internal body temperaturetemperature
• Body temperature mimics the Body temperature mimics the surrounding environmentsurrounding environment
Most ectotherms regulate their body temperature by
• basking
• moving between shade/sun
• being active at certain times of day
EctothermsEctotherms
Temperature ControlTemperature ControlEndotherms (homeothermic)Endotherms (homeothermic)
• Generate body heat metabolically and Generate body heat metabolically and body temperature does not match the body temperature does not match the temperature of the surrounding temperature of the surrounding environmentenvironment
• These organisms retain metabolic heat These organisms retain metabolic heat and can control metabolism to maintain and can control metabolism to maintain a constant internal temperaturea constant internal temperature
–Living things interact with each other and with the environment
–Ecology – the study of these interactions• Hawaiian Monk seals eat fish• Humans eat fish• What if something happened to the
fish?
Interaction with the environment
Interaction with the EnvironmentInteraction with the Environment
EvolutionEvolutionChange in the genetic
composition of a population through time
Change in the genetic composition of a population
through time
• Inherited change in the characteristics of organisms over time
• Living things are slowly changing• Process of natural selection results in
change over time• Organisms with favorable genes are
more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on those favorable genes
EvolutionEvolution
Mechanisms Contributing to Evolutionary Change
Mechanisms Contributing to Evolutionary Change
• Production of heritable variations• Natural Selection• Chance
• Production of heritable variations• Natural Selection• Chance
• Transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring
• Instructions from parent to offspring are passed on in the form of genes
HeredityHeredity
Heritable variations
Blood type
Dwarfism
Beak Depth
Banding pattern
Eye color
AdaptationsAdaptationsThe structural, functional, and behavioral features that contribute to the success of a species.
Natural SelectionNatural Selection
Peppered Moths: study in England 1800’s More light than dark moths• Industrial pollution turned trees dark• Population shifted to mostly dark moths
Peppered Moth Exercisehttp://www.techapps.net/interactives/pepperMoths.swf
Natural SelectionNatural Selection
Inquiry1. Define:Homeostasis, photoautotroph, chemoautotroph, heterotroph
2. What is a group of different organisms living in the same geographic are called?
3. What 3 features do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?
4. Which 4 elements make up living things?
5. What is the equation for photosynthesis?